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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32518</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32518</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Validaci&#x00F3;n espa&#x00F1;ola de un cuestionario para evaluar redes socioeducativas de colaboraci&#x00F3;n intersectorial (CERS) para la mejora educativa</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Spanish Validation of a Questionnaire to Evaluate Intersectoral Socio-Educational Collaboration Networks (CERS) for Educational Improvement</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8511-3044</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>LONG&#x00C1;S MAYAYO</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-2923</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>CA&#x00D1;ETE-MASS&#x00C9;</surname>
<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-9580</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>D&#x00CD;AZ-GIBSON</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Ramon Llull. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Ramon Llull</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>jordilm@blanquerna.url.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>cristinacm22@blanquerna.url.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>jorgedg@blanquerna.url.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>212</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>28</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<sec>
<title>Introducci&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>La emergencia y evoluci&#x00F3;n de la colaboraci&#x00F3;n intersectorial en educaci&#x00F3;n interesa cada vez m&#x00E1;s a la investigaci&#x00F3;n que busca comprender y fundamentar las nuevas estructuras de organizaci&#x00F3;n en red. El objetivo de este estudio es validar un instrumento de f&#x00E1;cil aplicaci&#x00F3;n que permita estimar con fiabilidad el grado de desarrollo o madurez organizacional de las redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional para la mejora socioeducativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#x00E9;todos:</title>
<p>Con una muestra de 2.802 personas implicadas en 158 redes de Espa&#x00F1;a se han realizado los correspondientes an&#x00E1;lisis factoriales (exploratorio y confirmatorio) con dos submuestras aleatorizadas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>El resultado es un cuestionario de 26 &#x00ED;tems agrupados en 3 factores (Colaboraci&#x00F3;n, Legitimidad y Liderazgo).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Discusi&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>El buen ajuste del modelo, con elevados &#x00ED;ndices de bondad, consistencia interna y fiabilidad, permite entregar un instrumento de f&#x00E1;cil aplicaci&#x00F3;n, &#x00FA;til para el liderazgo y la promoci&#x00F3;n de redes. Concluimos que el CERS es v&#x00E1;lido, fiable y supone un aporte valioso en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa, ampliando el camino investigativo que apoya su desarrollo y la construcci&#x00F3;n de una teor&#x00ED;a propia para su promoci&#x00F3;n efectiva. Supone un capital valioso para el uso libre a nivel estatal. De este modo, podr&#x00E1; ser utilizado tanto por lideres de redes socioeducativas como por equipos de gobernanza territorial para monitorizar el desarrollo progresivo de las redes locales. A su vez, el retorno directo que se obtiene a trav&#x00E9;s de CERS permitir&#x00E1; a dichos l&#x00ED;deres tomar decisiones basadas en evidencias que fortalezca el capital social local, abordando de forma sostenible, colectiva y efectiva el complejo reto del &#x00E9;xito educativo en contextos de alta vulnerabilidad social.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>The emergence and evolution of intersectoral collaboration in education is becoming increasingly relevant to research that seeks to understand and support the new structures of networked organization. The aim of this study is to validate an easy-to-apply instrument that reliably estimates the degree of development or organizational maturity of interinstitutional collaboration networks for socio-educational improvement.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>With a sample of 2,802 individuals involved in 158 networks across Spain, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with two randomized subsamples.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The result is a 26-item questionnaire grouped into 3 factors (Collaboration, Legitimacy, and Leadership).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Discussion:</title>
<p>The good model fit, with high goodness-of-fit indices, internal consistency, and reliability, provides an easy-to-apply tool useful for leadership and the promotion of networks. We conclude that the CERS is valid, reliable, and offers valuable input for evaluating socio-educational action networks, expanding the research path that supports its development and the construction of a theory to promote its effective implementation. It is a valuable resource for free use at the national level. In this way, it can be used both by leaders of socio-educational networks and by territorial governance teams to monitor the progressive development of local networks. Additionally, the direct feedback obtained through CERS will allow these leaders to make evidence-based decisions that strengthen local social capital, addressing the complex challenge of educational success in contexts of high social vulnerability in a sustainable, collective, and effective way.</p>
</sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>cooperaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional</kwd>
<kwd>validaci&#x00F3;n psicom&#x00E9;trica</kwd>
<kwd>liderazgo</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a social</kwd>
<kwd>sociometr&#x00ED;a</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>interinstitutional cooperation</kwd>
<kwd>psychometric validation</kwd>
<kwd>leadership</kwd>
<kwd>social pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>sociometry</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32518-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>Ante la creciente complejidad de los retos que afectan a los Sistemas Educativos de todo el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32518-ES">UNESCO, 2015</xref>) y las situaciones de desigualdad que condicionan el &#x00E9;xito educativo, han emergido nuevas estrategias de colaboraci&#x00F3;n intersectorial o trabajo en red (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32518-ES">Civ&#x00ED;s y Long&#x00E1;s, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s y Civ&#x00ED;s, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32518-ES">OECD, 2020</xref>). Estas experiencias de acci&#x00F3;n colectiva para la mejora de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32518-ES">Azor&#x00ED;n, 2019</xref>) o comunitarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>) aspiran a mejorar la coordinaci&#x00F3;n y la cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre los actores socioeducativos de un espacio eco-social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32518-ES">Alonso <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32518-ES">Cos <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32518-ES">Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 2023</xref>), procurando superar el aislamiento profesional y la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n disciplinar y organizacional caracter&#x00ED;stica de los sistemas de provisi&#x00F3;n de servicios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32518-ES">Harris y Jones, 2017</xref>). Aunque existen evidencias de su efectividad y se extiende su uso en numerosos pa&#x00ED;ses, apenas disponemos de instrumentos para su evaluaci&#x00F3;n como estructura organizativa. Avanzar en este prop&#x00F3;sito resulta una valiosa aportaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica y pr&#x00E1;ctica.</p>
<p>La literatura ha recogido diferentes experiencias de articulaci&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa a nivel local que han emergido hace apenas 20 a&#x00F1;os, siguiendo un enfoque sist&#x00E9;mico, con resultados relevantes en la mejora educativa y social. Destacamos los casos del Reino Unido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32518-ES">Godfrey y Brown, 2019</xref>), Pa&#x00ED;ses Bajos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32518-ES">Moolenaar <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>), Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-ES">Clayton, 2016</xref>), Dinamarca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32518-ES">S&#x00F8;rensen y Torfing, 2011</xref>), Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32518-ES">de Lima, 2007</xref>) y Espa&#x00F1;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s y Civ&#x00ED;s, 2019</xref>). Cabe reconocer que la emergencia de este tipo de iniciativas se da en contextos de vulnerabilidad, focaliz&#x00E1;ndose en la lucha contra la exclusi&#x00F3;n, la mejora de la cohesi&#x00F3;n social, el &#x00E9;xito educativo y el desarrollo de competencias de ciudadan&#x00ED;a. Suelen ser experiencias de autoorganizaci&#x00F3;n que maduran con el tiempo, apoy&#x00E1;ndose de forma impl&#x00ED;cita o expl&#x00ED;cita en la promoci&#x00F3;n y consolidaci&#x00F3;n del trabajo en red entre centros educativos, servicios sociales, entidades sin &#x00E1;nimo de lucro, promotores culturales, a veces servicios de salud, voluntariado, etc. Son estructuras de car&#x00E1;cter transversal que act&#x00FA;an a nivel local, de base comunitaria, y centradas en la promoci&#x00F3;n de una acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa orientada a fortalecer el ecosistema social y de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32518-ES">Curcic <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32518-ES">Muijs, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32518-ES">Godfrey y Brown, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Destacan algunos valiosos efectos del trabajo colaborativo interinstitucional a nivel local: a) optimizaci&#x00F3;n de los recursos socioeducativos y mejora de la eficiencia organizativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); b) impulso a la innovaci&#x00F3;n y transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32518-ES">Singh y Eggers, 2009</xref>); c) apoyo a la acci&#x00F3;n integral, no fragmentada, ante situaciones complejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32518-ES">Harris y Jones, 2017</xref>); d) desarrollo y aprendizaje profesional, mediante la generaci&#x00F3;n de sinergias y apoyo mutuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32518-ES">Brown y Flood, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32518-ES">Campbell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); e) mejoras en rendimiento escolar y reducci&#x00F3;n de la vulnerabilidad social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32518-ES">Azor&#x00ED;n y Muijs, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); y f) mayor responsabilizaci&#x00F3;n de la sociedad en la tarea educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32518-ES">Rom&#x00E1;n y Murillo, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>No obstante, las redes suelen ser estructuras fr&#x00E1;giles, superpuestas a las organizaciones que las integran, cuyas adhesiones al proyecto com&#x00FA;n requieren generosidad, confianza mutua y consenso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-ES">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Su liderazgo efectivo suele ser compartido y/o distribuido y muy centrado en lo relacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32518-ES">Azor&#x00ED;n, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>), con &#x00E9;nfasis en la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n de las relaciones entre actores socioeducativos y en la generaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32518-ES">Kallio y Halverson, 2020</xref>). Como gu&#x00ED;a para el buen liderazgo de las redes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32518-ES">Pino-Yancovic y Ahumada (2022)</xref> destacan la necesidad de desarrollar actividades colaborativas promotoras de colaboraci&#x00F3;n profunda, confianza y corresponsabilidad, buscando que la distribuci&#x00F3;n del liderazgo sea distintiva de la cultura organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32518-ES">MacBeath, 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>Seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, la promoci&#x00F3;n y gesti&#x00F3;n de redes se materializa a partir de cierto patr&#x00F3;n com&#x00FA;n orientado a: compartir un mismo prop&#x00F3;sito, generar estrategias colaborativas, y obtener los resultados y reconocimiento que las legitimen, potenciando as&#x00ED; su sostenibilidad. Otras investigaciones explican que su liderazgo eficaz pasa por aumentar la cantidad y calidad de las relaciones entre los actores implicados, incrementar sus miembros y recursos, fomentar el intercambio de informaci&#x00F3;n, fortalecer los objetivos comunes y velar por la colaboraci&#x00F3;n sostenible entre las organizaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-ES">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32518-ES">OECD, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32518-ES">Rinc&#x00F3;n-Gallardo y Fullan, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32518-ES">UNESCO, 2020</xref>). La l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n seguida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> propone hasta seis principios te&#x00F3;ricos del liderazgo espec&#x00ED;fico de las redes: corresponsabilidad, transversalidad, horizontalidad, colaboraci&#x00F3;n, proximidad y proyecci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Hasta el momento, existen pocos instrumentos que permitan evaluar el desarrollo de redes como organizaci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). Investigaciones recientes han contribuido significativamente a la evaluaci&#x00F3;n del trabajo colaborativo en contextos educativos, ampliando las herramientas disponibles y mejorando su validez. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32518-ES">Mart&#x00ED;nez Venegas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> adaptan y validan una r&#x00FA;brica que permite valorar dimensiones clave del trabajo en equipo, como la planificaci&#x00F3;n conjunta y la gesti&#x00F3;n de conflictos. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32518-ES">Torres-Hern&#x00E1;ndez y Gallego-Arrufat (2022)</xref> evidencian la utilidad de combinar autoevaluaci&#x00F3;n, coevaluaci&#x00F3;n y evaluaci&#x00F3;n docente para obtener una visi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s completa de la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre estudiantes. Finalmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32518-ES">Zangara y Sanz (2020)</xref> desarrollan una metodolog&#x00ED;a espec&#x00ED;fica para el seguimiento del trabajo colaborativo mediado por tecnolog&#x00ED;a, proponiendo indicadores concretos para su evaluaci&#x00F3;n. Estos estudios, ofrecen marcos y herramientas transferibles a la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de redes interinstitucionales, especialmente en lo relativo a procesos de colaboraci&#x00F3;n, toma de decisiones compartidas y construcci&#x00F3;n colectiva de objetivos. No obstan te, est&#x00E1;n planteados como herramientas institucionales y no como procesos colectivos comunitarios en su conjunto.</p>
<p>En el contexto del Estado espa&#x00F1;ol, son muy pocos los estudios que han validado instrumentos dise&#x00F1;ados con este objetivo. Uno de ellos es el <italic>Cuestionario de Evaluaci&#x00F3;n ACOES</italic>, desarrollado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32518-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a, <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, el cual se centra en analizar la metodolog&#x00ED;a de trabajo cooperativo en educaci&#x00F3;n superior. Otro ejemplo es el estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32518-ES">L&#x00F3;pez <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, que investig&#x00F3; el funcionamiento de redes educativas de centros escolares desde la perspectiva del trabajo colaborativo. Dichos cuestionarios identificaron mejoras organizativas y de desarrollo derivadas de la participaci&#x00F3;n en redes, destacando la importancia del intercambio de experiencias pedag&#x00F3;gicas y la planificaci&#x00F3;n conjunta. En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32518-ES">Gair&#x00ED;n, <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref> presentaron una propuesta de evaluaci&#x00F3;n para la Red de Apoyo a la Gesti&#x00F3;n Educativa (RedAGE), enfocada en la mejora de la gesti&#x00F3;n educativa en el contexto iberoamericano. La evaluaci&#x00F3;n consider&#x00F3; variables como la cohesi&#x00F3;n de la red y su capacidad para dinamizar la gesti&#x00F3;n educativa, proporcionando un marco para analizar el funcionamiento de redes interinstitucionales.</p>
<p>Aunque dichos instrumentos contribuyeron a evaluar el trabajo en red entre organizaciones educativas y sociales, presentan limitaciones importantes. En general, carecen de una adaptaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica i contextualizada adecuada a la complejidad del car&#x00E1;cter interinstitucional e interdisciplinario de las redes; ofrecen una visi&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1;tica sin considerar la evoluci&#x00F3;n de las redes en el tiempo; suelen contar con muestras reducidas o poco representativas; y carecen de una validaci&#x00F3;n psicom&#x00E9;trica s&#x00F3;lida, lo que limita su aplicabilidad a otros contextos.</p>
<p>A su vez, una metodolog&#x00ED;a frecuente en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n intersectorial es la graf&#x00ED;a de mapas de relaciones mediante software, identificando la densidad de las relaciones y el rol m&#x00E1;s o menos descentralizado de los nodos en el sistema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32518-ES">Daly, 2010</xref>). Otra estrategia evaluativa es la comparaci&#x00F3;n pre-post y con grupos de referencia de indicadores de las acciones en red, aproxim&#x00E1;ndose al hipot&#x00E9;tico impacto del trabajo colaborativo (por ejemplo: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s y Riera, 2016</xref>), aunque no informan propiamente de la red como organizaci&#x00F3;n. Por nuestra parte, hemos realizado estudios cualitativos de redes, de corte casi etnogr&#x00E1;fico, valiosos para comprender su funcionamiento, pero de alto coste y dif&#x00ED;cil estandarizaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Estas &#x00FA;ltimas investigaciones, realizadas a partir del desarrollo de 172 redes socioeducativas promovidas en Espa&#x00F1;a por el programa CaixaProinfancia desde el a&#x00F1;o 2016, han mostrado diferentes grados de lo que denominamos madurez organizacional (estabilidad, autonom&#x00ED;a, sostenibilidad y satisfacci&#x00F3;n con el funcionamiento), relacionada con mejoras en los resultados de &#x00E9;xito educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32518-ES">Ca&#x00F1;ete-Mass&#x00E9; <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32518-ES">Cuss&#x00F3;-Parcerissas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>El instrumento publicado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> pretende estimar el capital organizacional y el capital social de redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n educativa. Valida estas dos dimensiones en una muestra de 90 miembros de 2 redes consolidadas en Barcelona y Madison (Wisconsin). La dimensi&#x00F3;n organizacional incorpora cinco factores que supuestamente lo determinan: corresponsabilidad (los miembros asumen activamente su tarea en el proyecto com&#x00FA;n), transversalidad (la composici&#x00F3;n de la red representa el m&#x00E1;ximo de sectores implicados), horizontalidad (la reflexi&#x00F3;n y toma de decisiones es participada o incluso colegiada), colaboraci&#x00F3;n (se presta ayuda entre los miembros para el logro de las metas) y proyecci&#x00F3;n (no es s&#x00F3;lo un equipo de reflexi&#x00F3;n sino que se buscan resultados de mejora y reconocimiento). Compartimos el enfoque te&#x00F3;rico de este trabajo, aunque el tama&#x00F1;o de la muestra plantea limitaciones inherentes para la extrapolaci&#x00F3;n de los resultados, adem&#x00E1;s de ciertas dificultades psicom&#x00E9;tricas especialmente con el factor transversalidad, tal como los autores se&#x00F1;alan. El car&#x00E1;cter exploratorio del mismo y la necesidad de actualizaci&#x00F3;n de los modelos desarrollados en los inicios de siglo (cuando emergi&#x00F3; el trabajo en red en educaci&#x00F3;n) justifican seguir en esta l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>En ning&#x00FA;n caso hemos encontrado estudios que asocien variables sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficas o profesionales con las percepciones entorno de las redes socioeducativas. Si tenemos en cuenta que justamente la caracter&#x00ED;stica de las redes es la integraci&#x00F3;n de miembros muy diversos que desde &#x00E1;mbitos y sectores distintos tienen inter&#x00E9;s en la mejora educativa, parece oportuno incorporar esta mirada a la investigaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Por todo lo dicho, para apoyar el liderazgo y desarrollo de las redes como estructuras de gobernanza socioeducativa, nos preguntamos c&#x00F3;mo medir su madurez. Por ello, el objetivo principal de este estudio es validar un instrumento de f&#x00E1;cil aplicaci&#x00F3;n que permita estimar con fiabilidad la madurez organizacional de las redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional para la mejora socioeducativa. Como objetivos espec&#x00ED;ficos nos proponemos construir un modelo de factores organizacionales te&#x00F3;ricamente consistentes y analizar las posibles diferencias entre las percepciones de los miembros de las redes atendiendo a su diversidad.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32518-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label>2.</label>
<title>M<sc>etodolog&#x00ED;a</sc></title>
<p>Se trata de un estudio selectivo no experimental.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-32518-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Participantes</title>
<p>Han participado un total de 2.802 personas implicadas en 158 redes socioeducativas del total de 172 posibles. De ellas, un 78,2 % fueron mujeres. En cuanto a su posici&#x00F3;n, el 63,3 % eran miembros de base, el 25 % cargos de coordinaci&#x00F3;n y el 11,6 % l&#x00ED;deres o promotores. Todos estaban vinculados a organizaciones del sector terciario, principalmente del &#x00E1;mbito social y educativo: el 43,3 % formaban parte de organizaciones sin &#x00E1;nimo de lucro, el 28,4 % pertenec&#x00ED;an a sectores privados, el 24,1 % pertenec&#x00ED;an al sector p&#x00FA;blico y el 4,2 % eran voluntarios. En cuanto al &#x00E1;mbito profesional, el 48 % formaban parte del sector de la educaci&#x00F3;n, el 36,1 % del sector social, el 7,5 % del sector recreacional, el 3,7 % del sector de la salud y el 4,6 % a otros sectores. Finalmente, en cuanto a la edad, el 12,1% se situaba entre 17-25 a&#x00F1;os, el 53,7% entre 26-40 a&#x00F1;os, el 28,7% entre 41-55 a&#x00F1;os, y el 5,4 % eran mayores de 55 a&#x00F1;os.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32518-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Dise&#x00F1;o y validaci&#x00F3;n del instrumento</title>
<p>La construcci&#x00F3;n de la escala y los correspondientes pasos para confirmar su validez y fiabilidad ha seguido las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32518-ES">Boateng <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-ES">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. Tras la revisi&#x00F3;n de literatura se opt&#x00F3; por utilizar como punto de partida el cuestionario de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, dada su especial orientaci&#x00F3;n a redes socioeducativas en Espa&#x00F1;a, discutiendo la teor&#x00ED;a y la redacci&#x00F3;n de los &#x00ED;tems con profesionales, acad&#x00E9;micos e investigadores especializados en la Educaci&#x00F3;n Social. Se organizaron 2 grupos focales presenciales (3 h aproximadamente y 6 profesionales de la intervenci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa distintos en cada caso), con experiencia en la promoci&#x00F3;n y el liderazgo de redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa y/o en proyectos educativos de base comunitaria, provenientes de la Administraci&#x00F3;n Local y de Entidades del Tercer Sector. Sus propuestas de mejora convergieron en un total de 60 &#x00ED;tems entorno a los factores que pod&#x00ED;an explicar diferentes grados de madurez de las redes. En un segundo proceso de revisi&#x00F3;n, mediante prueba de jueces con implicaci&#x00F3;n de 9 expertos (4 investigadores y 5 l&#x00ED;deres de redes con m&#x00E1;s de 15 a&#x00F1;os de experiencia) se busc&#x00F3; la validez de contenido, valorando mediante un cuestionario seg&#x00FA;n una escala 1-3 la adecuaci&#x00F3;n de cada &#x00ED;tem atendiendo los criterios de claridad, pertinencia y relevancia. A su vez, aportaron mejoras para la comprensi&#x00F3;n del redactado. En esta fase se eliminaron 28 &#x00ED;tems debido a imprecisiones o repeticiones y, principalmente, por obtener valoraciones medias inferiores a los 2&#x2019;5 puntos. Este punto de corte permiti&#x00F3; seleccionar los &#x00ED;tems por encima de la media y mediana de las valoraciones (1-3), como medida de exigencia en los criterios establecidos. Como resultado se obtuvo la escala de 32 &#x00ED;tems administrada.</p>
<p>El cuestionario lo respondieron los miembros de las redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa de 11 Comunidades Aut&#x00F3;nomas de Espa&#x00F1;a que implementan el programa CaixaProinf&#x00E0;ncia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). Este programa articula la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre entidades sociales, centros educativos y Servicios Sociales para apoyar el acompa&#x00F1;amiento social y educativo sistem&#x00E1;tico de infancia en situaci&#x00F3;n de pobreza relativa y darles acceso gratuito a servicios de apoyo de calidad. Se contact&#x00F3; con las diferentes redes solicitando su ayuda para distribuir el cuestionario entre sus miembros, accesible en formato <italic>online</italic> (soporte <italic>Google-forms</italic>). Se inform&#x00F3; a los participantes sobre el inter&#x00E9;s del estudio, las garant&#x00ED;as de confidencialidad y el car&#x00E1;cter voluntario de su participaci&#x00F3;n. Tambi&#x00E9;n se estableci&#x00F3; el compromiso de devoluci&#x00F3;n de los resultados a cada red. Para el estudio se consideraron s&#x00F3;lo las respuestas de aquellas redes con m&#x00E1;s del 50 % de participaci&#x00F3;n de sus miembros, obteniendo un &#x00ED;ndice de respuesta del 95,2 % del total de las redes invitadas.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32518-ES">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title>Instrumentos administrados</title>
<p>El Cuestionario de Evaluaci&#x00F3;n de Redes Socioeducativas (CERS) administrado se dise&#x00F1;&#x00F3; en base a 7 factores hipot&#x00E9;ticos, ampliando la propuesta del cuestionario de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> con los aportes te&#x00F3;rico-pr&#x00E1;cticos generados desde las experiencias exitosas que aportaron los participantes en la fase de discusi&#x00F3;n del constructo. Adem&#x00E1;s de las variables sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficas incluidas (g&#x00E9;nero, edad, posici&#x00F3;n en la red, sector donde se inscribe y &#x00E1;mbito de trabajo), el CERS reuni&#x00F3; 32 &#x00ED;tems (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32518-ES">Tabla 1</xref>), con la pretensi&#x00F3;n de evaluar los siguientes factores de madurez organizativa de las redes: <italic>corresponsabilidad</italic> entre los miembros (&#x00ED;tems 2, 3, 13 y 16); <italic>transversalidad</italic> en la composici&#x00F3;n y formas de trabajo (&#x00ED;tems 8, 9, 14, 15, 22 y 23); <italic>horizontalidad</italic> en la organizaci&#x00F3;n y toma de decisiones (&#x00ED;tems 10, 11, 29 y 30), <italic>colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> interna para el logro de resultados (&#x00ED;tems 7, 18, 25 y 26); mejoras en forma de <italic>innovaci&#x00F3;n</italic> fruto del trabajo y aprendizaje compartido (&#x00ED;tems 6, 12, 17, 27, 28, 31 y 32); <italic>confianza</italic> mutua, a la vez condici&#x00F3;n y resultado del trabajo en red (&#x00ED;tems 1, 4, 5, 21 y 24); y <italic>percepci&#x00F3;n de &#x00E9;xito</italic> por los resultados obtenidos (&#x00ED;tems 19 y 20). El formato de respuesta es de escala tipo Likert de cinco puntos en funci&#x00F3;n del grado de conformidad (1 = muy en desacuerdo, 5 = muy de acuerdo). El instrumento final es el resultado de la validaci&#x00F3;n psicom&#x00E9;trica que reportamos en este art&#x00ED;culo.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32518-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>A<sc>n&#x00E1;lisis de &#x00ED;tems y cargas factoriales estandarizadas para cada &#x00ED;tem del afe (n = 1401) en la matriz rotada con cargas superiores a 0.4</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32518-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="45%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>&#x00CD;tem</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Correl</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F1</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F2</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F3</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>1. Me siento part&#x00ED;cipe de las nuevas ideas y acciones que surgen en la red.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.44 (0.91)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.573</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2. Los miembros de la red nos sentimos unidos y cohesionados como grupo.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.611</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>3. Me siento comprometido con la red.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.72 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.71</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.705</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>4. Las opiniones que comparto en las reuniones se tienen en cuenta a la hora de tomar decisiones.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.53 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.618</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5. Identifico la red como espacio de debate donde se pueden expresar tanto las propias percepciones como los desacuerdos.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.55 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.655</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>6. Aplico los conocimientos que aprendo en la red en mi propia organizaci&#x00F3;n.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.52 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.697</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>7. Los recursos compartidos con otros profesionales de la red contribuyen a mejorar mi pr&#x00E1;ctica.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.716</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>8. Entiendo que la implicaci&#x00F3;n de agentes diversos (p&#x00FA;blicos, privados y/o del tercer sector) a la red comunitario contribuye a alcanzar los objetivos del proyecto educativo.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.81 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.61</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.716</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9. Los objetivos de la red est&#x00E1;n desarrollados por equipos efectivos de trabajo interdisciplinares.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.73</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.679</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>14. La red cuenta con la colaboraci&#x00F3;n efectiva de centros educativos (de educaci&#x00F3;n infantil, primaria y/o secundaria) de la comunidad.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.62 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.60</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.457</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10. Los miembros que representan la administraci&#x00F3;n (local, auton&#x00F3;mica y/o estatal) y los financiadores de proyectos participan en los debates de la red con igual poder cuando se trata de la toma de decisiones.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.10 (0.89)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.67</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.493</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>15. La red cuenta con un apoyo pol&#x00ED;tico que contribuye a su sostenibilidad.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2.96 (0.85)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.54</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.533</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>17. La red facilita posibilidades de formaci&#x00F3;n y aprendizaje que nos hacen crecer sustancialmente tanto a nosotros como al proyecto global.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.15 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.67</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.420</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>19. La red ha logrado alcanzar sus objetivos de forma exitosa.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.37 (0.81)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.77</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.413</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>29. El liderazgo de la red cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios adultos a la hora de tomar decisiones importantes.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.24 (0.89)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.79</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.722</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>30. El liderazgo de la red comunitario cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios j&#x00F3;venes y/o ni&#x00F1;os a la hora de tomar decisiones importantes.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.09 (0.91)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.853</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>31. El liderazgo de la red cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios adultos en la creaci&#x00F3;n de nuevas ideas y proyectos.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.16 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.78</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.899</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>32. El liderazgo de la red cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios j&#x00F3;venes y/o ni&#x00F1;os en la creaci&#x00F3;n de nuevas ideas y proyectos.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.10 (0.89)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.902</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>20.El liderazgo de la red establece una visi&#x00F3;n compartida sobre el proyecto y los retos a abordar.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.39 (0.84)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.82</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.617</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>21.El liderazgo de la red nos escucha y recoge evidencias sobre nuestras necesidades para mejorar la acci&#x00F3;n educativa y social.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.47 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.81</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.733</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>23.El liderazgo de la red busca la colaboraci&#x00F3;n con programas implementados en la comunidad que comparten objetivos con el proyecto.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.84)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.77</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.432</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>24. El liderazgo de la red promueve y facilita que todos los miembros podamos liderar acciones y proyectos que surgen en la comunidad.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.28 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.79</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.538</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>25. El liderazgo de la red act&#x00FA;a de mediador en el debate frente a las diferencias entre profesionales, centr&#x00E1;ndose en la parte positiva del conflicto.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.39 (0.85)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.80</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.656</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>26. El liderazgo de la red presta especial atenci&#x00F3;n al incremento y a la calidad de las conexiones entre sus miembros</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.82</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.670</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>27. El liderazgo de la red facilita mecanismos para evaluar la tarea organizativa y colaborativa.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.87)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.80</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.556</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>28. El liderazgo de la red promueve y facilita el intercambio de ideas nuevas y creativas.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.42 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.83</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.567</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>11. En mi espacio de trabajo de la red, las responsabilidades para liderar acciones y proyectos est&#x00E1;n repartidas entre un amplio grupo de profesionales.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.34 (0.87)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.73</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.414</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.402</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>12. Las ideas nuevas y creativas que surgen en la red se implementan a trav&#x00E9;s de acciones o proyectos diversos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.31 (0.83)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.78</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.404</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.476</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>13. La red establece mecanismos efectivos de participaci&#x00F3;n de personas de la comunidad (familias, j&#x00F3;venes, voluntariado social y/o aprendizaje-servicio...) en el seno de sus actividades educativas.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.39 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.405</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.453</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>16. La red desarrolla estrategias comunicativas efectivas para conectar con la comunidad y entorno</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.26 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.412</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.413</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>18. La red aprovecha y utiliza algunos de los recursos p&#x00FA;blicos de la comunidad (como bibliotecas, centros culturales, deportivos...) con objetivos educativos y sociales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.48 (0.91)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.65</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>22. El liderazgo de la red persigue la inclusi&#x00F3;n de entidades gubernamentales, agencias sin &#x00E1;nimo de lucro y agencias privadas con las que comparten objetivos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.42 (0.85)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1-ES"><p>Nota: <italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic>= Media; DS= Desviaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1;ndar; Correl= correlaci&#x00F3;n &#x00ED;tem-total</p></fn>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32518-ES">
<label>2.4.</label>
<title>An&#x00E1;lisis de datos</title>
<p>Con el objetivo de verificar las propiedades psicom&#x00E9;tricas del cuestionario se realizaron los siguientes an&#x00E1;lisis:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>a)</label> <p>An&#x00E1;lisis de los &#x00ED;tems, a partir de la media, desviaci&#x00F3;n t&#x00ED;pica, y correlaci&#x00F3;n &#x00ED;tem-total.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>b)</label> <p>An&#x00E1;lisis factorial exploratorio (AFE), sobre una mitad aleatoria de la muestra (n = 1401) para revisar la dimensionalidad del cuestionario y comprobar la estructura factorial de la escala. No se encontraron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas ni en variables sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficas ni en el mismo cuestionario entre las dos submuestras aleatorizadas para realizar el AFE y el An&#x00E1;lisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Se extrajeron los dominios latentes que articulan el cuestionario con rotaci&#x00F3;n oblicua dada la naturaleza correlacionada de los factores. Se utiliz&#x00F3; el m&#x00E9;todo de ejes principales dada la naturaleza multidimensional de la escala y su origen de escala Likert en los &#x00ED;tems. Se utiliz&#x00F3; el an&#x00E1;lisis paralelo basado en componentes principales. Para tomar decisiones sobre la permanencia o no de un dominio, se utilizaron los siguientes criterios: 1) Variancia explicada, 2) N&#x00FA;mero de &#x00ED;tems incluidos, 3) Factores que inclu&#x00ED;an tres o menos &#x00ED;tems fueron eliminados. Los &#x00ED;tems fueron conservados en cada factor si ten&#x00ED;an una carga factorial superior a 0,4 y no cargaban simult&#x00E1;neamente en dos o m&#x00E1;s factores. No se obtuvieron resultados aceptables al forzar los an&#x00E1;lisis seg&#x00FA;n los factores te&#x00F3;ricos.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>c)</label> <p>AFC de primer orden debido al modelo te&#x00F3;rico justificado. Este AFC se realiz&#x00F3; sobre la otra mitad de la muestra aplicando el criterio de m&#x00E1;xima verosimilitud dada la normalidad multivariante de los datos, para lograr el ajuste global del modelo y el funcionamiento de sus factores. Se tuvieron en cuenta los siguientes &#x00ED;ndices de bondad de ajuste (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32518-ES">Hu &#x0026; Bentler, 1999</xref>): el &#x00ED;ndice de ajuste comparativo, CFI (Comparative Fit-Index), el TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index) con un punto de corte igual o superior a.95 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-ES">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Por &#x00FA;ltimo, el error cuadr&#x00E1;tico medio de aproximaci&#x00F3;n, RMSEA (Root Mean-Square Error of Approximation) y SRMR (Standarized root mean residuals) indicar&#x00E1; una bondad de ajuste a partir de valores iguales o inferiores a.06 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-ES">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>d)</label> <p>La consistencia interna se evalu&#x00F3; mediante Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald&#x2019;s. Valores iguales o superiores a 0.70 indican una buena consistencia interna (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-ES">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>e)</label> <p>An&#x00E1;lisis complementarios: En cuanto a la estimaci&#x00F3;n del instrumento, para cada uno de los factores se han calculado las medias sumado los valores correspondientes y se dividiendo por el n&#x00FA;mero total de &#x00ED;tems del factor. Se estudiaron las correlaciones de Pearson entre factores con el objetivo de averiguar la relaci&#x00F3;n entre ellos. Tambi&#x00E9;n se realizaron los an&#x00E1;lisis bivariantes para cada factor con distintas variables sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficas (edad, g&#x00E9;nero, posici&#x00F3;n, sector y &#x00E1;mbito). En cuanto al g&#x00E9;nero, al no cumplirse la homocedasticidad, se procedi&#x00F3; a realizar la prueba no param&#x00E9;trica correspondiente.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Los an&#x00E1;lisis se efectuaron con IBM SPPS versi&#x00F3;n 25 para los descriptivos habituales y RStudio versi&#x00F3;n 4.0.1 para los an&#x00E1;lisis exploratorios y confirmatorios, utilizando lavaan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32518-ES">Rosseel, 2012</xref>), as&#x00ED; como para los an&#x00E1;lisis bivariantes. Cabe comentar que en todos los casos se procedi&#x00F3; a realizar pruebas param&#x00E9;tricas y t&#x00E9;cnicas basadas en puntuaciones escalares, a pesar de tratarse de una escala de tipo Likert. Por un lado, se procedi&#x00F3; a realizar estos an&#x00E1;lisis por el tama&#x00F1;o de muestra (las pruebas param&#x00E9;tricas son suficientemente robustas con datos ordinales) y debido a su comportamiento con datos ordinales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32518-ES">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Abad y Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Conde, 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32518-ES" sec-type="results">
<label>3.</label>
<title>R<sc>esultados</sc></title>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis de &#x00ED;tems (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32518-ES">Tabla 1</xref>) recoge la media, la DS y la Correlaci&#x00F3;n &#x00ED;tem-Resto. Las correlaciones de cada &#x00ED;tem con el resto son muy altas y, en consecuencia, ning&#x00FA;n &#x00ED;tem fue eliminado. Antes de proceder con el AFE, se estimaron la medida de adecuaci&#x00F3;n de la muestra Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) y el test de esferificidad de Barlet. Ambos estad&#x00ED;sticos apoyaron la adecuaci&#x00F3;n de realizar sendos an&#x00E1;lisis factoriales (KMO =.974, Bartlett&#x2019;s test &#x03C7;2 (325) = 29352.734; p &#x003C;.001). El AFE se realiz&#x00F3; sobre la primera mitad de la muestra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32518-ES">Tabla 1</xref>) obteniendo un resultado de 3 factores, con <italic>eigenvalues</italic> de 18.42 (F1), 1.53 (F2), 1.10 (F3), y un 62.5 % de la varianza explicada (22.9 % para F1; 21.3 % para F2 y 18,2 % para F3). Se eliminaron los &#x00ED;tems con cargas inferiores a 0,4 (18 y 19) y aquellos que cargaban simult&#x00E1;neamente en dos o m&#x00E1;s factores (11, 12, 13 y 16). El factor 1 est&#x00E1; compuesto por 10 &#x00ED;tems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 y 14) relacionados con la percepci&#x00F3;n de las condiciones que favorecen un trabajo horizontal, ayudan a la confianza y facilitan el trabajo conjunto por lo que lo denominamos <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic>. El factor 2 est&#x00E1; compuesto por 8 &#x00ED;tems (10, 15, 17, 19, 29, 30, 31 y 32) relacionados con la percepci&#x00F3;n de las condiciones que permiten el reconocimiento de la red, la afirmaci&#x00F3;n de su sentido y resultados, por lo que recibe el nombre de <italic>Legitimidad</italic>. El factor 3 est&#x00E1; compuesto por 8 &#x00ED;tems (20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 y 28) relacionados con la percepci&#x00F3;n del tipo de direcci&#x00F3;n y gesti&#x00F3;n que ayuda a desarrollar una organizaci&#x00F3;n en red, siendo denominado <italic>Liderazgo</italic>.</p>
<p>En el AFC sobre la segunda mitad de la muestra, los &#x00ED;ndices de bondad de ajuste para el modelo propuesto de 3 factores son adecuados ya que el CFI fue de 0,997, TLI de 0,997, RMSEA de 0,0027 y el SRMR de 0,043. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-32518-ES">Tabla 2</xref> se presentan las cargas factoriales finales y la propuesta definitiva de cuestionario con los &#x00ED;tems renumerados.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-32518-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>argas factoriales estandarizadas para cada &#x00ED;tem del afc (n=1401) y la varianza media extra&#x00ED;da</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-32518-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="70%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>&#x00CD;tem</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F1</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F2</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F3</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(1) 1. Me siento part&#x00ED;cipe de las nuevas ideas y acciones que surgen en la red.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.666</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(2) 2. Los miembros de la red nos sentimos unidos y cohesionados como grupo.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.689</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(3) 3. Me siento comprometido con la red.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.623</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(4) 4. Las opiniones que comparto en las reuniones se tienen en cuenta a la hora de tomar decisiones.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.673</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(5) 5. Identifico la red como espacio de debate donde se pueden expresar tanto las propias percepciones como los desacuerdos.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(6) 6. Aplico los conocimientos que aprendo en la red en mi propia organizaci&#x00F3;n.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.669</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(7) 7. Los recursos que compartimos con otros profesionales de la red contribuyen a mejorar mi pr&#x00E1;ctica.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.647</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(8) 8. Entiendo que la implicaci&#x00F3;n de agentes diversos (p&#x00FA;blicos, privados y/o del tercer sector) a la red comunitario contribuye a alcanzar los objetivos del proyecto educativo.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.595</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(9) 9. Los objetivos de la red est&#x00E1;n desarrollados por equipos efectivos de trabajo interdisciplinares.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.647</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(10) 10. Los miembros que representan la administraci&#x00F3;n (local, auton&#x00F3;mica y/o estatal) y los financiadores de proyectos participan en los debates de la red con igual poder cuando se trata de la toma de decisiones.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.628</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(14) 11. La red cuenta con la colaboraci&#x00F3;n efectiva de centros educativos (de educaci&#x00F3;n infantil, primaria y/o secundaria) de la comunidad.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.617</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(15) 12. La red cuenta con un apoyo pol&#x00ED;tico que contribuye a su sostenibilidad.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.478</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(17) 13. La red facilita posibilidades de formaci&#x00F3;n y aprendizaje que nos hacen crecer sustancialmente tanto a nosotros como al proyecto global.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.651</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(19) 14. La red ha logrado alcanzar sus objetivos de forma exitosa.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.627</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(20) 15. El liderazgo de la red establece una visi&#x00F3;n compartida sobre el proyecto y los retos a abordar.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.704</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(21) 16. El liderazgo de la red nos escucha y recoge evidencias sobre nuestras necesidades para mejorar la acci&#x00F3;n educativa y social.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.729</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(23) 17. El liderazgo de la red busca la colaboraci&#x00F3;n con programas implementados en la comunidad que comparten objetivos con el proyecto.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.688</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(24) 18. El liderazgo de la red promueve y facilita que todos los miembros podamos liderar acciones y proyectos que surgen en la comunidad.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(25) 19. El liderazgo de la red act&#x00FA;a de mediador en el debate frente a las diferencias entre profesionales, centr&#x00E1;ndose en la parte positiva del conflicto.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.679</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(26) 20. El liderazgo de la red presta especial atenci&#x00F3;n al incremento y a la calidad de las conexiones entre sus miembros.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.714</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(27) 21. El liderazgo de la red facilita mecanismos para evaluar la tarea organizativa y colaborativa.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.681</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(28) 22. El liderazgo de la red promueve y facilita el intercambio de ideas nuevas y creativas.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.732</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(29) 23. El liderazgo de la red cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios adultos a la hora de tomar decisiones importantes.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.718</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(30) 24. El liderazgo de la red comunitario cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios j&#x00F3;venes y/o ni&#x00F1;os a la hora de tomar decisiones importantes.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(31) 25. El liderazgo de la red cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios adultos en la creaci&#x00F3;n de nuevas ideas y proyectos.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(32) 26. El liderazgo de la red cuenta con la voz de los destinatarios j&#x00F3;venes y/o ni&#x00F1;os en la creaci&#x00F3;n de nuevas ideas y proyectos.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.649</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Varianza Media Extra&#x00ED;da</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.614</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.606</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.726</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2-ES"><p>Nota: En par&#x00E9;ntesis la numeraci&#x00F3;n original de los &#x00ED;tems, seguida de la propuesta definitiva renumerada.</p></fn>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Los resultados de fiabilidad medida con &#x03C9; de McDonalds y &#x03B1; Cronbach se presentan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-32518-ES">Tabla 3</xref>. En todos los casos hay una elevada consistencia interna para todos los factores y para el total. De modo que el cuestionario adopta su forma final con 3 factores.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-32518-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 3</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>onsistencia interna de los diferentes factores</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-32518-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Factores</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>&#x03A9; de McDonald</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>&#x03B1; de Cronbach</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F1: Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,930</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,929</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F2: Legitimidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,922</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,919</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F3: Liderazgo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,953</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,952</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Total</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,974</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0,974</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-32518-ES">Tabla 4</xref> se presentan los estad&#x00ED;sticos descriptivos para cada factor y en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32518-ES">Figura 1</xref> se representa la distribuci&#x00F3;n de las medias.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-32518-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 4</label>
<caption><title>E<sc>stad&#x00ED;sticos descriptivos de los 3 factores cers</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-32518-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Factores</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (DS)</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Min.</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Max.</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Percentil 25</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Percentil 50</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Percentil 75</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F1: Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.59 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1.3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>4.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F2: Legitimidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.17 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F34: Liderazgo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.74)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.12</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.87</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="fig-1-32518-ES">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>H<sc>istogramas de las distribuciones de medias de los 3 factores cers</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-32518-ES.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Los an&#x00E1;lisis indican que existe correlaci&#x00F3;n positiva entre <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> y <italic>Legitimidad</italic> (<italic>r =</italic> 0.757; p&#x003C;.001, <italic>r</italic>2 <italic>=</italic> 0.573), con un tama&#x00F1;o del efecto elevado, tambi&#x00E9;n entre <italic>Liderazgo</italic> y <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> (<italic>r =</italic> 0.815; p&#x003C;.001, <italic>r</italic>2 <italic>=</italic> 0.664), y entre <italic>Liderazgo</italic> y <italic>Legitimidad</italic> (<italic>r =</italic> 0.830; p&#x003C;.001, <italic>r</italic>2 <italic>=</italic> 0.689).</p>
<p>En el caso de la edad (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-5-32518-ES">Tabla 5</xref>), en <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> no existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre grupos de edad (<italic>F</italic> = 0.77; <italic>gl</italic> = 2, 2702; <italic>p</italic> = 0,51). En <italic>Legitimidad</italic>, existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas por grupos de edad, con un tama&#x00F1;o del efecto peque&#x00F1;o (<italic>F</italic> = 6.61; <italic>gl</italic> = 3, 2663; <italic>p</italic>&#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.007). Observamos diferencias entre el grupo de edad de 17-25 a&#x00F1;os con el de 26-40 a&#x00F1;os (<italic>t</italic> = 4.27; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001) y con el grupo de 41-55 a&#x00F1;os (<italic>t</italic> = 3.84; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001). Los participantes de 17-25 a&#x00F1;os muestran mayor percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Legitimidad</italic> que el resto. En cuanto a <italic>Liderazgo</italic>, no existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre grupos de edad (<italic>F</italic> = 0.41; <italic>gl</italic> = 3,2739; <italic>p</italic> = 0,75).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-5-32518-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 5</label>
<caption><title>M<sc>edia y desviaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1;ndar de colaboraci&#x00F3;n, legitimidad y liderazgo por grupos de edad y por g&#x00E9;nero</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-5-32518-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="34%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Variables sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficas</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Legitimidad</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Liderazgo</bold></p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"/>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M5" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M6" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Edad</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>17-25 a&#x00F1;os</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>331</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.54 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>320</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.33 (0.64)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>331</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.40 (0.69)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>26-40 a&#x00F1;os</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1448</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1430</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.14 (0.70)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1475</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.40 (0.74)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>41-55 a&#x00F1;os</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>778</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>769</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.15 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>788</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.42 (0.75)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x003E; 55 a&#x00F1;os</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>149</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.62 (0.74)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>148</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.22 (0.72)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>149</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.45 (0.79)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>G&#x00E9;nero</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Hombre</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>585</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>6.92 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>578</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.30 (0.72)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>598</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.51 (0.77)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mujer</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2123</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.57 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2091</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.14 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2147</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.73)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Para el g&#x00E9;nero (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-5-32518-ES">Tabla 5</xref>), podemos observar diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en la percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> (<italic>U <sub>Mann-Whitney</sub></italic>=687151.0, p<italic>&#x003C;.001), Legitimidad</italic> (<italic>U <sub>Mann-Whitney</sub></italic>=677886.0, p<italic>&#x003C;.001) y Liderazgo</italic> (<italic>U <sub>Mann-Whitney</sub></italic>=710828.0, p<italic>&#x003C;.001),</italic> mayor en los hombres.</p>
<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-6-32518-ES">Tabla 6</xref> se muestran los descriptivos seg&#x00FA;n la posici&#x00F3;n en la red, el sector donde se inscribe y el &#x00E1;mbito de trabajo de quien responde. Para la posici&#x00F3;n, en <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 55.90; <italic>gl</italic> = 2, 2705; <italic>p</italic>&#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.04). Observamos diferencias entre los l&#x00ED;deres y los miembros de base (<italic>t</italic> = 8.10; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001) y entre estos y la coordinaci&#x00F3;n (<italic>t</italic> = 8.34; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001), con mayor percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> por parte de las coordinaciones t&#x00E9;cnicas, seguidos de los l&#x00ED;deres. En cuanto a <italic>Legitimidad</italic>, tambi&#x00E9;n existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 5.31; <italic>gl</italic>= 2, 2666; <italic>p</italic> = 005; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.004), de modo que los l&#x00ED;deres perciben mayor <italic>Legitimidad</italic> que los miembros de base de la red (<italic>t</italic> = 3.10; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.004). En <italic>Liderazgo</italic> existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 36.65; <italic>gl</italic> = 2, 2742; <italic>p</italic>&#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.026) entre la percepci&#x00F3;n de los l&#x00ED;deres y de los miembros de base de la red (<italic>t</italic> = 7.06; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =&#x003C;.001) y entre estos y la coordinaci&#x00F3;n (<italic>t</italic> = 6.22; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.004). La percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Liderazgo</italic> es mayor en quien ocupa el rol de liderazgo, seguido de las coordinaciones y luego los miembros de base.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-6-32518-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 6</label>
<caption><title>M<sc>edia y desviaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1;ndar de colaboraci&#x00F3;n, legitimidad y liderazgo por posici&#x00F3;n en la red, sector y &#x00E1;mbito</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-6-32518-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="34%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Variables de la red</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Legitimidad</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Liderazgo</bold></p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"/>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M7" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M8" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M9" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(DS)</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Posici&#x00F3;n en la red</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>L&#x00ED;der</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>685</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.74 (0.70)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>668</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.24 (0.76)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>696</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.55 (0.81)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Coordinador equipo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1709</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.49 (0.65)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1694</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.14 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1733</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.316 (0.71)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Miembro</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>314</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.83 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>307</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.19 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>316</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.595 (0.71)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Sector de la red</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sector privado</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>776</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.57 (0.65)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>755</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.15 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>777</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.72)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sector p&#x00FA;blico</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>653</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.65 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>658</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.27 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>670</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.45 (0.76)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Tercer sector o filantr&#x00F3;pico</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1162</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.59 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1139</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.11 (0.72)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1181</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.75)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Voluntario</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>117</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.44 (0.63)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>117</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.34 (0.60)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>117</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.34 (0.66)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>&#x00C1;mbito de la red</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sector educacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1294</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.62 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1292</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.21 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1315</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.40 (0.72)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sector social</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>975</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.56 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>942</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.05 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>989</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.76)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Otros</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>439</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.56 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>435</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.31 (0.74)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>441</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.49 (0.77)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>En cuanto al sector, en <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 3.92; <italic>gl</italic> = 3, 2704; <italic>p</italic> =.008; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.004), con tama&#x00F1;o del efecto bajo, entre los participantes que pertenecen al sector p&#x00FA;blico y aquellos que son voluntarios (<italic>t</italic> = 3.15; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.009), con percepci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s positiva de los primeros. En <italic>Legitimidad</italic> existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 10.21; <italic>gl</italic> = 3, 2604; <italic>p</italic>&#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.011) entre la mayor percepci&#x00F3;n de los profesionales del sector privado respecto al sector p&#x00FA;blico (<italic>t</italic> = 3.24; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.006), as&#x00ED; como entre los profesionales del sector privado y los voluntarios (<italic>t</italic> = 2.78; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.028), entregando mayores puntuaciones el voluntariado. Tambi&#x00E9;n se obtienen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre los participantes con instituciones del sector p&#x00FA;blico y los del tercero o filantr&#x00F3;pico (<italic>t</italic> = 4.77; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001), obteniendo mayores puntuaciones los del sector p&#x00FA;blico. Finalmente, tambi&#x00E9;n existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en <italic>Legitimidad</italic> entre la mayor percepci&#x00F3;n del voluntariado respecto a profesionales del tercer sector o filantr&#x00F3;pico (<italic>t</italic> = 3.47; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.003). Por &#x00FA;ltimo, en <italic>Liderazgo</italic> no existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 1.51; <italic>gl</italic> = 3, 2741; <italic>p</italic> =.209).</p>
<p>En cuanto al &#x00E1;mbito profesional, en <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> no existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 2.39; <italic>gl</italic> = 2, 2705; <italic>p</italic> =.09). En <italic>Legitimidad</italic> existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 26.60; <italic>gl</italic> = 2, 2666; <italic>p</italic>&#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.02) entre la mayor percepci&#x00F3;n de quienes pertenecen al sector de educaci&#x00F3;n respecto al sector social (<italic>t</italic> =5.68; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001) y mayor percepci&#x00F3;n entre otros sectores y el sector educacional (<italic>t</italic> = 2.46; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.028). Tambi&#x00E9;n se obtienen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre la percepci&#x00F3;n de los participantes del sector social y la de otros (<italic>t</italic> = 6.56; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic>&#x003C;.001), obteniendo mayores puntuaciones los otros. Finalmente, en <italic>Liderazgo</italic> existen diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas (<italic>F</italic> = 3.89; <italic>gl</italic> = 2, 2742; <italic>p</italic> =.021; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.003), aunque con un tama&#x00F1;o del efecto peque&#x00F1;o, &#x00FA;nicamente entre las mayores percepciones de buen <italic>Liderazgo</italic> del sector otros respecto a los participantes del sector social (<italic>t</italic> = 2.77; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.016).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32518-ES" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n y conclusiones</sc></title>
<p>Consideramos haber alcanzado satisfactoriamente los objetivos propuestos para este estudio tras seguir las recomendaciones actuales en cuanto a la construcci&#x00F3;n de escalas, validaci&#x00F3;n y depuraci&#x00F3;n de &#x00ED;tems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-ES">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). La muestra de personas implicadas directamente en redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa utilizada ha sido de tama&#x00F1;o suficiente. Los an&#x00E1;lisis estad&#x00ED;sticos revelaron una elevada correlaci&#x00F3;n entre &#x00ED;tems i el total de la escala, demostrando la alta validez del constructo. Los resultados de los an&#x00E1;lisis factoriales revelan la existencia de tres factores (<italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>Legitimidad</italic> y <italic>Liderazgo)</italic> en lugar de los siete dise&#x00F1;ados hipot&#x00E9;ticamente. El an&#x00E1;lisis factorial confirmatorio revel&#x00F3; un buen ajuste del modelo, cumpliendo los &#x00ED;ndices de bondad propuestos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-ES">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, (2018)</xref>. El an&#x00E1;lisis de la consistencia interna, el alfa de Cronbach y el omega de Mcdonalds indican elevada fiabilidad.</p>
<p>Debemos reconocer categ&#x00F3;ricamente que los factores te&#x00F3;ricos de los que part&#x00ED;amos no han sido confirmados como tales, aunque la selecci&#x00F3;n de &#x00ED;tems y su posterior depuraci&#x00F3;n s&#x00ED; ha permitido identificar tres factores con fundamento en la teor&#x00ED;a de redes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32518-ES">MacBeath, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-ES">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32518-ES">Kallio y Halverson, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Pudiera ser que las hip&#x00F3;tesis subyacentes al constructo de partida no se hayan podido confirmar en el an&#x00E1;lisis psicom&#x00E9;trico por responder a planos diferentes, uno de tipo estructural y de gesti&#x00F3;n (composici&#x00F3;n transversal, horizontalidad) y otros m&#x00E1;s cercanos a principios axiom&#x00E1;ticos (corresponsabilidad, confianza e innovaci&#x00F3;n). Los factores de transversalidad en las redes y horizontalidad en su organizaci&#x00F3;n no han mostrado consistencia, aunque bastantes de sus &#x00ED;tems aparecen dentro de los factores de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>Legitimidad</italic> y <italic>Liderazgo</italic>. Interpretamos que son dif&#x00ED;cilmente aislables y que se expresa as&#x00ED; cierta interdependencia entre estos condicionantes que incluso podr&#x00ED;an ser constitutivos de la red como estructura organizativa. Sin la integraci&#x00F3;n de diferentes instituciones y sin su participaci&#x00F3;n en un plano de igualdad las redes no son posibles. Ya en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> este factor present&#x00F3; dificultades en sus ajustes. Respecto a la confianza entre los miembros, aunque te&#x00F3;ricamente justificable, puede ser a la vez condici&#x00F3;n de posibilidad y resultado de una buena experiencia de colaboraci&#x00F3;n. Igualmente, la innovaci&#x00F3;n (resultado de &#x201C;coaprender&#x201D; y &#x201C;coconstruir&#x201D;) no se ha reflejado en los an&#x00E1;lisis, pudiendo ser m&#x00E1;s un efecto a largo plazo del trabajo colaborativo que una condici&#x00F3;n para que la red sea una organizaci&#x00F3;n madura o bien consolidada. Confianza e innovaci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n fueron propuestos como factores hipot&#x00E9;ticos en la fase de trabajo con expertos en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> y luego se desestimaron en los an&#x00E1;lisis psicom&#x00E9;tricos.</p>
<p>Respecto al cuestionario inicial de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, parece imponerse cierto principio de parsimonia, reduciendo la propuesta de evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la madurez organizacional de las redes a 3 factores m&#x00E1;s consistentes y robustos atendiendo a su mayor precisi&#x00F3;n y mejores resultados de fiabilidad y validez. Las asociaciones iniciales entre &#x00ED;tems y factores se derivaron de propuestas te&#x00F3;ricas previas consultadas, con poco sustrato emp&#x00ED;rico, al no existir investigaciones equivalentes, y muy influidos por los diferentes trabajos cualitativos pr&#x00F3;ximos a estrategias <italic>grounded theory</italic>. La investigaci&#x00F3;n que presentamos tambi&#x00E9;n cont&#x00F3; en su primera fase con este procedimiento de construcci&#x00F3;n de teor&#x00ED;a desde la pr&#x00E1;ctica. La reducci&#x00F3;n y nueva denominaci&#x00F3;n de los factores, m&#x00E1;s que un sobreajuste del modelo puede deberse a la dificultad de delimitar o definir con precisi&#x00F3;n ciertos factores, con demasiados &#x00ED;tems cruzados o ambivalentes. Si bien es cierto que no se ha contado con indicadores de validez externa, los buenos indicadores de ajuste que evidencian la validez interna del cuestionario nos anima a continuar en esta l&#x00ED;nea investigativa. El volumen de la muestra y la posibilidad de realizar un AFC han supuesto un avance metodol&#x00F3;gico a destacar. Los 3 factores, seg&#x00FA;n el significado de los &#x00ED;tems, explican 3 dimensiones cr&#x00ED;ticas en la gesti&#x00F3;n de redes, bien definidas, y que son coherentes con las investigaciones que referimos a continuaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>El factor <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> es clave desde la perspectiva te&#x00F3;rica, a la vez resultado y generador de confianza, como expresi&#x00F3;n de la corresponsabilidad de los miembros de la red, y muy vinculado al reconocimiento de la transversalidad dado que la innovaci&#x00F3;n de colaborar reside en que se d&#x00E9; entre personas integrantes de organizaciones de distinta titularidad y/o de &#x00E1;mbitos laborales diferenciados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-ES">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32518-ES">Rinc&#x00F3;n-Gallardo &#x0026; Fullan, 2016</xref>). Se ha escrito mucho sobre las redes educativas intersectoriales y las redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa local como redes de trabajo colaborativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32518-ES">Civ&#x00ED;s y Long&#x00E1;s, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32518-ES">Pino-Yancovic y Ahumada, 2022</xref>), reconociendo en ello su valor como innovaci&#x00F3;n social.</p>
<p>La percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Legitimidad</italic> por parte de los miembros de la red est&#x00E1; poco explicitada en la literatura, quiz&#x00E1;s por la misma idiosincrasia de las redes intersectoriales. En su mayor&#x00ED;a, los miembros de las redes no son profesionales contratados al servicio de las redes y, con frecuencia, dicha pertenencia entra en conflicto con las obligaciones de agenda que impone la organizaci&#x00F3;n a la cual se adscribe cada persona. M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la experiencia positiva de colaborar o las buenas relaciones sociales obtenidas, el crecimiento y la sostenibilidad de las redes est&#x00E1; directamente relacionado con su efectividad, obtener resultados exitosos, percibir los logros y alcanzar reconocimiento por ello (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-ES">Long&#x00E1;s, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>En cuanto al factor <italic>Liderazgo</italic> creemos que se expresa de forma inequ&#x00ED;voca en los &#x00ED;tems correspondientes en la medida que cuestionan directamente sobre el tipo de direcci&#x00F3;n y gesti&#x00F3;n de la red orientada hacia su efectividad y sostenibilidad, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de integraci&#x00F3;n y armonizaci&#x00F3;n de miembros con filiaciones distintas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32518-ES">Azor&#x00ED;n, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32518-ES">Pino-Yancovic y Ahumada, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Las diferencias seg&#x00FA;n las variables sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficas que se han detectado aportan una primera referencia para estudios posteriores, abriendo otras posibilidades de investigaci&#x00F3;n, atendiendo a la gran diversidad de miembros que agrupan. Se desvelan diferencias por g&#x00E9;nero en los tres factores mostrando que los hombres tienen mayor percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>Legitimidad</italic> y <italic>Liderazgo.</italic> No disponemos de referencias que nos permitan discutir estos resultados por lo que s&#x00F3;lo hipotetizamos sobre diferencias entre las expectativas de hombres y mujeres ante el trabajo en red.</p>
<p>En cuanto a los resultados respecto a la edad, podemos observar menor percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> y de <italic>Legitimidad</italic> en los participantes de edades entre 17-25 a&#x00F1;os. Por los rangos de edad cabe asumir que gran parte ser&#x00E1; voluntariado, un perfil presumiblemente entusiasta y exigente en la dimensi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s social/colaborativa, a la vez que dado al reconocimiento de valor all&#x00E1; donde participan libremente.</p>
<p>La percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic> y de <italic>Liderazgo</italic> es m&#x00E1;s alta en los miembros de base de la red y resulta un dato interesante si lo contrastamos con la mayor percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Legitimidad</italic> que tienen los l&#x00ED;deres. Quiz&#x00E1;s la experiencia o necesidad de colaborar se da m&#x00E1;s en la base, as&#x00ED; como reconocer el liderazgo es m&#x00E1;s propio del nivel subalterno, mientras que entre los desaf&#x00ED;os del liderazgo est&#x00E1; justamente lograr el asentamiento y continuidad de la red, algo reflejado en este factor.</p>
<p>La pertenencia al sector privado, p&#x00FA;blico o al tercer sector no afecta a la percepci&#x00F3;n del <italic>Liderazgo</italic>, lo que afirma la consistencia te&#x00F3;rica de este factor. En cambio, los participantes del sector p&#x00FA;blico tienen mejor percepci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Colaboraci&#x00F3;n</italic>, as&#x00ED; como los profesionales del sector educacional, quiz&#x00E1;s ambos grupos influidos por experiencias previas m&#x00E1;s individualistas que el resto.</p>
<p>Observando la alta correlaci&#x00F3;n entre factores que entregan los an&#x00E1;lisis complementarios, valoramos que esta propuesta es un paso m&#x00E1;s en la construcci&#x00F3;n de un modelo integrado para la organizaci&#x00F3;n y el liderazgo de redes socioeducativas. La reducci&#x00F3;n de n&#x00FA;mero de factores y de &#x00ED;tems, as&#x00ED; como cierta reformulaci&#x00F3;n, respecto al instrumento del cual se parti&#x00F3; m&#x00E1;s que una simplificaci&#x00F3;n forzada supone mayor claridad conceptual y, seg&#x00FA;n los resultados, m&#x00E1;s fiabilidad psicom&#x00E9;trica. El cuestionario validado permite una f&#x00E1;cil aplicaci&#x00F3;n y ayuda a orientar la gesti&#x00F3;n porque focaliza la mirada sobre conceptos aplicados y m&#x00E1;s tangibles que los cuestionarios precedentes. Concluimos que el CERS es v&#x00E1;lido, fiable y supone un aporte valioso en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa, ampliando el camino investigativo que apoya su desarrollo y la construcci&#x00F3;n de una teor&#x00ED;a propia para su promoci&#x00F3;n efectiva. El instrumento puede ser usado libremente y esperamos que apoye la monitorizaci&#x00F3;n y el desarrollo progresivo de las redes locales en la medida que los resultados que aporta pueden ayudar a tomar decisiones basadas en evidencias.</p>
<p>La principal limitaci&#x00F3;n ha sido no disponer de un instrumento <italic>Gold Standard</italic> para establecer correlaciones con el CERS. La muestra para los an&#x00E1;lisis factoriales es amplia. Proceden de un mismo modelo de red local (el propuesto por CaixaProinfancia desde 2016) y, aunque son homog&#x00E9;neas en su finalidad, presentan gran diversidad por ser de diferentes CC.AA. y ciudades, con pol&#x00ED;ticas educativas y de acci&#x00F3;n social diferenciadas, distintas culturas profesionales y enormes diferencias en el tejido asociativo y las culturas de participaci&#x00F3;n. Aunque no dudamos de su validez, ser&#x00ED;a conveniente continuar con nuevas aplicaciones del instrumento, tanto en muestras distintas como en estudios longitudinales, que pudiesen confirmar nuestro aporte.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32518-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Darretxe</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Inclusi&#x00F3;n socioeducativa de la infancia, innovaci&#x00F3;n e investigaci&#x00F3;n participativa</article-title> <source><italic>Profesorado, Revista de Curr&#x00ED;culum y Formaci&#x00F3;n del Profesorado</italic></source> <volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue> <comment>Art&#x00ED;culo 1</comment> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30827/profesorado.v27i1.18375</pub-id></element-citation>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32518</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32518</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Spanish Validation of a Questionnaire to Evaluate Intersectoral Socio-Educational Collaboration Networks (CERS) for Educational Improvement</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Validaci&#x00F3;n espa&#x00F1;ola de un cuestionario para evaluar redes socioeducativas de colaboraci&#x00F3;n intersectorial (CERS) para la mejora educativa</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8511-3044</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>LONG&#x00C1;S MAYAYO</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-2923</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>CA&#x00D1;ETE-MASS&#x00C9;</surname>
<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-9580</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>D&#x00CD;AZ-GIBSON</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Ramon Llull. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Ramon Llull</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>jordilm@blanquerna.url.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>cristinacm22@blanquerna.url.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>jorgedg@blanquerna.url.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>212</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>28</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>The emergence and evolution of intersectoral collaboration in education is of growing interest for research that seeks to understand and support new networked organizational structures. This study seeks to validate an easy-to-apply instrument that reliably estimates the degree of development or organizational maturity of interinstitutional collaboration networks for socio-educational improvement.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>A sample of 2,802 individuals involved in 158 networks across Spain was used, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on two randomized subsamples.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The result was a 26-item questionnaire grouped into 3 factors (Collaboration, Legitimacy, and Leadership).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Discussion:</title>
<p>The model&#x2019;s good fit, with high indices of goodness-of-fit, internal consistency, and reliability, means that an easy-to-apply tool that is useful for the leadership and promotion of networks can be provided. We conclude that this instrument is valid and reliable and offers valuable input for evaluating socio-educational action networks, expanding research that supports their development, and constructing a theory to promote their effective implementation. It is a valuable resource for free use at the national level. Accordingly, it can be used by leaders of socio-educational networks and by regional governance teams to monitor the progressive development of local networks. In addition, the direct feedback obtained through CERS will allow these leaders to make evidence-based decisions that strengthen local social capital, addressing the complex challenge of educational success in contexts of high social vulnerability in a sustainable, collective, and effective way.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<sec>
<title>Introducci&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>La emergencia y evoluci&#x00F3;n de la colaboraci&#x00F3;n intersectorial en educaci&#x00F3;n interesa cada vez m&#x00E1;s a la investigaci&#x00F3;n que busca comprender y fundamentar las nuevas estructuras de organizaci&#x00F3;n en red. El objetivo de este estudio es validar un instrumento de f&#x00E1;cil aplicaci&#x00F3;n que permita estimar con fiabilidad el grado de desarrollo o madurez organizacional de las redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional para la mejora socioeducativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#x00E9;todos:</title>
<p>Con una muestra de 2.802 personas implicadas en 158 redes de Espa&#x00F1;a se han realizado los correspondientes an&#x00E1;lisis factoriales (exploratorio y confirmatorio) con dos submuestras aleatorizadas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>El resultado es un cuestionario de 26 &#x00ED;tems agrupados en 3 factores (Colaboraci&#x00F3;n, Legitimidad y Liderazgo).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Discusi&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>El buen ajuste del modelo, con elevados &#x00ED;ndices de bondad, consistencia interna y fiabilidad, permite entregar un instrumento de f&#x00E1;cil aplicaci&#x00F3;n, &#x00FA;til para el liderazgo y la promoci&#x00F3;n de redes. Concluimos que el CERS es v&#x00E1;lido, fiable y supone un aporte valioso en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de redes de acci&#x00F3;n socioeducativa, ampliando el camino investigativo que apoya su desarrollo y la construcci&#x00F3;n de una teor&#x00ED;a propia para su promoci&#x00F3;n efectiva. Supone un capital valioso para el uso libre a nivel estatal. De este modo, podr&#x00E1; ser utilizado tanto por lideres de redes socioeducativas como por equipos de gobernanza territorial para monitorizar el desarrollo progresivo de las redes locales. A su vez, el retorno directo que se obtiene a trav&#x00E9;s de CERS permitir&#x00E1; a dichos l&#x00ED;deres tomar decisiones basadas en evidencias que fortalezca el capital social local, abordando de forma sostenible, colectiva y efectiva el complejo reto del &#x00E9;xito educativo en contextos de alta vulnerabilidad social.</p>
</sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>interinstitutional cooperation</kwd>
<kwd>psychometric validation</kwd>
<kwd>leadership</kwd>
<kwd>social pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>sociometry</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>cooperaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional</kwd>
<kwd>validaci&#x00F3;n psicom&#x00E9;trica</kwd>
<kwd>liderazgo</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a social</kwd>
<kwd>sociometr&#x00ED;a</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32518-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>New intersectoral collaboration or networking strategies have emerged in response to the growing complexity of the challenges faced by education systems all over the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32518-EN">UNESCO, 2015</xref>) and the situations of inequality that shape educational success (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32518-EN">Civ&#x00ED;s &#x0026; Long&#x00E1;s, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s &#x0026; Civ&#x00ED;s, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32518-EN">OECD, 2020</xref>). These experiences of collective action to improve education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32518-EN">Azor&#x00ED;n, 2019</xref>) or community action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al., 2016</xref>) seek to improve coordination and cooperation between socio-educational stakeholders in an eco-social space (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32518-EN">Alonso <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32518-EN">Cos <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32518-EN">Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 2023</xref>), attempting to overcome the professional isolation and the disciplinary and organizational fragmentation characteristic of service provision systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32518-EN">Harris y Jones, 2017</xref>). Although there is evidence for their effectiveness and their use has spread through numerous countries, few instruments are available for evaluating them as an organizational structure. Progress towards this goal would be of theoretical and practical value.</p>
<p>The literature has considered different experiences of organizing socio-educational action at a local level that have started to appear over the last 20 years following a systems approach with notable results in educational and social improvement. We note the cases of the United Kingdom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32518-EN">Godfrey y Brown, 2019</xref>), the Netherlands (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32518-EN">Moolenaar <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>), the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-EN">Clayton, 2016</xref>), Denmark (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32518-EN">S&#x00F8;rensen y Torfing, 2011</xref>), Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32518-EN">de Lima, 2007</xref>), and Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s y Civ&#x00ED;s, 2019</xref>). It should be noted that this type of initiative emerges in contexts of vulnerability, focussing on the fight against exclusion and improving social cohesion, educational achievement, and the development of citizenship competences. They are usually self-organized experiences that mature over time, implicitly or explicitly based on promoting and consolidating networking among schools, social services, nonprofit entities, cultural advocates, sometimes health services, volunteers, etc. They are transversal structures that operate at a local level with a community basis and centre on promoting socio-educational actions aimed at strengthening the social and learning environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32518-EN">Curcic <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32518-EN">Muijs, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32518-EN">Godfrey &#x0026; Brown, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Some valuable effects of collaborative interinstitutional work at a local level stand out: a) optimization of socio-educational resources and improved organizational efficiency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); b) driving educational innovation and change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32518-EN">Singh y Eggers, 2009</xref>); c) support for integral, non-fragmented action when facing complex situations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32518-EN">Harris y Jones, 2017</xref>); d) professional development and learning through the generation of synergies and mutual support (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32518-EN">Brown y Flood, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32518-EN">Campbell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); e) improvements in educational performance and reduced social vulnerability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32518-EN">Azor&#x00ED;n y Muijs, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al., 2016</xref>); and f) holding society more accountable in the process of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32518-EN">Rom&#x00E1;n y Murillo, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>However, these networks are often fragile structures superimposed on the organizations involved in them, with these organizations&#x2019; adherence to the shared project requiring generosity, mutual trust, and consensus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-EN">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Their leadership is, in practice, often shared and/or distributed, focussing strongly on relational aspects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32518-EN">Azor&#x00ED;n, et al., 2020</xref>), emphasising the systematization of relations between socio-educational stakeholders and the generation of positive ties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32518-EN">Kallio y Halverson, 2020</xref>). As a guide for good leadership of networks, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32518-EN">Pino-Yancovic and Ahumada (2022)</xref> emphasize the need to develop collaborative activities that promote deep collaboration, trust, and joint responsibility, seeking to ensure that the distribution of the leadership is a characteristic of the organizational culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32518-EN">MacBeath, 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al. (2020)</xref>, the promotion and management of networks is formed on the basis of a certain shared pattern directed towards: having the same common purpose, generating collaborative strategies, and obtaining the results and recognition that give them legitimacy, thus fostering their sustainability. Other research explains that the effective leadership of networks involves increasing the number and quality of relationships among the stakeholders involved, increasing membership and resources, fostering information exchange, strengthening shared objectives, and ensuring sustainable collaboration between organizations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-EN">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32518-EN">OECD, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32518-EN">Rinc&#x00F3;n-Gallardo y Fullan, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32518-EN">UNESCO, 2020</xref>). The line of research followed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2013)</xref> proposes six theoretical principles of the specific leadership of networks: joint responsibility, transversality, horizontality, collaboration, proximity and projection.</p>
<p>Until now, there have been few instruments that allow the evaluation of the development of networks as socio-educational organizations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). Recent research has made a significant contribution to the evaluation of collaborative work in educational contexts, increasing the available tools and improving their validity. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32518-EN">Mart&#x00ED;nez Venegas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> adapted and validated a rubric that permits the evaluation of key dimensions of team work, such as joint planning and conflict management. For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32518-EN">Torres-Hern&#x00E1;ndez and Gallego-Arrufat (2022)</xref> have revealed the benefit of combining self-evaluation, peer evaluation, and teacher evaluation to provide a fuller overview of collaboration between students. Finally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32518-EN">Zangara and Sanz (2020)</xref> have developed a specific methodology for monitoring work mediated by collaborative technology, proposing concrete indicators for its evaluation. These studies offer frameworks and tools that are transferable to the evaluation of interinstitutional networks, especially with regards to processes of collaboration, shared decision making and collective setting of objectives. Nonetheless, these are proposed as institutional tools and not as collective communal processes as a whole.</p>
<p>In the context of Spain, very few studies have validated instruments designed with this objective. One of the them is the <italic>ACOES Evaluation Questionnaire</italic>, developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32518-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a, et al. (2012)</xref>, which centres on analysing the cooperative working methodology in higher education. Another example is the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32518-EN">L&#x00F3;pez <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, which investigated the functioning of educational networks in schools from the perspective of collaborative work. These questionnaires identified organizational improvements and improvements relating to development derived from participation in networks, underlining the importance of interchanging pedagogical experiences and joint planning. In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32518-EN">Gair&#x00ED;n, et al. (2012)</xref> presented an evaluation proposal for the Red de Apoyo a la Gesti&#x00F3;n Educativa (RedAGE, Educational Management Support Network), focussed on improving educational management in the Ibero-American setting. This evaluation considered variables such as the network&#x2019;s cohesion and its capacity to bolster educational management, providing a framework to analyse the functioning of interinstitutional networks.</p>
<p>Although these instruments contributed to evaluating networking between educational and social organizations, they display significant limitations. In general, they lack an adequate theoretical and contextualized adaptation to the complexity of the interinstitutional and interdisciplinary character of these networks, they offer a static vision without considering the networks&#x2019; evolution over time, they often use small or unrepresentative samples, and they lack a solid psychometric validation, which limits their applicability to other contexts.</p>
<p>A frequent method for evaluating intersectoral collaboration networks is to create relationship maps with software, identifying the density of the relations and the more or less decentralized role of the nodes in the system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32518-EN">Daly, 2010</xref>). Another evaluation strategy is pre&#x2013;post comparison and comparison with reference groups of indicators of networked actions, considering the hypothetical impact of collaborative work (for example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s and Riera, 2016</xref>), although they do not specifically report on the network as an organization. For our part, we have carried out qualitative studies of networks, with a quasi-ethnographic approach. These are of value for understanding their functioning, but have a high cost and are difficult to standardize (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al., 2020</xref>). These latter pieces of research, undertaken following the development of 172 socio-educational networks promoted in Spain by the CaixaProinfancia programme since 2016, have shown different degrees of what we call organizational maturity (stability, autonomy, sustainability, and satisfaction with their functioning), relating to improved educational outcomes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32518-EN">Ca&#x00F1;ete-Mass&#x00E9; <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32518-EN">Cuss&#x00F3;-Parcerissas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>The instrument published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2014)</xref> seeks to estimate the organizational capital and social capital of educational collaboration networks. It validates these two dimensions in a sample of 90 members of 2 consolidated networks in Barcelona and Madison, Wisconsin. The organizational dimension incorporates five factors that supposedly shape it: joint responsibility (members actively assume their task in the shared project); transversality (the composition of the network represents the highest number of sectors involved); horizontality (reflection and decision making are participatory or even collegiate); collaboration (members help one another to achieve goals); and projection (it is not just a team for reflection but it also seeks results in the form of improvement and recognition). We share the theoretical focus of this work, although its sample size poses inherent limitations when extrapolating the results, and there are also certain psychometric difficulties, especially with the transversality factor, as the authors observe. Its exploratory nature and the need to update models developed at the start of the century (when networking in education emerged) justify continuing with this line of research.</p>
<p>We have found no studies that associate sociodemographic or professional variables with the perceptions of the socio-educational networks. If we bear in mind that the particular characteristic of the networks is the integration of very diverse members who, from different spheres and sectors, have an interest in educational improvement, including this perspective on the research seems appropriate.</p>
<p>In view of the above, to support the leadership and development of the networks as structures of socio-educational governance, we asked ourselves how to measure their maturity. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to validate an easily applied instrument that makes it possible to estimate reliably the organizational maturity of interinstitutional collaboration networks for socio-educational improvement. As specific objectives we propose building a model of theoretically consistent organizational factors and analysing possible differences between the perceptions of the members of the networks taking into account their diversity.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32518-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label>2.</label>
<title>M<sc>ethodology</sc></title>
<p>This study is selective and non-experimental.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-32518-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Participants</title>
<p>A total of 2,802 people participated from 158 socio-educational networks out of a total of 172 possible ones. Of the participants, 78.2% were female. Regarding their positions, 63.3% were grassroots members, 25% held coordination positions, and 11.6% were leaders or backers. All of them are connected to organizations from the third sector, principally from the social and educational sphere: 43.3% were from nonprofit organizations, 28.4% from the private sector, 24.1% from the public sector, and 4.2% were volunteers. In relation to their professional sphere, 48% were from the education sector, 36.1% the social sector, 7.5% the recreational sector, 3.7% the health sector, and 4.6% from other sectors. Finally, with regards to age, 12.1% were aged between 17 and 25 years, 53.7% between 26 and 40, 28.7% between 41 and 55, and 5.4% were older than 55.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32518-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Design and validation of the instrument</title>
<p>The construction of the scale and the corresponding steps to confirm its validity and reliability followed the recommendations of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32518-EN">Boateng <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-EN">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. After the literature review, we decided to use the questionnaire of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2014)</xref> as a starting point owing to its particular orientation towards socio-educational networks in Spain. In the present work we discussed the wording of the items with professionals, academics, and researchers specialising in social education. Two in-person focus groups were organized (of approximately 3 hours length and with 6 different professionals from the socio-educational intervention in each case), with people with experience of promoting and leading community-based socio-educational action networks and/or educational projects, from the local government and third-sector bodies. Their proposals for improvement resulted in a total of 60 items relating to the factors that could explain different degrees of maturity of the networks. In a second process of revision by experts with the involvement of 9 experts (4 researchers and 5 leaders of networks with more than 15 years of experience), content validity was assessed, evaluating each item&#x2019;s suitability by means of a questionnaire with a 1&#x2013;3 scale considering the criteria of clarity, pertinence, and relevance. They also suggested improvements for the comprehension of the wording. In this phase, 28 items were eliminated owing to inaccuracy or repetitions, and primarily for having mean evaluations of less than 2.5 points. This cutoff point made it possible to select the items above the mean and median of the valuations (1&#x2013;3), as a required measure in the established criteria. As a result, the scale of 32 items administered was obtained.</p>
<p>The questionnaire was answered by members of socio-educational action networks from 11 Autonomous Regions of Spain that implemented the CaixaProinfancia programme (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al., 2016</xref>). This programme encourages collaboration between social entities, schools, and social services to help with systematic social and educational support for young children in situations of relative poverty and give them free access to quality support services. The different networks were contacted and were asked to help distribute the questionnaire among their members. The questionnaire was accessible online on the <italic>Google Forms</italic> platform. Participation was voluntary. Participants were informed of the aim of the study and their confidentiality was guaranteed. We also committed to return the results to each network. Only responses from networks with more than 50% participation by their members were considered in the study, giving a response rate of 95.2% of the total of the networks invited.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32518-EN">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title>Instruments administered</title>
<p>The Socio-Educational Networks Evaluation Questionnaire (CERS) that we administered was designed around 7 hypothetical factors, expanding the proposal from the questionnaire of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2014)</xref> with the theoretical-practical contributions generated from the successful experiences that the participants in the discussion phase of the construct contributed. As well as the sociodemographic variables included (gender, age, position in the network, sector in which the network operates, and sphere of work), the CERS included 32 items (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32518-EN">Table 1</xref>) to evaluate the following factors in the networks&#x2019; organizational maturity: <italic>joint responsibility</italic> among members (items 2, 3, 13, and 16); <italic>transversality</italic> in the composition and forms of work (items 8, 9, 14, 15, 22, and 23); <italic>horizontality</italic> in organization and decision making (items 10, 11, 29, and 30); internal <italic>collaboration</italic> to achieve results (items 7, 18, 25, and 26); improvements in the form of <italic>innovation</italic> resulting from shared work and learning (items 6, 12, 17, 27, 28, 31, and 32); mutual <italic>trust</italic>, which is both a precondition for and result of networking (items 1, 4, 5, 21, and 24); and <italic>perception of success</italic> in the results obtained (items 19 and 20). The answer format is a five-point Likert-type scale depending on the level of agreement (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The final instrument is the result of the psychometric validation that we report in this article.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32518-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>A<sc>nalysis of items and standardized factor loadings for each item from the efa</sc> (<italic><sc>n</sc></italic> = 1401) <sc>in the rotated matrix with loadings greater than</sc> 0.4</title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32518-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="45%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Item</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M10" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic>(<italic>SD</italic>)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Correl.</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F1</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F2</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F3</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>1. I feel like I participate in the new ideas and actions that emerge in the network.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.44 (0.91)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.573</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2. The members of the network feel united and cohesive as a group.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.611</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>3. I feel committed to the network.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.72 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.71</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.705</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>4. The opinions I share in meetings are taken into account when taking decisions.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.53 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.618</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5. I identify the network as a space for debate where we can express our own views and disagreements.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.55 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.655</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>6. I apply the knowledge that I learn in the network in my own organization.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.52 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.697</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>7. The resources shared with other professionals from the network help improve my practice.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.716</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>8. I understand that the involvement of a variety of stakeholders (public, private, and/or third sector) in the community network contributes to achieving the educational project&#x2019;s objectives.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.81 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.61</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.716</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9. The network&#x2019;s objectives are developed by effective interdisciplinary working teams.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.73</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.679</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>14. The network has the effective collaboration of schools (early childhood, primary, and/or secondary) in the community.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.62 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.60</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.457</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10. The members who represent the administration (local, autonomous region, and/or state) and the project funders participate in the network&#x2019;s debates with equal power when it comes to decision making.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.10 (0.89)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.67</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.493</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>15. The network has political support that contributes to its sustainability.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2.96 (0.85)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.54</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.533</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>17. The network provides possibilities for training and learning that make us as individuals and the project as a whole grow meaningfully.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.15 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.67</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.420</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>19. The network has been able to achieve its objectives successfully.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.37 (0.81)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.77</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.413</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>29. The leadership of the network takes the voice of adult service users into account when taking important decisions.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.24 (0.89)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.79</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.722</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>30. The leadership of the community network takes the voice of young and/or child service users into account when taking important decisions.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.09 (0.91)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.853</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>31. The leadership of the network takes the voice of adult service users into account when creating new ideas and projects.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.16 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.78</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.899</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>32. The leadership of the network takes the voice of young and/or child service users into account when creating new ideas and projects.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.10 (0.89)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.902</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>20. The leadership of the network establishes a shared vision of the project and the challenges to confront.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.39 (0.84)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.82</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.617</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>21. The leadership of the network listens to us and collects evidence about our needs to improve the educational and social action.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.47 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.81</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.733</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>23. The leadership of the network seeks to collaborate with programmes implemented in the community that share objectives with the project.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.84)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.77</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.432</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>24. The leadership of the network promotes and facilitates all members being able to lead actions and projects that emerge in the community.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.28 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.79</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.538</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>25. The leadership of the network acts as a mediator in discussions regarding differences between professionals, centring on the positive part of the conflict.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.39 (0.85)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.80</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.656</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>26. The leadership of the network pays special attention to increasing the number and quality of connections between its members.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.82</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.670</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>27. The leadership of the network facilitates mechanisms for evaluating the organizational and collaborative task.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.87)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.80</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.556</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>28. The leadership of the network promotes and facilitates the interchange of new and creative ideas.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.42 (0.90)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.83</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.567</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>11. In my working space in the network, responsibilities for leading actions and projects are shared between a large group of professionals.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.34 (0.87)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.73</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.414</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.402</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>12. The new and creative ideas that emerge in the network are implemented through diverse actions or projects.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.31 (0.83)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.78</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.404</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.476</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>13. The network establishes effective mechanisms for participation by people from the community (families, young people, social volunteering, and/or service-learning, etc.) within its educational activities.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.39 (0.88)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.72</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.405</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.453</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>16. The network develops effective communication strategies to connect with the community and situation</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.26 (0.86)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.412</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.413</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>18. The network takes advantage of and uses some of the community&#x2019;s public resources (such as libraries, cultural centres, sports centres, etc.) with educational and social objectives.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.48 (0.91)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.65</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>22. The leadership of the network pursues the inclusion of governmental bodies, nonprofit agencies, and private agencies with which it shares objectives.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.42 (0.85)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>-</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1-EN"><p>Note: <italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M11" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic>= Mean; <italic>SD</italic> = Standard Deviation; Correl = item&#x2013;total correlation</p></fn>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32518-EN">
<label>2.4.</label>
<title>Data analysis</title>
<p>The following analyses were performed to verify the psychometric properties of the questionnaire:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>a)</label> <p>Analysis of items, based on the mean, standard deviation, and item&#x2013;total correlation.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>b)</label> <p>Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a randomly selected half of the sample (<italic>n</italic> = 1401) to review the dimensionality of the questionnaire and test the factor structure of the scale. No statistically significant differences between the two random subsamples for the EFA and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were found in sociodemographic variables or in the questionnaire itself. The latent domains that make up the questionnaire were extracted with oblique rotation given the correlated nature of the factors. The principal axis method was used owing to the multidimensional nature of the scale and its origin as a Likert-scale in the items. Parallel analysis based on principal components was used. The following criteria were used to make decisions about whether or not to keep a domain: 1) explained variance; 2) number of items included; 3) factors that included three items or fewer were eliminated. Items were kept in each factor if they had a factor loading greater than 0.4 and did not simultaneously load in two or more factors. Acceptable results were not obtained when forcing the analyses according to the theoretical factors.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>c)</label> <p>First-order CFA owing to the justified theoretical model. This CFA was done on the other half of the sample by applying the maximum likelihood criterion owing to the multivariate normal distribution of the data, to achieve the global fit of the model and the functioning of its factors. The goodness of fit indices taken into account (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32518-EN">Hu &#x0026; Bentler, 1999</xref>) were the comparative fit index (CFI) and the TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index) with a cutoff point equal to or greater than.95 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-EN">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Finally, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and standardized root mean residuals (SRMR) were used, which indicate goodness of fit from values equal to or less than.06 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-EN">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>d)</label> <p>Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach&#x2019;s alpha and McDonald&#x2019;s omega. Values equal to or greater than 0.70 indicate good internal consistency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-EN">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>e)</label> <p>Complementary analyses: For the appraisal of the instrument, the means for each factor were calculated by adding the corresponding values and dividing by the total number of items in the factor. The Pearson correlations between factors were studied with the aim of ascertaining the relationship between them. Bivariate analyses were also performed for each factor with distinct sociodemographic variables (age, gender, position, sector, and sphere). In the case of gender, as homoscedasticity was not found, the corresponding non-parametric test was used.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>The analyses were done using IBM SPPS version 25 for the standard descriptive statistics and RStudio version 4.0.1 for the exploratory and confirmatory analyses, and also using lavaan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32518-EN">Rosseel, 2012</xref>) for the bivariate analyses. It should be noted that in all of the cases parametric and technical tests based on scale scores were performed, despite the use of a Likert-type scale. These analyses were performed owing to the sample size (parametric tests are sufficiently robust with ordinal data) and owing to their behaviour with ordinal data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32518-EN">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Abad &#x0026; Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Conde, 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32518-EN" sec-type="results">
<label>3.</label>
<title>R<sc>esults</sc></title>
<p>The analysis of the items (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32518-EN">Table 1</xref>) includes the mean, the standard deviation, and the item&#x2013;rest correlation. The correlations of each item with the others are very high and so no items were eliminated. Before proceeding with the EFA, the Kaiser&#x2013;Meyer&#x2013;Olkin (KMO) measure of suitability of the sample, and Bartlett&#x2019;s test of sphericity were calculated. Both statistics confirmed the suitability of performing two factor analyses (KMO =.974, Bartlett&#x2019;s &#x03C7;2 test (325) = 29352.734; p &#x003C;.001). The EFA was done on the first half of the sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32518-EN">Table 1</xref>) and gave a 3-factor result, with eigenvalues of 18.42 (F1), 1.53 (F2), 1.10 (F3) and 62.5% of the explained variance (22.9% for F1; 21.3% for F2; and 18,2% for F3). Items with loadings of less than 0.4 were eliminated (18 and 19) as were ones that simultaneously loaded in two or more factors (11, 12, 13, and 16). Factor 1 comprises 10 items (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 14) relating to the perception of the conditions that favour horizontal work, help with trust, and facilitate joint work, and so we call it <italic>Collaboration</italic>. Factor 2 comprises 8 items (10, 15, 17, 19, 29, 30, 31, and 32) relating to the perception of the conditions that allow for recognition of the network and affirmation of its meaning and results, and so it is called <italic>Legitimacy</italic>. Factor 3 comprises 8 items (20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28) relating to the perception of the type of direction and management that helps to develop a networked organization, and it is called <italic>Leadership</italic>.</p>
<p>In the CFA on the second half of the sample, the goodness of fit indices for the proposed 3-factor model are adequate as the CFI was 0.997, the TLI 0.997, the RMSEA 0.0027, and the SRMR 0.043. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-32518-EN">Table 2</xref> presents the final factor loadings and the definite proposal for the questionnaire with the items renumbered.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-32518-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>S<sc>tandardized factor loadings for each item from the cfa</sc> (<italic><sc>n</sc></italic> = 1401) <sc>and the average variance extracted</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-32518-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="70%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Item</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F1</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F2</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>F3</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(1) 1. I feel like I participate in the new ideas and actions that emerge in the network.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.666</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(2) 2. The members of the network feel united and cohesive as a group.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.689</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(3) 3. I feel committed to the network.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.623</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(4) 4. The opinions I share in meetings are taken into account when taking decisions.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.673</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(5) 5. I identify the network as a space for debate where we can express our own views and disagreements.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(6) 6. I apply the knowledge that I learn in the network in my own organization.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.669</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(7) 7. The resources that we share with other professionals from the network help improve my practice.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.647</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(8) 8. I understand that the involvement of a variety of stakeholders (public, private, and/or third sector) in the community network contributes to achieving the educational project&#x2019;s objectives.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.595</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(9) 9. The network&#x2019;s objectives are developed by effective interdisciplinary working teams.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.647</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(10) 10. The members who represent the administration (local, autonomous region, and/or state) and the project funders participate in the network&#x2019;s debates with equal power when it comes to decision making.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.628</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(14) 11. The network has the effective collaboration of schools (early childhood, primary, and/or secondary) in the community.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.617</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(15) 12. The network has political support that contributes to its sustainability.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.478</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(17) 13. The network provides possibilities for training and learning that make us as individuals and the project as a whole grow meaningfully.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.651</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(19) 14. The network has been able to achieve its objectives successfully.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.627</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(20) 15. The leadership of the network establishes a shared vision of the project and the challenges to confront.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.704</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(21) 16. The leadership of the network listens to us and collects evidence about our needs to improve the educational and social action.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.729</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(23) 17. The leadership of the network seeks to collaborate with programmes implemented in the community that share objectives with the project.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.688</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(24) 18. The leadership of the network promotes and facilitates all members being able to lead actions and projects that emerge in the community.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(25) 19. The leadership of the network acts as a mediator in discussions regarding differences between professionals, centring on the positive part of the conflict.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.679</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(26) 20. The leadership of the network pays special attention to the increase and quality of connections between its members.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.714</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(27) 21. The leadership of the network facilitates mechanisms for evaluating the organizational and collaborative task.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.681</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(28) 22. The leadership of the network promotes and facilitates the interchange of new and creative ideas.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.732</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(29) 23. The leadership of the network takes the voice of adult service users into account when taking important decisions.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.718</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(30) 24. The leadership of the community network takes the voice of young and/or child service users into account when taking important decisions.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(31) 25. The leadership of the network takes the voice of adult service users into account when creating new ideas and projects.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.686</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>(32) 26. The leadership of the network takes the voice of young and/or child service users into account when creating new ideas and projects.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.649</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Average Variance Extracted</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.614</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.606</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.726</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2-EN"><p>Note: The original numbering of the items is shown in parentheses followed by the numbers from the final proposal.</p></fn>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-32518-EN">Table 3</xref> shows the results for reliability measured with McDonald&#x2019;s &#x03C9; and Cronbach&#x2019;s &#x03B1;. In all cases, there is high internal consistency for all of the factors and for the total. Consequently, the questionnaire adopts its final form with 3 factors.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-32518-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 3</label>
<caption><title>I<sc>nternal consistency of the different factors</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-32518-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Factors</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>McDonald&#x2019;s &#x03A9;</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Cronbach&#x2019;s &#x03B1;</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F1: Collaboration</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.930</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.929</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F2: Legitimacy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.922</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.919</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F3: Leadership</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.953</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.952</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Total</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.974</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.974</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-32518-EN">Table 4</xref> shows the descriptive statistics for each factor and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32518-EN">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of the means.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-32518-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 4</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>escriptive statistics of the 3 cers factors</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-32518-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Factors</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M12" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (DS)</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Min.</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Max.</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>25th percentile</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>50th percentile</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>75th percentile</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F1: Collaboration</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.59 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1.3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>4.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F2: Legitimacy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.17 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F34: Leadership</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.74)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.12</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.87</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="fig-1-32518-EN">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>H<sc>istograms of the distributions of mean of the 3 cers factors</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-32518-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</fig>
<p>The analyses show a positive correlation between <italic>Collaboration</italic> and <italic>Legitimacy</italic> (<italic>r =</italic> 0.757; p &#x003C;.001, <italic>r</italic>2 <italic>=</italic> 0.573) with a large effect size as well as between <italic>Leadership</italic> and <italic>Collaboration</italic> (<italic>r =</italic> 0.815; p &#x003C;.001, <italic>r</italic>2 <italic>=</italic> 0.664) and between <italic>Leadership</italic> and <italic>Legitimacy</italic> (<italic>r =</italic> 0.830; p &#x003C;.001, <italic>r</italic>2 <italic>=</italic> 0.689).</p>
<p>In the case of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-5-32518-EN">Table 5</xref>), there are no statistically significant differences between age groups in <italic>Collaboration</italic> (<italic>F</italic> = 0.77; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2702; <italic>p</italic> = 0.51). In <italic>Legitimacy</italic>, there are statistically significant differences by age group, with a small effect size (<italic>F</italic> = 6.61; <italic>df</italic> = 3, 2663; <italic>p</italic> &#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.007). We observed differences between the 17&#x2013;25 and 26&#x2013;40 age groups on the one hand (<italic>t</italic> = 4.27; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001) and the 41&#x2013;55 age group on the other (<italic>t</italic> = 3.84; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001). Participants aged 17&#x2013;25 report a better perception of <italic>Legitimacy</italic> than the others. In the case of <italic>Leadership</italic>, there are no statistically significant differences between age groups (<italic>F</italic> = 0.41; <italic>df</italic> = 3, 2739; <italic>p</italic> = 0,75).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-5-32518-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 5</label>
<caption><title>M<sc>ean and standard deviation of collaboration, legitimacy and leadership by age groups and by gender</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-5-32518-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="34%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Sociodemographic variables</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Collaboration</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Legitimacy</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Leadership</bold></p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"/>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic>n</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M13" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(SD)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic>n</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M14" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(SD)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic>n</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M15" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(SD)</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Age</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>17&#x2013;25 years</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>331</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.54 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>320</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.33 (0.64)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>331</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.40 (0.69)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>26&#x2013;40 years</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1448</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1430</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.14 (0.70)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1475</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.40 (0.74)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>41&#x2013;55 years</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>778</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.60 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>769</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.15 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>788</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.42 (0.75)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x003E; 55 years</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>149</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.62 (0.74)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>148</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.22 (0.72)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>149</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.45 (0.79)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Gender</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Male</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>585</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>6.92 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>578</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.30 (0.72)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>598</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.51 (0.77)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Female</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2123</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.57 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2091</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.14 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>2147</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.73)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Regarding gender (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-5-32518-EN">Table 5</xref>), we can observe statistically significant differences in the perception of <italic>Collaboration</italic> (<italic>U<sub>Mann-Whitney</sub></italic> = 687151.0, p &#x003C;.001), <italic>Legitimacy</italic> (<italic>U<sub>Mann-Whitney</sub></italic> = 677886.0, p &#x003C;.001), and <italic>Leadership</italic> (<italic>U<sub>Mann-Whitney</sub></italic> = 710828.0, p. &#x003C;.001), all of which are greater in men.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-6-32518-EN">Table 6</xref> shows the descriptive data by position in the network, the sector that the network is part of, and the working sphere of the respondents. Regarding the position, in <italic>Collaboration</italic> there are statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 55.90; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2705; <italic>p</italic> &#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.04). We observe differences between leaders and grassroots members (<italic>t</italic> = 8.10; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001) and between grassroots members and coordinators (<italic>t</italic> = 8.34; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001), with technical coordinators having the highest perception of <italic>Collaboration</italic>, followed by the leaders. As for <italic>Legitimacy</italic>, there are also statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 5.31; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2666; <italic>p</italic> = 005; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.004), with leaders perceiving greater <italic>Legitimacy</italic> than the grassroots members (<italic>t</italic> = 3.10; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.004). In <italic>Leadership</italic>, there are statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 36.65; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2742; <italic>p</italic> &#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.026) between the perception of the leaders and of the grassroots members of the network (<italic>t</italic> = 7.06; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> = &#x003C;.001) and between grassroots members and coordinators (<italic>t</italic> = 6.22; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.004). The perception of <italic>Leadership</italic> is greater among people in leadership positions, followed by coordinators and then grassroots members.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-6-32518-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 6</label>
<caption><title>M<sc>ean and standard deviation of collaboration, legitimacy and leadership by position in the network, sector and sphere</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-6-32518-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="34%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="12%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Network variables</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Collaboration</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Legitimacy</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center" colspan="2"><p><bold>Leadership</bold></p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"/>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic>n</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M16" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(SD)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic>n</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M17" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(SD)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic>n</italic></bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold><italic><inline-formula><mml:math id="M18" display='block'><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></italic></bold> <bold>(SD)</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Position in the network</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Leader</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>685</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.74 (0.70)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>668</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.24 (0.76)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>696</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.55 (0.81)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Team coordinator</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1709</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.49 (0.65)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1694</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.14 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1733</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3,316 (0.71)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Member</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>314</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.83 (0.67)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>307</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.19 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>316</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3,595 (0.71)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Sector of the network</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Private sector</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>776</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.57 (0.65)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>755</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.15 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>777</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.72)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Public sector</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>653</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.65 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>658</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.27 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>670</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.45 (0.76)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Third or philanthropic sector</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1162</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.59 (0.68)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1139</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.11 (0.72)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1181</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.41 (0.75)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Volunteer</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>117</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.44 (0.63)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>117</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.34 (0.60)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>117</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.34 (0.66)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="7"><p>Sphere of the network</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Education sector</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1294</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.62 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1292</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.21 (0.66)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1315</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.40 (0.72)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Social sector</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>975</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.56 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>942</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.05 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>989</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.38 (0.76)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Others</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>439</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.56 (0.69)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>435</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.31 (0.74)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>441</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3.49 (0.77)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Regarding the sector, in <italic>Collaboration</italic> there are statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 3.92; <italic>df</italic> = 3, 2704; <italic>p</italic> =.008; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.004) with a small effect size between participants from the public sector and volunteers (<italic>t</italic> = 3.15; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.009), with the former having a more positive perception. In <italic>Legitimacy</italic> there are statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 10.21; <italic>df</italic> = 3, 2604; <italic>p</italic> &#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.011) with professionals from the private sector having a higher perception than those from the public sector (<italic>t</italic> = 3.24; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.006), as well as between professionals from the private sector and volunteers (<italic>t</italic> = 2.78; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.028), with volunteers giving higher scores. Statistically significant differences were also found between participants from public-sector institutions and those from the third or philanthropic sector (<italic>t</italic> = 4.77; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001), with the ones from the public sector scoring higher. There are also statistically significant differences in <italic>Legitimacy</italic> with volunteers having a higher perception than professionals from the third or philanthropic sector (<italic>t</italic> = 3.47; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.003). Finally, in <italic>Leadership</italic> there are no statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 1.51; <italic>df</italic> = 3, 2741; <italic>p</italic> =.209).</p>
<p>As for the professional sphere, there are no statistically significant differences in <italic>Collaboration</italic> (<italic>F</italic> = 2.39; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2705; <italic>p</italic> =.09). In <italic>Legitimacy</italic> there are statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 26.60; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2666; <italic>p</italic> &#x003C;.001; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.02) with respondents from the education sector having a higher perception than those from the social sector (<italic>t</italic> = 5.68; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001) and other sectors having a higher perception than the education sector (<italic>t</italic> = 2.46; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.028). Statistically significant differences were also found between the perception of participants from the social sector and the perceptions of others (<italic>t</italic> = 6.56; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> &#x003C;.001), with the others giving higher scores. Finally, in <italic>Leadership</italic> there are statistically significant differences (<italic>F</italic> = 3.89; <italic>df</italic> = 2, 2742; <italic>p</italic> =.021; &#x03B7;&#x00B2; = 0.003), albeit with a small effect size, only between the greater perceptions of good <italic>Leadership</italic> from the other sectors compared with the participants from the social sector (<italic>t</italic> = 2.77; <italic>p<sub>Scheff&#x00E9;</sub></italic> =.016).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32518-EN" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>D<sc>iscussion and conclusions</sc></title>
<p>We believe that the proposed objectives of this study have been satisfactorily achieved having followed the current recommendations for constructing and validating scales and cleaning items (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-EN">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). The sample of people directly involved in socio-educational action networks was of a sufficient size. The statistical analyses revealed a high correlation between items and the scale as a whole, demonstrating the high construct validity. The results of the factor analyses reveal the existence of three factors (<italic>Collaboration</italic>, <italic>Legitimacy</italic>, and <italic>Leadership</italic>) instead of the seven in the hypothetical design. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit of the model, complying with the indices proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32518-EN">Prinsen <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. The analysis of internal consistency, Cronbach&#x2019;s alpha, and McDonald&#x2019;s omega indicate high reliability.</p>
<p>We must categorically acknowledge that our initial theoretical factors were not confirmed, although the selection of items and their subsequent cleansing have made it possible to identify three factors based on networks theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32518-EN">MacBeath, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-EN">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32518-EN">Kallio &#x0026; Halverson, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al., 2020</xref>). It may be that the hypotheses underlying the starting construct could not be confirmed in the psychometric analysis as they respond to different planes, one of a structural and managerial type (transversal composition, horizontality) and others closer to axiomatic principles (joint responsibility, trust and innovation). The factors of transversality in the networks and horizontality in their organization did not display consistency, although a good number of their items appear within the <italic>Collaboration</italic>, <italic>Legitimacy</italic>, and <italic>Leadership</italic> factors. We understand that these are hard to isolate and so a level of interdependence is found between these determinants, which could even be constituents of the network as an organizational structure. Networks are not possible without the integration of different institutions and without them participating on an equal footing. This factor already presented difficulties in its fitting in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2014)</xref>. Regarding trust among members, although this is theoretically justifiable, it can at the same time be a precondition for a good experience of collaboration and the result of it. Equally, innovation (the result of &#x201C;joint learning&#x201D; and &#x201C;joint building&#x201D;) was not reflected in the analyses, perhaps being more of a long-term effect of collaborative work than a precondition for the network to be a mature or well-established organization. Trust and innovation were also proposed as hypothetical factors in the phase of working with experts in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2014)</xref> and were then dismissed in the psychometric analyses.</p>
<p>With regards to the initial questionnaire by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32518-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Gibson, et al. (2014)</xref>, a certain principle of parsimony seems to impose itself, reducing the proposal for evaluation of the organizational maturity of the networks to 3 factors that are more consistent and robust thanks to their greater precision and better reliability and validity results. The initial associations between items and factors were derived from consultation of earlier theoretical proposals with little empirical foundation as there was no equivalent research, and they were strongly influenced by the different qualitative works close to grounded theory strategies. The research we have presented also included this process of constructing theory from practice in its first phase. Rather than being a case of overfitting of the model, the smaller number of factors and their new names could be due to the difficulty of precisely delimiting or defining certain factors with too many crossed or ambivalent items. Although indicators of external validity were not used, the good indicators of fit that confirm the internal validity of the questionnaire encourage us to continue with this line of research. The sample size and the possibility of performing a CFA are a notable methodological advance. According to the significance of the items, the 3 factors explain 3 critical dimensions in the management of networks that are well defined and are coherent with the research mentioned below.</p>
<p>The <italic>Collaboration</italic> factor is key from the theoretical perspective, simultaneously resulting from and creating trust, as an expression of the joint responsibility of the members of the network, and closely linked to recognition of transversality given that the innovative element of collaboration is found in the fact that it takes place between people who are part of organizations with different types of ownership and/or differing working spheres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32518-EN">Clayton, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32518-EN">Rinc&#x00F3;n-Gallardo &#x0026; Fullan, 2016</xref>). Much has been written about intersectoral educational networks and local socio-educational action networks as collaborative working networks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32518-EN">Civ&#x00ED;s &#x0026; Long&#x00E1;s, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32518-EN">Pino-Yancovic &#x0026; Ahumada, 2022</xref>), recognising in this their value as social innovation.</p>
<p>The perception of <italic>Legitimacy</italic> by members of the network is not considered in depth in the literature, perhaps because of the characteristic idiosyncrasy of intersectoral networks. Most members of these networks are not professionals employed by the networks and their membership often comes into conflict with the scheduling obligations imposed by the organizations to which each person belongs. Beyond the positive experience of collaboration or the good social relations obtained, the growth and sustainability of networks is directly related to their effectiveness, whether they achieve successful results, their perceived achievements, and so achieving recognition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32518-EN">Long&#x00E1;s, et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>As for the <italic>Leadership</italic> factor, we believe that it is expressed unequivocally in the corresponding items as they directly question the type of direction and management of the network aimed at making it effective and sustainable, taking into account the needs for integration and harmonization of members with different filiations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32518-EN">Azor&#x00ED;n, et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32518-EN">Pino-Yancovic &#x0026; Ahumada, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>The differences by the sociodemographic variables that have been detected provide a first point of reference for future studies, opening up further possibilities for research that take into account the great diversity of members. Differences by gender are revealed in the three factors, with men having stronger perceptions of <italic>Collaboration</italic>, <italic>Legitimacy</italic>, and <italic>Leadership.</italic> We do not have references that enable us to discuss these results and so we can only make hypotheses of differences between men&#x2019;s and women&#x2019;s expectations of networking.</p>
<p>In the case of results divided by age, a lower perception of <italic>Collaboration</italic> and <italic>Legitimacy</italic> is apparent in participants aged between 17 and 25 years. Given the age ranges, it can be assumed that many will be volunteers, a profile that is presumably enthusiastic and demanding in the more social/collaborative dimension, and at the same time likely to recognize value wherever they freely participate.</p>
<p>The higher perception of <italic>Collaboration</italic> and <italic>Leadership</italic> among grassroots members of networks is of interest, contrasting with the leaders&#x2019; greater perception of the networks&#x2019; <italic>Legitimacy</italic>. It could be that the experience of or need for collaboration occurs more among the grassroots, and that recognising leadership is more characteristic of the lower level, while the challenges of leadership include ensuring the consolidation and continuity of the network, something reflected in this factor.</p>
<p>Being in the private, public, or third sector does not affect the perception of <italic>Leadership</italic>, which confirms the theoretical consistency of this factor. In contrast, participants from the public sector have a better perception of <italic>Collaboration</italic>, as do professionals from the education sector, with these two groups perhaps being influenced by more individualistic prior experiences than the others.</p>
<p>Given the strong correlation between factors that the additional analyses identify, we believe that this proposal is a step forward in the construction of an integrated model for the organization and leadership of socio-educational networks. Rather than being a forced simplification, the reduced number of factors and items and the degree of reformulation compared to the initial instrument provide better conceptual clarity and, according to the results, improved psychometric reliability. The validated questionnaire is easy to apply and can help guide management because it focusses its outlook on applied and more tangible concepts than previous questionnaires did. We conclude that the CERS is valid and reliable and offers valuable input for evaluating socio-educational action networks, expanding research that supports their development, and constructing a theory to promote their effective implementation. The instrument can be freely used and we expect it will support the monitoring and progressive development of local networks since the results it provides can help with evidence-based decision making.</p>
<p>This work&#x2019;s main limitation is the lack of a gold-standard instrument with which correlations with CERS can be established. The sample for the factor analyses is large. The networks are all from the same model of local networks (the model that CaixaProinfancia has been promoting since 2016) and while they all have the same purpose, there are also large differences between them as they are from different autonomous regions and cities with different educational and social action policies, distinct professional cultures, and large differences in the fabric of associations and cultures of participation. Although we have no doubt about its validity, further applications of the instrument would be advisable, both using different samples and in longitudinal studies, in order to confirm our contribution.</p>
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