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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32405</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32405</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>El aprendizaje-servicio en el marco de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Service-Learning within the Framework of Border Pedagogy</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-1280</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RODR&#x00CD;GUEZ IZQUIERDO</surname>
<given-names>Rosa M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Pablo de Olavide</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>rmrodizq@upo.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>169</fpage>
<lpage>187</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo se enmarca en una l&#x00ED;nea de trabajos que reflexiona sobre la resignificaci&#x00F3;n de la misi&#x00F3;n de la universidad desde su responsabilidad social, que consiste en llevar a la comunidad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de sus fronteras para que cumplan con el compromiso c&#x00ED;vico de la universidad.</p>
<p>El presente estudio analiza el aprendizaje-servicio (ApS) desde la perspectiva de la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> (pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera), sin perder de vista que el ApS puede entenderse desde m&#x00FA;ltiples tradiciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas. En este caso, lo conceptualizamos como la met&#x00E1;fora de un puente que trata de unir diversos escenarios e incluso &#x00E1;mbitos te&#x00F3;ricos. Se argumenta que el ApS, inspirado en la pedagog&#x00ED;a de fronteras, puede contribuir a redefinir las fronteras f&#x00ED;sicas, epistemol&#x00F3;gicas y culturales, promoviendo la equidad, el aprendizaje mutuo y la co-creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento con las comunidades. Para abordar este an&#x00E1;lisis, el art&#x00ED;culo se estructura en varios apartados que examinan la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, analizando su potencial transformador, sus fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos y su impacto en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior.</p>
<p>Siguiendo una metodolog&#x00ED;a de indagaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tico-hermen&#x00E9;utica, examinamos los puntos de convergencia entre el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> para explorar c&#x00F3;mo estos enfoques pueden integrarse en proyectos de servicio.</p>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis identifica que el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> comparten valores como la justicia social, el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y la inclusividad. Estos enfoques fomentan la formaci&#x00F3;n de ciudadan&#x00ED;a intercultural, transforman narrativas e identidades del estudiantado y reconceptualizan el papel del profesorado como facilitador del conocimiento colectivo. Se enfatiza el aprendizaje en comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica y el impacto social como elementos de valor en la construcci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de ApS de calidad. No obstante, se destacan desaf&#x00ED;os importantes como la falta de formaci&#x00F3;n docente en ApS y las tensiones entre los objetivos acad&#x00E9;micos y las necesidades comunitarias.</p>
<p>Se concluye que la integraci&#x00F3;n del ApS con la <italic>border pedagogy,</italic> en di&#x00E1;logo con la amplitud, diversidad y pluralismo de enfoques que puede adoptar el ApS, tiene un enorme potencial para transformar la ense&#x00F1;anza superior. Sin embargo, su implementaci&#x00F3;n requiere marcos conceptuales claros, formaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica para los actores implicados y una vinculaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s estrecha entre universidades y comunidades. Este enfoque fomenta una universidad comprometida con su entorno, capaz de formar ciudadanos cr&#x00ED;ticos y contribuir a la justicia social.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This study is part of a line of research on the resignification of the social responsibility of universities. The latter consists of taking the community beyond its borders, in compliance with the civic commitments of universities.</p>
<p>Service-Learning (SL) was analysed through the lens of border pedagogy, while taking into account the multiple pedagogical traditions from which SL has been approached. In this work, we conceptualised SL as a bridge between diverse settings and even between theoretical domains. It has been argued that SL, inspired by border pedagogy, can contribute to redefining physical, epistemological, and cultural boundaries, promoting equity, mutual learning, and the co-creation of knowledge within communities. The study is thus structured into the following sections: the relationship between SL and border pedagogy, together with its transformative potential; theoretical foundations; and the impact of SL in higher education.</p>
<p>Based on a critical-hermeneutic inquiry methodology, the intersections between SL and border pedagogy were examined to explore how these approaches can be integrated into service projects.</p>
<p>Shared values between SL and border pedagogy were identified, such as social justice, critical thinking, and inclusivity. These approaches foster intercultural citizenship, transform students&#x2019; narratives and identities, and reconceptualise the teacher&#x2019;s role as a collective knowledge facilitator. Learning in communities of practice and the social impact were noted as valuable factors which contribute to the construction of quality SL projects. Significant challenges exist, however, including insufficient SL teacher training and tensions between academic goals and community needs.</p>
<p>To conclude, taking into account the breadth, diversity, and pluralism of the various service learning approaches, integrating SL into border pedagogy could greatly transform higher education. Nevertheless, SL implementation requires robust conceptual frameworks, targeted training for stakeholders, and closer ties between universities and their communities. This approach fosters a socially engaged university capable of shaping critical citizens and contributing to a more just and democratic society.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>universidad</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n superior</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje-servicio</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa</kwd>
<kwd>misi&#x00F3;n de la universidad</kwd>
<kwd>co-creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>justicia social</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>university</kwd>
<kwd>Higher Education</kwd>
<kwd>service learning</kwd>
<kwd>border pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>educational transformation</kwd>
<kwd>university mission</kwd>
<kwd>co-creation of knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>social justice</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32405-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>La universidad tradicional, surgida en la Europa medieval como un claustro, se distingu&#x00ED;a por delimitar fronteras claras entre el adentro y el afuera, separando a los eruditos de los laicos. Esta concepci&#x00F3;n, simbolizada en la idea de la &#x201C;torre de marfil&#x201D;, prevaleci&#x00F3; hasta el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, las universidades enfrentan un creciente desaf&#x00ED;o de legitimidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32405-ES">Meyer y Sporn, 2018</xref>), lo que ha impulsado un renovado inter&#x00E9;s por fortalecer la conexi&#x00F3;n entre estas instituciones y las comunidades con las que interact&#x00FA;an.</p>
<p>En este marco, la Declaraci&#x00F3;n de Tirana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32405-ES">European Higher Education Area-EHEA, 2024</xref>) y el <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32405-ES">Bologna Follow-up Group (BFUG) (2024)</xref> han instado a las instituciones de educaci&#x00F3;n superior (IES) a adoptar pedagog&#x00ED;as transformadoras que fomenten el compromiso comunitario. Como era previsible, la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-32405-ES">UNESCO (2021)</xref> tambi&#x00E9;n subraya la importancia de que las IES participen activamente en la resoluci&#x00F3;n de los problemas globales y locales m&#x00E1;s urgentes. Asimismo, otro de los principios que gu&#x00ED;an este planteamiento es la responsabilidad social universitaria que se ha visto fortalecida por la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32405-ES">Declaraci&#x00F3;n de Valencia (2023)</xref>, promoviendo que las IES desarrollen, junto con sus comunidades, actividades conjuntas que sean mutuamente beneficiosas y socialmente responsables.</p>
<p>El aprendizaje-servicio (ApS) responde a la necesidad de integrar escenarios sociales reales en la ense&#x00F1;anza universitaria, aline&#x00E1;ndose con el compromiso c&#x00ED;vico y social inherente a los principios fundacionales de la universidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32405-ES">Deeley, 2016</xref>). En este sentido, el auge del ApS en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior y el renovado &#x00E9;nfasis en el compromiso comunitario ofrecen a las IES oportunidades para desarrollar redes con la comunidad en pro del bien com&#x00FA;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32405-ES">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32405-ES">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo y Lorenzo Moledo, 2023</xref>), superando el riesgo de la ret&#x00F3;rica en torno a la responsabilidad social universitaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32405-ES">Mart&#x00ED;nez, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-32405-ES">Vallaeys y &#x00C1;lvarez-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>). Sin duda, el ApS es importante porque nos ayuda a concretar la misi&#x00F3;n social de la universidad, sirvi&#x00E9;ndonos como punto de partida para la acci&#x00F3;n o como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez y Ruiz-Corbella (2022</xref>, p. 169) &#x201C;contribuye tanto a identificar y se&#x00F1;alar metas educativas valiosas como a dinamizar y poner en marcha los procesos necesarios para su logro&#x201D;.</p>
<p>Nuestra tesis sostiene que el ApS opera en espacios fronterizos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-ES">McMillan <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), contribuyendo a desafiar desigualdades estructurales y promoviendo interacciones transformadoras que refuerzan la misi&#x00F3;n social de la universidad. Si bien su potencial transformador tambi&#x00E9;n puede ser analizado desde otras corrientes pedag&#x00F3;gicas, este trabajo se basa en las teor&#x00ED;as de la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32405-ES">Freire, 2005</xref>) y del posmodernismo cr&#x00ED;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-ES">Giroux, 1992</xref>), conceptualiz&#x00E1;ndola como la met&#x00E1;fora de un puente que trata de unir diversos escenarios e incluso &#x00E1;mbitos te&#x00F3;ricos, al construir conocimiento en la interacci&#x00F3;n entre la academia y la comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32405-ES">Patsarika y Townsend, 2022</xref>). Reconocer la amplitud, diversidad y pluralismo de enfoques que puede adoptar el ApS y su potencial para ser interpretado desde otras tradiciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas permite una mayor flexibilidad en la implementaci&#x00F3;n del ApS.</p>
<p>A pesar de su creciente implementaci&#x00F3;n, la literatura evidencia lagunas significativas en la construcci&#x00F3;n de marcos te&#x00F3;ricos s&#x00F3;lidos desde una perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica para el ApS. Este art&#x00ED;culo plantea la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera como una posible v&#x00ED;a para abordar esta necesidad. Este vac&#x00ED;o es particularmente relevante en el contexto de las alianzas universidad-comunidad, donde las tensiones derivadas de diferencias culturales, hist&#x00F3;ricas y normativas generan desaf&#x00ED;os espec&#x00ED;ficos. De ah&#x00ED; la necesidad de desarrollar marcos te&#x00F3;ricos s&#x00F3;lidos que permitan analizar estas interacciones y avanzar el papel de la universidad como agente de cambio social como parte de un ecosistema educativo complejo. En este sentido, la transformaci&#x00F3;n universitaria no debe entenderse de manera unidimensional, sino en el que convergen el compromiso social, la excelencia acad&#x00E9;mica y la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica de calidad, garantizando as&#x00ED; una educaci&#x00F3;n superior que responda tanto a las necesidades del estudiantado como a las de la sociedad en su conjunto.</p>
<p>Desde una perspectiva epistemol&#x00F3;gica, este art&#x00ED;culo se propone explorar el ApS desde la pedagog&#x00ED;a de cruce de fronteras, entendida como un enfoque filos&#x00F3;fico con un alto potencial educativo. Su prop&#x00F3;sito radica en potenciar la capacidad de las IES en la construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento compartido y en la generaci&#x00F3;n de soluciones a problemas complejos. Como destacan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32405-ES">Arbu&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref>, el ApS puede aportar al progreso &#x00E9;tico al responder a necesidades humanas concretas y a fomentar un debate constructivo en torno a estas cuestiones.</p>
<p>Este trabajo busca contribuir a esta hip&#x00F3;tesis mediante un an&#x00E1;lisis de las potencialidades de la met&#x00E1;fora de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera. En particular, se ofrece una visi&#x00F3;n que invita tanto a la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica como a la acci&#x00F3;n en el &#x00E1;mbito universitario. El ApS se presenta, as&#x00ED;, como una metodolog&#x00ED;a pedag&#x00F3;gica que no solo cruza fronteras geogr&#x00E1;ficas, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n desaf&#x00ED;a las fronteras inherentes a la misi&#x00F3;n social de la universidad, tal como afirman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32405-ES">Compare y Albanesi (2023)</xref>.</p>
<p>En este sentido, el estudio ilustra la compleja din&#x00E1;mica que surge en la interacci&#x00F3;n dial&#x00E9;ctica entre la docencia basada en el servicio comunitario, la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje, la identidad del alumnado y del profesorado, la investigaci&#x00F3;n, y los procesos de transformaci&#x00F3;n institucional que demanda la incorporaci&#x00F3;n del ApS en las universidades. En un segundo momento, se analiza la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de cruce de fronteras, explorando c&#x00F3;mo este marco te&#x00F3;rico puede fortalecer el ApS en el contexto de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior. Asimismo, se identifican elementos clave que caracterizan las pr&#x00E1;cticas de calidad en proyectos de ApS.</p>
<p>De esta manera, la aportaci&#x00F3;n de este art&#x00ED;culo se inserta en una l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n poco explorada hasta el momento, al conceptualizar el ApS como una pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, ampliando as&#x00ED; el marco te&#x00F3;rico y pr&#x00E1;ctico en torno a su implementaci&#x00F3;n en las IES.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32405-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>A<sc>prendizaje servicio y educaci&#x00F3;n superior</sc></title>
<p>El ApS cuenta con un creciente cuerpo de investigaci&#x00F3;n que avala su consolidaci&#x00F3;n como una propuesta valiosa en el &#x00E1;mbito de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32405-ES">Aramburuzabala <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Nos encontramos ante un concepto, poli&#x00E9;drico y complejo, ha sido abordado desde m&#x00FA;ltiples perspectivas y, en su evoluci&#x00F3;n sociohist&#x00F3;rica, ha servido como marco integrador para proyectos pedag&#x00F3;gicos diversos que se apoyan en distintos andamiajes te&#x00F3;ricos, como el servicio solidario, el compromiso c&#x00ED;vico y el voluntariado.</p>
<p>El ApS ha sido descrito como una metodolog&#x00ED;a (dimensi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica), una experiencia y una filosof&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32405-ES">Deeley, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez y Ruiz-Corbella, 2022</xref>). Esta diversidad de enfoques le otorga un car&#x00E1;cter multifac&#x00E9;tico que favorece no solo el desarrollo de competencias espec&#x00ED;ficas en el estudiantado (dimensi&#x00F3;n profesionalizante), sino tambi&#x00E9;n el fortalecimiento del esp&#x00ED;ritu cr&#x00ED;tico y ciudadano orientado hacia la transformaci&#x00F3;n social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32405-ES">Murillo y Aramburuzabala, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32405-ES">Puig <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). A pesar de su pluralidad te&#x00F3;rica, el ApS se destaca como un catalizador que articula un enfoque filos&#x00F3;fico-educativo homog&#x00E9;neo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez y Ruiz-Corbella, 2022</xref>, p. 168) vinculado epistemol&#x00F3;gicamente a las visiones educativos que conectan la ense&#x00F1;anza con realidades sociales como ha sido afirmado en la reciente Declaraci&#x00F3;n de Canarias sobre ApS en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>El aprendizaje-servicio es una filosof&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior que refuerza el enfoque humanista de la universidad en el siglo XXI reconociendo su responsabilidad social y ofreciendo una lectura relacional de los pilares cl&#x00E1;sicos de docencia, investigaci&#x00F3;n y transferencia de conocimiento en beneficio de toda la comunidad universitaria y del bien com&#x00FA;n de la sociedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32405-ES">Asociaci&#x00F3;n de Aprendizaje-Servicio Universitario-APS-U, 2021</xref>).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En efecto, el ApS se posiciona como un enfoque que ampl&#x00ED;a las pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas tradicionales al fomentar la interacci&#x00F3;n entre la universidad y la comunidad. Si bien a menudo se ha planteado en contraposici&#x00F3;n a modelos basados en la traslaci&#x00F3;n unidireccional del conocimiento, es importante reconocer que no toda ense&#x00F1;anza estructurada en esta din&#x00E1;mica es necesariamente negativa ni incompatible con metodolog&#x00ED;as participativas como el ApS. En determinados contextos, la transmisi&#x00F3;n de conocimientos puede cumplir un papel fundamental en la construcci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje, siempre que se complemente con enfoques dial&#x00F3;gicos y experienciales. En este sentido, el ApS no pretende invalidar pr&#x00E1;cticas como la lecci&#x00F3;n magistral, sino integrarlas en una concepci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s amplia del proceso educativo, donde la generaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento se enriquezca a trav&#x00E9;s de la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre el profesorado, el estudiantado y la comunidad. As&#x00ED;, m&#x00E1;s que establecer una dicotom&#x00ED;a r&#x00ED;gida, el ApS promueve un equilibrio entre distintas estrategias pedag&#x00F3;gicas que pueden coexistir en funci&#x00F3;n de los objetivos formativos y el contexto en el que se apliquen.</p>
<p>Como ya indicamos, una de las caracter&#x00ED;sticas m&#x00E1;s destacadas del ApS es su capacidad para crear espacios de cruce de fronteras. Estos espacios permiten al alumnado navegar en la intersecci&#x00F3;n de teor&#x00ED;a y pr&#x00E1;ctica, contribuyendo tanto al impacto social como al desarrollo personal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-32405-ES">Truong <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Efectivamente, trabajos como los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32405-ES">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-32405-ES">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref>, entre otros, ponen de relieve que estas experiencias de cruce de fronteras ayudan a cerrar la brecha entre el conocimiento acad&#x00E9;mico y su aplicaci&#x00F3;n en contextos reales. Adem&#x00E1;s, facilitan la interacci&#x00F3;n con comunidades diversas, la resoluci&#x00F3;n de desaf&#x00ED;os sociales complejos y la exploraci&#x00F3;n de la posicionalidad del alumnado en estos escenarios. Esto, a su vez, fortalece su comprensi&#x00F3;n de su papel como ciudadanos activos y comprometidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32405-ES">Chika-James <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32405-ES">Mac&#x00ED;as-G&#x00F3;mez-Estern y Lalueza, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>En esencia, el ApS se presenta como un puente entre el mundo acad&#x00E9;mico y el social, favoreciendo la construcci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos y redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n rec&#x00ED;proca. Este enfoque busca transformar el sistema universitario, rompiendo las barreras que, con frecuencia, separan a la universidad de los problemas reales de la sociedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32405-ES">Resch y Schrittesser, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Desde esta perspectiva, nos adherimos a los conceptos de Aprendizaje-Servicio Solidario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-32405-ES">Tapia, 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32405-ES">2014</xref>) y al ApS orientado hacia la justicia social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32405-ES">Butin, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32405-ES">Compare y Albanesi, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32405-ES">Murillo y Aramburuzabala, 2014</xref>), subrayando su capacidad para generar un impacto significativo tanto en las comunidades como en la transformaci&#x00F3;n de las IES.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32405-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>C<sc>ontribuciones de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera para el aprendizaje servicio</sc></title>
<p>Esta secci&#x00F3;n explora la relaci&#x00F3;n fundamental entre el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera (<italic>border pedagogy</italic>), argumentando que el ApS puede ser comprendido y fortalecido a trav&#x00E9;s de esta perspectiva como un marco te&#x00F3;rico cr&#x00ED;tico. En consonancia con lo expuesto anteriormente, se propone no solo destacar las similitudes entre ambos enfoques, sino tambi&#x00E9;n ilustrar c&#x00F3;mo la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera puede constituir &#x201C;un punto de partida &#x00FA;til para describir y repensar la naturaleza del ApS&#x201D;, como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-ES">Hayes y Cuban (1997</xref>, p. 74).</p>
<p>Desde los fundamentos de la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32405-ES">Anzald&#x00FA;a, 1987</xref>), el postmodernismo cr&#x00ED;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-ES">Giroux, 1992</xref>) y la teor&#x00ED;a de la actividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32405-ES">McMillan, 2011</xref>), el ApS ha sido conceptualizado como una forma de pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-ES">Hayes y Cuban, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32405-ES">Keith, 1998</xref>). En este contexto, las met&#x00E1;foras de fronteras (<italic>borderlands</italic>) y cruce de fronteras (<italic>border-crossing</italic>) adquieren una relevancia central como espacios para el an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico, la experimentaci&#x00F3;n y la generaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento alternativo. En este art&#x00ED;culo, se emplean ambos t&#x00E9;rminos de manera indistinta debido a su interrelaci&#x00F3;n conceptual.</p>
<p>Estas nociones subrayan c&#x00F3;mo las fronteras, tanto f&#x00ED;sicas como simb&#x00F3;licas, funcionan como espacios donde no solo se fomenta el aprendizaje mutuo, sino tambi&#x00E9;n donde se cuestionan las estructuras de poder y las narrativas dominantes sobre la cultura, el conocimiento y el poder. Al mismo tiempo, estos espacios abren la posibilidad de transformar las estructuras institucionales de las universidades, creando oportunidades para la construcci&#x00F3;n de identidades y saberes alternativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-ES">McMillan <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>, p. 24). En suma:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Border crossing serves as a metaphor for how people might gain a more critical perspective on the forms of domination inherent in their own histories, knowledge and practices, and learn to value alternative forms of knowledge.... Borderlands should be seen as sites both for critical analysis and as a potential source of experimentation, creativity and possibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-ES">Giroux, 1992</xref>, p. 28).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En este trabajo destacamos, de manera especial, el aporte fundacional de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32405-ES">Giroux (2005)</xref>, quien conceptualiza la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera como un marco para desarrollar una filosof&#x00ED;a democr&#x00E1;tica que no solo respeta las diferencias, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n busca mejorar la vida p&#x00FA;blica. Seg&#x00FA;n este enfoque pedag&#x00F3;gico, reflexionar cr&#x00ED;ticamente sobre las estructuras de poder y privilegio en el &#x00E1;mbito universitario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32405-ES">Bringle y Clayton, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32405-ES">Hatcher y Bringle, 2012</xref>) puede fortalecer la construcci&#x00F3;n de una sociedad m&#x00E1;s democr&#x00E1;tica a trav&#x00E9;s del impacto transformador del ApS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-ES">Hayes y Cuban, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32405-ES">Salam <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Es necesario puntualizar, en este punto, que el ApS implica el cruce de m&#x00FA;ltiples fronteras que van m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las dimensiones f&#x00ED;sicas, adentr&#x00E1;ndose en terrenos epistemol&#x00F3;gicos, culturales, institucionales y &#x00E9;ticos. Aunque se trata de enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos distintos, la pedagog&#x00ED;a de cruce de fronteras (<italic>border-crossing</italic>) aporta al ApS varios elementos clave que comparten un terreno conceptual com&#x00FA;n.</p>
<p>Metodol&#x00F3;gicamente, el estudio se fundamenta en un an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico-hermen&#x00E9;utico, en el que se han identificado y contrastado las convergencias te&#x00F3;ricas entre el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera. Para ello, se han definido categor&#x00ED;as anal&#x00ED;ticas basadas en principios de justicia social, participaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria y construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento compartido, las cuales han guiado el examen de la literatura especializada.</p>
<p>A continuaci&#x00F3;n, analizaremos algunos de estos puntos de intersecci&#x00F3;n, arrojando luz sobre c&#x00F3;mo estas perspectivas se complementan y fortalecen mutuamente en el contexto de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior.</p>
<sec id="sec-4-32405-ES">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>Transformaci&#x00F3;n de la realidad social y educativa y cuestionamiento de estructuras tradicionales</title>
<p>No hay duda de que la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera tiene como objetivo &#x00FA;ltimo la construcci&#x00F3;n de una sociedad radicalmente democr&#x00E1;tica, desafiando las estructuras tradicionales existentes. Con tal fin, no hemos de olvidar que el ApS emerge como una herramienta educativa poderosa al combinar el aprendizaje acad&#x00E9;mico con el servicio comunitario, buscando no solo la mejora del entorno inmediato, sino tambi&#x00E9;n la transformaci&#x00F3;n de las realidades sociales. En el cruce conceptual entre el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic>, resulta fundamental que las iniciativas de servicio trasciendan las actividades de voluntariado y aborden cuestiones m&#x00E1;s profundas relacionadas con la equidad y la justicia social. El ApS brinda a los estudiantes herramientas para analizar cr&#x00ED;ticamente las din&#x00E1;micas de desigualdad y contribuir a la b&#x00FA;squeda de soluciones concretas que fomenten la equidad y la inclusi&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>El ApS, al estar profundamente enraizado en contextos reales y espec&#x00ED;ficos, se configura como un espacio privilegiado para abordar problem&#x00E1;ticas complejas como la inequidad, la discriminaci&#x00F3;n y la marginaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32405-ES">Conway <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). En sinton&#x00ED;a con los principios de los movimientos por la justicia social, la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera (<italic>border pedagogy</italic>) se sit&#x00FA;a en los m&#x00E1;rgenes de comunidades diversas, actuando como un punto de encuentro que re&#x00FA;ne a participantes con roles, perspectivas, experiencias y &#x00E1;reas de especializaci&#x00F3;n heterog&#x00E9;neas. Estas comunidades, frecuentemente integradas en organizaciones con capacidades y condiciones dispares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32405-ES">Farrell <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>), enriquecen el proceso educativo al generar un entorno din&#x00E1;mico que cuestiona y reconfigura las relaciones de poder establecidas.</p>
<p>Las pr&#x00E1;cticas de frontera representan un enfoque transformador de la educaci&#x00F3;n, uniendo los contextos acad&#x00E9;mico y comunitario mientras desaf&#x00ED;an, reconstruyen y trascienden las barreras existentes. Estas pr&#x00E1;cticas no solo enfrentan las estructuras tradicionales, sino tambi&#x00E9;n los privilegios inherentes a dichas estructuras. En este sentido, el doble enfoque del ApS en &#x201C;servicio&#x201D; y &#x201C;aprendizaje&#x201D; refleja la complejidad inherente a las zonas de frontera, cuestionando la educaci&#x00F3;n tradicional al integrar el aprendizaje acad&#x00E9;mico con el servicio comunitario. El estudiantado no solo aprende al servir a las comunidades, sino que las necesidades y prioridades de estas comunidades impulsan el proceso de aprendizaje, creando una interacci&#x00F3;n din&#x00E1;mica que desaf&#x00ED;a el <italic>statu quo</italic> curricular vigente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32405-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a y Cotrina, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En suma, el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera comparten una visi&#x00F3;n transformadora de la educaci&#x00F3;n, que busca no solo trascender las barreras simb&#x00F3;licas y estructurales, sino tambi&#x00E9;n reimaginar las relaciones entre academia y sociedad en un esfuerzo colectivo por construir un futuro m&#x00E1;s equitativo y democr&#x00E1;tico.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32405-ES">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>&#x00C9;nfasis en la justicia social, en el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y en la formaci&#x00F3;n para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a intercultural</title>
<p>Tanto el ApS como la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera comparten el objetivo de formar estudiantes conscientes de su entorno, capaces de cruzar fronteras culturales y sociales, y comprometidos con la transformaci&#x00F3;n de la sociedad a trav&#x00E9;s de la educaci&#x00F3;n. En el caso del ApS, este objetivo se concreta mediante la resoluci&#x00F3;n de problemas reales en las comunidades, mientras que en la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera se logra a trav&#x00E9;s de la deconstrucci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica de las estructuras hist&#x00F3;ricas, epistemol&#x00F3;gicas y sociales que configuran las relaciones de poder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32405-ES">Baldwin, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-ES">McMillan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). Ambos enfoques fomentan una educaci&#x00F3;n centrada en el desarrollo de una ciudadan&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32405-ES">Conway <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32405-ES">Puig <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>Desde la perspectiva del aprendizaje transformativo, autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32405-ES">Mezirow (2009)</xref> consideran que el cruce de fronteras representa un proceso de cambio profundo en las creencias y percepciones del estudiantado. Al interactuar con realidades distintas a las suyas, el alumnado se ve desafiado a revisar sus marcos de referencia, cuestionando sus supuestos previos sobre la diversidad y la cultura. En este sentido, el ApS se convierte en una herramienta pedag&#x00F3;gica que facilita el cruce de los prejuicios culturales, promoviendo espacios de entendimiento intercultural y empat&#x00ED;a, donde las diferencias son valoradas en lugar de percibidas como obst&#x00E1;culos que deben superarse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32405-ES">Mergler <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Como destaca <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32405-ES">Mezirow (2000)</xref>, estos procesos inmersivos generan experiencias de aprendizaje transformadoras, particularmente cuando se trabaja con comunidades vulnerabilizadas, ya que ofrecen oportunidades &#x00FA;nicas para desafiar puntos de vista monol&#x00ED;ticos y abrazar la diversidad. En este marco, el ApS emerge como una herramienta eficaz para superar estereotipos culturales y fomentar la sensibilidad intercultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32405-ES">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo, 2021</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32405-ES">2023a</xref>).</p>
<p>No hemos de olvidar que el ApS, al situar al alumnado en comunidades diversas, crea un espacio transaccional donde convergen diferentes formas de conocimiento, valores e historias, lo que facilita la generaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento mutuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32405-ES">Patsarika y Townsend, 2022</xref>). Esta realidad resuena profundamente con la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, que busca exponer al alumnado a m&#x00FA;ltiples c&#x00F3;digos culturales y experiencias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-ES">McMillan <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>, p. 24). Adem&#x00E1;s, la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera reconoce las cambiantes fronteras que configuran la cultura, el poder y el conocimiento, exigiendo una reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica sobre la interculturalidad. Al integrar las ideas de <italic>border pedagogy</italic>, el estudiantado es guiado a explorar y cuestionar las representaciones culturales y sociales perpetuadas tanto en las comunidades como en el &#x00E1;mbito acad&#x00E9;mico, contribuyendo as&#x00ED; a la creaci&#x00F3;n de un entorno educativo m&#x00E1;s inclusivo y justo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32405-ES">Darder, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32405-ES">Giroux, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>Asimismo, es importante destacar que el ApS a menudo involucra al alumnado en proyectos de servicio en comunidades f&#x00ED;sicamente distantes de su entorno habitual, ya sea dentro de su pa&#x00ED;s o en contextos internacionales. Como advierte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32405-ES">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>, el ApS se convierte en una estrategia clave para la internacionalizaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, ya que fomenta la cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre universidades y comunidades globales. Este enfoque permite abordar problem&#x00E1;ticas de alcance mundial, como la migraci&#x00F3;n, la sostenibilidad o la salud p&#x00FA;blica, promoviendo una colaboraci&#x00F3;n intercultural que trasciende los l&#x00ED;mites geogr&#x00E1;ficos de las instituciones educativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32405-ES">Butin, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En definitiva, el ApS, complementado por la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, ofrece un marco educativo transformador que fomenta el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, el compromiso con la justicia social y la formaci&#x00F3;n de una ciudadan&#x00ED;a intercultural activa. Este enfoque no solo desaf&#x00ED;a los prejuicios y las barreras culturales, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n contribuye a una educaci&#x00F3;n superior m&#x00E1;s inclusiva y orientada hacia la acci&#x00F3;n social.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32405-ES">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title>Sit&#x00FA;a al alumnado en contextos diversos reconfigurando la ense&#x00F1;anza m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de los muros del aula</title>
<p>Rep&#x00E1;rese en que, la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera destaca la reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n del espacio-tiempo educativo, subrayando la importancia de superar las barreras tradicionales del aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32405-ES">Leander <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). En este contexto, el ApS ejemplifica c&#x00F3;mo las universidades pueden ampliar su impacto m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de sus l&#x00ED;mites, extendiendo el aprendizaje fuera del aula y conect&#x00E1;ndolo con las necesidades reales de la comunidad. Este enfoque transforma la ense&#x00F1;anza al integrarla con las realidades sociales, haciendo que los espacios de aprendizaje sean permeables y abiertos a nuevas perspectivas. En palabras de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32405-ES">Furco (1996)</xref>, esto convierte a la universidad en una instituci&#x00F3;n &#x201C;expandida&#x201D;, o, como lo expresan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez y Ruiz-Corbella (2022)</xref>, &#x201C;enriquecida&#x201D; y &#x201C;aumentada&#x201D;. De esta manera, no se trata &#x00FA;nicamente de una universidad que se proyecta hacia la comunidad, sino de una universidad que permite la entrada de saberes comunitarios, reconfigurando sus propios l&#x00ED;mites.</p>
<p>Este enfoque no solo redefine los espacios de aprendizaje, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n posiciona a las universidades como actores relevantes en la sociedad, al formar estudiantes comprometidos con la justicia social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32405-ES">Butin, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32405-ES">Compare y Albanesi, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32405-ES">Murillo y Aramburuzabala, 2014</xref>). En efecto, desde una perspectiva postestructuralista, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32405-ES">Butin (2003</xref>, p. 1684) argumenta que el ApS constituye &#x201C;un lugar de construcci&#x00F3;n, destrucci&#x00F3;n y reconstrucci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; con implicaciones profundas para c&#x00F3;mo entendemos los l&#x00ED;mites del proceso educativo. En este sentido, bajo el marco de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, el ApS redefine la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, transform&#x00E1;ndola en una experiencia din&#x00E1;mica, situada y deslocalizada.</p>
<p>Esta reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n desaf&#x00ED;a la idea de que el aula es el &#x00FA;nico espacio leg&#x00ED;timo para el aprendizaje. Al integrar el conocimiento comunitario como recurso v&#x00E1;lido, se ampl&#x00ED;an los l&#x00ED;mites de la educaci&#x00F3;n formal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32405-ES">Akkerman y Baker, 2011</xref>). El servicio comunitario, incorporado en las asignaturas, lleva al alumnado m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de los m&#x00E9;todos tradicionales, sumergi&#x00E9;ndolo en las realidades de las comunidades que sirven (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32405-ES">Chika-James <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). A su vez, el profesorado toma conciencia de que el aprendizaje depende cada vez menos de lo que ocurre exclusivamente en el aula y m&#x00E1;s de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre los procesos educativos dentro del aula y el contexto social m&#x00E1;s amplio. As&#x00ED;, el ApS promueve un modelo educativo que combina lo acad&#x00E9;mico con lo experiencial, desdibujando las fronteras entre universidad y sociedad.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32405-ES">
<label>3.4.</label>
<title>Transformaci&#x00F3;n de narrativas e identidades</title>
<p>Se puede afirmar que la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera promueve un desarrollo personal y cr&#x00ED;tico en el estudiantado, permiti&#x00E9;ndole comprender otras narrativas y construir identidades h&#x00ED;bridas. Al fin y al cabo, en los proyectos de ApS, el alumnado experimenta un cruce de fronteras, tanto f&#x00ED;sicas como metaf&#x00F3;ricas, al adentrarse en territorios culturales desconocidos. Este proceso fomenta el desarrollo de nuevas perspectivas sobre los dem&#x00E1;s y sobre s&#x00ED; mismos, favoreciendo la construcci&#x00F3;n de visiones informadas por experiencias reales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32405-ES">Caspersz y Olaru, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32405-ES">Hullender <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Como se&#x00F1;alan diversos autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32405-ES">Giroux, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32405-ES">Kazanjian, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32405-ES">Lalueza y Mac&#x00ED;as-G&#x00F3;mez-Estern, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32405-ES">Mac&#x00ED;as-G&#x00F3;mez-Estern y Lalueza, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32405-ES">McMillan, 2011</xref>), la interacci&#x00F3;n entre el alumnado y las comunidades genera una zona de frontera, un espacio donde se redefine la alteridad y emergen identidades culturales e interculturales en sinton&#x00ED;a con los principios de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera.</p>
<p>Este enfoque empodera al estudiantado para comprender y valorar las diferencias culturales, al tiempo que ampl&#x00ED;a sus capacidades para deconstruir las narrativas dominantes que perpet&#x00FA;an las desigualdades sociales. Asimismo, fomenta una comprensi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s profunda de su propia cultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-ES">Hayes y Cuban, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32405-ES">Kazanjian, 2011</xref>). El ApS, en este contexto, no solo promueve la reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre las realidades de las comunidades, sino tambi&#x00E9;n sobre las propias identidades del estudiantado y las estructuras de poder que configuran las interacciones sociales. En este proceso, el estudiantado no solo cruza fronteras externas, sino tambi&#x00E9;n internas, revisando y reconstruyendo su comprensi&#x00F3;n del mundo y de su lugar en &#x00E9;l.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32405-ES">
<label>3.5.</label>
<title>Reconceptualizaci&#x00F3;n del papel del docente</title>
<p>Podr&#x00ED;a parecer que la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera en el ApS transforma &#x00FA;nicamente la experiencia estudiantil. Sin embargo, en la intersecci&#x00F3;n de la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> y el ApS tambi&#x00E9;n se redefine el papel del profesorado, quien deja de ser un transmisor de conocimiento para asumir el rol de facilitador, guiando al alumnado en su interacci&#x00F3;n con la comunidad. En este nuevo rol, el profesorado fomenta la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica y promueve espacios que evitan la idealizaci&#x00F3;n de las narrativas que el alumnado pueda construir sobre la comunidad. De este modo, los docentes adoptan la funci&#x00F3;n de &#x201C;trabajadores culturales&#x201D; (<italic>cultural workers</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-ES">Giroux, 1992</xref>), facilitando el cruce de l&#x00ED;mites entre los espacios acad&#x00E9;micos y los comunitarios, al tiempo que promueven una toma de conciencia sobre las din&#x00E1;micas de poder, raza y cultura que afectan a las comunidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32405-ES">Giroux, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32405-ES">Tinkler <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). En definitiva, el profesorado se convierte en un agente comprometido con su entorno y su contexto social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32405-ES">Carney, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>En este c&#x00ED;rculo virtuoso del <italic>aprender sirviendo</italic>, no solo el alumnado se beneficia del aprendizaje; el profesorado tambi&#x00E9;n transforma su identidad, aprendiendo junto con estudiantes, colegas y miembros de la comunidad a lo largo del proceso de servicio. Esto exige superar la concepci&#x00F3;n del profesorado como &#x00FA;nico experto, para concebirlo como un facilitador que canaliza los saberes y la inteligencia distribuida que emerge de la comunidad. Desde esta perspectiva, el ApS establece un marco transfronterizo que parte de la premisa del conocimiento colectivo.</p>
<p>En suma, en el contexto del ApS, el profesorado deja de ser el &#x00FA;nico el &#x00FA;nico poseedor de conocimientos acad&#x00E9;micos. En su lugar, aprende en la acci&#x00F3;n y junto con otros actores. Esta din&#x00E1;mica fomenta una colaboraci&#x00F3;n colegiada entre alumnado, profesorado y profesionales comunitarios para construir soluciones a problemas complejos, liberando al profesorado de la carga de ser los &#x00FA;nicos expertos en el proceso educativo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32405-ES">
<label>3.6.</label>
<title>El giro comunitario de la universidad: Aprendizaje en comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica y trabajo en red</title>
<p>Un creciente cuerpo de investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa est&#x00E1; impulsando el giro comunitario en la universidad, subrayando la importancia del trabajo en red y de las comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32405-ES">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo, 2023b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32405-ES">Santos Rego <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). En este marco, la pedagog&#x00ED;a del cruce de fronteras destaca los procesos y beneficios de trabajar en asociaciones colaborativas con la comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32405-ES">Akkerman y Bakker, 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>El cruce de fronteras se refiere a la interacci&#x00F3;n social y colaborativa que tiene lugar en el ApS, a trav&#x00E9;s de redes de aprendizaje que incluyen a diversos actores y contextos, bajo un enfoque denominado &#x201C;trabajo conjunto en los l&#x00ED;mites&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-ES">McMillan <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Al operar en red, los proyectos de servicio se convierten en una &#x201C;experiencia l&#x00ED;mite&#x201D; que ofrece oportunidades para participar en comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica.</p>
<p>Las comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica son un componente esencial en la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera dentro del ApS, ya que ofrecen un contexto de aprendizaje situado y vinculado a la acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-32405-ES">Wenger, 1998</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32405-ES">Lave y Wenger (1991)</xref> definen estas comunidades como grupos de personas que comparten intereses comunes y aprenden juntas mediante la interacci&#x00F3;n. Es importante aclarar, que este concepto se refleja plenamente en el trabajo de cruce de fronteras, donde ocurren interacciones entre comunidades dispares (por ejemplo, universidades y socios externos) con pr&#x00E1;cticas y normas &#x00FA;nicas. Este fen&#x00F3;meno es especialmente evidente en el modelo de intermediaci&#x00F3;n de co-creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento, que facilita las relaciones entre estos actores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-ES">McMillan <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>, p. 19). En este modelo, el alumnado, las organizaciones comunitarias y el profesorado comparten conocimientos para resolver problemas reales, reconociendo que cada actor (universidad y comunidad) opera con diferentes objetivos, expectativas, experiencias y din&#x00E1;micas de poder.</p>
<p>Por tanto, sostenemos que la superaci&#x00F3;n de estas diferencias requiere el cultivo de un di&#x00E1;logo aut&#x00E9;ntico entre la universidad y la comunidad, donde las fronteras institucionales y sociales se difuminan para permitir la construcci&#x00F3;n de aprendizajes y conocimientos mutuos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32405-ES">Mtawa y Fongwa, 2020</xref>). Por ello, en sinton&#x00ED;a con la perspectiva hist&#x00F3;rico-cultural, se entiende que la diversidad y la diferencia no deben verse como obst&#x00E1;culos a superar, sino como un valor inherente a la actividad social y profesional.</p>
<p>En resumen, conceptualizamos el ApS como una pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, al situarse en la intersecci&#x00F3;n entre dos realidades ubicadas en contextos sociales diversos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32405-ES">Lave y Wenger, 1991</xref>). Estas realidades est&#x00E1;n constituidas, por un lado, por el profesorado universitario y, por otro, por la comunidad con la que se colabora. En este contexto, se genera una interacci&#x00F3;n mediante un sistema de actividad conjunto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32405-ES">McMillan, 2011</xref>), lo que da lugar a lo que denominamos una &#x201C;comunidad ampliada&#x201D; (extended community). En palabras de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32405-ES">Akkerman y Bakker (2011</xref>, p. 136),</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>el &#x00E9;nfasis est&#x00E1; en superar las discontinuidades en las acciones o en las interacciones que pueden emerger de las diferencias socioculturales, en lugar de superarlas o de evitar la diferencia misma. El proceso de restablecer la acci&#x00F3;n o interacci&#x00F3;n es visto como un recurso para el aprendizaje.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Esta conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n permite comprender mejor los beneficios, desaf&#x00ED;os y resultados del aprendizaje mutuo en las asociaciones universidad-comunidad, situando al ApS como una herramienta transformadora para la educaci&#x00F3;n superior.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-32405-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>A lo largo de este trabajo, hemos explorado c&#x00F3;mo el ApS, desde la met&#x00E1;fora del cruce de fronteras, se presenta como un enfoque que contribuye a la transformaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, redefiniendo las fronteras del &#x00E1;mbito acad&#x00E9;mico y potenciando la equidad, el aprendizaje mutuo y la co-creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento con la comunidad. En este sentido, el ApS ofrece una alternativa al modelo tradicional de universidad percibida como &#x201C;torre de marfil&#x201D;, promoviendo una mayor integraci&#x00F3;n del compromiso social en su misi&#x00F3;n institucional y favoreciendo su contribuci&#x00F3;n a una sociedad m&#x00E1;s inclusiva y democr&#x00E1;tica.</p>
<p>Tal como se ha argumentado, el ApS comparte varias caracter&#x00ED;sticas con la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera (<italic>border pedagogy</italic>) que contribuyen a aportar elementos distintivos que enriquecen la calidad y profundidad de los proyectos de ApS. Hemos se&#x00F1;alado condiciones necesarias para que estos beneficios se materialicen, reforzando la legitimidad de las instituciones de educaci&#x00F3;n superior en el contexto actual.</p>
<p>En efecto, la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> ofrece un marco te&#x00F3;rico s&#x00F3;lido para metodolog&#x00ED;as como el ApS, que promueven el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, la justicia social y el abordaje de desigualdades en los sistemas educativos y sociales. Desde esta perspectiva, el ApS inspirado en la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera tiene el potencial de transformar la ense&#x00F1;anza en un espacio inclusivo que valora la diversidad cultural, fomenta la responsabilidad social universitaria, promueve el compromiso con comunidades vulnerabilizadas y forma ciudadanos cr&#x00ED;ticos capaces de actuar para transformar las desigualdades globales.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, la pedagog&#x00ED;a del cruce de fronteras no ofrece respuestas f&#x00E1;ciles a los desaf&#x00ED;os actuales que enfrentan las IES. La implementaci&#x00F3;n de este enfoque no est&#x00E1; exenta de dificultades. En lugar de proponer soluciones simplistas, la noci&#x00F3;n de cruce de fronteras implica reconocer la potencial complejidad de las interacciones entre comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica dispares. Estudios previos sugieren que algunos proyectos de ApS han beneficiado m&#x00E1;s a las universidades que a las comunidades, lo que evidencia desequilibrios en estas asociaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32405-ES">Chupp <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Este tipo de tensiones subraya la necesidad de marcos que garanticen beneficios mutuos para todos los actores involucrados, superando las fronteras acad&#x00E9;micas, sociales y culturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32405-ES">Penuel <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32405-ES">Skilton-Sylvester y Erwin, 2000</xref>).</p>
<p>En cuanto a las limitaciones, destacamos dos aspectos clave. Primero, una posible limitaci&#x00F3;n en la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> es la falta de un marco conceptual integrado. Aunque el ApS conecta de manera efectiva la formaci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica con el compromiso social, y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> promueve la reflexividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32405-ES">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1987</xref>), no siempre resulta sencillo traducir estos enfoques en pr&#x00E1;cticas accesibles y coherentes para todos los actores involucrados (alumnado, profesorado, comunidades). Esto puede ocasionar desconexiones entre los objetivos acad&#x00E9;micos y las necesidades comunitarias, especialmente cuando el profesorado carece de formaci&#x00F3;n en la metodolog&#x00ED;a del ApS o del apoyo institucional necesario.</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, pueden existir tensiones culturales y contextuales. La diversidad de contextos puede hacer que el cruce de fronteras entre lo acad&#x00E9;mico y lo comunitario no siempre sea fluido o productivo, ya que no todos los involucrados comparten una comprensi&#x00F3;n com&#x00FA;n del proceso educativo transformador.</p>
<p>Finalmente, la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> plantea una aproximaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica a las din&#x00E1;micas institucionales y a los marcos normativos de las IES, lo que en algunos casos puede generar retos en su implementaci&#x00F3;n. Dado que muchas instituciones operan dentro de estructuras establecidas, la adopci&#x00F3;n de enfoques innovadores como el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera requiere un proceso de adaptaci&#x00F3;n progresivo. Estas din&#x00E1;micas pueden influir en el grado de integraci&#x00F3;n de iniciativas de compromiso social en el &#x00E1;mbito acad&#x00E9;mico y comunitario. Por ello, es fundamental contar con un respaldo estructurado, tanto a nivel institucional como formativo, que facilite la incorporaci&#x00F3;n efectiva de estos enfoques y maximice su potencial transformador dentro de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior.</p>
<p>Para avanzar en la intersecci&#x00F3;n entre el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic>, proponemos varias estrategias. En primer lugar, es fundamental desarrollar marcos pedag&#x00F3;gicos integrados que conecten expl&#x00ED;citamente el ApS con los principios de la <italic>border pedagogy</italic>, particularmente en lo que respecta a la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica sobre las estructuras de poder y las din&#x00E1;micas de inclusi&#x00F3;n. Esto podr&#x00ED;a incluir la creaci&#x00F3;n de cursos y recursos pedag&#x00F3;gicos que gu&#x00ED;en al profesorado en la aplicaci&#x00F3;n coherente de estas metodolog&#x00ED;as (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32405-ES">Darder, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32405-ES">Freire, 2005</xref>). El objetivo ser&#x00ED;a dise&#x00F1;ar acciones formativas que no solo se centren en la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de ApS, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n sensibilicen a todos los actores sobre cuestiones de justicia social y la necesidad de cuestionar las estructuras de poder dentro del aula y en la comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32405-ES">Giroux, 2001</xref>). Una propuesta interesante ser&#x00ED;a desarrollar programas de formaci&#x00F3;n conjuntos (alumnado, profesorado y miembros de la comunidad) que fomenten la reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre la posicionalidad dentro de las estructuras de poder social y cultural, un principio central de la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32405-ES">Darder, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, las universidades, como instituciones generadoras de conocimiento y formaci&#x00F3;n integral, pueden desempe&#x00F1;ar un papel clave en la articulaci&#x00F3;n de redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n con su entorno social inmediato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-32405-ES">Sotelino <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). Estas alianzas permiten desarrollar proyectos de ApS que, adem&#x00E1;s de tener un impacto acad&#x00E9;mico significativo, contribuyen a fortalecer la vinculaci&#x00F3;n con la comunidad y a responder a desaf&#x00ED;os sociales desde una perspectiva educativa. De este modo, la universidad no solo fomenta la excelencia acad&#x00E9;mica y la investigaci&#x00F3;n, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n ampl&#x00ED;a su alcance mediante enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos que promueven la interacci&#x00F3;n con diversos actores sociales, favoreciendo un aprendizaje m&#x00E1;s contextualizado y relevante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32405-ES">Bringle y Clayton, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32405-ES">Tinkler <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>En tercer lugar, desde un punto de vista m&#x00E1;s did&#x00E1;ctico, es fundamental dise&#x00F1;ar sistemas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n que vayan m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del rendimiento acad&#x00E9;mico para medir el impacto social y transformador del ApS en las comunidades. Estos m&#x00E9;todos deben incluir indicadores que reflejen los cambios experimentados tanto por el estudiantado como por las comunidades participantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32405-ES">Mitchell, 2008</xref>).</p>
<p>En resumen, este estudio aporta orientaciones valiosas para profundizar en la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic>, abriendo nuevas posibilidades para pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas comprometidas con la justicia social y la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica. El fortalecimiento de esta vinculaci&#x00F3;n puede generar experiencias de aprendizaje transformadoras que beneficien al estudiantado y dejen un impacto positivo y duradero en las comunidades.</p>
<p>Confiamos en que este enfoque inspire a otros investigadores y educadores a explorar sus implicaciones y aplicaciones pr&#x00E1;cticas en proyectos de ApS. Finalmente, reafirmamos que el marco aqu&#x00ED; propuesto tiene el potencial de enfrentar los desaf&#x00ED;os inherentes a la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre universidad y comunidad, contribuyendo al avance en la evoluci&#x00F3;n de la universidad para fortalecer su papel en la construcci&#x00F3;n una sociedad m&#x00E1;s democr&#x00E1;tica, inclusiva y equitativa.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32405</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32405</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Service Learning within the Framework of Border Pedagogy</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">El aprendizaje-servicio en el marco de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-1280</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RODR&#x00CD;GUEZ IZQUIERDO</surname>
<given-names>Rosa M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Pablo de Olavide University. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pablo de Olavide University</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>rmrodizq@upo.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>169</fpage>
<lpage>187</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="received">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This study is part of a line of research on the resignification of the social responsibility of universities. The latter consists of taking the community beyond its borders, in compliance with the civic commitments of universities.</p>
<p>Service-Learning (SL) was analysed through the lens of border pedagogy, while taking into account the multiple pedagogical traditions from which SL has been approached. In this work, we conceptualised SL as a bridge between diverse settings and even between theoretical domains. It has been argued that SL, inspired by border pedagogy, can contribute to redefining physical, epistemological, and cultural boundaries, promoting equity, mutual learning, and the co-creation of knowledge within communities. The study is thus structured into the following sections: the relationship between SL and border pedagogy, together with its transformative potential; theoretical foundations; and the impact of SL in higher education.</p>
<p>Based on a critical-hermeneutic inquiry methodology, the intersections between SL and border pedagogy were examined to explore how these approaches can be integrated into service projects.</p>
<p>Shared values between SL and border pedagogy were identified, such as social justice, critical thinking, and inclusivity. These approaches foster intercultural citizenship, transform students&#x2019; narratives and identities, and reconceptualise the teacher&#x2019;s role as a collective knowledge facilitator. Learning in communities of practice and the social impact were noted as valuable factors which contribute to the construction of quality SL projects. Significant challenges exist, however, including insufficient SL teacher training and tensions between academic goals and community needs.</p>
<p>To conclude, taking into account the breadth, diversity, and pluralism of the various service learning approaches, integrating SL into border pedagogy could greatly transform higher education. Nevertheless, SL implementation requires robust conceptual frameworks, targeted training for stakeholders, and closer ties between universities and their communities. This approach fosters a socially engaged university capable of shaping critical citizens and contributing to a more just and democratic society.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo se enmarca en una l&#x00ED;nea de trabajos que reflexiona sobre la resignificaci&#x00F3;n de la misi&#x00F3;n de la universidad desde su responsabilidad social, que consiste en llevar a la comunidad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de sus fronteras para que cumplan con el compromiso c&#x00ED;vico de la universidad.</p>
<p>El presente estudio analiza el aprendizaje-servicio (ApS) desde la perspectiva de la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> (pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera), sin perder de vista que el ApS puede entenderse desde m&#x00FA;ltiples tradiciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas. En este caso, lo conceptualizamos como la met&#x00E1;fora de un puente que trata de unir diversos escenarios e incluso &#x00E1;mbitos te&#x00F3;ricos. Se argumenta que el ApS, inspirado en la pedagog&#x00ED;a de fronteras, puede contribuir a redefinir las fronteras f&#x00ED;sicas, epistemol&#x00F3;gicas y culturales, promoviendo la equidad, el aprendizaje mutuo y la co-creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento con las comunidades. Para abordar este an&#x00E1;lisis, el art&#x00ED;culo se estructura en varios apartados que examinan la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ApS y la pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera, analizando su potencial transformador, sus fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos y su impacto en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior.</p>
<p>Siguiendo una metodolog&#x00ED;a de indagaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tico-hermen&#x00E9;utica, examinamos los puntos de convergencia entre el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> para explorar c&#x00F3;mo estos enfoques pueden integrarse en proyectos de servicio.</p>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis identifica que el ApS y la <italic>border pedagogy</italic> comparten valores como la justicia social, el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y la inclusividad. Estos enfoques fomentan la formaci&#x00F3;n de ciudadan&#x00ED;a intercultural, transforman narrativas e identidades del estudiantado y reconceptualizan el papel del profesorado como facilitador del conocimiento colectivo. Se enfatiza el aprendizaje en comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica y el impacto social como elementos de valor en la construcci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de ApS de calidad. No obstante, se destacan desaf&#x00ED;os importantes como la falta de formaci&#x00F3;n docente en ApS y las tensiones entre los objetivos acad&#x00E9;micos y las necesidades comunitarias.</p>
<p>Se concluye que la integraci&#x00F3;n del ApS con la <italic>border pedagogy,</italic> en di&#x00E1;logo con la amplitud, diversidad y pluralismo de enfoques que puede adoptar el ApS, tiene un enorme potencial para transformar la ense&#x00F1;anza superior. Sin embargo, su implementaci&#x00F3;n requiere marcos conceptuales claros, formaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica para los actores implicados y una vinculaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s estrecha entre universidades y comunidades. Este enfoque fomenta una universidad comprometida con su entorno, capaz de formar ciudadanos cr&#x00ED;ticos y contribuir a la justicia social.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>university</kwd>
<kwd>Higher Education</kwd>
<kwd>service learning</kwd>
<kwd>border pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>educational transformation</kwd>
<kwd>university mission</kwd>
<kwd>co-creation of knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>social justice</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>universidad</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n superior</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje-servicio</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a de frontera</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa</kwd>
<kwd>misi&#x00F3;n de la universidad</kwd>
<kwd>co-creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>justicia social</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32405-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>Universities emerged in medieval Europe and were originally conceived as cloisters: they distinguished themselves by the clear boundaries they established between the inside and outside, separating scholars from the laity. This conception, epitomised in the &#x2018;ivory tower&#x2019; metaphor, prevailed until the nineteenth century. Today, however, the legitimacy of universities is being increasingly challenged (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32405-EN">Meyer and Sporn, 2018</xref>), fuelling a renewed interest in strengthening the connection between these institutions and the communities with which they interact.</p>
<p>In this framework, the Tirana Declaration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32405-EN">European Higher Education Area-EHEA, 2024</xref>) and the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32405-EN">Bologna Follow-up Group (BFUG) (2024)</xref> have urged Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to adopt transformative pedagogies that foster community engagement. Unsurprisingly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-32405-EN">UNESCO (2021)</xref> has also emphasized the need for HEIs to actively participate in addressing the most urgent global and local problems. An additional guiding principle of this approach is university social responsibility. The latter has been strengthened by the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32405-EN">Declaraci&#x00F3;n de Valencia (2023)</xref> and encourages HEIs to work with their communities to develop mutually beneficial and socially responsible joint activities.</p>
<p>Service-learning (SL) responds to the need to integrate real social scenarios into university teaching, aligning with the civic and social engagement inherent to the university&#x2019;s founding principles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32405-EN">Deeley, 2016</xref>). In this regard, given the rise of SL in higher education and a renewed emphasis on community engagement, HEIs have opportunities to develop networks with the community for the common good (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32405-EN">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32405-EN">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo and Lorenzo Moledo, 2023</xref>), overcoming the risk of rhetoric around university social responsibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32405-EN">Mart&#x00ED;nez, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-32405-EN">Vallaeys and &#x00C1;lvarez-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>). SL plays an undeniably important role because it raises awareness about the university&#x2019;s social mission and serves as a starting point for action. In the words of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez and Ruiz-Corbella (2022</xref>, p. 169), &#x2018;it contributes both to identifying and pointing out valuable educational goals and to dynamising and launching the processes necessary for their achievement&#x2019;.</p>
<p>We argue in this work that SL operates in border spaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-EN">McMillan et al., 2016</xref>), and contributes to challenging structural inequalities and to promoting transformative interactions which reinforce the university&#x2019;s social mission. Although its transformative potential can also be analysed from the perspective of other pedagogical currents, in the present study, we focus on critical pedagogy theories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32405-EN">Freire, 2005</xref>) as well as critical postmodernism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-EN">Giroux, 1992</xref>). The conceptualisation adopted here is that of a bridge uniting various scenarios and even distinct theoretical fields, by building knowledge through the interactions between academia and the community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32405-EN">Patsarika and Townsend, 2022</xref>). Recognising the breadth, diversity, and pluralism of the possible approaches to SL as well as its potential of interpretation based on other pedagogical traditions allows practicing SL more flexibly.</p>
<p>Despite its increasing implementation, significant gaps in the literature exist regarding sound theoretical frameworks based on a critical SL perspective. In this article, we propose that border pedagogy can allow addressing this need. The gap is particularly significant in the context of university-community alliances, where tensions arising from cultural, historical, and normative differences generate specific challenges. Hence the need to develop solid theoretical frameworks which can support the analysis of these interactions and to advance the role of the university as an agent of social change in a complex educational ecosystem. In this sense, university transformation should not be understood one-dimensionally, but as one in which social commitment, academic excellence, and quality scientific production converge. The latter will guarantee that higher education responds both to student needs and to that of society as a whole.</p>
<p>In epistemological terms, the objective was to explore SL from the perspective of border crossing pedagogy, understood as a philosophical approach with a high educational potential. The purpose is to enhance the capacity of HEIs to construct shared knowledge and to generate solutions to complex problems. As highlighted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32405-EN">Arbu&#x00E9;s et al. (2023)</xref>, SL can contribute to ethical progress by responding to specific human needs and fostering a constructive debate around these issues.</p>
<p>We sought here to contribute to this hypothesis by exploring the potentialities of the border pedagogy metaphor. The main contribution of this study is a vision that invites critical reflection and action in the university environment. SL is thus presented as a pedagogical methodology that crosses not only geographical boundaries but also challenges the boundaries inherent to the university&#x2019;s social mission, as stated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32405-EN">Compare and Albanesi (2023)</xref>.</p>
<p>In this sense, the study illustrates the complex dynamics which emerge in the dialectical interaction between community service-based teaching, teaching and learning, student and teacher identities, research, and the institutional transformation processes required by SL implementation in universities. Second, we analysed the relationship between SL and border crossing pedagogy, exploring how this theoretical framework can strengthen SL in the context of higher education. We also identified the key elements that characterise quality practices in SL projects.</p>
<p>We thus expected to contribute to a hitherto scarcely explored line of research by conceptualising SL as a border pedagogy, thereby broadening the theoretical and practical framework underlying its implementation in HEIs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32405-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>S<sc>ervice learning and higher education</sc></title>
<p>SL is the object of a growing body of research and is being consolidated in the higher education area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32405-EN">Aramburuzabala et al., 2019</xref>). The polyhedral and complex concept of SL has been approached from multiple perspectives. Moreover, in its sociohistorical evolution, it has served as an integrative framework in diverse pedagogical projects that rest on diversified theoretical scaffolding, such as solidarity service, civic commitment, and volunteering.</p>
<p>SL has been described as a methodology (pedagogical dimension), an experience, and a philosophy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32405-EN">Deeley, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez and Ruiz-Corbella, 2022</xref>). Such a multifaceted nature not only favours the development of specific student competences (the professionalising dimension), but it also strengthens a critical and citizen spirit oriented towards social transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32405-EN">Murillo and Aramburuzabala, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32405-EN">Puig et al., 2011</xref>). Despite its theoretical plurality, SL acts as a catalyst for an articulated homogeneous philosophical-educational approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez and Ruiz-Corbella, 2022</xref>, p. 168). It is epistemologically linked to educational visions that connect teaching with social realities, as stated in the recent Canary Islands Declaration on SL in higher education:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Service-learning is a philosophy of higher education that reinforces the humanist approach of the university in the 21st century by recognizing its social responsibility and offering a relational reading of the classic pillars of teaching, research and knowledge transfer for the benefit of the entire university community and the common good of society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32405-EN">Asociaci&#x00F3;n de Aprendizaje-Servicio Universitario-APS-U, 2021</xref>).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In effect, SL expands traditional pedagogical practices by encouraging interactions between the university and the community. Although it has often been presented in opposition to one-way knowledge translation models, not all transmission teaching is necessarily negative or incompatible with participatory methodologies such as SL. In certain contexts, knowledge transmission can play a fundamental role in the learning process if it is complemented by dialogical and experiential approaches. In this sense, SL is not directed towards invalidating practices such as lectures, but towards integrating them into a broader conception of education, where knowledge generation is enriched through collaborations between teachers, students, and the community. Thus, rather than establishing a rigid dichotomy, SL promotes a balance between different pedagogical strategies that can coexist depending on the training objectives and the context in which they are applied.</p>
<p>As indicated earlier, one of the most outstanding features of SL is its ability to create border-crossing spaces. These spaces allow students to navigate the intersection of theory and practice, contributing to social impact and personal development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-32405-EN">Truong et al., 2020</xref>). Indeed, works such as those by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32405-EN">Taylor et al. (2018)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-32405-EN">Wang et al. (2019)</xref>, among others, highlight that these border crossing experiences help to bridge the gap between academic knowledge and its application in real settings. In addition, they facilitate interactions with diverse communities, the resolution of complex social challenges, and the exploration of the students&#x2019; positionality in these scenarios. This, in turn, helps them to understand their role as active and engaged citizens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32405-EN">Chika-James et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32405-EN">Mac&#x00ED;as-G&#x00F3;mez-Estern and Lalueza, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>In essence, SL is a bridge between the academic and social worlds, favouring the construction of reciprocal collaboration networks. This approach seeks to transform the university system by breaking down the barriers that often separate the university from the real problems in society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32405-EN">Resch and Schrittesser, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>From this perspective, we adhere to Solidarity Service-Learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-32405-EN">Tapia, 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32405-EN">2014</xref>) and social justice-oriented SL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32405-EN">Butin, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32405-EN">Compare and Albanesi, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32405-EN">Murillo and Aramburuzabala, 2014</xref>), as the latter can have a significant impact both on communities and the transformation of HEIs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32405-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>B<sc>order pedagogy contributions to service learning</sc></title>
<p>This section explores the fundamental relationship between SL and <italic>border pedagogy.</italic> Indeed, we argue that SL can be understood and strengthened through this perspective, using it as a critical theoretical framework. In line with the above, we propose to not only highlight the similarities between the two approaches but also, as Hayes and Cuban point out (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-EN">1997</xref>, p. 74), to illustrate how border pedagogy can constitute &#x2018;a useful starting point for describing and rethinking the nature of SL&#x2019;.</p>
<p>Based on critical pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32405-EN">Anzald&#x00FA;a, 1987</xref>), critical postmodernism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-EN">Giroux, 1992</xref>), and the theory of activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32405-EN">McMillan, 2011</xref>), SL has been conceptualised as a form of border pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-EN">Hayes and Cuban, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32405-EN">Keith, 1998</xref>). In this context, the metaphors of border (borderlands) and border-crossing play an essential role in the critical analysis, experimentation, and generation of alternative knowledge. In this article, these terms are used interchangeably due to their conceptual interrelationship.</p>
<p>These latter notions underscore how borders, both physical and symbolic, function as spheres in which not only mutual learning is fostered, but also where power structures and dominant narratives about culture, knowledge, and power are questioned. At the same time, these spaces open the possibility of transforming the institutional structures of universities, creating opportunities for the construction of alternative identities and knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-EN">McMillan et al., 2016</xref>, p. 24). In short:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Border crossing serves as a metaphor for how people might gain a more critical perspective on the forms of domination inherent in their own histories, knowledge, and practices, and learn to value alternative forms of knowledge... Borderlands should be seen as sites both for critical analysis and as a potential source of experimentation, creativity, and possibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-EN">Giroux, 1992</xref>, p. 28).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In this work, we specifically highlight the foundational contribution of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32405-EN">Giroux (2005)</xref>, who conceptualises border pedagogy as a framework to develop a democratic philosophy that not only respects differences but also seeks to improve public life. According to this pedagogical approach, by critically reflecting on the power and privilege structures of universities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32405-EN">Bringle and Clayton, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32405-EN">Hatcher and Bringle, 2012</xref>), we can build a more democratic society through the transformative impact of SL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-EN">Hayes and Cuban, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32405-EN">Salam et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>It is necessary to point out in this respect that SL implies crossing not only physical borders but going beyond: SL means entering multiple dimensions, whether epistemological, cultural, institutional, or ethical. Although there are different pedagogical approaches, border-crossing pedagogy provides SL with several key elements that share a common conceptual ground.</p>
<p>Methodologically, the study is based on a critical-hermeneutic analysis, in which we identified and contrasted the theoretical convergences between SL and border pedagogy. To this end, we defined the analytical categories based on principles of social justice, community participation, and construction of shared knowledge which have guided the related specialised studies.</p>
<p>We investigate below some of these intersection points, shedding light on how these perspectives complement and strengthen each other in the area of higher education.</p>
<sec id="sec-4-32405-EN">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>The transformation of social and educational realities and the questioning of traditional structures</title>
<p>The goal of border pedagogy is undoubtedly to challenge existing traditional structures to build a society that is radically democratic. In this sense, we must not forget that SL is a powerful educational tool because it combines academic learning with community service, seeking not only to improve the immediate environment but also to transform social realities. At the conceptual crossroads of SL and <italic>border pedagogy,</italic> service initiatives must transcend volunteering activities and address deeper issues related to equity and social justice. SL provides students with tools to critically analyse inequality dynamics and to contribute to the pursuit of concrete solutions which foster equity and inclusion.</p>
<p>SL is deeply rooted in present-day and specific contexts. It is therefore particularly well-suited to address complex problems such as inequality, discrimination, and marginalisation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32405-EN">Conway et al., 2009</xref>). In line with the principles of social justice movements, <italic>border pedagogy</italic> is located on the margins of diverse communities, acting as a meeting point that brings together participants with heterogeneous roles, perspectives, experiences, and fields of specialisation. These communities, often integrated into organisations with disparate capacities and conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32405-EN">Farrell et al., 2022</xref>) enrich the educational process by generating a dynamic environment that questions and reconfigures established power relations.</p>
<p>Border practices represent a transformative approach to education, uniting academic and community contexts while challenging, reconstructing, and transcending existing barriers. These practices confront not only traditional structures but also the privileges inherent to such structures. In this sense, the dual focus of SL on &#x201C;service&#x201D; and &#x201C;learning&#x201D; reflects the inherent complexity of border areas, questioning traditional education by integrating academic learning and community service. Not only do students learn by serving communities, but the needs and priorities of these communities drive the learning process, creating a dynamic interaction that challenges the current curricular <italic>status quo</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32405-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a and Cotrina, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>In short, SL and border pedagogy share a transformative vision of education, which seeks not only to transcend symbolic and structural barriers but also to reimagine the relations between academia and society in a collective effort to build a more equitable and democratic future.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32405-EN">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>Emphasis on social justice, critical thinking, and training for intercultural citizenship</title>
<p>SL and border pedagogy share the goal of training students to become aware of their surroundings, capable of crossing cultural and social boundaries, and committed to transforming society through education. In the case of SL, this objective is achieved by solving real problems in communities, while in border pedagogy, it is achieved through the critical deconstruction of the historical, epistemological, and social structures that shape power relations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32405-EN">Baldwin, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-EN">McMillan et al., 2016</xref>). Both approaches foster education focused on critical citizenship development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32405-EN">Conway et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32405-EN">Puig et al., 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>From the transformative learning perspective, authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32405-EN">Mezirow (2009)</xref> consider that crossing borders represents a profound change in students&#x2019; beliefs and perceptions. By interacting with realities other than their own, students are challenged to revise their frames of reference, questioning their previous assumptions about diversity and culture. In this sense, SL becomes a pedagogical tool that helps to go beyond cultural prejudices, promoting spaces of intercultural understanding and empathy, where differences are valued rather than perceived as obstacles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32405-EN">Mergler et al<italic>.,</italic> 2017</xref>). As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32405-EN">Mezirow (2000)</xref> highlights, these immersive processes generate transformative learning experiences, particularly when working with vulnerable communities, as they offer unique opportunities to challenge monolithic viewpoints and embrace diversity. Within this framework, SL emerges as an effective tool to overcome cultural stereotypes and foster intercultural sensitivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32405-EN">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo, 2021</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32405-EN">2023a</xref>).</p>
<p>We must not forget that by placing students in diverse communities, SL creates a transactional space where different forms of knowledge, values, and stories converge, facilitating the generation of mutual knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32405-EN">Patsarika and Townsend, 2022</xref>). This reality is closely related to border pedagogy, which seeks to expose students to multiple cultural codes and experiences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-EN">McMillan et al., 2016</xref>, p. 24). In addition, border pedagogy recognises the changing boundaries that shape culture, power, and knowledge, demanding a critical reflection on interculturality. By integrating the ideas of <italic>border pedagogy,</italic> students are brought to explore and question both the cultural and social representations perpetuated in communities and academia, thus working towards a fairer and more inclusive educational environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32405-EN">Darder, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32405-EN">Giroux, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>It is also important to note that SL often involves students in service projects in communities which are physically distant from their usual environment, either within their country or abroad. As noted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32405-EN">Taylor et al. (2018)</xref>, SL is a key strategy for higher education internationalisation, as it fosters cooperation between universities and global communities. This approach addresses global issues, such as migration, sustainability, and public health, promoting intercultural collaboration that transcends the geographical limits of educational institutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32405-EN">Butin, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>In short, SL, complemented by border pedagogy, offers a transformative educational framework that fosters critical thinking, commitment to social justice, and the formation of an active intercultural citizenship. This approach challenges not only prejudices and cultural barriers but also contributes to more inclusive and action-oriented higher education.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32405-EN">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title>Placing students in diverse contexts by reconfiguring teaching beyond classroom walls</title>
<p>Of note, border pedagogy prompts a reconfiguration of educational space-time, underlining the importance of overcoming traditional classroom barriers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32405-EN">Leander et al., 2010</xref>). In this context, SL exemplifies how universities can expand their impact beyond their limits, extending learning outside the classroom and connecting it to the community&#x2019;s needs. This approach transforms teaching by integrating it into social realities, making spheres of learning permeable to new perspectives. In the words of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32405-EN">Furco (1996)</xref>, this makes the university an &#x201C;expanded&#x201D; institution, or, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32405-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-Guti&#x00E9;rrez and Ruiz-Corbella (2022)</xref> put it, an &#x201C;enriched&#x201D; and &#x201C;increased&#x201D; one. In this way, not only is the university projected towards the community, but it allows the entry of community knowledge, reconfiguring its limits.</p>
<p>Such an approach not only redefines learning spaces, but also positions universities as relevant actors in society by driving students towards social justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32405-EN">Butin, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32405-EN">Compare and Albanesi, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32405-EN">Murillo and Aramburuzabala, 2014</xref>). Indeed, from a poststructuralist perspective, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32405-EN">Butin (2003</xref>, p. 1684) argues that SL constitutes &#x2018;a place of construction, destruction and reconstruction&#x2019; with profound implications for our understanding of the limits of educational processes. In this sense, under the framework of border pedagogy, SL redefines educational practice, transforming it into a dynamic, situated, and delocalised experience.</p>
<p>This reconfiguration challenges the idea that the classroom is the only legitimate space for learning. Integrating community knowledge as a valid resource broadens the boundaries of formal education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32405-EN">Akkerman &#x0026; Baker, 2011</xref>). When community service is incorporated into the subjects, students are taken beyond traditional methods, as they are immersed in the realities of the communities they serve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32405-EN">Chika-James et al., 2022</xref>). In turn, teachers become aware that learning depends ever less on what is taking place exclusively in the classroom and more on the relationship between educational processes within the classroom and the broader social context. Thus, SL promotes an educational model that combines academic and experiential dimensions, blurring the boundaries between the university and society.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32405-EN">
<label>3.4.</label>
<title>The transformation of narratives and identities</title>
<p>One could suggest that border pedagogy promotes personal and critical development, allowing students to understand other narratives and build hybrid identities. After all, by entering unknown cultural territories, students experience both a physical and metaphorical border crossing in SL projects. This process fosters new perspectives on others and themselves, favouring the construction of visions informed by real experiences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32405-EN">Caspersz and Olaru, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32405-EN">Hullender et al., 2005</xref>). As noted by several authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32405-EN">Giroux, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32405-EN">Kazanjian, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32405-EN">Lalueza and Mac&#x00ED;as-G&#x00F3;mez-Estern, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32405-EN">Mac&#x00ED;as-G&#x00F3;mez-Estern and Lalueza, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32405-EN">McMillan, 2011</xref>), the interaction between students and communities generates a border area, a sphere where otherness is redefined, and cultural and intercultural identities emerge in tune with border pedagogy principles.</p>
<p>In this way, students are empowered to understand and value cultural differences. At the same time, they can expand their capacity to deconstruct the dominant narratives which perpetuate social inequalities. The approach also drives them towards a deeper understanding of their culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32405-EN">Hayes and Cuban, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32405-EN">Kazanjian, 2011</xref>). In this context, SL not only promotes a reflection on the realities of communities but also on the students&#x2019; own identities and the power structures that shape social interactions. Students are thus driven to cross not only external borders but also internal ones, reviewing and reconstructing their understanding of the world and their place in it.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32405-EN">
<label>3.5.</label>
<title>A re-conceptualisation of the teacher role</title>
<p>Border pedagogy in SL may appear to transform the experiences of students only. But at the intersection of <italic>border pedagogy</italic> and SL, teacher roles are also redefined: leaving behind knowledge-transmitting tasks, they assume the role of facilitators, guiding students in their interaction with the community. In this new practice, teachers encourage critical reflection and offer an arena in which students&#x2019; possible idealised narratives on community are avoided. In this way, teachers adopt the role of &#x201C;cultural <italic>workers&#x201D;</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32405-EN">Giroux, 1992</xref>): they help students to cross the boundaries between academic and community spheres, while raising an awareness of the power, race, and culture dynamics which affect communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32405-EN">Giroux, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32405-EN">Tinkler et al., 2019</xref>). In short, teachers become agents who are committed to their environment and its social context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32405-EN">Carney, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>In this virtuous circle of <italic>learning by serving,</italic> not only do students benefit from learning, but teachers also transform their own identities, learning alongside their students, colleagues, and community members throughout the service process. The conception of the teacher as the sole expert thus needs to be overcome: teachers must be viewed as facilitators who channel and distribute community knowledge and intelligence. From this perspective, SL establishes a cross-border framework based on collective knowledge.</p>
<p>In short, in the SL context, teachers are no longer the sole holders of academic knowledge. Instead, they learn by taking action together with other actors. Such a dynamic fosters a collegial collaboration between students, teachers, and community professionals to build solutions to complex problems, freeing teachers from the burden of being the sole experts in the educational process.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32405-EN">
<label>3.6.</label>
<title>The University&#x2019;s Community Turn: Learning in communities of practice and networking</title>
<p>A growing body of educational research is driving the community to turn to the university, underlining the importance of networking and communities of practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32405-EN">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo, 2023b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32405-EN">Santos Rego et al., 2022</xref>). Within this framework, cross-border pedagogy highlights the processes and benefits of working on collaborative partnerships with the community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32405-EN">Akkerman and Bakker, 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>Crossing borders refers to the social and collaborative interaction that takes place in SL through learning networks that include various actors and contexts, under an approach called &#x2018;working together at the limits&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-EN">McMillan et al., 2016</xref>). By operating in a network, service projects become a &#x201C;limit experience&#x201D; which offers opportunities to participate in communities of practice.</p>
<p>Communities of practice are an essential element of border pedagogy within SL, providing a place-based and action-linked learning context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-32405-EN">Wenger, 1998</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32405-EN">Lave and Wenger (1991)</xref> define these communities as groups of people who share common interests and learn together through interaction. It is vital to clarify that this concept is fully reflected in border crossing work, where interactions occur between disparate communities (e.g., universities and external partners) via unique practices and standards. The phenomenon is especially evident in the knowledge co-creation intermediation model, which facilitates the relationships between these actors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32405-EN">McMillan et al., 2016</xref>, p. 19). In this model, students, community organisations, and teachers share knowledge to solve real problems, acknowledging that each actor (university and community) operates with different objectives, expectations, experiences, and power dynamics.</p>
<p>Therefore, we argue that overcoming these differences requires cultivating an authentic dialogue between the university and the community, where institutional and social boundaries are blurred, allowing the construction of mutual learning and knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32405-EN">Mtawa and Fongwa, 2020</xref>). Therefore, in line with the historical-cultural perspective, diversity and difference should not be regarded as obstacles to overcome, but as a value that is inherent to social and professional activity.</p>
<p>In short, we conceptualise SL as a border pedagogy by placing it at the intersection of two realities located in diverse social contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32405-EN">Lave and Wenger, 1991</xref>). These realities are constituted, on the one hand, by the university faculty and, on the other, by the community with which they collaborate. In this context, interaction is generated through a joint activity system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32405-EN">McMillan, 2011</xref>), which gives rise to what we call an &#x201C;extended community&#x201D;. In the words of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32405-EN">Akkerman and Bakker (2011</xref>, p. 136),</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The emphasis is on overcoming discontinuities in actions or interactions that may emerge from sociocultural differences, rather than overcoming them or avoiding the differences themselves. The process of restoring action or interaction is seen as a resource for learning.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>This conceptualisation allows us to better understand the benefits, challenges, and results of mutual learning in university-community partnerships, establishing SL as a transformative tool for higher education.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-32405-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions</sc></title>
<p>Throughout this work, we have explored how SL, based on the border crossing metaphor, contributes to transforming higher education: SL redefines the borders of academia, enhancing equity, mutual learning, and the co-creation of knowledge with the community. In this sense, SL offers an alternative model to the traditional perception of university as an &#x201C;ivory tower&#x201D;: it fosters a greater integration of social commitment into the university&#x2019;s institutional mission and thus contributes to building a more inclusive and democratic society.</p>
<p>As has been argued, SL shares several characteristics with <italic>border pedagogy,</italic> providing distinctive elements that enrich the quality and depth of SL projects. We identified the necessary conditions for these benefits to materialise, reinforcing the legitimacy of higher education institutions in the present-day context.</p>
<p>Indeed, border pedagogy offers a solid theoretical framework for methodologies such as SL, which promote critical thinking, social justice, and which also allow addressing inequalities in education and social systems. From this perspective, border pedagogy-inspired SL can potentially transform teaching, turning it into an inclusive discipline that values cultural diversity, fosters university social responsibility, promotes commitment to vulnerable communities, and forms critical citizens capable of acting to transform global inequalities.</p>
<p>However, border crossing pedagogy does not offer easy answers to the challenges currently faced by HEIs. Implementing such an approach is not without its difficulties. Rather than proposing simplistic solutions, the notion of border crossing involves recognising the complex interactions which sometimes exist between disparate communities of practice. Previous studies suggest that some SL projects have benefited universities more than communities, thus revealing imbalances in these partnerships (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32405-EN">Chupp et al., 2021</xref>). Such tensions underline the need for frameworks that ensure mutual benefits for all actors involved, transcending academic, social, and cultural boundaries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32405-EN">Penuel et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32405-EN">Skilton-Sylvester and Erwin, 2000</xref>).</p>
<p>Two limitations are worth noting. First, an integrated conceptual framework seems to be lacking in the relationship between SL and border pedagogy. Although SL effectively connects academic training with social commitment, and border pedagogy promotes reflexivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32405-EN">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1987</xref>), it is not always easy to translate these approaches into accessible and coherent practices for all the actors involved (students, teachers, communities). This can lead to disconnections between academic goals and community needs, especially when teachers are not provided with the necessary SL methodology training or institutional support.</p>
<p>In addition, cultural and contextual tensions may exist. The diversity of contexts might not always allow the crossing of academic and community boundaries to be free-flowing or productive, as not everyone involved shares a common understanding of the transformative educational process.</p>
<p>Finally, <italic>border pedagogy</italic> proposes a critical approach to HEI institutional dynamics and regulatory frameworks, which can sometimes generate challenges in their implementation. Since many institutions operate within established structures, the adoption of innovative approaches such as SL and border pedagogy requires a progressive adaptation. These dynamics can influence the degree of integration of social commitment initiatives in the academic and community spheres. Therefore, it is essential to provide both institutional and formative structured support, that helps to incorporate these approaches effectively and maximises the transformative potential within higher education.</p>
<p>To reinforce the intersection between SL and border pedagogy, we propose several strategies. First, it is essential to develop integrated pedagogical frameworks that explicitly connect SL with border pedagogy principles<italic>,</italic> particularly concerning the critical reflection on power structures and inclusion dynamics. This could include the creation of courses and pedagogical resources which help teachers to apply these methodologies consistently (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32405-EN">Darder, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32405-EN">Freire, 2005</xref>). The objective would be to design training actions that not only focus on SL project implementation but also sensitise all actors on social justice issues and the need to question power structures within the classroom and in the community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32405-EN">Giroux, 2001</xref>). An interesting proposal would be to develop joint training programmes (students, teachers, and community members) that encourage a reflection on the positionality within social and cultural power structures, a central principle of border pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32405-EN">Darder, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Second, universities, as institutions generating knowledge and comprehensive training, have a key role to play in articulating collaborative networks with their immediate social environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-32405-EN">Sotelino et al., 2016</xref>). These partnerships allow the development of SL projects which, in addition to having a significant academic impact, contribute to strengthening the links with the community and responding to social challenges from an educational perspective. In this way, universities foster not only academic excellence and research, but they also broaden their reach through pedagogical approaches which promote interactions with various social actors, favouring more contextualised and relevant learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32405-EN">Bringle and Clayton, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32405-EN">Tinkler et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Third, from a more didactic viewpoint, it is essential to design evaluation systems that go beyond academic performance to measure the social and transformative impact of SL in communities. These methods should include indicators that reflect the changes experienced by both the student body and the participating communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32405-EN">Mitchell, 2008</xref>).</p>
<p>In summary, this study provides valuable guidance to deepen the relationship between SL and border pedagogy, opening new possibilities for educational practices committed to social justice and critical reflection. Strengthening this linkage can generate transformative learning experiences which benefit students and leave a positive and lasting impact on communities.</p>
<p>We trust that this approach will inspire other researchers and educators to explore the implications and applications of SL projects in practice. Finally, we wish to stress that the framework proposed in this work can help to address the challenges inherent to university-community collaborations, thus contributing to strengthening the role of universities in building a more democratic, inclusive, and equitable society.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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