<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32364</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32364</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Riesgos Digitales y Educaci&#x00F3;n: Ciberprudencia y Resiliencia Digital en Adolescentes</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Digital Risks and Education: Cyberprudence and Digital Resilience in Adolescents</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9975-5694</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>CARO SAMADA</surname>
<given-names>Carmen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7933-6508</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MILL&#x00C1;N-GHISLERI</surname>
<given-names>Elda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-5423</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>AHEDO RU&#x00CD;Z</surname>
<given-names>Josu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Internacional de La Rioja. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Internacional de La Rioja</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Villanueva. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Villanueva</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>carmen.caro@unir.net</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>emillan@villanueva.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>josu.ahedo@unir.net</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>37</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>11</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<sec>
<title>Introducci&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>el art&#x00ED;culo aborda el contexto digital actual en el que se desenvuelve el adolescente, caracterizado por la flexibilidad, la inmediatez, as&#x00ED; como por una serie de riesgos en el uso de las redes sociales. Se trata de un entorno de vulnerabilidad que demanda una respuesta educativa. Por ello, el objetivo de este art&#x00ED;culo es promover la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> en la poblaci&#x00F3;n juvenil, se&#x00F1;aladas como dos pilares esenciales para formar una personalidad madura y un buen car&#x00E1;cter. Adem&#x00E1;s, se ofrecen una serie de pautas para su educaci&#x00F3;n en el &#x00E1;mbito familiar.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#x00E9;todo:</title>
<p>se trata de una revisi&#x00F3;n de car&#x00E1;cter te&#x00F3;rico de ambos conceptos, fundamentada en la literatura existente m&#x00E1;s relevante y reciente sobre el tema.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados y discusi&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>se destaca la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> como un elemento que contribuye al uso responsable de Internet y de las redes sociales. Entre las estrategias familiares educativas que promueven esta virtud se propone la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje y el desarrollo de h&#x00E1;bitos intelectuales y volitivos en el joven. Por su parte, la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> favorece la fortaleza ante los riesgos que se presentan en la red. Una manera de trabajarla es a trav&#x00E9;s de la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n emocional. Se concluye que ambas virtudes pueden promover un buen car&#x00E1;cter y una personalidad madura, si bien un uso responsable de las redes sociales e Internet requiere de una propuesta m&#x00E1;s completa que contemple el desarrollo de otros aspectos tales como la fortaleza o la templanza en los adolescentes.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>The article addresses the current digital context in which the adolescent develops, characterized by flexibility, immediacy, as well as by a series of risks in the use of social networks. This is an environment of vulnerability that demands an educational response. Therefore, the aim of this article is to promote <italic>cyberprudence</italic> and <italic>digital resilience</italic> in the youth population, identified as two essential pillars to form a mature personality and good character. In addition, we offer several guidelines for their education in the family environment.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Method:</title>
<p>This is a theoretical review of both concepts, based on the most relevant and recent literature on the subject.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results and discussion:</title>
<p>We highlight c<italic>yberprudence</italic> as an element that contributes to the responsible use of the Internet and social networks. Among the family educational strategies that promote this virtue, self-regulation of learning and the development of intellectual and volitional habits in young people are proposed. On the other hand, <italic>digital resilience</italic> favors strength in the face of the risks presented on the network. One way to work on it is through emotional self-regulation. It is concluded that both virtues can promote a good character and a mature personality, although a responsible use of social networks and the Internet require a more complete proposal that contemplates the development of other aspects such as strength and resilience.</p>
</sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>adolescencia</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n familiar</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n moral</kwd>
<kwd>redes sociales</kwd>
<kwd>resiliencia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>adolescence</kwd>
<kwd>family education</kwd>
<kwd>moral education</kwd>
<kwd>social networks</kwd>
<kwd>resilience</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32364-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>En los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os, la literatura acad&#x00E9;mica ha abordado el papel de la ciberprudencia y de la resiliencia digital como condici&#x00F3;n para formar a los j&#x00F3;venes ante los retos que presenta el mundo virtual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32364-ES">Polizzi, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32364-ES">Lee y Hancock, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32364-ES">Pan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-ES">Qi y Yang, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32364-ES">Harrison <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).El presente art&#x00ED;culo parte de la condici&#x00F3;n de vulnerabilidad, caracter&#x00ED;stica de la etapa adolescente y de la importancia de implicar a la familia en la tarea de educar a los j&#x00F3;venes en la promoci&#x00F3;n de una personalidad madura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32364-ES">Napa <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>) en el uso de Internet. La vulnerabilidad propia de estos a&#x00F1;os se refiere tanto a los cambios f&#x00ED;sicos y emocionales que atraviesa el adolescente, como a ser un periodo susceptible para el surgimiento de ciertas conductas de riesgo, que entra&#x00F1;an una serie de consecuencias desde el punto de vista social. Se aborda la necesidad de formar a los adolescentes en el buen uso de los medios digitales mediante estas dos fortalezas del car&#x00E1;cter.</p>
<p>La adolescencia, desde el punto de vista sociol&#x00F3;gico, se caracteriza por ser una etapa cr&#x00ED;tica en la que los j&#x00F3;venes est&#x00E1;n expuestos a condiciones de vulnerabilidad, especialmente ante experiencias que les ofrecen una aparente seguridad en el proceso de cambio que sufren, sea a trav&#x00E9;s del consumo de alcohol o de drogas, la pertenencia a bandas o episodios de violencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32364-ES">Hern&#x00E1;ndez e Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez, 2017</xref>). Estos autores sugieren que la met&#x00E1;fora de las sociedades l&#x00ED;quidas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32364-ES">Bauman (2003)</xref> junto con la tesis de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32364-ES">Dubet (2006)</xref> del declive de las instituciones de acogida como la Iglesia o la familia, entre otros, han puesto de relieve la importancia de dar respuesta a las necesidades de la poblaci&#x00F3;n adolescente en este contexto. Por otra parte, a ra&#x00ED;z de la pandemia de la COVID-19, y el consiguiente aumento de la actividad online, han aumentado las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de los menores en relaci&#x00F3;n con los riesgos de Internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32364-ES">Brossard <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32364-ES">Romero-P&#x00E9;rez y Pereira-Dom&#x00ED;nguez (2011)</xref> consideran que, ante una sociedad que sit&#x00FA;a en mayor vulnerabilidad a las personas, es fundamental el cuidado de s&#x00ED; como precondici&#x00F3;n para el de otros. Asimismo, a&#x00F1;aden que el cuidado de s&#x00ED; en la moderna sociedad l&#x00ED;quida no se traduce tanto en criterios normativos o &#x00E9;ticos, sino que se reduce a la atenci&#x00F3;n al cuerpo y a la adquisici&#x00F3;n de habilidades y destrezas en el &#x00E1;mbito emocional para el desarrollo de una vida saludable. En este sentido, se subraya la conveniencia de promover disposiciones estables del car&#x00E1;cter que permitan a los j&#x00F3;venes obrar moralmente, que propicien un adecuado cuidado de s&#x00ED;, y, por consiguiente, del otro en entornos virtuales. Por este motivo, se profundiza en la importancia del desarrollo de un car&#x00E1;cter maduro, basado en el impulso de determinadas virtudes en el espacio digital, entre las que destacan la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic>.</p>
<p>Durante la adolescencia es fundamental la orientaci&#x00F3;n de los seres m&#x00E1;s cercanos, especialmente de la familia, para disminuir la fragilidad propia de ese periodo. Cuando se carece de este acompa&#x00F1;amiento, los j&#x00F3;venes pueden correr un riesgo psicosocial, poniendo en peligro el desarrollo saludable de su personalidad, siendo esencial el establecimiento de estrategias de regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional en los adolescentes, que los capaciten para enfrentarse a las distintas situaciones de riesgo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32364-ES">Melendres, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>En nuestra &#x00E9;poca m&#x00E1;s reciente, las medidas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia tuvieron una serie de consecuencias en el modo de relacionarnos con los dem&#x00E1;s. Esto afect&#x00F3; a los adolescentes, siendo una poblaci&#x00F3;n especialmente vulnerable. De acuerdo con el informe de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-32364-ES">UNICEF (2022)</xref> sobre el estado mundial de la infancia, la pandemia hizo m&#x00E1;s evidente que nunca la necesidad de cuidar de la salud mental de ni&#x00F1;os, ni&#x00F1;as y adolescentes, agravada durante este tiempo. Una de las consecuencias m&#x00E1;s destacadas de la pandemia fue el aumento exponencial de acceso a la red. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32364-ES">Carpio <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> se&#x00F1;alan el incremento en el n&#x00FA;mero de horas dedicadas al uso de internet y del m&#x00F3;vil, indicando que antes de la pandemia m&#x00E1;s del 50 % lo empleaba menos de 3 horas, mientras que despu&#x00E9;s el 45 % lo utiliza m&#x00E1;s de 6 horas diarias. De especial inter&#x00E9;s, son los datos referidos a j&#x00F3;venes. As&#x00ED;, se se&#x00F1;ala un aumento significativo en el n&#x00FA;mero de estudiantes que usan el m&#x00F3;vil m&#x00E1;s de 6 horas al d&#x00ED;a, pasando de un 21,3 % a un 35,3 %.</p>
<p>No cabe duda de que los j&#x00F3;venes pueden disfrutar de las numerosas oportunidades que ofrece la red. El proceso socializador de adolescentes est&#x00E1; marcado en la actualidad por la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y las plataformas de redes sociales, que se han convertido en un contexto de socializaci&#x00F3;n y en la manera en la que se relacionan con los otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32364-ES">Del Prete y Redon, 2020</xref>). Las redes sociales se constituyen en un espacio de interacci&#x00F3;n con otros j&#x00F3;venes, que vienen a satisfacer la necesidad de pertenencia a un grupo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32364-ES">Su&#x00E1;rez-&#x00C1;lvarez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s de los aspectos positivos, existen numerosos riesgos potenciales que la poblaci&#x00F3;n adolescente puede encontrar en el espacio virtual, como son los distintos fen&#x00F3;menos de violencia asociados a un uso nocivo de Internet, como el <italic>ciberacoso</italic> o el <italic>grooming</italic>, que inciden en la mencionada vulnerabilidad de los j&#x00F3;venes. As&#x00ED;, el &#x00FA;ltimo informe de la Organizaci&#x00F3;n Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32364-ES">Cosma <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>) alerta de un aumento de los casos de ciberacoso entre j&#x00F3;venes en toda Europa, y se&#x00F1;ala que cerca de un 15% de los adolescentes de 11, 13 y 15 a&#x00F1;os ha sufrido alg&#x00FA;n episodio en el &#x00FA;ltimo mes. En el caso de v&#x00ED;ctimas menores, se&#x00F1;ala que el porcentaje ha crecido del 12% al 15% en los chicos, mientras que, en las chicas, este ha subido del 13 % al 16 %. Tambi&#x00E9;n ha habido un aumento en los j&#x00F3;venes que realizan este tipo de conductas: del 12 % al 14 % en ni&#x00F1;os y del 7 % al 9 % en ni&#x00F1;as.</p>
<p>Una de las consecuencias negativas m&#x00E1;s extremas del ciberacoso son las autolesiones y los casos de suicidio. En este sentido, varios estudios apuntan a la relaci&#x00F3;n entre ciberacoso y mayor riesgo de ideaci&#x00F3;n y conductas suicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32364-ES">Baiden y Tadeo, 2020</xref>). Esta relaci&#x00F3;n se observa tanto en la ejecuci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32364-ES">Benatov <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>) como en la victimizaci&#x00F3;n de ciberacoso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32364-ES">Fekih-Romdhane <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). El <italic>Primer estudio sobre el acoso escolar y el ciberacoso en Espa&#x00F1;a en la infancia y la adolescencia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32364-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Aguado <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>), realizado por la Fundaci&#x00F3;n ColaCao y la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, indica que un 25 % de los que reconocen acosar a otros compa&#x00F1;eros a trav&#x00E9;s de las redes sociales se ha intentado suicidar (frente a un 16,8 % en los casos de acoso tradicional) y que casi 3 de cada 10 v&#x00ED;ctimas de ciberacoso se han autolesionado en los dos &#x00FA;ltimos meses. Por su parte, la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32364-ES">Fundaci&#x00F3;n ANAR (2022)</xref> en su <italic>Estudio sobre Conducta Suicida y Salud Mental en la Infancia y la Adolescencia en Espa&#x00F1;a</italic> (2012-2022) se&#x00F1;ala un aumento en la implicaci&#x00F3;n de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as en los intentos de suicidio (del 33,5 % al 51,5 %) entre 2019 y 2022<italic>.</italic></p>
<p>Otro de los retos a los que se pueden enfrentar los j&#x00F3;venes viene de la mano del desarrollo de la Inteligencia Artificial. Adem&#x00E1;s de suponer un desaf&#x00ED;o en lo que respecta a la cuesti&#x00F3;n de la verdad, en algunos casos, como en los <italic>deepfakes</italic> -v&#x00ED;deos manipulados donde un usuario reemplaza la cara de una persona por la de otra a trav&#x00E9;s de la Inteligencia Artificial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32364-ES">Cerd&#x00E1;n y Padilla, 2019</xref>)-, pueden constituir un tipo de ciberviolencia o acoso en la red.</p>
<p>Ante esta situaci&#x00F3;n, existe un cierto consenso, incluso a nivel pol&#x00ED;tico, para proteger a ni&#x00F1;os, ni&#x00F1;as y j&#x00F3;venes de los riesgos de Internet. Recientemente el ejecutivo del gobierno de Espa&#x00F1;a propuso la aprobaci&#x00F3;n de un proyecto de ley para la protecci&#x00F3;n integral de los menores en Internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32364-ES">Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes, 2024a</xref>). Asimismo, desde la Agencia Espa&#x00F1;ola de Protecci&#x00F3;n de Datos y la F&#x00E1;brica Nacional de La Moneda y Timbre se trabaja en un sistema piloto de verificaci&#x00F3;n de la edad para restringir el acceso a determinadas p&#x00E1;ginas de contenido para adultos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32364-ES">Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes, 2024b</xref>). En enero de 2024 se notific&#x00F3; la aprobaci&#x00F3;n por parte del Consejo Escolar de Estado de una propuesta para prohibir el uso de los m&#x00F3;viles en primaria y limitar su uso a fines pedag&#x00F3;gicos o m&#x00E9;dicos en educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-32364-ES">Torres, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>En el plano familiar existen movimientos de padres que tratan de limitar el uso de dispositivos digitales, especialmente de tel&#x00E9;fonos inteligentes, a sus hijos. Como ejemplo m&#x00E1;s significativo se encuentra el llamado movimiento &#x201C;Adolescencia libre de m&#x00F3;vil&#x201D;, que aboga por retrasar el uso del primer smartphone por parte de los j&#x00F3;venes, as&#x00ED; como a la vez por proponer un uso equilibrado y consciente de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32364-ES">Pantallas Amigas, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Como se puede observar, existe una preocupaci&#x00F3;n generalizada por regular el uso de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales, particularmente de los m&#x00F3;viles. Sin embargo, aun reconociendo el papel fundamental de estas iniciativas, tanto a nivel pol&#x00ED;tico como ciudadano, existe la necesidad de ir un paso m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; y de no quedarse en una mera regulaci&#x00F3;n de estos dispositivos, sino de promover una verdadera madurez en el uso del adolescente en esta materia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32364-ES">Napa <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32364-ES">Fuentes y Valero (2023)</xref> se&#x00F1;alan que para navegar en el espacio digital no solo es necesario un conocimiento t&#x00E9;cnico, sino que es igualmente importante el desarrollo de cualidades como el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, el cuidado de la intimidad o la responsabilidad por parte del usuario.</p>
<p>En definitiva, se necesita formar referentes educativos s&#x00F3;lidos para guiar este nuevo paradigma adolescente, porque las arenas movedizas que parecen sostener las generaciones l&#x00ED;quidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32364-ES">Bauman y Leoncini, 2018</xref>), pueden producir incertidumbre, desorientaci&#x00F3;n y vac&#x00ED;o existencial. Por otra parte, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n digital, el espacio online demanda soporte de un <italic>paraguas &#x00E9;tico</italic> capaz de proporcionar criterios sobre sus l&#x00ED;mites y posibilidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32364-ES">Alonso-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2024</xref>). En este contexto, se puede afirmar con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32364-ES">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego (2018)</xref> que una personalidad madura fundamentada en las virtudes es el pilar que posibilita seguir <italic>nadando</italic> con las herramientas necesarias en la sociedad l&#x00ED;quida de la que habl&#x00E1;bamos.</p>
<p>La aportaci&#x00F3;n principal de este trabajo es proporcionar pautas a las familias para promover en los adolescentes el desarrollo de las fortalezas del car&#x00E1;cter en entornos digitales, espec&#x00ED;ficamente la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic>, con el fin de fomentar un car&#x00E1;cter maduro orientado a promover la ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital. Por una parte, desde organismos como Unicef y EU Kids Online se ha subrayado la necesidad de formar tambi&#x00E9;n a las familias, y no solo a los docentes, sobre los riesgos y consecuencias de un uso inadecuado de la red (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32364-ES">Rial, 2021</xref>). Por otra parte, en los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os, han aparecido m&#x00E1;s estudios que abogan por el desarrollo de estas fortalezas del car&#x00E1;cter en el espacio digital, entre las que se encuentra la ciberprudencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-ES">Harrison, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-ES">2016b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32364-ES">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32364-ES">Polizzi, 2021</xref>). &#x00C9;sta, que se podr&#x00ED;a definir como la capacidad de actuar adecuadamente en el contexto online, permitir&#x00ED;a a los j&#x00F3;venes desarrollar el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico en el uso de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">Harrison, 2016a</xref>).</p>
<p>Asimismo, educar en la ciberprudencia debe ir unido a otros dos rasgos que, junto con la empat&#x00ED;a y la prudencia, conforman una personalidad madura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32364-ES">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego, 2018</xref>). Se trata de la capacidad de retardo y la capacidad de afrontamiento (resiliencia). La primera favorece postergar la gratificaci&#x00F3;n de las acciones, lo cual es fundamental para el desarrollo de la tolerancia a la frustraci&#x00F3;n, ya que trata de ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la satisfacci&#x00F3;n del simple placer o de lo inmediato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32364-ES">Mill&#x00E1;n-Ghisleri y Caro, 2022</xref>). En cuanto al segundo rasgo, ante los desaf&#x00ED;os en el entorno virtual se ha puesto de relieve el concepto de <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> como factor protector ante experiencias negativas en el mundo online. As&#x00ED;, recientemente han aparecido diversos estudios sobre la resiliencia en adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32364-ES">Pan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-ES">Qi y Yang, 2024</xref>) y la necesidad de explorar la importancia de la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> en lugar de centrarse en la mera restricci&#x00F3;n de actividades online para los j&#x00F3;venes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32364-ES">Livingstone <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Considerando lo visto anteriormente y teniendo en cuenta la escasez de trabajos que exploren esta perspectiva, a continuaci&#x00F3;n, se analizar&#x00E1; c&#x00F3;mo propiciar un buen car&#x00E1;cter en la poblaci&#x00F3;n adolescente en la era digital de modo que se fortalezca su crecimiento personal. El desarrollo de las virtudes en el espacio online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-ES">Harrison, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-ES">2016b</xref>), entre las que se encuentra la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">Harrison, 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32364-ES">Polizzi, 2021</xref>), y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32364-ES">Pan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-ES">Qi y Yang, 2024</xref>) va a permitir la promoci&#x00F3;n de disposiciones estables del car&#x00E1;cter que capaciten a los j&#x00F3;venes a obrar moralmente. Para ello se presentar&#x00E1;n una serie de pautas educativas dirigidas a la familia.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32364-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>L<sc>a ciberprudencia en el uso de internet en adolescentes</sc></title>
<p>Son varias las voces que demandan estrategias educativas orientadas al entorno virtual. Esto se ha visto incrementado tras el coronavirus. M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del manejo t&#x00E9;cnico del soporte virtual, es esencial que este dominio est&#x00E9; apoyado por un conocimiento pr&#x00E1;ctico sobre la conveniencia o no de usarlo. Como toda acci&#x00F3;n humana, tambi&#x00E9;n la actividad virtual requiere un sustrato &#x00E9;tico que la sostenga, como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32364-ES">Salinas (2022)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-ES">Harrison (2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">2016a</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-ES">2016b</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-32364-ES">Vallor (2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-32364-ES">2012</xref>) son quiz&#x00E1; los dos autores que m&#x00E1;s han profundizado en la conexi&#x00F3;n entre virtud y medios digitales. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32364-ES">Fuentes y Valero (2023)</xref> concluyen que la virtud es universal y puede aplicarse a cualquier contexto, tambi&#x00E9;n el digital.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32364-ES">Hern&#x00E1;ndez-Rubio (2021)</xref> ha destacado que el uso de las redes sociales tiene consecuencias de car&#x00E1;cter moral en sus usuarios. Uno de los elementos fundamentales de la competencia digital tiene que ver con la madurez de la personalidad que posibilita el conocimiento y asunci&#x00F3;n de los l&#x00ED;mites y opciones que ofrece lo virtual. Esta madurez, como apunta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32364-ES">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego (2018)</xref>, se consolida a trav&#x00E9;s de la capacidad de afrontamiento -la fortaleza-, la capacidad de decidir atendiendo a lo real -la prudencia-, la capacidad de retardar un bien deseado -la templanza-; y la capacidad de reconocer al otro como se merece -la justicia. Estas cuatro fortalezas del car&#x00E1;cter son rasgos de la personalidad que contribuyen a que la persona sepa qu&#x00E9; es lo adecuado, y adem&#x00E1;s pueda asumirlo. Estas capacidades se pueden aplicar al espacio virtual.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, virtudes como la compasi&#x00F3;n, el respeto y la empat&#x00ED;a fomentan el &#x201C;buen&#x201D; uso de Internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">Harrison, 2016a</xref>). En este sentido, las investigaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32364-ES">Syropoulos y Markowitz (2021)</xref> o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32364-ES">Maheux <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> se&#x00F1;alan que la gratitud puede motivar el uso de las redes sociales para fomentar la conexi&#x00F3;n social. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, una de las virtudes m&#x00E1;s relevantes para ejercitar en el contexto digital es la ciberprudencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-ES">Harrison, 2014</xref>), tambi&#x00E9;n denominada <italic>cibersabidur&#x00ED;a</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32364-ES">G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del &#x00E1;mbito filos&#x00F3;fico, en los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os, ha cobrado inter&#x00E9;s la dimensi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica en las instituciones. Concretamente, la noci&#x00F3;n de <italic>phronesis</italic> (prudencia) o <italic>sabidur&#x00ED;a pr&#x00E1;ctica</italic> como elemento importante en las empresas y organizaciones, en el &#x00E1;mbito jur&#x00ED;dico, en la psicolog&#x00ED;a y la educaci&#x00F3;n, entre otros. Uno de los motivos que ha acentuado el inter&#x00E9;s en esta virtud, es la necesidad de que las personas que forman parte de una instituci&#x00F3;n u organizaci&#x00F3;n act&#x00FA;en en consonancia a los valores o principios de esta. El trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32364-ES">Cavanagh y Williams (2022)</xref> destaca la <italic>phronesis</italic> como elemento esencial en el desarrollo de un <italic>buen car&#x00E1;cter moral</italic> en la formaci&#x00F3;n de l&#x00ED;deres.</p>
<p>Con relaci&#x00F3;n a los j&#x00F3;venes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32364-ES">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson (2020)</xref> explica que la <italic>phronesis</italic> fomenta el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y aut&#x00F3;nomo, adem&#x00E1;s de favorecer el equilibrio que se otorga a los propios valores y emociones respecto de una vida floreciente o plena, especialmente en situaciones de conflicto. Ello es muy importante pues, como han se&#x00F1;alado <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32364-ES">Gracia <italic>et al.</italic>, (2020)</xref>, las redes sociales est&#x00E1;n dise&#x00F1;adas para impactar en las emociones del adolescente exigiendo una respuesta inmediata. Esto dificulta la reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre aquello que est&#x00E1; ocurriendo, lo que puede producir riesgos de adicci&#x00F3;n, como apuntan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32364-ES">Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n y Salas-Blas (2022)</xref>. Pues bien, la <italic>phronesis</italic> ayuda a que el joven pueda reflexionar sobre la adecuaci&#x00F3;n o no y actuar acorde a unos valores s&#x00F3;lidos con los que est&#x00E1; comprometido.</p>
<p>Lo que aqu&#x00ED; se propone es el desarrollo de la <italic>phronesis</italic> en entornos digitales -la <italic>ciberprudencia-</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">Harrison (2016a)</xref> la define como &#x201C;la capacidad de hacer lo correcto, en el momento adecuado, en la cantidad adecuada mientras se est&#x00E1; en l&#x00ED;nea&#x201D; (p. 233). Esta virtud es muy relevante en la adolescencia, pues posibilita que la persona en contextos <italic>online</italic> sepa qu&#x00E9; es lo mejor en cada momento y circunstancia, y adem&#x00E1;s sea capaz de ponerlo en pr&#x00E1;ctica. Por tanto, se puede decir que el car&#x00E1;cter virtuoso favorece que el adolescente act&#x00FA;e de forma adecuada en la red, independientemente de los <italic>inputs</italic> que reciba. A este respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32364-ES">Blasco <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> han se&#x00F1;alado como rasgos de la era actual la posverdad, la aparici&#x00F3;n de las <italic>fakenews</italic> y la <italic>infodemia</italic>. Asimismo, indican la necesidad de una respuesta educativa que contribuya a contrarrestarlas. Una forma de llevarlo a cabo es fomentando el desarrollo de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic>. Esta virtud impulsa el desarrollo del pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico permitiendo detectar <italic>fakenews,</italic> lo que contrarresta la posverdad, al permitir identificar con claridad la verdad. De este modo, el adolescente adquiere la capacidad de <italic>nadar</italic> en la infodemia de los contextos l&#x00ED;quidos en los que est&#x00E1; inmerso.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-32364-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Dificultades y retos en la adquisici&#x00F3;n de la ciberprudencia</title>
<p>En la adquisici&#x00F3;n de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> se pueden encontrar algunas dificultades, originadas por las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de los entornos virtuales. Una de ellas es que el &#x201C;resultado&#x201D; no es inmediato. La inmediatez que acompa&#x00F1;a la realidad virtual podr&#x00ED;a ser un obst&#x00E1;culo para ejercitarla, ya que la recompensa o la satisfacci&#x00F3;n de actuar adecuadamente, no se obtiene de forma inmediata, sino que supone un esfuerzo a la persona. En este sentido, que no haya un refuerzo positivo tras un acto prudente no significa que no se est&#x00E9; creciendo como persona. Como cualquier otra virtud, la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> requiere de unos h&#x00E1;bitos previos, de manera especial, tener arraigadas las virtudes de la templanza y de la fortaleza, como ya se ha explicado.</p>
<p>Otro obst&#x00E1;culo que se puede encontrar en el ejercicio de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> es el anonimato que puede asumirse en las redes sociales. En el contexto del ciberacoso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-ES">Harrison (2016b)</xref> se&#x00F1;ala que la posibilidad de comportarse de modo inmoral en la red (por el anonimato que confiere), no significa que tenga que hacerse. La <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> se convierte en una buena estrategia deontol&#x00F3;gica para lidiar con el ciberacoso en las escuelas. Esto puede concretarse en que la persona que ha adquirido esta virtud es capaz de detectar situaciones de violencia y actuar frente a ellas de manera justa y valiente.</p>
<p>En el &#x00E1;mbito empresarial, algunos autores hablan de <italic>phronesis colectiva</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32364-ES">Figueiredo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>) o <italic>distribuida</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32364-ES">Nonaka y Toyama, 2007</xref>). Se refieren a la sabidur&#x00ED;a pr&#x00E1;ctica que permite a nivel de grupo detectar y responder de forma adecuada -en pro del bien com&#x00FA;n- a una situaci&#x00F3;n. Esto es de especial inter&#x00E9;s en el contexto del uso de las redes sociales en la adolescencia, por la relevancia que tiene en esta etapa la aceptaci&#x00F3;n social. Concretamente, podr&#x00ED;a ser una forma eficaz de prevenir fen&#x00F3;menos de violencia en la red pues esta <italic>ciberprudencia colectiva</italic> dota a los adolescentes de la capacidad adecuada de respuesta en situaciones grupales. La <italic>ciberprudencia colectiva</italic> puede ser una muy buena forma de reducir y acotar estas actitudes, pues favorece la detecci&#x00F3;n de la situaci&#x00F3;n injusta y la elecci&#x00F3;n del bien com&#x00FA;n. Esto podr&#x00ED;a abordarse como parte de la formaci&#x00F3;n en valores y virtudes adem&#x00E1;s de &#x201C;ant&#x00ED;doto&#x201D; a la adolescencia l&#x00ED;quida, ya que se promueve la cohesi&#x00F3;n social.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32364-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Algunas pautas para fomentar la ciberprudencia en adolescentes en el entorno familiar</title>
<p>Recientemente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32364-ES">Harrison <italic>et al.</italic> (2024)</xref> han realizado una investigaci&#x00F3;n con poblaci&#x00F3;n adolescente en la que proponen cuatro elementos que favorecen la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> en el contexto de la educaci&#x00F3;n de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital, a saber, la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n, el razonamiento, la reflexi&#x00F3;n y la motivaci&#x00F3;n en materia de cibersabidur&#x00ED;a. Concluyen que la educaci&#x00F3;n de estos elementos puede contribuir a que los j&#x00F3;venes sean capaces de vivir con sabidur&#x00ED;a en la era digital. Esto podr&#x00ED;a trabajarse, tanto en el contexto escolar como familiar.</p>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> como parte esencial de la formaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter exige, en primer lugar, impulsar el desarrollo de los h&#x00E1;bitos intelectuales en los adolescentes. Ello contribuye al conocimiento de la verdad y del bien y, por tanto, capacita al adolescente para reconocer aquello que le ayuda a crecer y lo que no, y tambi&#x00E9;n a detectar en la red situaciones inadmisibles, por ejemplo, el <italic>cyberbullying</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-ES">Harrison, 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32364-ES">Albert <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32364-ES">Ortega, 2020</xref>). El desarrollo de los h&#x00E1;bitos intelectuales se ejercita fundamentalmente en la escuela, sin embargo, la familia puede promover el inter&#x00E9;s por el aprendizaje, as&#x00ED; como impulsar el criterio propio y el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, se pueden trabajar los h&#x00E1;bitos de la voluntad, imprescindibles para un desarrollo del car&#x00E1;cter completo, ya que s&#x00F3;lo a trav&#x00E9;s de la voluntad la persona es capaz de querer aquello que la inteligencia le indica como bueno y rechazar lo que no es deseable. Es recomendable trabajar esto de modo prioritario en la familia, fomentando rutinas que favorecen el orden en el adolescente. Por ejemplo, se puede ayudar al joven a dise&#x00F1;ar un horario donde converjan sus obligaciones escolares y familiares, y haya tiempos de vida social y ocio. Esto le puede ayudar a medir los tiempos -esencial en el desarrollo de la prudencia-, y a priorizar tareas de mayor relevancia.</p>
<p>Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32364-ES">Palacios <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> han destacado la importancia del papel de la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje en la educaci&#x00F3;n parental de adolescentes y se&#x00F1;alan el control extr&#x00ED;nseco como un elemento negativo en la educaci&#x00F3;n de los hijos. Esto es especialmente importante en la educaci&#x00F3;n de la prudencia, pues esta exige que el adolescente sea capaz de autorregularse internamente y decidir lo bueno para &#x00E9;l porque <italic>quiere</italic>, no como algo impuesto desde fuera. Trasladado a la <italic>ciberprudencia,</italic> la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje permite, entre otras cosas, que el joven, mientras est&#x00E1; en l&#x00ED;nea sepa regular el uso del tiempo, la selecci&#x00F3;n de contenidos, etc.</p>
<p>Algunas virtudes cuyo impulso es clave en el periodo madurativo de la adolescencia y que promueven el desarrollo de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> son la gratitud, la honestidad, la humildad, la justicia, el coraje, la autodisciplina y la compasi&#x00F3;n, tal y como apuntan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32364-ES">Naval <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. Todas ellas pueden trabajarse en la familia. Estos autores proponen su ejercicio a trav&#x00E9;s del visionado de videos en Youtube y de una posterior reflexi&#x00F3;n y debate sobre los mismos. Es recomendable el desarrollo de este ejercicio en la familia, al reforzarse la reflexi&#x00F3;n en los adolescentes a trav&#x00E9;s del pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32364-ES">Blasco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Tambi&#x00E9;n puede complementarse con el visionado de pel&#x00ED;culas o series de televisi&#x00F3;n en familia. Esto es otra forma de abordar el crecimiento de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic>, ya que para saber lo que es bueno o conveniente, es imprescindible la reflexi&#x00F3;n personal.</p>
<p>La <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> se sustenta en otros h&#x00E1;bitos, por ello, como ya se ha indicado, ser&#x00ED;a relevante el desarrollo de las virtudes de la templanza y la fortaleza. La primera de ellas permite a la persona postergar la consecuci&#x00F3;n de un bien inmediato, y la fortaleza contribuye a superar las dificultades que puedan presentarse. Ambas virtudes hacen posible la acci&#x00F3;n posterior de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> capacitando al adolescente para ordenar los bienes a otros de mayor rango dot&#x00E1;ndolos de un sentido. La familia es, sin duda, un espacio id&#x00F3;neo para trabajar ambas. La templanza se puede fomentar desde que los ni&#x00F1;os son peque&#x00F1;os, impulsando el retardo en la gratificaci&#x00F3;n cuando piden cosas. Se pueden poner tiempos, explicando y mostrando el valor de la espera. Respecto a la fortaleza, la familia y las relaciones familiares ofrecen el contexto ideal para poder superar juntos dificultades de cualquier tipo. La seguridad que brinda la familia al hijo es un pilar fundamental en la madurez personal.</p>
<p>En definitiva, la educaci&#x00F3;n de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> es una buena estrategia educativa que permite dar un soporte &#x00E9;tico a la educaci&#x00F3;n de los j&#x00F3;venes en el contexto digital. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> es otra virtud especialmente relevante para trabajar con poblaci&#x00F3;n adolescente, que tambi&#x00E9;n contribuye a dar un soporte moral a la persona. A continuaci&#x00F3;n, se har&#x00E1; una aproximaci&#x00F3;n a su significado y tambi&#x00E9;n se propondr&#x00E1;n pautas pedag&#x00F3;gicas para su educaci&#x00F3;n en la familia.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32364-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>&#x00BF;C<sc>&#x00F3;mo fomentar la resiliencia digital? Estrategias educativas y pautas para el &#x00E1;mbito familiar</sc></title>
<p>El concepto de <italic>resiliencia</italic> surgi&#x00F3; en la psiquiatr&#x00ED;a y en la psicolog&#x00ED;a del desarrollo. Fue acu&#x00F1;ado por Michael <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32364-ES">Rutter (1972)</xref>, referido a estudios centrados en personas que hab&#x00ED;an vivido situaciones l&#x00ED;mites: campos de concentraci&#x00F3;n, ni&#x00F1;os pobres que habitan en las calles o mujeres maltratadas. A este respecto, se ha visto una respuesta muy resiliente de una buena parte de la poblaci&#x00F3;n juvenil ante las inundaciones provocadas por la DANA en Valencia en octubre de 2024. La resiliencia alude a la capacidad del individuo para afrontar un trauma o estr&#x00E9;s significativo y a su crecimiento personal despu&#x00E9;s de ello (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-32364-ES">Valiente <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>En concreto, la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> se refiere a la capacidad para manejar los desaf&#x00ED;os digitales de manera adaptativa, ya que no existe una &#x00FA;nica respuesta a estas dificultades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32364-ES">Lee y Hancock, 2023</xref>). En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32364-ES">Lee y Hancock (2023)</xref> sostienen que los estudiantes resilientes digitales son los que (1) tienen habilidades digitales para navegar eficazmente en contextos online; (2) poseen la autoeficacia con la tecnolog&#x00ED;a para resolver problemas digitales y defenderse ante riesgos en l&#x00ED;nea; (3) defienden a los compa&#x00F1;eros con los que interact&#x00FA;an en las redes sociales y (4) est&#x00E1;n dispuestos a buscar ayuda de padres y docentes. Estos rasgos permiten una primera aproximaci&#x00F3;n a la noci&#x00F3;n de resiliencia digital en el &#x00E1;mbito educativo y a su desarrollo en adolescentes.</p>
<p>En la caracterizaci&#x00F3;n de la resiliencia digital, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32364-ES">Sun <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> se&#x00F1;alaron cinco atributos: (1) conocer los riesgos de la navegaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea; (2) ser consciente de las soluciones a los desaf&#x00ED;os digitales; (3) adquirir conocimientos y habilidades de car&#x00E1;cter digital; (4) recuperarse del tecnoestr&#x00E9;s; y (5) avanzar a trav&#x00E9;s de la autoeficacia o la propia confianza para controlar la situaci&#x00F3;n. Ser&#x00ED;a recomendable que todas estas cualidades sean tenidas en cuenta en la educaci&#x00F3;n de los j&#x00F3;venes con el fin de ayudarles a que ejerzan un uso responsable de Internet.</p>
<p>A este respecto, es pertinente decir que un uso irresponsable de los dispositivos m&#x00F3;viles provoca que los adolescentes se vean sumergidos en varios peligros. Siguiendo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-32364-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez-Romero y &#x00C1;lvarez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez (2018)</xref>, algunos riesgos son el <italic>scam</italic> (estafas), el <italic>phishing</italic> (robo de datos personales), el <italic>child grooming</italic> (enga&#x00F1;o pederasta o ciberacoso sexual de menores), as&#x00ED; como discursos de odio, como el racismo o la homofobia. Otras amenazas en l&#x00ED;nea, que son una realidad cotidiana en la vida de muchos j&#x00F3;venes, seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32364-ES">Cocking y Van Den Hoven (2018)</xref>, ser&#x00ED;an el consumo de pornograf&#x00ED;a o el <italic>trolling</italic> (comportamiento an&#x00F3;nimo que causa da&#x00F1;o con mensajes publicados principalmente en redes sociales, foros o blogs).</p>
<p>Las consecuencias descritas de un uso irresponsable de los m&#x00F3;viles exigen una respuesta educativa, tanto a nivel escolar como familiar. Por eso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32364-ES">Sala <italic>et al.</italic> (2024)</xref> sostienen que tambi&#x00E9;n se requiere la implicaci&#x00F3;n institucional para dise&#x00F1;ar una legislaci&#x00F3;n adecuada que regule el uso de estos dispositivos. Para ello, es preciso formar a los adolescentes para que comprendan lo da&#x00F1;ino del uso irresponsable de los m&#x00F3;viles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-32364-ES">Selwyn y Aagaard, 2019</xref>). La eficacia exige educar en positivo, ya que no tiene sentido inculcar a los adolescentes que el m&#x00F3;vil es nocivo, ya que no lo perciben as&#x00ED;. A tal efecto, las consecuencias negativas de usar de modo imprudente los m&#x00F3;viles implican la ineludible obligaci&#x00F3;n de fomentar la resiliencia digital en los adolescentes.</p>
<p>La atenci&#x00F3;n de esta necesidad requiere, seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-ES">Qi y Yang (2024)</xref>, tres recomendaciones. La primera tiene que ver con la importancia del apoyo emocional del docente y con la inclusi&#x00F3;n en los planes de estudio de estrategias para aprender a enfrentarse a las crisis y a los riesgos digitales, con el fin de aumentar la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n digital y el bienestar de los j&#x00F3;venes. La segunda consiste en promover entre ellos diferentes actitudes digitales positivas para mejorar su competencia digital. La tercera ser&#x00ED;a desarrollar el papel clave de los padres, especialmente a trav&#x00E9;s del ejemplo formativo de su modelado para educar a sus hijos en un acceso seguro a Internet.</p>
<p>En este sentido, es preciso retrasar el inicio de la utilizaci&#x00F3;n de un dispositivo m&#x00F3;vil y tambi&#x00E9;n la restricci&#x00F3;n de uso o incluso la supervisi&#x00F3;n de su interactuaci&#x00F3;n en la red, aunque es m&#x00E1;s educativo que les ayuden a adquirir la resiliencia digital para que aprendan cu&#x00E1;les son los peligros que existen y que sean capaces de afrontarlos de modo positivo y prudente.</p>
<p>En la actualidad, la promoci&#x00F3;n de la resiliencia digital es una inquietud frecuente, lo que ha provocado que varios programas escolares sobre competencia digital incluyan temas de ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital. Algunos de los programas que trabajan estos aspectos son: en Reino Unido, el <italic>Thinkunow</italic> que se enfoca en la prevenci&#x00F3;n del ciberacoso; en EE. UU, el programa <italic>NetSmartz Workshop</italic> y <italic>Common Sense Media</italic> m&#x00E1;s centrados en fomentar la ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital; en Australia, est&#x00E1; el <italic>eSafety Commissioner</italic> cuyo objetivo es eliminar contenido da&#x00F1;ino, como el acoso cibern&#x00E9;tico de ni&#x00F1;os, las im&#x00E1;genes o videos &#x00ED;ntimos compartidos sin consentimiento y, adem&#x00E1;s, prevenir contra el abuso cibern&#x00E9;tico de adultos; y en Canad&#x00E1;, el <italic>MediaSmarts</italic> con recursos para educar en la resiliencia digital.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32364-ES">Reynolds y Parker (2018)</xref> concluyen que los enfoques educativos sobre la ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital son una herramienta eficaz para aumentar la resiliencia de los j&#x00F3;venes ante el ciberacoso. Seg&#x00FA;n esto, la ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital se refiere a las competencias para el uso de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales que facilita navegar e interactuar de forma &#x00E9;tica y segura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32364-ES">Choi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Por eso los programas para educar en la ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital responsable son eficaces porque est&#x00E1;n encaminados a fomentar un clima de ayuda entre los adolescentes y de protecci&#x00F3;n, incentivando comportamientos &#x00E9;ticos, tal y como apuntan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-32364-ES">Tsai y Chistyakova (2022)</xref>. Por tanto, actualmente, un objetivo fundamental de estos programas escolares es lograr una ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital positiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32364-ES">G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Seg&#x00FA;n lo apuntado, es una prioridad transformar los centros escolares en escuelas digitales resilientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32364-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-D&#x00ED;az, 2021</xref>). En este loable empe&#x00F1;o los <italic>curr&#x00ED;culos de resiliencia digital</italic> ayudan a la prevenci&#x00F3;n del ciberacoso, al uso responsable de las redes sociales, a la detenci&#x00F3;n de desinformaci&#x00F3;n y a la identificaci&#x00F3;n de discursos de odio. Asimismo, los talleres de resiliencia digital facilitan reflexionar sobre el comportamiento digital en el uso de las redes sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32364-ES">Goldstein y Brooks, 2006</xref>). Sin embargo, el inter&#x00E9;s en que los adolescentes adquieran la resiliencia digital implica que sea un objetivo prioritario en la educaci&#x00F3;n familiar. Por eso, adem&#x00E1;s de estos programas escolares es absolutamente imprescindible la colaboraci&#x00F3;n familia-escuela.</p>
<p>A modo de recomendaci&#x00F3;n para los padres, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32364-ES">Pastor <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> sugieren la regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional para delimitar el tiempo de uso del m&#x00F3;vil no deber&#x00ED;a ser reactiva, es decir, cuando aparezcan las primeras dificultades, sino que es necesaria una adecuada educaci&#x00F3;n emocional para que sean capaces de una buena gesti&#x00F3;n de los impulsos. Asimismo, es fundamental que los padres fomenten un entorno positivo de comunicaci&#x00F3;n que permita un di&#x00E1;logo con los hijos sobre los riesgos de un uso irresponsable de Internet, ayud&#x00E1;ndoles a fomentar la resiliencia. Las familias aplican medidas de control parental, principalmente en los &#x00FA;ltimos cursos de primaria, cuando sus hijos son preadolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32364-ES">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Carril <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). Una clara estrategia muy eficaz es que los padres sean responsables en el uso del dispositivo digital, siendo ejemplos positivos para sus hijos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32364-ES">Manzano y Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Mellizo, 2019</xref>). Es clave tambi&#x00E9;n que las familias organicen actividades en las que no sea necesario el uso de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, ayudando a sus hijos a un aprendizaje responsable del tiempo libre. Sin duda una estrategia esencial en la educaci&#x00F3;n familiar es fomentar un di&#x00E1;logo abierto entre padres e hijos que facilite que estos puedan contar c&#x00F3;mo son sus h&#x00E1;bitos digitales y cu&#x00E1;les son sus experiencias.</p>
<p>El papel de las familias en la educaci&#x00F3;n de los hijos demanda un modelo que no est&#x00E9; centrado exclusivamente en desarrollar la dimensi&#x00F3;n cognitiva, explic&#x00E1;ndoles los peligros de un uso irresponsable de Internet. A esto, se recomienda a los padres que ayuden a sus hijos a adquirir un aprendizaje de la gesti&#x00F3;n emocional, ya que una de las principales razones de decisi&#x00F3;n err&#x00F3;neas en el uso de la red es por su mala gesti&#x00F3;n emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32364-ES">Marino <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). A este respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32364-ES">Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n y Salas-Blas (2022)</xref> comprobaron que existe una correlaci&#x00F3;n negativa entre la falta de regulaci&#x00F3;n de las emociones y la obsesi&#x00F3;n en el uso de las redes sociales.</p>
<p>Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-32364-ES">Weare (2004)</xref> afirma que el uso excesivo de las redes sociales afecta negativamente al desarrollo arm&#x00F3;nico de las habilidades sociales. Por eso es pertinente tambi&#x00E9;n trabajar este aspecto de manera preventiva, de modo que la mejora de las relaciones interpersonales, el aprendizaje de lo que es la amistad y tener buenos amigos son estrategias para educar la ciberprudencia. Sin duda, es en la familia donde mejor se puede entender lo que son las relaciones interpersonales. Adem&#x00E1;s, es fundamental el aprendizaje de c&#x00F3;mo pueden gestionar su identidad digital para cuidar qu&#x00E9; imagen transmiten en las redes sociales, marcando su uso y los contactos que tengan a trav&#x00E9;s de ellas. Igualmente, la familia ofrece el espacio que les ayudar&#x00E1; a mejorar su autoconocimiento personal, lo cual es necesario para adquirir una autoestima sana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-32364-ES">Twenge y Campbell, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>En conclusi&#x00F3;n, es necesario ayudar a los adolescentes en la dif&#x00ED;cil tarea de gestionar mejor el tiempo dedicado a Internet y a las redes sociales. En este sentido, la familia puede educar a sus hijos en el aprendizaje de cu&#x00E1;les son los peligros que sufren, y tambi&#x00E9;n regulen mejor el uso de Internet y a que sean capaces de pedir consejo cuando lo necesiten. Por ello es esencial que los padres generen un ambiente familiar de confianza para que sus hijos se sientan tranquilos y puedan sentir el constante apoyo de sus padres.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32364-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>Este trabajo ha tenido como objetivo promover las virtudes de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> en adolescentes en el contexto familiar. Se ha destacado la vulnerabilidad del joven y de la sociedad en la que vive, ahondando en el concepto de <italic>adolescencia l&#x00ED;quida</italic>, inspirado en el t&#x00E9;rmino acu&#x00F1;ado por Baumann, caracterizado por la flexibilidad, inseguridad y ausencia de v&#x00ED;nculos estables en las relaciones interpersonales del siglo XXI.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, en este contexto l&#x00ED;quido y de post-pandemia, el aumento cuantitativo de horas de conexi&#x00F3;n a las redes sociales est&#x00E1; a menudo ligado a la b&#x00FA;squeda de refugio, de conexi&#x00F3;n con los otros, en un momento incierto y de alta vulnerabilidad, en el que la necesidad de cuidar la salud mental de los j&#x00F3;venes es cada vez m&#x00E1;s acuciante. En estas situaciones, las redes sociales pueden ofrecer una dimensi&#x00F3;n positiva para los adolescentes, pero, al mismo tiempo, pueden llevarlos a estar m&#x00E1;s expuestos a contenidos violentos, discriminatorios o a quienes atentan contra la verdad.</p>
<p>En este contexto, se ha insistido en la necesidad de un soporte &#x00E9;tico que ampare y oriente el uso de las redes sociales. Se entiende que una verdadera alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n digital pasa por promover disposiciones estables del car&#x00E1;cter que permitan al joven obrar bien, superar dificultades y ser capaz de discernir los posibles riesgos y oportunidades que se le ofrecen en la red. Como respuesta a esta necesidad, se sugiere la relevancia de que la educaci&#x00F3;n promueva personalidades maduras a trav&#x00E9;s de la virtud y se propone la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> -virtud de la prudencia desarrollada en contextos online- y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> para que los adolescentes sean agentes de cambio positivo. El trabajo explica en qu&#x00E9; consisten dichas virtudes y se recogen algunas pautas para su desarrollo pedag&#x00F3;gico en el contexto familiar.</p>
<p>Respecto a la educaci&#x00F3;n de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic>, algunas acciones pueden estar orientadas al desarrollo de los h&#x00E1;bitos intelectuales y de la voluntad, la promoci&#x00F3;n de la reflexi&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje y el impulso de algunas virtudes previas al ejercicio de la prudencia como pueden ser la fortaleza y la templanza, entre otras. Adem&#x00E1;s, algunas pautas orientadas al desarrollo de la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> tienen que ver con la regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional que los adolescentes ejercen, para lo cual necesitan una ayuda espec&#x00ED;fica de los padres.</p>
<p>En definitiva, esta contribuci&#x00F3;n ha querido profundizar en las virtudes de la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> como elementos clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter de los adolescentes en el entorno digital. Hasta ahora no se han encontrado suficientes estudios que aborden este tema. Debido a las restricciones de espacio del art&#x00ED;culo, no se han podido explorar experiencias educativas o programas que aborden la tem&#x00E1;tica tratada, ni investigar su relaci&#x00F3;n con otras virtudes pr&#x00F3;ximas. Por ello, ser&#x00ED;a interesante desarrollar programas sobre las dos virtudes mencionadas para casos de prevenci&#x00F3;n de ciberacoso o de un buen uso de la Inteligencia Artificial. Asimismo, se sugiere explorar su relaci&#x00F3;n con otras virtudes como la fortaleza y la templanza en contextos digitales.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Salas-Blas</surname> <given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Adicci&#x00F3;n a redes sociales e inteligencia emocional enestudiantes de educaci&#x00F3;n superior t&#x00E9;cnica</article-title> <source><italic>Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas</italic></source> <volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>152</fpage><lpage>166</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21134/haaj.v22i1.640</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n, G., &#x0026; Salas-Blas, E. S. (2022). Adicci&#x00F3;n a redes sociales e inteligencia emocional enestudiantes de educaci&#x00F3;n superior t&#x00E9;cnica. <italic>Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas</italic>, <italic>22</italic>(1), 152-166. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.640">https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.640</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Albert</surname> <given-names>M. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ortega</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Educaci&#x00F3;n en derechos humanos: formaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica-c&#x00ED;vica de los educadores sociales como medio para prevenir el Ciberbullying</article-title> <source><italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social, Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>30</volume> <fpage>189</fpage><lpage>204</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7179/PSRI_2017.30.13</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Albert, M. J., Ortega, I., &#x0026; Garc&#x00ED;a, M. (2017). Educaci&#x00F3;n en derechos humanos: formaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica-c&#x00ED;vica de los educadores sociales como medio para prevenir el Ciberbullying. <italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social, Revista Interuniversitaria,</italic> <italic>30</italic>, 189-204. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2017.30.13">https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2017.30.13</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso-Rodr&#x00ED;guez</surname> <given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Hacia un marco &#x00E9;tico de la inteligencia artificial en la educaci&#x00F3;n</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de La Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>79</fpage><lpage>98</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31821</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Alonso-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, A. M. (2024). Hacia un marco &#x00E9;tico de la inteligencia artificial en la educaci&#x00F3;n. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de La Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(2), 79-98. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31821">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31821</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baiden</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tadeo</surname> <given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents: Evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey</article-title> <source><italic>Child Abuse &#x0026; Negl</italic>e<italic>ct</italic></source> <volume>102</volume> <elocation-id>104417</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Baiden, P., &#x0026; Tadeo, S. K. (2020). Investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents: Evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. <italic>Child Abuse &#x0026; Negl</italic>e<italic>ct</italic>, <italic>102</italic>, 104417. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bauman</surname> <given-names>Z.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2003</year> <source><italic>Modernidad l&#x00ED;quida</italic></source> <publisher-name>Fondo de Cultura Econ&#x00F3;mica</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bauman, Z. (2003). <italic>Modernidad l&#x00ED;quida</italic>. Fondo de Cultura Econ&#x00F3;mica.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-6-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bauman</surname> <given-names>Z.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Leoncini</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Generaci&#x00F3;n l&#x00ED;quida: transformaciones en la era 3.0</italic></source> <publisher-name>Paid&#x00F3;s</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bauman, Z., &#x0026; Leoncini, T. (2018). <italic>Generaci&#x00F3;n l&#x00ED;quida: transformaciones en la era 3.0</italic>. Paid&#x00F3;s.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-7-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Benatov</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brunstein Klomek</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen-Gal</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Bullying perpetration and victimization associations to suicide behavior: a longitudinal study</article-title> <source><italic>European Child &#x0026; Adolescent Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>31</volume> <fpage>1353</fpage><lpage>1360</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00787-021-01776-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Benatov, J., Brunstein Klomek, A., &#x0026; Chen-Gal, S. (2022). Bullying perpetration and victimization associations to suicide behavior: a longitudinal study. <italic>European Child &#x0026; Adolescent Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>31</italic>, 1353-1360. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01776-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01776-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-8-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Blasco</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gil T&#x00E9;var</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>San Mill&#x00E1;n</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <chapter-title>La experiencia de la academia fake hunters. Educomunicaci&#x00F3;n frente a la posverdad y fake news</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Castro-Le&#x00F3;n</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>Oportunidades y retos para la ense&#x00F1;anza de las artes, la educaci&#x00F3;n medi&#x00E1;tica y la &#x00E9;tica en la era postdigital</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>1524</fpage><lpage>1543</lpage> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Blasco, A, Gil T&#x00E9;var, S., &#x0026; San Mill&#x00E1;n, M. (2021). La experiencia de la academia fake hunters. Educomunicaci&#x00F3;n frente a la posverdad y fake news. En E. Castro-Le&#x00F3;n (Ed.), <italic>Oportunidades y retos para la ense&#x00F1;anza de las artes, la educaci&#x00F3;n medi&#x00E1;tica y la &#x00E9;tica en la era postdigital</italic> (pp. 1524-1543). Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brossard</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carnelli</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chaudron</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Di Gioia</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dreesen</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kardefelt Winther</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Little</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yameogo</surname> <given-names>J. L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Digital Learning for every child: closing the gaps for an inclusive and prosperous future</italic></source> <publisher-name>Unicef</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Brossard, M., Carnelli, M., Chaudron, S., Di Gioia, R., Dreesen, T., Kardefelt Winther, D., Little, C., &#x0026; Yameogo, J. L. (2021). <italic>Digital Learning for every child: closing the gaps for an inclusive and prosperous future</italic>. Unicef. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carpio</surname> <given-names>M. V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a Linares</surname> <given-names>M. C. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cerezo</surname> <given-names>M. T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Casanova</surname> <given-names>P. F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>COVID-19: uso y abuso de internet y tel&#x00E9;fono m&#x00F3;vil en estudiantes universitarios</article-title> <source><italic>International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, INFAD Revista de Psicolog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>107</fpage><lpage>116</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2123</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Carpio, M. V., Garc&#x00ED;a Linares, M. C. M., Cerezo, M. T., &#x0026; Casanova, P. F. (2021). COVID-19: uso y abuso de internet y tel&#x00E9;fono m&#x00F3;vil en estudiantes universitarios. <italic>International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, INFAD Revista de Psicolog&#x00ED;a</italic>, <italic>2</italic>(1), 107-116. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2123">https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2123</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cavanagh</surname> <given-names>G. F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Williams</surname> <given-names>O. F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Retrieving Ar is tot le&#x2019;s Phronesis: A Focus on Character and Practical Wisdom in the Selection of Business Leaders</article-title> <source><italic>Business &#x0026; Professional Ethics Journal</italic></source> <volume>41</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>33</fpage><lpage>58</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5840/bpej20211228112</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cavanagh, G. F., &#x0026; Williams, O. F. (2022). Retrieving Ar is tot le&#x2019;s Phronesis: A Focus on Character and Practical Wisdom in the Selection of Business Leaders. <italic>Business &#x0026; Professional Ethics Journal, 41</italic>(1), 33-58. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej20211228112">https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej20211228112</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-12-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cerd&#x00E1;n</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Padilla</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Historia del &#x00AB;fake&#x00BB; audiovisual: &#x00AB;deepfake&#x00BB; y la mujer en un imaginario falsificado y perverso</article-title> <source><italic>Historia y Comunicaci&#x00F3;n Social</italic></source> <volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>505</fpage><lpage>520</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5209/hics.66293</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cerd&#x00E1;n, V., &#x0026; Padilla, G. (2019). Historia del &#x00AB;fake&#x00BB; audiovisual: &#x00AB;deepfake&#x00BB; y la mujer en un imaginario falsificado y perverso. <italic>Historia y Comunicaci&#x00F3;n Social</italic>, <italic>24</italic>(2), 505-520. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66293">https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66293</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-13-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Glassman</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cristol</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale</article-title> <source><italic>Computers &#x0026; Education</italic></source> <volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>100</fpage><lpage>112</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Choi, M., Glassman, M., &#x0026; Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. <italic>Computers &#x0026; Education</italic>, <italic>107</italic>(1), 100-112. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cocking</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Van Den Hoven</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Evil Online</italic></source> <publisher-name>Wiley Blackwell</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cocking, D., &#x0026; Van Den Hoven, J. (2018). <italic>Evil Online.</italic> Wiley Blackwell.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-15-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cosma</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Molcho</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pickett</surname> <given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>A focus on adolescent peer violence and bullying in Europe, central Asia and Canada. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey</italic></source> <volume>Volume 2</volume> <publisher-name>WHO Regional Office for Europe</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cosma, A., Molcho, M., &#x0026; Pickett, W. (2024). <italic>A focus on adolescent peer violence and bullying in Europe, central Asia and Canada. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey</italic> (Volume 2). WHO Regional Office for Europe.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-16-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Del Prete</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Redon</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Las redes sociales on-line: Espacios de socializaci&#x00F3;n y definici&#x00F3;n de identidad</article-title> <source><italic>Psicoperspectivas</italic></source> <volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>11</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1834</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Del Prete, A., &#x0026; Redon, S. (2020). Las redes sociales on-line: Espacios de socializaci&#x00F3;n y definici&#x00F3;n de identidad. <italic>Psicoperspectivas</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(1), 1-11. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1834">https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1834</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-17-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>D&#x00ED;az-Aguado</surname> <given-names>M. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Arias</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Falc&#x00F3;n</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Alvari&#x00F1;o</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Acoso escolar y ciberacoso en Espa&#x00F1;a en la infancia y en la adolescencia</italic></source> <publisher-name>Fundaci&#x00F3;n ColaCao/Universidad Complutense de Madrid</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf">https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>D&#x00ED;az-Aguado, M. J., Mart&#x00ED;nez-Arias, R., Falc&#x00F3;n, L., &#x0026; Alvari&#x00F1;o, M. (2023). <italic>Acoso escolar y ciberacoso en Espa&#x00F1;a en la infancia y en la adolescencia</italic>. Fundaci&#x00F3;n ColaCao/Universidad Complutense de Madrid. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf">https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-18-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dubet</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2006</year> <source><italic>El declive de la instituci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <publisher-name>Gedisa</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Dubet, F. (2006). <italic>El declive de la instituci&#x00F3;n</italic>. Gedisa.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-19-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fekih-Romdhane</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Malaeb</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Farah</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Stambouli</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cheour</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Obeid</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hallit</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>The relationship between cyberbullying perpetration/victimization and suicidal ideation in healthy young adults: the indirect effects of positive and negative psychotic experiences</article-title> <source><italic>BMC Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>121</fpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12888-024-05552-2</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fekih-Romdhane, F., Malaeb, D., Farah, N., Stambouli, M., Cheour, M., Obeid, A., &#x0026; Hallit, S. (2024). The relationship between cyberbullying perpetration/victimization and suicidal ideation in healthy young adults: the indirect effects of positive and negative psychotic experiences. <italic>BMC Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>24</italic>(1), 121. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05552-2">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05552-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-20-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Figueiredo</surname> <given-names>M. C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cust&#x00F3;dio</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beckert</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Phronesis in administration and organizations: A literature review and future research agenda</article-title> <source><italic>Business Ethics</italic></source> <volume>29</volume> <fpage>65</fpage><lpage>83</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/beer.12296</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Figueiredo, M. C., Cust&#x00F3;dio, M., &#x0026; Beckert, M. (2020). Phronesis in administration and organizations: A literature review and future research agenda. <italic>Business Ethics, 29,</italic> 65-83. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12296">https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12296</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-21-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fuentes</surname> <given-names>J. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Valero</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Nuevas virtudes digitales o virtudes para el contexto digital: &#x00BF;es necesaria una nueva educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter?</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>81</volume><issue>284</issue> <fpage>123</fpage><lpage>141</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22550/REP81-1-2023-07</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fuentes, J. L., &#x0026; Valero, J. (2023). Nuevas virtudes digitales o virtudes para el contexto digital: &#x00BF;es necesaria una nueva educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter? <italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic>, <italic>81</italic>(284), 123-141. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22550/REP81-1-2023-07">https://doi.org/10.22550/REP81-1-2023-07</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-22-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Fundaci&#x00F3;n ANAR</collab></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source><italic>Estudio sobre Conducta Suicida y Salud Mental en la Infancia y la Adolescencia en Espa&#x00F1;a (2012-2022)</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf">https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fundaci&#x00F3;n ANAR (2022). <italic>Estudio sobre Conducta Suicida y Salud Mental en la Infancia y la Adolescencia en Espa&#x00F1;a</italic> (2012-2022). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf">https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-23-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a-D&#x00ED;az</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Construyendo escuelas resilientes: La educaci&#x00F3;n flexible, la integraci&#x00F3;n y la COVID-19</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Educaci&#x00F3;n Comparada</italic></source> <volume>38</volume> <fpage>211</fpage><lpage>227</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5944/reec.38.2021.28840</pub-id></element-citation>
    <mixed-citation>Garc&#x00ED;a-D&#x00ED;az, A. (2021). Construyendo escuelas resilientes: La educaci&#x00F3;n flexible, la integraci&#x00F3;n y la COVID-19. <italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Educaci&#x00F3;n Comparada</italic>, <italic>38</italic>, 211-227. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.38.2021.28840">https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.38.2021.28840</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-24-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goldstein</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brooks</surname> <given-names>R. B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2006</year> <source><italic>Handbook of Resilience in Children</italic></source> <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Goldstein, S., &#x0026; Brooks, R. B. (2006). <italic>Handbook of Resilience in Children.</italic> Springer.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-25-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez</surname> <given-names>J. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Espinosa</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Un enfoque de cibersabidur&#x00ED;a para la educaci&#x00F3;n en ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital. Percepciones de adolescentes espa&#x00F1;oles</article-title> <source><italic>Bord&#x00F3;n, Revista de Pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>76</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>173</fpage><lpage>196</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13042/Bordon.2024.100155</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez, J. L., Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Espinosa, V., &#x0026; Harrison, T. (2024). Un enfoque de cibersabidur&#x00ED;a para la educaci&#x00F3;n en ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital. Percepciones de adolescentes espa&#x00F1;oles. <italic>Bord&#x00F3;n, Revista de Pedagog&#x00ED;a, 76</italic>(2), 173-196. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2024.100155">https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2024.100155</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-26-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gracia</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Quintana-Orts</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rey</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de las redes sociales en adolescentes: el papel de la sintomatolog&#x00ED;a depresiva</article-title> <source><italic>Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas</italic></source> <volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21134/haaj.v20i1.473</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gracia, B., Quintana-Orts, C., &#x0026; Rey, L. (2020). Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de las redes sociales en adolescentes: el papel de la sintomatolog&#x00ED;a depresiva. <italic>Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas</italic>, <italic>20</italic>(1), 77-86. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v20i1.473">https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v20i1.473</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-27-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <source><italic>The influence of the internet on the character virtues of 11&#x2013;14-year-olds</italic></source> <publisher-name>University of Birmingham</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T. (2014). <italic>The influence of the internet on the character virtues of 11&#x2013;14-year-olds</italic>. University of Birmingham.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-28-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016a</year> <article-title>Cultivating cyber-phronesis</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Pastoral Care in Education</italic></source> <volume>34</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>232</fpage><lpage>244</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/02643944.2016.1202307</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T. (2016a). Cultivating cyber-phronesis. <italic>Journal of Pastoral Care in Education</italic>, <italic>34</italic>(4), 232-244. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2016.1202307">https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2016.1202307</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-29-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016b</year> <article-title>Virtuous reality: Moral theory and research into cyber-bullying</article-title> <source><italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic></source> <volume>17</volume> <fpage>275</fpage><lpage>283</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10676-015-9382-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T. (2016b). Virtuous reality: Moral theory and research into cyber-bullying. <italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic>, <italic>17</italic>, 275-283. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9382-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9382-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-30-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Polizzi</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>McLoughlin</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Moller</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Measuring cyber wisdom: preliminary validation of a new four-component measure</article-title> <source><italic>Education and Information Technologies</italic></source> <volume>29</volume> <fpage>4317</fpage><lpage>4336</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10639-023-11953-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T., Polizzi, G., McLoughlin, S., &#x0026; Moller, F. (2024). Measuring cyber wisdom: preliminary validation of a new four-component measure. <italic>Education and Information Technologies,</italic> <italic>29,</italic> 4317- 4336. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11953-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11953-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-31-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hern&#x00E1;ndez</surname> <given-names>M. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>La vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes ante las sectas. Propuestas educativas</article-title> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>26</volume><issue>50</issue> <fpage>145</fpage><lpage>161</lpage> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/1018800/educacion.201701.008">https://doi.org/1018800/educacion.201701.008</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hern&#x00E1;ndez, M. A., &#x0026; Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez, D. (2017). La vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes ante las sectas. Propuestas educativas. <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>26</italic>(50), 145-161. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/1018800/educacion.201701.008">https://doi.org/1018800/educacion.201701.008</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-32-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hern&#x00E1;ndez-Rubio</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <chapter-title>Banalidades y peligros de los movimientos youtuber e instagramer. Reflexiones urgentes para el progreso de nuestras sociedades</chapter-title> <comment>en</comment> <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vizca&#x00ED;no-Verd&#x00FA;</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>R&#x00ED;o</surname> <given-names>M. Bonilla-Del</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ibarra-Rius</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Coords</role> <source><italic>Cultura participativa, fandom y narrativas emergentes en redes sociales</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>150</fpage><lpage>167</lpage> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hern&#x00E1;ndez-Rubio, J. (2021). Banalidades y peligros de los movimientos youtuber e instagramer. Reflexiones urgentes para el progreso de nuestras sociedades en A. Vizca&#x00ED;no-Verd&#x00FA;, M. Bonilla-Del R&#x00ED;o &#x0026; N. Ibarra-Rius (Coords), <italic>Cultura participativa, fandom y narrativas emergentes en redes sociales</italic> (pp. 150-167). Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-33-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kristj&#x00E1;nsson</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>An introduction to the special issue on wisdom and moral education</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Moral Education</italic></source> <volume>49</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>8</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03057240.2019.1705041</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, K. (2020). An introduction to the special issue on wisdom and moral education. <italic>Journal of Moral Education</italic>, <italic>49</italic>(1), 1-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1705041">https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1705041</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-34-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hancock</surname> <given-names>J. T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Developing digital resilience: An educational intervention improves elementary students&#x2019; response to digital challenges</article-title> <source><italic>Computers and Education Open</italic></source> <volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue> <elocation-id>100144</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100144</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lee, A. Y., &#x0026; Hancock, J. T. (2023). Developing digital resilience: An educational intervention improves elementary students&#x2019; response to digital challenges. <italic>Computers and Education Open,</italic> <italic>5</italic>(2), 100144. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100144">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100144</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-35-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Livingstone</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>&#x00D3;lafsson</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Helsper</surname> <given-names>E. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lupi&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez-Villanueva</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Veltri</surname> <given-names>G. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Folkvord</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Maximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Communication</italic></source> <volume>67</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>82</fpage><lpage>105</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jcom.12277</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Livingstone, S., &#x00D3;lafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupi&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., &#x0026; Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation. <italic>Journal of Communication</italic>, <italic>67</italic>(1), 82-105. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277">https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-36-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maheux</surname> <given-names>A. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nesi</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Galla</surname> <given-names>B. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Roberts</surname> <given-names>S. R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Choukas-Bradley</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Grateful: Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents&#x2019; Social Media Use and Gratitude During the COVID-19 Pandemic</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Research on Adolescence</italic></source> <volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>734</fpage><lpage>747</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jora.12650</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Maheux, A. J., Nesi, J., Galla, B. M., Roberts, S. R., &#x0026; Choukas-Bradley, S. (2021). Grateful: Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents&#x2019; Social Media Use and Gratitude During the COVID-19 Pandemic. <italic>Journal of Research on Adolescence</italic>, <italic>31</italic>(3), 734-747. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12650">https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12650</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-37-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Manzano</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Mellizo</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Origen familiar, uso del tiempo y de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la informaci&#x00F3;n</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Internacional de Sociolog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>77</volume><issue>3</issue> <elocation-id>e136</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3989/ris.2019.77.3.17.165</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Manzano, D., &#x0026; Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Mellizo, M. (2019). Origen familiar, uso del tiempo y de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la informaci&#x00F3;n. <italic>Revista Internacional de Sociolog&#x00ED;a 77</italic>(3), e136. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi">https://doi</ext-link>. org/10.3989/ris.2019.77.3.17.165</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-38-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marino</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Caselli</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lenzi</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Monaci</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vieno</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nik&#x010D;evi&#x0107;</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Spada</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Emotion Regulation and Desire Thinking as Predictors of Problematic Facebook Use</article-title> <source><italic>Psychiatric Quarterly</italic></source> <volume>90</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>405</fpage><lpage>411</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Marino, C., Caselli, G., Lenzi, M., Monaci, G., Vieno, A., Nik&#x010D;evi&#x0107;, V., &#x0026; Spada, M. (2019). Emotion Regulation and Desire Thinking as Predictors of Problematic Facebook Use. <italic>Psychiatric Quarterly, 90</italic>(2), 405&#x2013;411. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-39-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <chapter-title>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; caracteriza la madurez emocional y de la personalidad?</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>P&#x00E9;rez de Laborda</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Soler</surname> <given-names>F. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vanney</surname> <given-names>C. E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source><italic>&#x00BF;Qui&#x00E9;nes somos?</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>152</fpage><lpage>156</lpage> <publisher-name>EUNSA</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego, C. (2018). &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; caracteriza la madurez emocional y de la personalidad? En M. P&#x00E9;rez de Laborda, F. J. Soler &#x0026; C. E. Vanney (Eds.), <italic>&#x00BF;Qui&#x00E9;nes somos?</italic> (pp. 152-156). EUNSA.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-40-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Melendres</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional por excesiva conectividad a internet y vulnerabilidad del adolescente en el Per&#x00FA;</article-title> <source><italic>Revista de Filosof&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>39</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>574</fpage><lpage>586</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.7314816</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Melendres, E. (2022). Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional por excesiva conectividad a internet y vulnerabilidad del adolescente en el Per&#x00FA;. <italic>Revista de Filosof&#x00ED;a</italic>, <italic>39</italic>(2), 574-586. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7314816">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7314816</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-41-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mill&#x00E1;n-Ghisleri</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Caro</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Prevenci&#x00F3;n de la violencia y el acoso en la red en adolescentes: estrategias familiares de crecimiento personal</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>105</fpage><lpage>124</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.26157</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mill&#x00E1;n-Ghisleri, E., &#x0026; Caro, C. (2022). Prevenci&#x00F3;n de la violencia y el acoso en la red en adolescentes: estrategias familiares de crecimiento personal. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>34</italic>(1), 105-124. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.26157">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.26157</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-42-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes</collab></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2024a, 4 de junio</date-in-citation> <source><italic>El Gobierno aprueba el Anteproyecto de Ley Org&#x00E1;nica para la protecci&#x00F3;n de las personas menores de edad en los entornos digitales</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx">https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes (2024a, 4 de junio). <italic>El Gobierno aprueba el Anteproyecto de Ley Org&#x00E1;nica para la protecci&#x00F3;n de las personas menores de edad en los entornos digitales</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx">https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-43-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes</collab></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2024b, 16 de enero</date-in-citation> <source><italic>El Gobierno impulsa la protecci&#x00F3;n de menores frente al acceso a pornograf&#x00ED;a en internet</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet">https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes (2024b, 16 de enero). <italic>El Gobierno impulsa la protecci&#x00F3;n de menores frente al acceso a pornograf&#x00ED;a en internet</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet">https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-44-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mu&#x00F1;oz-Carril</surname> <given-names>P. C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Souto-Seijo</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dans-&#x00C1;lvarez-de-Sotomayor</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fuentes-Abeledo</surname> <given-names>E. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Medidas de control parental en la regulaci&#x00F3;n del uso de tel&#x00E9;fonos inteligentes en la infancia</article-title> <source><italic>Psychology, Society &#x0026; Education</italic></source> <volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>39</fpage><lpage>47</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21071/psye.v15i3.16077</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mu&#x00F1;oz-Carril, P. C., Souto-Seijo, A., Dans-&#x00C1;lvarez-de-Sotomayor, I., &#x0026; Fuentes-Abeledo, E. J. (2023). Medidas de control parental en la regulaci&#x00F3;n del uso de tel&#x00E9;fonos inteligentes en la infancia. <italic>Psychology, Society &#x0026; Education</italic>, <italic>15</italic>(3), 39-47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21071/psye.v15i3.16077">https://dx.doi.org/10.21071/psye.v15i3.16077</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-45-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Napa</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Prinitha</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Janani</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kumari</surname> <given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Social media usage and emotional maturity among adolescents</article-title> <source><italic>International Journal Applied Social Science</italic></source> <volume>5</volume><issue>7</issue> <fpage>941</fpage><lpage>949</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Napa, A., Prinitha, S., Janani, R., &#x0026; Kumari, R.A. (2018). Social media usage and emotional maturity among adolescents. <italic>International Journal Applied Social Science</italic>, <italic>5</italic>(7), 941-949.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-46-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Naval</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bernal</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sobrino</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Varela</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dabdoub</surname> <given-names>J. P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Solana</surname> <given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter. V&#x00ED;deos y fichas para guiar la educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter en secundaria.</italic></source> <publisher-name>EUNSA</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Naval, C., Bernal, A., Sobrino, A., Varela, A., Dabdoub, J. P., &#x0026; Solana, M. I. (2018). <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter. V&#x00ED;deos y fichas para guiar la educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter en secundaria.</italic> EUNSA.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-47-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nonaka</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Toyama</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <article-title>Strategic management as distributed practical wisdom (phronesis)</article-title> <source><italic>Industrial and Corporate Change</italic></source> <volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>371</fpage><lpage>394</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/icc/dtm014</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Nonaka, I., &#x0026; Toyama, R. (2007). Strategic management as distributed practical wisdom (phronesis). <italic>Industrial and Corporate Change, 16</italic>(3), 371-394. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm014">https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm014</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-48-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ortega</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La dimensi&#x00F3;n moral en las redes: Cyberbullying y la educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a</article-title> <source><italic>Cuadernos de pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>510</volume> <fpage>70</fpage><lpage>75</lpage> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE">https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ortega, R. (2020). La dimensi&#x00F3;n moral en las redes: Cyberbullying y la educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a. <italic>Cuadernos de pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic>, 510, 70-75. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE">https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-49-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios</surname> <given-names>M. D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tor&#x00ED;o-L&#x00F3;pez</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murga-Menoyo</surname> <given-names>M. &#x00C1;.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Parentalidad positiva y autorregulaci&#x00F3;n de aprendizaje en los adolescentes</article-title> <source><italic>Alteridad. Revista de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>291</fpage><lpage>303</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.09</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Palacios, M. D., Tor&#x00ED;o-L&#x00F3;pez, S., &#x0026; Murga-Menoyo, M. &#x00C1;. (2022). Parentalidad positiva y autorregulaci&#x00F3;n de aprendizaje en los adolescentes. <italic>Alteridad. Revista de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), 291-303. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.09">https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.09</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-50-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lan</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yong Tan</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tao</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liang</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Law</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Protective factors contributing to adolescents&#x2019; multifaceted digital resilience for their wellbeing: A socio-ecological perspective</article-title> <source><italic>Computers in Human Behavior</italic></source> <volume>155</volume> <elocation-id>108164</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pan, Q., Lan, M., Yong Tan, C., Tao, S., Liang, Q., &#x0026; Law, N. (2024). Protective factors contributing to adolescents&#x2019; multifaceted digital resilience for their wellbeing: A socio-ecological perspective. <italic>Computers in Human Behavior</italic>, <italic>155,</italic> 108164. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-51-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Pantallas Amigas</collab></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2023, 20 de noviembre</date-in-citation> <source>&#x2018;<italic>Adolescencia libre de m&#x00F3;vil&#x2019;, el movimiento de familias para retrasar el primer smartphone</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/">https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pantallas Amigas (2023, 20 de noviembre). &#x2018;<italic>Adolescencia libre de m&#x00F3;vil&#x2019;, el movimiento de familias para retrasar el primer smartphone</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/">https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-52-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pastor</surname> <given-names>Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a-Jim&#x00E9;nez</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez de Ayala</surname> <given-names>M. C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Estrategias de regulaci&#x00F3;n de uso del smartphone y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de internet en la adolescencia</article-title> <source><italic>Anales de psicolog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>38</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>269</fpage><lpage>277</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/analesps.461771</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pastor, Y., Garc&#x00ED;a-Jim&#x00E9;nez, A., &#x0026; L&#x00F3;pez de Ayala, M. C. (2022). Estrategias de regulaci&#x00F3;n de uso del smartphone y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de internet en la adolescencia. <italic>Anales de psicolog&#x00ED;a 38</italic>(2), 269-277. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.461771">https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.461771</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-53-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Polizzi</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Cyber-wisdom: Proposing a new framework for understanding and cultivating wisdom in the digital age</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf">https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Polizzi, G. (2021). <italic>Cyber-wisdom: Proposing a new framework for understanding and cultivating wisdom in the digital age</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf">https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-54-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Qi</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Digital resilience in Chinese adolescents: a portrayal of the current condition, influencing factors, and improvement strategies</article-title> <source><italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>15</volume> <elocation-id>1278321</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1278321</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Qi, C., &#x0026; Yang, N. (2024). Digital resilience in Chinese adolescents: a portrayal of the current condition, influencing factors, and improvement strategies. <italic>Frontiers in</italic> <italic>Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>15</italic>, 1278321. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1278321">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1278321</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-55-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reynolds</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Parker</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Digital resilience: Stronger citizens online</italic></source> <publisher-name>Institute for Strategic Dialogue</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Reynolds, L., &#x0026; Parker, L. (2018). <italic>Digital resilience: Stronger citizens online</italic>. Institute for Strategic Dialogue.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-56-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rial</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Dir.</role> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Impacto de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la adolescencia. Relaciones, Riesgos y Oportunidades</italic></source> <publisher-name>Unicef Espa&#x00F1;a</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rial, A. (Dir.) (2021). <italic>Impacto de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la adolescencia. Relaciones, Riesgos y Oportunidades.</italic> Unicef Espa&#x00F1;a.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-57-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Romero-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pereira-Dom&#x00ED;nguez</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <article-title>El enfoque positivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n: aportaciones al desarrollo humano</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>69</fpage><lpage>89</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/8646</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Romero-P&#x00E9;rez, C., &#x0026; Pereira-Dom&#x00ED;nguez, C. (2011). El enfoque positivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n: aportaciones al desarrollo humano. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. <italic>Revista Interuniversitaria</italic> <italic>23</italic>(2), 69-89. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/8646">https://doi.org/10.14201/8646</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-58-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rutter</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1972</year> <article-title>Maternal deprivation reconsidered</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</italic></source> <volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>241</fpage><lpage>250</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0022-3999(72)90005-0</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rutter, M. (1972). Maternal deprivation reconsidered. <italic>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(4), 241&#x2013;250. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(72)90005-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(72)90005-0</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-59-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sala</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Porcaro</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>G&#x00F3;mez</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Social media use and adolescents&#x2019; mental health and well-being: An umbrella review</article-title> <source><italic>Computers in Human Behavior Reports</italic></source> <volume>14</volume> <elocation-id>100404</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sala, A., Porcaro, L., &#x0026; G&#x00F3;mez, E. (2024). Social media use and adolescents' mental health and well-being: An umbrella review. <italic>Computers in Human Behavior Reports</italic>, <italic>14,</italic> 100404 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-60-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salinas</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>La virtud en la comunicaci&#x00F3;n: an&#x00E1;lisis &#x00E9;tico-filos&#x00F3;fico del mundo digital</article-title> <source><italic>Dios y el hombre</italic></source> <volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>84</fpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24215/26182858e084</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Salinas, G. (2022). La virtud en la comunicaci&#x00F3;n: an&#x00E1;lisis &#x00E9;tico-filos&#x00F3;fico del mundo digital. <italic>Dios y el hombre, 5</italic>(2), 84. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.24215/26182858e084">https://doi.org/10.24215/26182858e084</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-61-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez-Romero</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>&#x00C1;lvarez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Actitudes nocivas y riesgos para los menores a trav&#x00E9;s de los dispositivos m&#x00F3;viles</article-title> <source><italic>REXE: Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>147</fpage><lpage>161</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21703/rexe.especial3_201814716113</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>S&#x00E1;nchez-Romero, C., &#x0026; &#x00C1;lvarez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez, E. (2018). Actitudes nocivas y riesgos para los menores a trav&#x00E9;s de los dispositivos m&#x00F3;viles. <italic>REXE: Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>2</italic>(3), 147-161. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.21703/rexe.especial3_201814716113">https://doi.org/10.21703/rexe.especial3_201814716113</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-62-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Selwyn</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aagaard</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Banning mobile phones from classrooms - An opportunity to advance understandings of technology addiction, distraction and cyberbullying</article-title> <source><italic>British Journal of Educational Technology</italic></source> <volume>52</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>8</fpage><lpage>19</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/bjet.12943</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Selwyn, N., &#x0026; Aagaard, J. (2019). Banning mobile phones from classrooms - An opportunity to advance understandings of technology addiction, distraction and cyberbullying. <italic>British Journal of Educational Technology</italic>, <italic>52</italic>(1), 8-19. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12943">https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12943</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-63-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su&#x00E1;rez-&#x00C1;lvarez</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>de Frutos-Torres</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>V&#x00E1;zquez-Barrio</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La confianza hacia el medio interactivo de los padres y su papel inhibidor en el control de acceso a las pantallas de los menores</article-title> <source><italic>Zer: Revista de Estudios de Comunicaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>25</volume><issue>49</issue> <fpage>13</fpage><lpage>31</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1387/zer.21349</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Su&#x00E1;rez-&#x00C1;lvarez, R., de Frutos-Torres, B., &#x0026; V&#x00E1;zquez-Barrio, T. (2020). La confianza hacia el medio interactivo de los padres y su papel inhibidor en el control de acceso a las pantallas de los menores. <italic>Zer: Revista de Estudios de Comunicaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>25</italic>(49), 13-31. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21349">https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21349</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-64-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yuan</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qian</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Digital resilience among individuals in school education settings: a concept analysis based on a scoping review</article-title> <source><italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>13</volume> <elocation-id>858515</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sun, H., Yuan, C., Qian. Q., He. S., &#x0026; Luo, Q. (2022). Digital resilience among individuals in school education settings: a concept analysis based on a scoping review. <italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>13</italic>, 858515. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-65-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Syropoulos</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Markowitz</surname> <given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Prosocial responses to COVID-19: Examining the role of gratitude, fairness and legacy motives</article-title> <source><italic>Personality and Individual Differences</italic></source> <volume>171</volume> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Syropoulos, S., &#x0026; Markowitz, E. M. (2021). Prosocial responses to COVID-19: Examining the role of gratitude, fairness and legacy motives. <italic>Personality and Individual Differences, 171,</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-66-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Torres</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2024, 25</date-in-citation> <chapter-title>de enero El Consejo Escolar del Estado aprueba por unanimidad el veto de los m&#x00F3;viles en primaria y su limitaci&#x00F3;n en secundaria</chapter-title> <source><italic>El Pa&#x00ED;s</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html">https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Torres, A. (2024, 25 de enero). El Consejo Escolar del Estado aprueba por unanimidad el veto de los m&#x00F3;viles en primaria y su limitaci&#x00F3;n en secundaria. <italic>El Pa&#x00ED;s</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html">https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-67-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tsai</surname> <given-names>W. D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chistyakova</surname> <given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Ethical Theoretical Reflections on Social Media: Place of the Human Being in the Digital Space</article-title> <source><italic>RUDN Journal of Philosophy</italic></source> <volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>870</fpage><lpage>881</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-4-870-881</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tsai, W. D., &#x0026; Chistyakova, O. (2022). Ethical Theoretical Reflections on Social Media: Place of the Human Being in the Digital Space. <italic>RUDN</italic> <italic>Journal of Philosophy, 26</italic>(4), 870&#x2013;881. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-4-870-881">https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-4-870-881</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-68-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Twenge</surname> <given-names>J. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Campbell</surname> <given-names>W. K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a national sample</article-title> <source><italic>Preventive Medicine</italic></source> <volume>118</volume> <fpage>52</fpage><lpage>58</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Twenge, J. M., &#x0026; Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a national sample. <italic>Preventive Medicine</italic>, <italic>118,</italic> 52-58. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-69-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>UNICEF</collab></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source><italic>Estado Mundial de la Infancia 2021</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>UNICEF (2022). <italic>Estado Mundial de la Infancia 2021</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-70-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Valiente</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>V&#x00E1;zquez</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Contreras</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peinado</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Trucharte</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>A symptom-based definition of resilience in times of pandemics: patterns of psychological responses over time and their predictors</article-title> <source><italic>European Journal of Psychotraumatology</italic></source> <volume>1</volume> <elocation-id>1871555</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/20008198.2020.1871555</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Valiente, C., V&#x00E1;zquez, C., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., &#x0026; Trucharte, A. (2021). A symptom-based definition of resilience in times of pandemics: patterns of psychological responses over time and their predictors. <italic>European Journal of Psychotraumatology</italic>, <italic>1</italic>, 1871555. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1871555">https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1871555</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-71-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vallor</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <article-title>Social networking technology and the virtues</article-title> <source><italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic></source> <volume>12</volume> <fpage>157</fpage><lpage>170</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10676-009-9202-1</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vallor, S. (2010). Social networking technology and the virtues. <italic>Ethics and Information Technology, 12,</italic> 157&#x2013;170. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-009-9202-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-009-9202-1</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-72-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vallor</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2012</year> <article-title>Flourishing on facebook: Virtue friendship &#x0026; new social media</article-title> <source><italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic></source> <volume>14</volume> <fpage>185</fpage><lpage>199</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10676-010-9262-2</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vallor, S. (2012). Flourishing on facebook: Virtue friendship &#x0026; new social media. <italic>Ethics and Information Technology, 14,</italic> 185&#x2013;199. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-010-9262-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-010-9262-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-73-32364-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weare</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <article-title>What impact is having information technology on our young people&#x2019;s health and well-being</article-title> <source><italic>Health Education</italic></source> <volume>104</volume> <fpage>129</fpage><lpage>131</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/09654280410544963</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Weare, K. (2004). What impact is having information technology on our young people&#x2019;s health and well-being. <italic>Health Education</italic>, <italic>104,</italic> 129-131. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280410544963">https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280410544963</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32364</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32364</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Digital Risks and Education: Cyberprudence and Digital Resilience in Adolescents</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Riesgos digitales y educaci&#x00F3;n: ciberprudencia y resiliencia digital en adolescentes</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9975-5694</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>CARO SAMADA</surname>
<given-names>Carmen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7933-6508</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MILL&#x00C1;N-GHISLERI</surname>
<given-names>Elda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-5423</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>AHEDO RU&#x00CD;Z</surname>
<given-names>Josu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Internacional de La Rioja. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Internacional de La Rioja</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Villanueva. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Villanueva</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>carmen.caro@unir.net</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>emillan@villanueva.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>josu.ahedo@unir.net</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>37</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>11</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>The article addresses the current digital context in which the adolescent develops, characterized by flexibility, immediacy, as well as by a series of risks in the use of social networks. This is an environment of vulnerability that demands an educational response. Therefore, the aim of this article is to promote <italic>cyberprudence</italic> and <italic>digital resilience</italic> in the youth population, identified as two essential pillars to form a mature personality and good character. In addition, we offer several guidelines for their education in the family environment.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Method:</title>
<p>This is a theoretical review of both concepts, based on the most relevant and recent literature on the subject.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results and discussion:</title>
<p>We highlight c<italic>yberprudence</italic> as an element that contributes to the responsible use of the Internet and social networks. Among the family educational strategies that promote this virtue, self-regulation of learning and the development of intellectual and volitional habits in young people are proposed. On the other hand, <italic>digital resilience</italic> favors strength in the face of the risks presented on the network. One way to work on it is through emotional self-regulation. It is concluded that both virtues can promote a good character and a mature personality, although a responsible use of social networks and the Internet requires a more complete proposal that contemplates the development of other aspects such as strength and resilience.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<sec>
<title>Introducci&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>el art&#x00ED;culo aborda el contexto digital actual en el que se desenvuelve el adolescente, caracterizado por la flexibilidad, la inmediatez, as&#x00ED; como por una serie de riesgos en el uso de las redes sociales. Se trata de un entorno de vulnerabilidad que demanda una respuesta educativa. Por ello, el objetivo de este art&#x00ED;culo es promover la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> y la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> en la poblaci&#x00F3;n juvenil, se&#x00F1;aladas como dos pilares esenciales para formar una personalidad madura y un buen car&#x00E1;cter. Adem&#x00E1;s, se ofrecen una serie de pautas para su educaci&#x00F3;n en el &#x00E1;mbito familiar.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#x00E9;todo:</title>
<p>se trata de una revisi&#x00F3;n de car&#x00E1;cter te&#x00F3;rico de ambos conceptos, fundamentada en la literatura existente m&#x00E1;s relevante y reciente sobre el tema.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados y discusi&#x00F3;n:</title>
<p>se destaca la <italic>ciberprudencia</italic> como un elemento que contribuye al uso responsable de Internet y de las redes sociales. Entre las estrategias familiares educativas que promueven esta virtud se propone la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje y el desarrollo de h&#x00E1;bitos intelectuales y volitivos en el joven. Por su parte, la <italic>resiliencia digital</italic> favorece la fortaleza ante los riesgos que se presentan en la red. Una manera de trabajarla es a trav&#x00E9;s de la autorregulaci&#x00F3;n emocional. Se concluye que ambas virtudes pueden promover un buen car&#x00E1;cter y una personalidad madura, si bien un uso responsable de las redes sociales e Internet requiere de una propuesta m&#x00E1;s completa que contemple el desarrollo de otros aspectos tales como la fortaleza o la templanza en los adolescentes.</p>
</sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>adolescence</kwd>
<kwd>family education</kwd>
<kwd>moral education</kwd>
<kwd>social networks</kwd>
<kwd>resilience</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>adolescencia</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n familiar</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n moral</kwd>
<kwd>redes sociales</kwd>
<kwd>resiliencia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32364-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>For several years now, the academic literature has been discussing the role of cyber-prudence and digital resilience as two competencies to teach for young people to learn how to face the challenges of the virtual world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32364-EN">Polizzi, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32364-EN">Lee and Hancock, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32364-EN">Pan et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-EN">Qi and Yang, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32364-EN">Harrison et al., 2024</xref>). This article starts with two key aspects: the condition of vulnerability, a characteristic of adolescence, and the importance of family involvement in the task of educating young people in fostering a mature personality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32364-EN">Napa et al., 2018</xref>) in their use of Internet. The vulnerability typically associated with teenagers refers to both physical and emotional changes that adolescents undergo as well as to their propensity to risky behavior patterns that can have long-lasting consequences from a social point of view. The result points to a need to educate adolescents in making good use of digital media by means of these two-character strengths.</p>
<p>From the sociological point of view, adolescence is characterized as being a critical stage in which teenagers are exposed to conditions of vulnerability, especially with regard to experiences that seem to offer safety in the process of change they are undergoing, be it by consuming alcohol or drugs, belonging to gangs, or exhibiting episodes of violence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32364-EN">Hern&#x00E1;ndez and Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez, 2017</xref>). These authors suggest that Bauman&#x2019;s <italic>liquid societies</italic> metaphor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32364-EN">2003</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32364-EN">Dubet (2006)</xref>&#x2019;s thesis on the decline of host institutions such as the Church and the family, among others, have underscored the importance of addressing the needs of the adolescent population in this context. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent rise in online activity have only increased the minors&#x2019; vulnerability conditions regarding the risks of Internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32364-EN">Brossard et al<italic>.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32364-EN">Romero-P&#x00E9;rez and Pereira-Dom&#x00ED;nguez (2011)</xref> consider that, in a society that puts vulnerable people at risk, self-care becomes a fundamental precondition for caring for others. Furthermore, they add that self-care in a modern liquid society is not so much about normative or ethical criteria as it is about attending to the body and picking up skills and abilities on the emotional plane in order to lead a wholesome life. In this way, they underscore the suitability of promoting stable dispositions of character that let young people operate morally, that foster suitable self-care, and therefore, care of the other, in virtual spaces. This is why great importance is given to developing a mature character based on the drive of specific virtues in digital space, chief among which are <italic>cyber-prudence</italic> and <italic>digital resilience</italic>.</p>
<p>During adolescence it is fundamental to have guidance from the people closest to the teen, especially the family, to reduce the fragility inherent at that life stage. When this accompaniment is missing, the young people may be put at a psychosocial risk that jeopardizes healthy development of their personality. It becomes essential to teach adolescents a set of strategies for emotional regulation that enable them to face different situations of risk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32364-EN">Melendres, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>More recently, the social distancing during the pandemic had consequences on how we relate to others. This affected adolescents, who were particularly vulnerable. As noted in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-32364-EN">UNICEF (2022)</xref>&#x2019;s report on the worldwide state of childhood, the pandemic made it clearer than ever that the mental health of children and teens, so gravely affected at that time, needs close care. One of the clearest consequences of the pandemic was the exponential use of the net. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32364-EN">Carpio et al. (2021)</xref> pointed out the increased number of hours spent on using internet and mobile phones, noting that before the pandemic more than 50 % used it for fewer than 3 hours, while afterward, 45 % said they used in more than 6 hours a day. Of particular interest are the data on young people. The study found a significant increase in the number of students who use their mobile phone more than 6 hours a day, going from 21.3 % to 35.3 %.</p>
<p>Beyond any doubt, young people can enjoy the numerous opportunities presented by the internet. In adolescents, the socializing process today is characterized by technology and social media, which have become a context of socialization and a way for them to relate to others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32364-EN">Del Prete and Redon, 2020</xref>). The social media constitute a space for interacting with other young people who come to satisfy their yearning for belonging to a group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32364-EN">Su&#x00E1;rez-&#x00C1;lvarez et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Aside from the positive aspects, adolescents may also encounter a number of potential risks in virtual space, such as cyber-bullying and grooming, which prey on the teens&#x2019; aforementioned vulnerability. Thus, the latest report from the World Health Organization (WHO) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32364-EN">Cosma et al., 2024</xref>) warns of the increase in cases of cyber-bullying among young people throughout Europe, and points out that nearly 15 % of adolescents aged 11, 13, and 15 have suffered some such episode in the last month. In the case of victims who are minors, the report notes that the percentage has increased from 12 to 15 % among boys, and 13 to 16 % among girls. There has also been an increase in the number of young people who exhibit this type of behavior: from 12 to 14 % in boys and from 7 to 9 % in girls.</p>
<p>Among the most extreme downsides of cyberspace are self-harm and suicide. In this regard, several studies point out the relationship between cyber-bullying and a greater risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32364-EN">Baiden and Tadeo, 2020</xref>). This relationship is found in the execution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32364-EN">Benatov et al., 2022</xref>) as well as in the victimization of cyberspace (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32364-EN">Fekih-Romdhane et al., 2024</xref>). The first study on school harassment and cyberspace in Spain in childhood and adolescence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32364-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Aguado et al., 2023</xref>), done by the Fundaci&#x00F3;n ColaCao and the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, finds that 25 % of the young people who admit to bullying or harassing classmates by means of the social media have attempted suicide (versus 16.8 % of the cases of traditional harassment) and nearly 3 out of 10 victims of cyber-bullying have self-harmed in the last two months. For its part, The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32364-EN">Fundaci&#x00F3;n ANAR (2022)</xref>&#x2019;s Study on Suicidal Behavior and Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence in Spain (2012-2022) found that technologies were increasingly involved in the suicide attempts (up from 33.5 % to 51.5 %) from 2019 to 2022.</p>
<p>Another challenge facing young people involves the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Not only does AI pose a challenge to truth, as is the case with deepfakes--manipulated videos where a user uses AI to replace one person&#x2019;s face for another&#x2019;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32364-EN">Cerd&#x00E1;n and Padilla, 2019</xref>), it can also constitute a type of online cyber-violence or harassment.</p>
<p>In light of this situation, there is some consensus, even at the political level, for protecting children and young adults from the risks of internet. Recently, the Government of Spain proposed a bill on comprehensive protection of minors on internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32364-EN">Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes, 2024a</xref>). Thus, the Spanish Data Protection Agency and the Spanish National Mint are working on a pilot age verification program to restrict access to some particular websites with adult content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32364-EN">Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes, 2024b</xref>). In January 2024 the National School Board approved a proposal to prohibit the use of mobile phones in primary school and limit their use to pedagogical or medical aims in secondary education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-32364-EN">Torres, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>On the family plane, there are parental movements that are attempting to limit their children&#x2019;s use of digital devices, especially smartphones. One of the most significant examples is the movement called &#x201C;Mobile-free Adolescence,&#x201D; which advocates postponing when children make first use of smartphones and proposing balanced, thoughtful use of technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32364-EN">Pantallas Amigas, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>As can be seen, there is a common concern over regulating the use of digital technologies, particularly mobile phones. However, while acknowledging the fundamental role these initiatives play on both the political and popular level, it is not enough to merely regulate these devices; instead, a genuinely mature use by adolescents in needed in this regard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32364-EN">Napa et al., 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32364-EN">Fuentes and Valero (2023)</xref> note that navigating through digital space requires technical know-how, but also and equally importantly, it requires having qualities such as critical thinking, taking care of privacy, and user responsibility.</p>
<p>Indeed, solid educational reference points must be taught in order to guide this new adolescent paradigm, because the quicksand that seems to be holding up the liquid generations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32364-EN">Bauman and Leoncini, 2018</xref>) may otherwise produce uncertainty, disorientation, and existential emptiness. Furthermore, beyond digital literacy, online space demands support from an ethical umbrella cable to provide criteria on its limitations and possibilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32364-EN">Alonso Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2024</xref>). In this context, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32364-EN">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego (2018)</xref> has it, a mature personality grounded on virtues is the pillar that makes it possible to keep swimming with the tools needed in the liquid society mentioned earlier.</p>
<p>The main contribution this paper makes is to provide guidelines to families to help adolescents develop character strengths in digital environments, specifically cyber-prudence and digital resilience, as a way to foster a mature character geared to promoting digital citizenry. On one hand, organizations such as UNICEF and EU Kids Online have highlighted the need to teach families and teacher alike in the risks and consequences of unsuitable use of the net (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32364-EN">Rial, 2021</xref>). On the other, more studies have been appearing in recent years calling for developing these character strengths in digital space, one of which is cyber-prudence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-EN">Harrison, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-EN">2016b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32364-EN">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32364-EN">Polizzi, 2021</xref>). Cyber-prudence, which may be defined as the ability to act properly in online contexts, would allow young people to develop critical thinking on the use of digital technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">Harrison, 2016a</xref>).</p>
<p>Similarly, teaching about cyberspace needs to be joined with two other traits that, along with empathy and cyber-prudence, make up mature personality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32364-EN">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego, 2018</xref>). One is delayed gratification and the other is resilience. Being able to delay gratification of one&#x2019;s actions is essential to developing a tolerance to frustration since it entails going beyond satisfying simple or immediate pleasures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32364-EN">Mill&#x00E1;n-Ghisleri and Caro, 2022</xref>). As regards the second trait, the challenges of the virtual environment has highlighted the concept of digital resilience as a protection factor against negative experiences in the online world. In that regard, a number of studies on resilience in adolescents have appeared in recent years (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32364-EN">Pan et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-EN">Qi and Yang, 2024</xref>) and the need to explore the importance of digital resilience instead of focusing on merely restricting the young people&#x2019;s online activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32364-EN">Livingstone et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Considering the above and taking into account the scarcity of research into this perspective, this paper will analyze how to foster good character in the adolescent population in the digital age so as to strengthen their personal growth. If young people are taught to develop virtues in online space (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-EN">Harrison, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-EN">2016b</xref>), among which are cyber-prudence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">Harrison, 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32364-EN">Polizzi, 2021</xref>) and digital resilience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32364-EN">Pan et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-EN">Qi and Yang, 2024</xref>), it will foster stable dispositions of character that will enable them to act morally. To that end, a number of educational guidelines aimed at the family will be presented here.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32364-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>C<sc><sc>yber</sc>-<sc>prudence in adolescents</sc>&#x2019; <sc>use of internet</sc></sc></title>
<p>A great many voices are calling for teaching strategies geared to the virtual world. This has only increased since the coronavirus pandemic. Mastery of the technical skills for using a virtual device, must nonetheless be underpinned by a practical knowledge on the suitability of using it or not. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32364-EN">Salinas (2022)</xref> points out, like all human activities, online activity also needs an ethical substrate to hold it up. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-EN">Harrison (2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">2016a</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-EN">2016b</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-32364-EN">Vallor (2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-32364-EN">2012</xref>) are perhaps the two authors who most have examined the connection between virtue and digital media. For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32364-EN">Fuentes and Valero (2023)</xref> conclude that virtue is universal and can be applied to any context, including the digital one.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32364-EN">Hern&#x00E1;ndez-Rubio (2021)</xref> notes that use of social media has consequences on a moral nature on its users. One of the fundamental elements of digital competency has to do with the maturity of personality that makes it possible to know and assume the constraints and options offered by the online world. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32364-EN">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego (2018)</xref> points out, this maturity becomes consolidated through the ability to stand up for oneself (fortitude), the ability to decide by attending to what is real (prudence), the ability to delay a desired good (temperance), and the ability to recognize the other as he or she deserves (justice). These four character strengths are personality features that contribute to a person&#x2019;s ability to know what is appropriate, and to accept it. These abilities may also apply to the online world.</p>
<p>In addition, virtues such as compassion, respect, and empathy foster &#x201C;good&#x201D; use of Internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">Harrison, 2016a</xref>). Similarly, research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32364-EN">Syropoulos and Markowitz (2021)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32364-EN">Maheux et al. (2021)</xref> note that gratitude can motivate the use of social media to foster social connection. Along these lines, one of the most relevant virtues to exercise in the digital context is cyber-prudence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32364-EN">Harrison, 2014</xref>), also called <italic>cyber-wisdom</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32364-EN">G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Beyond the philosophical realm, the ethical dimension of institutions has become a topic of increasing interest in recent years. Specifically, the notion of <italic>phronesis</italic> (prudence) or practical wisdom has become a major element in businesses and organizations, in legal and judicial circles, in psychology, and in education, among others. One of the motives that has accentuated interest in this virtue is the need for people making up an institution or organization to conduct themselves in consonance with its value and principles. The work by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32364-EN">Cavanagh and Williams (2022)</xref> highlights <italic>phronesis</italic> as an essential element in developing good moral character in the training of leaders.</p>
<p>In relation to young people, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32364-EN">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson (2020)</xref> explains that phronesis encourages critical, autonomous thinking as well as fostering the sense of balance granted to the values and emotions from a flourishing of full life, especially in situations of conflict. This is quite important because, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32364-EN">Gracia et al., (2020)</xref> point out, the social media are designed to impact the adolescent&#x2019;s emotions by demanding an immediate response. This makes it difficult to reflect on what is happening, which may lead to increased risk of addiction, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32364-EN">Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n and Salas-Blas (2022)</xref> note. <italic>Phronesis</italic> helps the young person reflect on how suitable or appropriate something is and act in accordance with a set of solid values he or she is committed to.</p>
<p>What is being proposed here is to develop phronesis in digital environments, i.e., <italic>cyber-prudence</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">Harrison (2016a)</xref> defines cyber-prudence as &#x201C;the ability to do what is right, and the right time, in the right amount, when one is online&#x201D; (p. 233). This virtue is very relevant in adolescence since it enables the person in online contexts to know what the right thing to do is at any given moment and circumstance and to act accordingly. Therefore, it may be said that a virtuous character helps adolescents conduct themselves appropriately on the internet regardless of the inputs they receive. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32364-EN">Blasco et al. (2021)</xref> note that one of the key features in the age of post-truth is the appearance of <italic>fake news</italic> and the <italic>infodemic.</italic> They point out the need for an educational response that can counteract them. One way of doing that is by fostering the development of cyber-prudence. This virtue drives the development of critical thinking needed to detect fake news, thereby counteracting the post-truth by allowing the truth to be identified clearly. In this way, the adolescent acquires the ability to swim in the infodemic of the liquid contexts he or she is submerged in.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-32364-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Difficulties and challenges in the acquisition of cyber-prudence</title>
<p>The road to acquiring cyber-prudence is full of pitfalls caused by the characteristics of virtual environments. One of them is that the &#x201C;result&#x201D; is not immediate. The immediacy that accompanies virtual reality may be an obstacle for exercising it, since the reward or satisfaction of acting appropriately does not come about immediately, which requires that the person make an effort. In this sense, just because there is no positive reinforcement after a prudent action does not mean there is no growth as a person. As any other virtue, cyber-prudence draws on a few prior habits, especially on having well-rooted virtues of temperance and fortitude, as explained above.</p>
<p>Another obstacle in exercising cyber-prudence is the anonymity so readily available on social media. In the context of cyber-bullying, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32364-EN">Harrison (2016b)</xref> notes that the chance to behave immorally on the internet (because of the anonymity it confers) does not mean it needs to be taken. Cyber-prudence becomes a good deontological strategy for dealing with cyber-bullying at school. Specifically, someone who has acquired this virtue may be able to detect violent situations and deal with them fairly and bravely.</p>
<p>In the business world, some authors talk of <italic>collective</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32364-EN">Figueiredo et al., 2020</xref>) or <italic>distributed</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32364-EN">Nonaka and Toyama, 2007</xref>) <italic>phronesis</italic>. This refers to the practical wisdom that allows a group to detect a situation and respond appropriately--in favor of the common good. This is particularly worthwhile in the context of the use of social media in adolescence because of the relevance played by social acceptance during this stage. Specifically, it may be an effective way to prevent phenomena of violence on the net since this collective cyber-prudence gives adolescents the ability to respond appropriately in group situations. Collective cyber-prudence may be a good way to reduce and restrain these behaviors since it fosters detecting of the unfair situation and choosing the common good. This may be taken on as part of education in values and virtues as will as being an &#x201C;antidote&#x201D; to liquid adolescence by promoting social cohesion.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32364-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>A few guidelines for fostering cyber-prudence in adolescents within the family</title>
<p>Recently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32364-EN">Harrison et al. (2024)</xref> carried out research on the adolescent population in which they propose four-component approach to assessing cyber-prudence in the context of digital citizenship education, namely literacy, reasoning, reflection, and motivation on matters of cyber-wisdom. They conclude that educating in these components may help young people become able to live wisely in the digital age. This is something that can be worked on, at home as well as at school.</p>
<p>Educating in cyber-prudence as an essential part of character education firstly requires encouraging the development of intellectual habits in the adolescents. This contributes to knowledge of what is true and what is good, and therefore enables young people to recognize what helps them grow and what does not, as well as to detect unacceptable situation online, such as cyber-bullying (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32364-EN">Harrison, 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32364-EN">Albert et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32364-EN">Ortega, 2020</xref>). The development of intellectual habits is carried out mainly at school, but the family can also foster interest in learning and encourage critical, independent thinking.</p>
<p>Secondly, work can be done on developing habits of willpower in adolescents, which are absolutely necessary for developing a complete character, since only through willpower can a person want what his or her intellect indicates as good and reject what is undesirable. Priority should be given to working on this within the family by encouraging routines that foster order in the adolescent. For example, teens may be helped to set up a schedule to fit their schoolwork with their family obligations, leaving time for social lief and leisure activities. This can help them keep track of times, an essential prerequisite to developing prudence, and give priority to more relevant tasks.</p>
<p>For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32364-EN">Palacios et al. (2022)</xref> highlight the importance of the role of self-regulation of learning in parental education of adolescents and point to extrinsic control as a negative element in bringing up their children. This is especially important in educating in prudence, since it requires that the adolescent be able to self-regulate internally and to decide what is good for him or her because he or she wants, not as something imposed from the outside. Translated to cyber-prudence, one of the things self-regulation of learning does is to enable the young person, when online, to know how to regulate his or her use of time, select contents, etc.</p>
<p>Some virtues that must be fostered in adolescence and promote development of cyber-prudence are gratitude, honesty, humility, fairness, courage, self-discipline, and compassion, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32364-EN">Naval et al. (2018)</xref> note. All of them can be worked on within the family. These authors propose that they be exercised by watching YouTube videos and then reflecting on them and discussing them afterward. This exercise is best carried out at home with family as a way of reinforcing reflection in adolescents by means of critical thinking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32364-EN">Blasco et al., 2021</xref>). It can also be complemented with watching movies or television series with the family. This is another way of approaching the growth of cyber-prudence, since personal reflection is essential to knowing what is good or suitable.</p>
<p>Cyber-prudence relies on other habits as well, which would make it wise, as noted earlier, to develop the virtues of temperance and fortitude. Temperance lets the person put off attaining an immediate good, and fortitude helps overcome any difficulties that may arise. Both virtues make the subsequent action of cyber-prudence possible by teaching the adolescent how to order the goods into others of a higher rank, thereby giving them meaning and sense. The family is, beyond a doubt, an ideal space for working on both. Temperance can be fostered from the time the children are young, encouraging them to delay gratification when then ask for things. Times can be set for them, explaining and showing them the value of waiting. Regarding fortitude, the family and family relations offer the ideal context for being able to overcome any kind of difficulties together. The sense of security a family gives thee child is a fundamental pillar in personal maturity.</p>
<p>In short, educating in cyber-prudence is a good teaching strategy that can provide an ethical support to educating young people in the digital context. Along this line, digital resilience is another virtue that is especially relevant to working with teenagers, and one that also contributes to giving them a moral base. An approach to its meaning will be given below, as well as some pedagogical guidelines for teaching them within the family.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32364-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>H<sc>ow to boost digital resilience</sc>: <sc>teaching strategies and guidelines for families</sc></title>
<p>The concept of resilience arose in psychiatry and in developmental psychology. The terms was coined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32364-EN">Michael Rutter (1972)</xref> in reference to studies focused on people who had lived through extreme situations: concentration camps, poor children living in the streets, or abused women. In this regard, many young people showed great resilience to the lethal flooding in Valencia in October 2024. Resilience alludes to an individual&#x2019;s ability to deal with major trauma or stress and to his or her personal growth afterward (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-32364-EN">Valiente et al, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Specifically, digital resilience refers to the ability to handle digital challenges adaptively, since there is no single answer to such difficulties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32364-EN">Lee and Hancock, 2023</xref>). Thus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32364-EN">Lee and Hancock (2023)</xref> claim that digitally resilient students are ones who (1) have digital skills to navigate online contexts effectively; (2) are self-efficient with the technology to solve digital problems and defend themselves from online risks; (3) stand up for the classmates they interact with on the social media, and (4) are willing to turn to parents and teachers for help. These features give a rough approach to the notion of digital resilience in education and to its development in adolescents.</p>
<p>When characterizing digital resilience, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32364-EN">Sun et al. (2022)</xref> point out five attributes: (1) knowing the risks of navigating online; (2) being aware of the solutions to digital challenges; (3) acquiring knowledge and skills of a digital kind; (4) recovering from techno-stress; and (5) progressing by means of self-efficacy or self-confidence to control the situation. All these qualities ought to be taken into account when educating young people in order to help them use Internet responsibly.</p>
<p>In this regard, it should be noted that an irresponsible use of smartphones can subject teenagers to several dangers. Following on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-32364-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez-Romero and &#x00C1;lvarez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez (2018)</xref>, risks include scams, phishing, child grooming as well as hate speech, racism, and homophobia. Other online threats, which have become a daily reality in many young people&#x2019;s lives, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32364-EN">Cocking and Van Den Hoven (2018)</xref>, are pornography and trolling (anonymous behavior that causes harm with posts mainly published on social media, forums, or blogs).</p>
<p>The consequences of irresponsible use of smartphones demand an educational response at both the school and family level. Thus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32364-EN">Sala et al. (2024)</xref> maintain that institutional involvement is also needed to design suitable legislation to regulate the use of these devices. Therefore, adolescents must be taught to understand how harmful it is to use mobile phones irresponsibly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-32364-EN">Selwyn and Aagaard, 2019</xref>). Efficacy requires teaching positively, since it makes no sense to try to convince adolescents that mobile phones are harmful, since they do not perceive them as such. To that effect, the negative consequences of imprudent use of cellphones entails the inescapable obligation of boosting digital resilience in adolescents.</p>
<p>Attending to this need requires three recommendations, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32364-EN">Qi and Yang (2024)</xref>. The first one has to do with the importance of the teacher&#x2019;s emotional support and having the curriculum include strategies for learning how to deal with digital risks and crises for the purpose of increasing the young people&#x2019;s digital literacy and well-being. The second one consists of promoting different positive digital attitudes to improve their digital competency. The third one is to develop the key role of the parents, especially through the formative example as role models in educating their children in safe access to Internet.</p>
<p>This requires putting off the age of using a mobile device and restricting use or even overseeing their online interaction, although it is more educational to help them acquire the digital resilience to learn what dangers are out there and for them to become able to handle them positively and prudently.</p>
<p>Currently, boosting digital resilience is a frequent concern that has led to several school programs on digital competency to include topics about digital citizenship. Some of the programs that work on these aspects are: in the UK, the Thinkuknow program that focuses on prevention of cyber-bullying; in the USA, the NetSmartz Workshop and Common Sense Media, focused more on boosting digital citizenship; in Australia, the eSafety Commissioner whose aim is to eliminate harmful content such as cyber-bullying, intimate pictures or videos shared without consent, and preventing cyber-bullying from adults; and in Canada, MediaSmarts, with resources for educating on digital resilience.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32364-EN">Reynolds and Parker (2018)</xref> conclude that the educational approaches on digital citizenship are an effective tool for increasing young people&#x2019;s resilience to cyber-bullying. According to this, digital citizenship refers to the competencies for using digital technologies that facilitate navigating and interacting ethically and safely (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32364-EN">Choi et al., 2017</xref>). This is what makes educational programs on responsible digital citizenship effective, because they are aimed at fostering a climate of helpfulness among adolescents and of protection, thereby encouraging ethical behavior, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-32364-EN">Tsai and Chistyakova (2022)</xref> point out. Therefore, a fundamental objective of these school programs today is to achieve positive digital citizenship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32364-EN">G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Accordingly, it becomes a priority to transform schools into resilient digital schools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32364-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-D&#x00ED;az, 2021</xref>). In this laudable endeavor, <italic>digital resilience curricula</italic> help prevent cyber-bullying while encouraging responsible use of social networks, stopping disinformation and identifying hate speech. Likewise, digital resilience workshops facilitate reflection on digital behavior in the use of social networks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32364-EN">Goldstein and Brooks, 2006</xref>). However, this interest in having adolescents acquire digital resilience implies that it should be a priority objective in family education. For that reason, in addition to these school programs, family-school collaboration is absolutely essential.</p>
<p>As a recommendation for parents, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32364-EN">Pastor et al. (2022)</xref> suggest that emotional regulation to delimit the time of cell phone use should not be reactive, i.e., when the first difficulties appear, but rather, that suitable emotional education is necessary for them to become good at managing their impulses. It is also essential for parents to foster a positive communication environment that allows them to talk with their children about the risks of irresponsible Internet use, helping them to build resilience. Families apply parental control measures, mainly in the last grades of primary school, when their children are pre-adolescents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32364-EN">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Carril et al., 2023</xref>). One clear strategy that is very effective is for parents to be responsible in the use of the digital device, setting positive examples for their children (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32364-EN">Manzano and Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Mellizo, 2019</xref>). It is also important for families to organize activities that do not require technology, thereby helping their children learn to make responsible use of their free time. Undoubtedly, an essential strategy in family education is to encourage an open dialog between parents and children that allows them to talk about their digital habits and experiences.</p>
<p>The role families play in their children&#x2019;s upbringing demands a model that is not exclusively focused on developing the cognitive dimension, explaining the dangers of irresponsible use of the Internet. To this end, parents are recommended to help their children learn emotional management, since one of the main reasons for wrong decision-making in the use of the network is because of their poor emotional management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32364-EN">Marino et al., 2019</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32364-EN">Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n and Salas-Blas (2022)</xref> found a negative correlation between lack of emotion regulation and obsessive use of social networks.</p>
<p>Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-32364-EN">Weare (2004)</xref> affirms that excessive use of social networks negatively affects the harmonious development of social skills. That is why it is relevant to take a preventive approach to working on this aspect, so that improving interpersonal relationships, learning what friendship is and having good friends are all strategies to educating about cyber-prudence. Undoubtedly, the family is where interpersonal relationships are best understood. In addition, it is essential that teens learn how to manage their digital identity in order to take care of the image they convey on social networks, marking their use and the contacts they have through them. Similarly, the family provides the space that will help them improve their personal self-knowledge, which is necessary for acquiring healthy self-esteem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-32364-EN">Twenge &#x0026; Campbell, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>In conclusion, adolescents need help in the difficult task of better managing the time spent on the Internet and social networks. In this sense, families can teach their children how to learn about the dangers they face, to better regulate their use of the Internet, and to be able to ask for advice when they need it. It is therefore essential that parents create a family atmosphere of trust so that their children feel at ease and can feel the constant support of their parents.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32364-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions</sc></title>
<p>This paper aims to promote the virtues of <italic>cyber-prudence</italic> and <italic>digital resilience</italic> in adolescents in the family context. It highlights the vulnerability of young people and the society in which they live, delving into the concept of <italic>liquid adolescence</italic> (a term coined by Baumann) characterized by flexibility, insecurity, and the absence of stable bonds in interpersonal relationships in the 21st century.</p>
<p>Moreover, in this liquid, post-pandemic context, the quantitative increase in the number of hours connected to social networks is often linked to the search for refuge, for connection with others. At this time of uncertainty and high vulnerability, there is an increasingly pressing need to take care of young people&#x2019;s mental health. In these situations, social networks can offer a positive dimension for adolescents, but at the same time, they can leave them more exposed to violent or discriminatory content, or to those who threaten the truth.</p>
<p>Accordingly, considerable emphasis has been placed on the need for ethical support to protect and guide the use of social networks. True digital literacy involves promoting stable dispositions of character that allow the young person to act well, to overcome difficulties, and to be able to spot the potential risks and opportunities the net has to offer. To address this need, an education promoting mature personalities through virtue is suggested and <italic>cyber-prudence</italic> -the virtue of prudence developed in online contexts- and <italic>digital resilience</italic> are proposed for adolescents to become agents of positive change. This paper outlines what these virtues consist of and provides some pedagogical guidelines for families.</p>
<p>Regarding teaching <italic>cyber-prudence</italic>, some actions may be geared to developing intellectual habits and willpower, to promoting reflection through self-regulation of learning and to fostering virtues such as fortitude and temperance prior to the exercise of prudence. In addition, some guidelines geared to developing <italic>digital resilience</italic> have to do with the adolescents&#x2019; ability to regulate their emotions, for which they need specific help from parents.</p>
<p>In short, this contribution has sought to delve into the virtues of <italic>cyber-prudence</italic> and <italic>digital resilience</italic> as key elements in the formation of the character of adolescents within the digital environment. So far, not enough studies have been found that address this issue. Due to the space constraint of the article, it has not been possible to explore educational experiences or programs that address the topic discussed, nor to investigate their relationship with other similar virtues. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to develop programs on the two virtues mentioned above for cases of cyber-bullying prevention and for making good use of Artificial Intelligence. In addition, the relationship of the two with other virtues such as fortitude and temperance should be similarly explored in digital contexts.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferences</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Salas-Blas</surname> <given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Adicci&#x00F3;n a redes sociales e inteligencia emocional enestudiantes de educaci&#x00F3;n superior t&#x00E9;cnica</article-title> <source><italic>Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas</italic></source> <volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>152</fpage><lpage>166</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21134/haaj.v22i1.640</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Alarc&#x00F3;n-Alla&#x00ED;n, G., &#x0026; Salas-Blas, E. S. (2022). Adicci&#x00F3;n a redes sociales e inteligencia emocional enestudiantes de educaci&#x00F3;n superior t&#x00E9;cnica. <italic>Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas</italic>,<italic> 22</italic>(1), 152-166. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.640">https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.640</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Albert</surname> <given-names>M. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ortega</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Educaci&#x00F3;n en derechos humanos: formaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica-c&#x00ED;vica de los educadores sociales como medio para prevenir el Ciberbullying</article-title> <source><italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social, Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>30</volume> <fpage>189</fpage><lpage>204</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7179/PSRI_2017.30.13</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Albert, M. J., Ortega, I., &#x0026; Garc&#x00ED;a, M. (2017). Educaci&#x00F3;n en derechos humanos: formaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica-c&#x00ED;vica de los educadores sociales como medio para prevenir el Ciberbullying. <italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social, Revista Interuniversitaria, 30</italic>, 189-204. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2017.30.13">https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2017.30.13</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso-Rodr&#x00ED;guez</surname> <given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Hacia un marco &#x00E9;tico de la inteligencia artificial en la educaci&#x00F3;n</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de La Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>79</fpage><lpage>98</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31821</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Alonso-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, A. M. (2024). Hacia un marco &#x00E9;tico de la inteligencia artificial en la educaci&#x00F3;n. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de La Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(2), 79-98. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31821">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31821</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baiden</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tadeo</surname> <given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents: Evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey</article-title> <source><italic>Child Abuse &#x0026; Negl</italic>e<italic>ct</italic></source> <volume>102</volume> <elocation-id>104417</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Baiden, P., &#x0026; Tadeo, S. K. (2020). Investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents: Evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. <italic>Child Abuse &#x0026; Negl</italic>e<italic>ct</italic>, <italic>102</italic>, 104417. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bauman</surname> <given-names>Z.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2003</year> <source><italic>Modernidad l&#x00ED;quida</italic></source> <publisher-name>Fondo de Cultura Econ&#x00F3;mica</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bauman, Z. (2003). <italic>Modernidad l&#x00ED;quida</italic>. Fondo de Cultura Econ&#x00F3;mica.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-6-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bauman</surname> <given-names>Z.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Leoncini</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Generaci&#x00F3;n l&#x00ED;quida: transformaciones en la era 3.0</italic></source> <publisher-name>Paid&#x00F3;s</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bauman, Z., &#x0026; Leoncini, T. (2018). <italic>Generaci&#x00F3;n l&#x00ED;quida: transformaciones en la era 3.0</italic>. Paid&#x00F3;s.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-7-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Benatov</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brunstein Klomek</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen-Gal</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Bullying perpetration and victimization associations to suicide behavior: a longitudinal study</article-title> <source><italic>European Child &#x0026; Adolescent Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>31</volume> <fpage>1353</fpage><lpage>1360</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00787-021-01776-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Benatov, J., Brunstein Klomek, A., &#x0026; Chen-Gal, S. (2022). Bullying perpetration and victimization associations to suicide behavior: a longitudinal study. <italic>European Child &#x0026; Adolescent Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>31</italic>, 1353-1360. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01776-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01776-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-8-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Blasco</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gil T&#x00E9;var</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>San Mill&#x00E1;n</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <chapter-title>La experiencia de la academia fake hunters. Educomunicaci&#x00F3;n frente a la posverdad y fake news</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Castro-Le&#x00F3;n</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>Oportunidades y retos para la ense&#x00F1;anza de las artes, la educaci&#x00F3;n medi&#x00E1;tica y la &#x00E9;tica en la era postdigital</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>1524</fpage><lpage>1543</lpage> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Blasco, A, Gil T&#x00E9;var, S., &#x0026; San Mill&#x00E1;n, M. (2021). La experiencia de la academia fake hunters. Educomunicaci&#x00F3;n frente a la posverdad y fake news. En E. Castro-Le&#x00F3;n (Ed.), <italic>Oportunidades y retos para la ense&#x00F1;anza de las artes, la educaci&#x00F3;n medi&#x00E1;tica y la &#x00E9;tica en la era postdigital</italic> (pp. 1524-1543). Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brossard</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carnelli</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chaudron</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Di Gioia</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dreesen</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kardefelt Winther</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Little</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yameogo</surname> <given-names>J. L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Digital Learning for every child: closing the gaps for an inclusive and prosperous future</italic></source> <publisher-name>Unicef</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Brossard, M., Carnelli, M., Chaudron, S., Di Gioia, R., Dreesen, T., Kardefelt Winther, D., Little, C., &#x0026; Yameogo, J. L. (2021). <italic>Digital Learning for every child: closing the gaps for an inclusive and prosperous future</italic>. Unicef. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/113896/file/Digital%20Learning%20for%20Every%20Child.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carpio</surname> <given-names>M. V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a Linares</surname> <given-names>M. C. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cerezo</surname> <given-names>M. T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Casanova</surname> <given-names>P. F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>COVID-19: uso y abuso de internet y tel&#x00E9;fono m&#x00F3;vil en estudiantes universitarios</article-title> <source><italic>International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, INFAD Revista de Psicolog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>107</fpage><lpage>116</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2123</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Carpio, M. V., Garc&#x00ED;a Linares, M. C. M., Cerezo, M. T., &#x0026; Casanova, P. F. (2021). COVID-19: uso y abuso de internet y tel&#x00E9;fono m&#x00F3;vil en estudiantes universitarios. <italic>International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, INFAD Revista de Psicolog&#x00ED;a</italic>, <italic>2</italic>(1), 107-116. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2123">https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v2.2123</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cavanagh</surname> <given-names>G. F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Williams</surname> <given-names>O. F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Retrieving Ar is tot le&#x2019;s Phronesis: A Focus on Character and Practical Wisdom in the Selection of Business Leaders</article-title> <source><italic>Business &#x0026; Professional Ethics Journal</italic></source> <volume>41</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>33</fpage><lpage>58</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5840/bpej20211228112</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cavanagh, G. F., &#x0026; Williams, O. F. (2022). Retrieving Ar is tot le&#x2019;s Phronesis: A Focus on Character and Practical Wisdom in the Selection of Business Leaders. <italic>Business &#x0026; Professional Ethics Journal, 41</italic>(1), 33-58. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej20211228112">https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej20211228112</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-12-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cerd&#x00E1;n</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Padilla</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Historia del &#x00AB;fake&#x00BB; audiovisual: &#x00AB;deepfake&#x00BB; y la mujer en un imaginario falsificado y perverso</article-title> <source><italic>Historia y Comunicaci&#x00F3;n Social</italic></source> <volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>505</fpage><lpage>520</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5209/hics.66293</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cerd&#x00E1;n, V., &#x0026; Padilla, G. (2019). Historia del &#x00AB;fake&#x00BB; audiovisual: &#x00AB;deepfake&#x00BB; y la mujer en un imaginario falsificado y perverso. <italic>Historia y Comunicaci&#x00F3;n Social</italic>, <italic>24</italic>(2), 505-520. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66293">https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66293</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-13-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Glassman</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cristol</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale</article-title> <source><italic>Computers &#x0026; Education</italic></source> <volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>100</fpage><lpage>112</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Choi, M., Glassman, M., &#x0026; Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. <italic>Computers &#x0026; Education</italic>, <italic>107</italic>(1), 100-112. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cocking</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Van Den Hoven</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source>Evil Online</source> <publisher-name>Wiley Blackwell</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cocking, D., &#x0026; Van Den Hoven, J. (2018). <italic>Evil Online.</italic> Wiley Blackwell.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-15-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cosma</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Molcho</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pickett</surname> <given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>A focus on adolescent peer violence and bullying in Europe, central Asia and Canada. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey</italic></source> <volume>Volume 2</volume> <publisher-name>WHO Regional Office for Europe</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cosma, A., Molcho, M., &#x0026; Pickett, W. (2024). <italic>A focus on adolescent peer violence and bullying in Europe, central Asia and Canada. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey</italic> (Volume 2). WHO Regional Office for Europe.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-16-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Del Prete</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Redon</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Las redes sociales on-line: Espacios de socializaci&#x00F3;n y definici&#x00F3;n de identidad</article-title> <source><italic>Psicoperspectivas</italic></source> <volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>11</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1834</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Del Prete, A., &#x0026; Redon, S. (2020). Las redes sociales on-line: Espacios de socializaci&#x00F3;n y definici&#x00F3;n de identidad. <italic>Psicoperspectivas</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(1), 1-11. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1834">https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1834</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-17-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>D&#x00ED;az-Aguado</surname> <given-names>M. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Arias</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Falc&#x00F3;n</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Alvari&#x00F1;o</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Acoso escolar y ciberacoso en Espa&#x00F1;a en la infancia y en la adolescencia</italic></source> <publisher-name>Fundaci&#x00F3;n ColaCao/Universidad Complutense de Madrid</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf">https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>D&#x00ED;az-Aguado, M. J., Mart&#x00ED;nez-Arias, R., Falc&#x00F3;n, L., &#x0026; Alvari&#x00F1;o, M. (2023). <italic>Acoso escolar y ciberacoso en Espa&#x00F1;a en la infancia y en la adolescencia</italic>. Fundaci&#x00F3;n ColaCao/Universidad Complutense de Madrid. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf">https://fundacioncolacao.org/files/investigacion/Estudio_Acoso_Escolar_Fundacion_ColaCao_UCM.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-18-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dubet</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2006</year> <source><italic>El declive de la instituci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <publisher-name>Gedisa</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Dubet, F. (2006). <italic>El declive de la instituci&#x00F3;n</italic>. Gedisa.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-19-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fekih-Romdhane</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Malaeb</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Farah</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Stambouli</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cheour</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Obeid</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hallit</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>The relationship between cyberbullying perpetration/victimization and suicidal ideation in healthy young adults: the indirect effects of positive and negative psychotic experiences</article-title> <source><italic>BMC Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue> <elocation-id>121</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12888-024-05552-2</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fekih-Romdhane, F., Malaeb, D., Farah, N., Stambouli, M., Cheour, M., Obeid, A., &#x0026; Hallit, S. (2024). The relationship between cyberbullying perpetration/victimization and suicidal ideation in healthy young adults: the indirect effects of positive and negative psychotic experiences. <italic>BMC Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>24</italic>(1), 121. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05552-2">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05552-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-20-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Figueiredo</surname> <given-names>M. C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cust&#x00F3;dio</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beckert</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Phronesis in administration and organizations: A literature review and future research agenda</article-title> <source><italic>Business Ethics</italic></source> <volume>29</volume> <fpage>65</fpage><lpage>83</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/beer.12296</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Figueiredo, M. C., Cust&#x00F3;dio, M., &#x0026; Beckert, M. (2020). Phronesis in administration and organizations: A literature review and future research agenda. <italic>Business Ethics, 29,</italic> 65-83. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12296">https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12296</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-21-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fuentes</surname> <given-names>J. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Valero</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Nuevas virtudes digitales o virtudes para el contexto digital: &#x00BF;es necesaria una nueva educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter?</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>81</volume><issue>284</issue> <fpage>123</fpage><lpage>141</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22550/REP81-1-2023-07</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fuentes, J. L., &#x0026; Valero, J. (2023). Nuevas virtudes digitales o virtudes para el contexto digital: &#x00BF;es necesaria una nueva educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter? <italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic>, <italic>81</italic>(284), 123-141. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22550/REP81-1-2023-07">https://doi.org/10.22550/REP81-1-2023-07</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-22-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Fundaci&#x00F3;n ANAR</collab></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source><italic>Estudio sobre Conducta Suicida y Salud Mental en la Infancia y la Adolescencia en Espa&#x00F1;a</italic> (2012-2022)</source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf">https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fundaci&#x00F3;n ANAR (2022). <italic>Estudio sobre Conducta Suicida y Salud Mental en la Infancia y la Adolescencia en Espa&#x00F1;a</italic> (2012-2022). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf">https://www.anar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Estudio-sobre-Conducta-Suicida-en-la-Infancia-y-la-Adolescencia-2012-2022.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-23-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a-D&#x00ED;az</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Construyendo escuelas resilientes: La educaci&#x00F3;n flexible, la integraci&#x00F3;n y la COVID-19</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Educaci&#x00F3;n Comparada</italic></source> <volume>38</volume> <fpage>211</fpage><lpage>227</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5944/reec.38.2021.28840</pub-id></element-citation>
    <mixed-citation>Garc&#x00ED;a-D&#x00ED;az, A. (2021). Construyendo escuelas resilientes: La educaci&#x00F3;n flexible, la integraci&#x00F3;n y la COVID-19. <italic>Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola de Educaci&#x00F3;n Comparada</italic>, <italic>38</italic>, 211-227. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.38.2021.28840">https://doi.org/10.5944/reec.38.2021.28840</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-24-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goldstein</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brooks</surname> <given-names>R. B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2006</year> <source>Handbook of Resilience in Children</source> <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Goldstein, S., &#x0026; Brooks, R. B. (2006). <italic>Handbook of Resilience in Children.</italic> Springer.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-25-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez</surname> <given-names>J. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Espinosa</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Un enfoque de cibersabidur&#x00ED;a para la educaci&#x00F3;n en ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital. Percepciones de adolescentes espa&#x00F1;oles</article-title> <source><italic>Bord&#x00F3;n, Revista de Pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>76</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>173</fpage><lpage>196</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13042/Bordon.2024.100155</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>G&#x00F3;mez-Guti&#x00E9;rrez, J. L., Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Espinosa, V., &#x0026; Harrison, T. (2024). Un enfoque de cibersabidur&#x00ED;a para la educaci&#x00F3;n en ciudadan&#x00ED;a digital. Percepciones de adolescentes espa&#x00F1;oles. <italic>Bord&#x00F3;n, Revista de Pedagog&#x00ED;a, 76</italic>(2), 173-196. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2024.100155">https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2024.100155</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-26-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gracia</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Quintana-Orts</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rey</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de las redes sociales en adolescentes: el papel de la sintomatolog&#x00ED;a depresiva</article-title> <source><italic>Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas</italic></source> <volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21134/haaj.v20i1.473</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gracia, B., Quintana-Orts, C., &#x0026; Rey, L. (2020). Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de las redes sociales en adolescentes: el papel de la sintomatolog&#x00ED;a depresiva. <italic>Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas</italic>, <italic>20</italic>(1), 77-86. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v20i1.473">https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v20i1.473</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-27-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <source><italic>The influence of the internet on the character virtues of 11&#x2013;14-year-olds</italic></source> <publisher-name>University of Birmingham</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T. (2014). <italic>The influence of the internet on the character virtues of 11&#x2013;14-year-olds</italic>. University of Birmingham.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-28-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016a</year> <article-title>Cultivating cyber-phronesis</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Pastoral Care in Education</italic></source> <volume>34</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>232</fpage><lpage>244</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/02643944.2016.1202307</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T. (2016a). Cultivating cyber-phronesis. <italic>Journal of Pastoral Care in Education</italic>, <italic>34</italic>(4), 232-244. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2016.1202307">https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2016.1202307</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-29-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016b</year> <article-title>Virtuous reality: Moral theory and research into cyber-bullying</article-title> <source><italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic></source> <volume>17</volume> <fpage>275</fpage><lpage>283</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10676-015-9382-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T. (2016b). Virtuous reality: Moral theory and research into cyber-bullying. <italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic>, <italic>17</italic>, 275-283. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9382-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9382-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-30-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Polizzi</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>McLoughlin</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Moller</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Measuring cyber wisdom: preliminary validation of a new four-component measure</article-title> <source><italic>Education and Information Technologies</italic></source> <volume>29</volume> <fpage>4317</fpage><lpage>4336</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10639-023-11953-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrison, T., Polizzi, G., McLoughlin, S., &#x0026; Moller, F. (2024). Measuring cyber wisdom: preliminary validation of a new four-component measure. <italic>Education and Information Technologies, 29,</italic> 4317- 4336. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11953-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11953-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-31-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hern&#x00E1;ndez</surname> <given-names>M. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>La vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes ante las sectas. Propuestas educativas</article-title> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>26</volume><issue>50</issue> <fpage>145</fpage><lpage>161</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">1018800/educacion.201701.008</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hern&#x00E1;ndez, M. A., &#x0026; Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez, D. (2017). La vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes ante las sectas. Propuestas educativas. <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>26</italic>(50), 145-161. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/1018800/educacion.201701.008">https://doi.org/1018800/educacion.201701.008</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-32-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hern&#x00E1;ndez-Rubio</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <chapter-title>Banalidades y peligros de los movimientos youtuber e instagramer. Reflexiones urgentes para el progreso de nuestras sociedades</chapter-title> <comment>en</comment> <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vizca&#x00ED;no-Verd&#x00FA;</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bonilla-Del R&#x00ED;o</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ibarra-Rius</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Coords</role> <source><italic>Cultura participativa, fandom y narrativas emergentes en redes sociales</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>150</fpage><lpage>167</lpage> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hern&#x00E1;ndez-Rubio, J. (2021). Banalidades y peligros de los movimientos youtuber e instagramer. Reflexiones urgentes para el progreso de nuestras sociedades en A. Vizca&#x00ED;no-Verd&#x00FA;, M. Bonilla-Del R&#x00ED;o &#x0026; N. Ibarra-Rius (Coords), <italic>Cultura participativa, fandom y narrativas emergentes en redes sociales</italic> (pp. 150-167). Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-33-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kristj&#x00E1;nsson</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>An introduction to the special issue on wisdom and moral education</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Moral Education</italic></source> <volume>49</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>8</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03057240.2019.1705041</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, K. (2020). An introduction to the special issue on wisdom and moral education. <italic>Journal of Moral Education</italic>, <italic>49</italic>(1), 1-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1705041">https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1705041</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-34-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hancock</surname> <given-names>J. T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Developing digital resilience: An educational intervention improves elementary students&#x2019; response to digital challenges</article-title> <source><italic>Computers and Education Open</italic></source> <volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue> <elocation-id>100144</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100144</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lee, A. Y., &#x0026; Hancock, J. T. (2023). Developing digital resilience: An educational intervention improves elementary students&#x2019; response to digital challenges. <italic>Computers and Education Open, 5</italic>(2), 100144. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100144">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100144</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-35-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Livingstone</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>&#x00D3;lafsson</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Helsper</surname> <given-names>E. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lupi&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez-Villanueva</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Veltri</surname> <given-names>G. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Folkvord</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Maximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Communication</italic></source> <volume>67</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>82</fpage><lpage>105</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jcom.12277</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Livingstone, S., &#x00D3;lafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupi&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., &#x0026; Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation. <italic>Journal of Communication</italic>, <italic>67</italic>(1), 82-105. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277">https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-36-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maheux</surname> <given-names>A. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nesi</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Galla</surname> <given-names>B. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Roberts</surname> <given-names>S. R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Choukas-Bradley</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Grateful: Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents&#x2019; Social Media Use and Gratitude During the COVID-19 Pandemic</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Research on Adolescence</italic></source> <volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>734</fpage><lpage>747</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jora.12650</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Maheux, A. J., Nesi, J., Galla, B. M., Roberts, S. R., &#x0026; Choukas-Bradley, S. (2021). Grateful: Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents&#x2019; Social Media Use and Gratitude During the COVID-19 Pandemic. <italic>Journal of Research on Adolescence</italic>, <italic>31</italic>(3), 734-747. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12650">https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12650</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-37-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Manzano</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Mellizo</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Origen familiar, uso del tiempo y de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la informaci&#x00F3;n</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Internacional de Sociolog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>77</volume><issue>3</issue> <elocation-id>e136</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3989/ris.2019.77.3.17.165</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Manzano, D., &#x0026; Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Mellizo, M. (2019). Origen familiar, uso del tiempo y de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la informaci&#x00F3;n. <italic>Revista Internacional de Sociolog&#x00ED;a 77</italic>(3), e136. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2019.77.3.17.165">https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2019.77.3.17.165</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-38-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marino</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Caselli</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lenzi</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Monaci</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vieno</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nik&#x010D;evi&#x0107;</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Spada</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Emotion Regulation and Desire Thinking as Predictors of Problematic Facebook Use</article-title> <source><italic>Psychiatric Quarterly</italic></source> <volume>90</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>405</fpage><lpage>411</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Marino, C., Caselli, G., Lenzi, M., Monaci, G., Vieno, A., Nik&#x010D;evi&#x0107;, V., &#x0026; Spada, M. (2019). Emotion Regulation and Desire Thinking as Predictors of Problematic Facebook Use. <italic>Psychiatric Quarterly, 90</italic>(2), 405&#x2013;411. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-39-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <chapter-title>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; caracteriza la madurez emocional y de la personalidad?</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>P&#x00E9;rez de Laborda</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Soler</surname> <given-names>F. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vanney</surname> <given-names>C. E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source><italic>&#x00BF;Qui&#x00E9;nes somos?</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>152</fpage><lpage>156</lpage> <publisher-name>EUNSA</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Priego, C. (2018). &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; caracteriza la madurez emocional y de la personalidad? En M. P&#x00E9;rez de Laborda, F. J. Soler &#x0026; C. E. Vanney (Eds.), <italic>&#x00BF;Qui&#x00E9;nes somos?</italic> (pp. 152-156). EUNSA.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-40-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Melendres</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional por excesiva conectividad a internet y vulnerabilidad del adolescente en el Per&#x00FA;</article-title> <source><italic>Revista de Filosof&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>39</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>574</fpage><lpage>586</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.7314816</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Melendres, E. (2022). Regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional por excesiva conectividad a internet y vulnerabilidad del adolescente en el Per&#x00FA;. <italic>Revista de Filosof&#x00ED;a</italic>, <italic>39</italic>(2), 574-586. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7314816">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7314816</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-41-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mill&#x00E1;n-Ghisleri</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Caro</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Prevenci&#x00F3;n de la violencia y el acoso en la red en adolescentes: estrategias familiares de crecimiento personal</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>105</fpage><lpage>124</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.26157</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mill&#x00E1;n-Ghisleri, E., &#x0026; Caro, C. (2022). Prevenci&#x00F3;n de la violencia y el acoso en la red en adolescentes: estrategias familiares de crecimiento personal. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>34</italic>(1), 105-124. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.26157">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.26157</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-42-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes</collab></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2024a, 4 de junio</date-in-citation> <source><italic>El Gobierno aprueba el Anteproyecto de Ley Org&#x00E1;nica para la protecci&#x00F3;n de las personas menores de edad en los entornos digitales</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx">https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes (2024a, 4 de junio). <italic>El Gobierno aprueba el Anteproyecto de Ley Org&#x00E1;nica para la protecci&#x00F3;n de las personas menores de edad en los entornos digitales</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx">https://www.mpr.gob.es/prencom/notas/Paginas/2024/04062024-proteccion-menores-entorno-digital.aspx</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-43-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes</collab></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2024b, 16 de enero</date-in-citation> <source><italic>El Gobierno impulsa la protecci&#x00F3;n de menores frente al acceso a pornograf&#x00ED;a en internet</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet">https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes (2024b, 16 de enero). <italic>El Gobierno impulsa la protecci&#x00F3;n de menores frente al acceso a pornograf&#x00ED;a en internet</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet">https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Gobierno-impulsa-proteccion-menores-pornografiaograf%C3%ADa-en-internet</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-44-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mu&#x00F1;oz-Carril</surname> <given-names>P. C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Souto-Seijo</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dans-&#x00C1;lvarez-de-Sotomayor</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fuentes-Abeledo</surname> <given-names>E. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Medidas de control parental en la regulaci&#x00F3;n del uso de tel&#x00E9;fonos inteligentes en la infancia</article-title> <source><italic>Psychology, Society &#x0026; Education</italic></source> <volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>39</fpage><lpage>47</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21071/psye.v15i3.16077</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mu&#x00F1;oz-Carril, P. C., Souto-Seijo, A., Dans-&#x00C1;lvarez-de-Sotomayor, I., &#x0026; Fuentes-Abeledo, E. J. (2023). Medidas de control parental en la regulaci&#x00F3;n del uso de tel&#x00E9;fonos inteligentes en la infancia. <italic>Psychology, Society &#x0026; Education</italic>, <italic>15</italic>(3), 39-47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21071/psye.v15i3.16077">https://dx.doi.org/10.21071/psye.v15i3.16077</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-45-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Napa</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Prinitha</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Janani</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kumari</surname> <given-names>R.A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Social media usage and emotional maturity among adolescents</article-title> <source><italic>International Journal Applied Social Science</italic></source> <volume>5</volume><issue>7</issue> <fpage>941</fpage><lpage>949</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Napa, A., Prinitha, S., Janani, R., &#x0026; Kumari, R.A. (2018). Social media usage and emotional maturity among adolescents. <italic>International Journal Applied Social Science</italic>, <italic>5</italic>(7), 941-949.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-46-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Naval</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bernal</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sobrino</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Varela</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dabdoub</surname> <given-names>J. P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Solana</surname> <given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source>Educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter. V&#x00ED;deos y fichas para guiar la educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter en secundaria</source> <publisher-name>EUNSA</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Naval, C., Bernal, A., Sobrino, A., Varela, A., Dabdoub, J. P., &#x0026; Solana, M. I. (2018). <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter. V&#x00ED;deos y fichas para guiar la educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter en secundaria.</italic> EUNSA.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-47-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nonaka</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Toyama</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <article-title>Strategic management as distributed practical wisdom (phronesis)</article-title> <source><italic>Industrial and Corporate Change</italic></source> <volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>371</fpage><lpage>394</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/icc/dtm014</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Nonaka, I., &#x0026; Toyama, R. (2007). Strategic management as distributed practical wisdom (phronesis). <italic>Industrial and Corporate Change, 16</italic>(3), 371-394. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm014">https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm014</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-48-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ortega</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La dimensi&#x00F3;n moral en las redes: Cyberbullying y la educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a</article-title> <source><italic>Cuadernos de pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>510</volume> <fpage>70</fpage><lpage>75</lpage> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE">https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ortega, R. (2020). La dimensi&#x00F3;n moral en las redes: Cyberbullying y la educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a. <italic>Cuadernos de pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic>, 510, 70-75. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE">https://www.cuadernosdepedagogia.com/Content/RecursosTDC.aspx?params=H4sIAAAAAAAEACstynEsLs4sds7PsTVQK4XyPFNsjc3gPOf8vJKi_BygYElKclBqcmlRcX4xAF42yhw5AAAAWKE</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-49-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios</surname> <given-names>M. D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tor&#x00ED;o-L&#x00F3;pez</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murga-Menoyo</surname> <given-names>M. &#x00C1;.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Parentalidad positiva y autorregulaci&#x00F3;n de aprendizaje en los adolescentes</article-title> <source><italic>Alteridad. Revista de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>291</fpage><lpage>303</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.09</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Palacios, M. D., Tor&#x00ED;o-L&#x00F3;pez, S., &#x0026; Murga-Menoyo, M. &#x00C1;. (2022). Parentalidad positiva y autorregulaci&#x00F3;n de aprendizaje en los adolescentes. <italic>Alteridad. Revista de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), 291-303. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.09">https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.09</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-50-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lan</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yong Tan</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tao</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liang</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Law</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Protective factors contributing to adolescents&#x2019; multifaceted digital resilience for their wellbeing: A socio-ecological perspective</article-title> <source><italic>Computers in Human Behavior</italic></source> <volume>155</volume> <elocation-id>108164</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pan, Q., Lan, M., Yong Tan, C., Tao, S., Liang, Q., &#x0026; Law, N. (2024). Protective factors contributing to adolescents&#x2019; multifaceted digital resilience for their wellbeing: A socio-ecological perspective. <italic>Computers in Human Behavior</italic>, <italic>155,</italic> 108164. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-51-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Pantallas Amigas</collab></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2023, 20 de noviembre</date-in-citation> <source>&#x2018;<italic>Adolescencia libre de m&#x00F3;vil&#x2019;, el movimiento de familias para retrasar el primer smartphone</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/">https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pantallas Amigas (2023, 20 de noviembre). &#x2018;<italic>Adolescencia libre de m&#x00F3;vil&#x2019;, el movimiento de familias para retrasar el primer smartphone</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/">https://www.pantallasamigas.net/adolescencia-libre-movil-movimiento-grupos-familias-retrasar-primer-smartphone/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-52-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pastor</surname> <given-names>Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a-Jim&#x00E9;nez</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez de Ayala</surname> <given-names>M. C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Estrategias de regulaci&#x00F3;n de uso del smartphone y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de internet en la adolescencia</article-title> <source><italic>Anales de psicolog&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <volume>38</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>269</fpage><lpage>277</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/analesps.461771</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pastor, Y., Garc&#x00ED;a-Jim&#x00E9;nez, A., &#x0026; L&#x00F3;pez de Ayala, M. C. (2022). Estrategias de regulaci&#x00F3;n de uso del smartphone y uso problem&#x00E1;tico de internet en la adolescencia. <italic>Anales de psicolog&#x00ED;a 38</italic>(2), 269-277. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.461771">https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.461771</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-53-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Polizzi</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Cyber-wisdom: Proposing a new framework for understanding and cultivating wisdom in the digital age</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf">https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Polizzi, G. (2021). <italic>Cyber-wisdom: Proposing a new framework for understanding and cultivating wisdom in the digital age</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf">https://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Polizzi_Full.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-54-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Qi</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Digital resilience in Chinese adolescents: a portrayal of the current condition, influencing factors, and improvement strategies</article-title> <source><italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>15</volume> <elocation-id>1278321</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1278321</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Qi, C., &#x0026; Yang, N. (2024). Digital resilience in Chinese adolescents: a portrayal of the current condition, influencing factors, and improvement strategies. <italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>15</italic>, 1278321. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1278321">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1278321</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-55-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reynolds</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Parker</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Digital resilience: Stronger citizens online</italic></source> <publisher-name>Institute for Strategic Dialogue</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Reynolds, L., &#x0026; Parker, L. (2018). <italic>Digital resilience: Stronger citizens online</italic>. Institute for Strategic Dialogue.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-56-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rial</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Dir.</role> <year>2021</year> <source>Impacto de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la adolescencia. Relaciones, Riesgos y Oportunidades</source> <publisher-name>Unicef</publisher-name> <publisher-loc>Espa&#x00F1;a</publisher-loc></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rial, A. (Dir.) (2021). <italic>Impacto de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la adolescencia. Relaciones, Riesgos y Oportunidades.</italic> Unicef Espa&#x00F1;a.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-57-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Romero-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pereira-Dom&#x00ED;nguez</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <article-title>El enfoque positivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n: aportaciones al desarrollo humano</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>69</fpage><lpage>89</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/8646</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Romero-P&#x00E9;rez, C., &#x0026; Pereira-Dom&#x00ED;nguez, C. (2011). El enfoque positivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n: aportaciones al desarrollo humano. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. <italic>Revista Interuniversitaria 23</italic>(2), 69-89. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/8646">https://doi.org/10.14201/8646</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-58-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rutter</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1972</year> <article-title>Maternal deprivation reconsidered</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</italic></source> <volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>241</fpage><lpage>250</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0022-3999(72)90005-0</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rutter, M. (1972). Maternal deprivation reconsidered. <italic>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(4), 241&#x2013;250. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(72)90005-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(72)90005-0</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-59-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sala</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Porcaro</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>G&#x00F3;mez</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Social media use and adolescents&#x2019; mental health and well-being: An umbrella review</article-title> <source><italic>Computers in Human Behavior Reports 14</italic></source> <elocation-id>100404</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sala, A., Porcaro, L., &#x0026; G&#x00F3;mez, E. (2024). Social media use and adolescents&#x2019; mental health and well-being: An umbrella review. <italic>Computers in Human Behavior Reports</italic>,<italic> 14,</italic> 100404 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-60-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salinas</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>La virtud en la comunicaci&#x00F3;n: an&#x00E1;lisis &#x00E9;tico-filos&#x00F3;fico del mundo digital</article-title> <source><italic>Dios y el hombre</italic></source> <volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue> <elocation-id>84</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24215/26182858e084</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Salinas, G. (2022). La virtud en la comunicaci&#x00F3;n: an&#x00E1;lisis &#x00E9;tico-filos&#x00F3;fico del mundo digital. <italic>Dios y el hombre, 5</italic>(2), 84. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.24215/26182858e084">https://doi.org/10.24215/26182858e084</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-61-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez-Romero</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>&#x00C1;lvarez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Actitudes nocivas y riesgos para los menores a trav&#x00E9;s de los dispositivos m&#x00F3;viles</article-title> <source><italic>REXE: Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue> <fpage>147</fpage><lpage>161</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21703/rexe.especial3_201814716113</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>S&#x00E1;nchez-Romero, C., &#x0026; &#x00C1;lvarez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez, E. (2018). Actitudes nocivas y riesgos para los menores a trav&#x00E9;s de los dispositivos m&#x00F3;viles. <italic>REXE: Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>2</italic>(3), 147-161. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.21703/rexe.especial3_201814716113">https://doi.org/10.21703/rexe.especial3_201814716113</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-62-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Selwyn</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aagaard</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Banning mobile phones from classrooms - An opportunity to advance understandings of technology addiction, distraction and cyberbullying</article-title> <source><italic>British Journal of Educational Technology</italic></source> <volume>52</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>8</fpage><lpage>19</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/bjet.12943</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Selwyn, N., &#x0026; Aagaard, J. (2019). Banning mobile phones from classrooms - An opportunity to advance understandings of technology addiction, distraction and cyberbullying. <italic>British Journal of Educational Technology</italic>,<italic> 52</italic>(1), 8-19. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12943">https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12943</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-63-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su&#x00E1;rez-&#x00C1;lvarez</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>de Frutos-Torres</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>V&#x00E1;zquez-Barrio</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La confianza hacia el medio interactivo de los padres y su papel inhibidor en el control de acceso a las pantallas de los menores</article-title> <source><italic>Zer: Revista de Estudios de Comunicaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>25</volume><issue>49</issue> <fpage>13</fpage><lpage>31</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1387/zer.21349</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Su&#x00E1;rez-&#x00C1;lvarez, R., de Frutos-Torres, B., &#x0026; V&#x00E1;zquez-Barrio, T. (2020). La confianza hacia el medio interactivo de los padres y su papel inhibidor en el control de acceso a las pantallas de los menores. <italic>Zer: Revista de Estudios de Comunicaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>25</italic>(49), 13-31. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21349">https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21349</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-64-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yuan</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qian</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>Q.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Digital resilience among individuals in school education settings: a concept analysis based on a scoping review</article-title> <source><italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic></source> <volume>13</volume> <elocation-id>858515</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sun, H., Yuan, C., Qian. Q., He. S., &#x0026; Luo, Q. (2022). Digital resilience among individuals in school education settings: a concept analysis based on a scoping review. <italic>Frontiers in Psychiatry</italic>, <italic>13</italic>, 858515. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-65-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Syropoulos</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Markowitz</surname> <given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Prosocial responses to COVID-19: Examining the role of gratitude, fairness and legacy motives</article-title> <source><italic>Personality and Individual Differences</italic></source> <volume>171</volume> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Syropoulos, S., &#x0026; Markowitz, E. M. (2021). Prosocial responses to COVID-19: Examining the role of gratitude, fairness and legacy motives. <italic>Personality and Individual Differences, 171,</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-66-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Torres</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2024, 25 de enero</date-in-citation> <article-title>El Consejo Escolar del Estado aprueba por unanimidad el veto de los m&#x00F3;viles en primaria y su limitaci&#x00F3;n en secundaria</article-title> <source><italic>El Pa&#x00ED;s</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html">https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Torres, A. (2024, 25 de enero). El Consejo Escolar del Estado aprueba por unanimidad el veto de los m&#x00F3;viles en primaria y su limitaci&#x00F3;n en secundaria. <italic>El Pa&#x00ED;s</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html">https://elpais.com/educacion/2024-01-25/el-consejo-escolar-del-estado-aprueba-el-veto-de-los-moviles-en-primaria-y-su-limitacion-en-secundaria.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-67-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tsai</surname> <given-names>W. D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chistyakova</surname> <given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Ethical Theoretical Reflections on Social Media: Place of the Human Being in the Digital Space</article-title> <source><italic>RUDN Journal of Philosophy</italic></source> <volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>870</fpage><lpage>881</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-4-870-881</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tsai, W. D., &#x0026; Chistyakova, O. (2022). Ethical Theoretical Reflections on Social Media: Place of the Human Being in the Digital Space. <italic>RUDN Journal of Philosophy, 26</italic>(4), 870&#x2013;881. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-4-870-881">https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-4-870-881</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-68-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Twenge</surname> <given-names>J. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Campbell</surname> <given-names>W. K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a national sample</article-title> <source><italic>Preventive Medicine</italic></source> <volume>118</volume> <fpage>52</fpage><lpage>58</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Twenge, J. M., &#x0026; Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a national sample. <italic>Preventive Medicine</italic>, <italic>118,</italic> 52-58. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-69-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>UNICEF</collab></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source><italic>Estado Mundial de la Infancia 2021</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>UNICEF (2022). <italic>Estado Mundial de la Infancia 2021</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf">https://www.unicef.org/media/114641/file/SOWC%202021%20Full%20Report%20Spanish.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-70-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Valiente</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>V&#x00E1;zquez</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Contreras</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peinado</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Trucharte</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>A symptom-based definition of resilience in times of pandemics: patterns of psychological responses over time and their predictors</article-title> <source><italic>European Journal of Psychotraumatology</italic></source> <volume>1</volume> <elocation-id>1871555</elocation-id> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/20008198.2020.1871555</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Valiente, C., V&#x00E1;zquez, C., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., &#x0026; Trucharte, A. (2021). A symptom-based definition of resilience in times of pandemics: patterns of psychological responses over time and their predictors. <italic>European Journal of Psychotraumatology</italic>, <italic>1</italic>, 1871555. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1871555">https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1871555</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-71-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vallor</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <article-title>Social networking technology and the virtues</article-title> <source><italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic></source> <volume>12</volume> <fpage>157</fpage><lpage>170</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10676-009-9202-1</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vallor, S. (2010). Social networking technology and the virtues. <italic>Ethics and Information Technology, 12,</italic> 157&#x2013;170. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-009-9202-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-009-9202-1</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-72-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vallor</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2012</year> <article-title>Flourishing on facebook: Virtue friendship &#x0026; new social media</article-title> <source><italic>Ethics and Information Technology</italic></source> <volume>14</volume> <fpage>185</fpage><lpage>199</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10676-010-9262-2</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vallor, S. (2012). Flourishing on facebook: Virtue friendship &#x0026; new social media. <italic>Ethics and Information Technology, 14,</italic> 185&#x2013;199. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-010-9262-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-010-9262-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-73-32364-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weare</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <article-title>What impact is having information technology on our young people&#x2019;s health and well-being</article-title> <source><italic>Health Education</italic></source> <volume>104</volume> <fpage>129</fpage><lpage>131</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/09654280410544963</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Weare, K. (2004). What impact is having information technology on our young people&#x2019;s health and well-being. <italic>Health Education</italic>, <italic>104,</italic> 129-131. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280410544963">https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280410544963</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
