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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32149</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32149</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aprendizaje socioemocional y florecimiento humano</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Socio-Emotional Learning and Human Flourishing</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-6072</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MORTARI</surname>
<given-names>Luigina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-3601</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>VALBUSA</surname>
<given-names>Federica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5795-1582</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>BOMBIERI</surname>
<given-names>Rosi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Verona. Italia.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Verona</institution>
<country country="IT">Italia</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>luigina.mortari@univr.it</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>federica.valbusa@univr.it</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>rosi.bombieri@univr.it</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>07</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El desarrollo de las competencias sociales y emocionales es un aspecto crucial del florecimiento humano. Se ha demostrado que estas competencias, que incluyen la autoconciencia, la autogesti&#x00F3;n, la conciencia social, las habilidades interpersonales y la toma de decisiones responsables, se promueven eficazmente mediante programas de aprendizaje social y emocional (SEL). Se ha llevado a cabo un an&#x00E1;lisis de la literatura reciente sobre los enfoques emergentes del SEL con el fin de proporcionar una visi&#x00F3;n general de las propuestas educativas actuales, destacando sus puntos fuertes y cr&#x00ED;ticos, y esbozando los retos pendientes, en particular la necesidad de definir m&#x00E1;s claramente los fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos de los programas y de llevar a cabo una investigaci&#x00F3;n rigurosa sobre su eficacia. A la luz de las consideraciones anteriores, el art&#x00ED;culo presenta un innovador programa SEL titulado <italic>El Proyecto Nous</italic>, que responde a las recomendaciones destacadas en la literatura. Creado para ni&#x00F1;os de primaria, el <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> se basa en una teor&#x00ED;a filos&#x00F3;fica de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional, que se centra principalmente en el papel de la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional. En consecuencia, el objetivo principal del <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> es fomentar el conocimiento, en el alumnado, de su propia dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional y de su capacidad para comprender sus propias emociones. Esto se consigue implic&#x00E1;ndoles en la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de un diario reflexivo, en el que escriben sus emociones y las analizan a partir de una met&#x00E1;fora. La eficacia de esta actividad se debatir&#x00E1; a partir de la presentaci&#x00F3;n de los resultados del an&#x00E1;lisis cualitativo de los diarios recogidos durante la experiencia piloto de dicho programa.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The development of social and emotional competences is a crucial aspect of human flourishing. These competences, including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, interpersonal skills and responsible decision-making, have been found to demonstrate effective improvements through social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. An analysis of the recent literature on emerging SEL approaches was conducted to provide an overview of current educational proposals, highlighting their strong and critical areas and outlining the lingering challenges, particularly in terms of the necessity to define the theoretical foundations of the programs with utmost clarity and conduct rigorous research on their effectiveness. In light of the aforementioned considerations, this article presents an innovative SEL program entitled <italic>The Nous Project</italic> that responds to the recommendations highlighted in the literature. Developed for primary school children, <italic>The Nous Project</italic> is based on a philosophically-grounded theory of socio-emotional education, which primarily focuses on the role of emotional self-understanding. Consequently, the primary objective of <italic>The Nous Project</italic> is to foster students&#x2019; knowledge of their own emotional dimensions and their ability to understand their own emotions. This is achieved by involving them in keeping a reflective diary, where they write down their emotions and analyse them on the basis of a metaphor. The effectiveness of this activity will be discussed starting from the presentation of the findings emerged from the qualitative analysis of the diaries collected during the pilot implementation of the program.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>fenomenolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje socioemocional</kwd>
<kwd>Proyecto Nous</kwd>
<kwd>autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa</kwd>
<kwd>escuela primaria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>phenomenology</kwd>
<kwd>social-emotional learning</kwd>
<kwd>The Nous Project</kwd>
<kwd>emotional self-understanding</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>qualitative research</kwd>
<kwd>primary school</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32149-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>El desarrollo de la competencia socioemocional constituye una dimensi&#x00F3;n fundamental del florecimiento humano. Sobre el tema en cuesti&#x00F3;n, la perspectiva dominante dentro la literatura actual es la del aprendizaje social y emocional (SEL), definido por la <italic>Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning</italic> (CASEL) como</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>the process through which all young people and adults acquire and apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes to develop healthy identities, manage emotions and achieve personal and collective goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain supportive relationships, and make responsible and caring decisions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32149-ES">Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2020</xref>)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas, se ha llevado a cabo una investigaci&#x00F3;n amplia y significativa acerca de los programas escolares inspirados en el SEL. Inicialmente estas investigaciones se realizaron &#x00FA;nicamente en los Estados Unidos, pero, con el paso del tiempo, se extendieron progresiva y r&#x00E1;pidamente tambi&#x00E9;n en Europa y en otros pa&#x00ED;ses. En este sentido, se han hecho numerosos esfuerzos para integrar eficazmente el SEL en la instrucci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica, con una creciente tendencia hacia la promoci&#x00F3;n de la igualdad y la equidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32149-ES">Schwartz <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). De tal forma la investigaci&#x00F3;n se ha orientado cada vez m&#x00E1;s hacia la eficacia de los programas SEL, destacando sus efectos positivos tanto en el bienestar socioemocional del estudiantado, como en su rendimiento acad&#x00E9;mico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32149-ES">Durlak <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>), demostrando tambi&#x00E9;n su impacto a largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32149-ES">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). El creciente inter&#x00E9;s en el tema se debe a los actuales desaf&#x00ED;os que afectan a la educaci&#x00F3;n y a las escuelas, como por ejemplo la conexi&#x00F3;n entre la aflicci&#x00F3;n emocional y el analfabetismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32149-ES">Goleman, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32149-ES">Mitchell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>), los problemas de salud mental en ni&#x00F1;os y adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32149-ES">UNICEF, 2024</xref>), y los fen&#x00F3;menos de violencia y acoso escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32149-ES">Holt <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Un an&#x00E1;lisis de la literatura revela la necesidad de aumentar el compromiso con la reflexi&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica y la investigaci&#x00F3;n rigurosa en este &#x00E1;mbito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32149-ES">Jones y Doolittle, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32149-ES">Jones <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). De hecho, la reflexi&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica permite trazar horizontes de pensamiento a la luz de los cuales se pueden identificar claramente unos objetivos educativos, mientras que, a su vez, la investigaci&#x00F3;n emp&#x00ED;rica proporciona evidencia para respaldar la eficacia de las herramientas adoptadas y de las actividades implementadas.</p>
<p>A partir de tales consideraciones, este art&#x00ED;culo presenta el <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic>, un programa de SEL espec&#x00ED;ficamente dirigido a incrementar la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional en ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as de educaci&#x00F3;n primaria. La teor&#x00ED;a que fundamenta el programa tiene una base filos&#x00F3;fica: por un lado se apoya en la filosof&#x00ED;a fenomenol&#x00F3;gica, que subraya la importancia ontol&#x00F3;gica de la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional y sugiere un m&#x00E9;todo reflexivo para el an&#x00E1;lisis de las experiencias emocionales; por otro, se sustenta en la concepci&#x00F3;n cognitiva de las emociones, defendida en la antig&#x00FC;edad por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32149-ES">Arist&#x00F3;teles (2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32149-ES">2007</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32149-ES">Epicteto (1993)</xref>, y en tiempos m&#x00E1;s recientes por Nussbaum, seg&#x00FA;n la cual el sentir y el pensar est&#x00E1;n estrechamente interconectados, ya que las emociones tienen un contenido cognitivo<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-ES"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32149-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>U<sc>na perspectiva general sobre los enfoques emergentes en sel</sc></title>
<p>En las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas, han prosperado una multitud de programas SEL, y la literatura acad&#x00E9;mica se ha centrado cada vez m&#x00E1;s en identificar los resultados positivos y los problemas cr&#x00ED;ticos de dichos programas para evaluar su eficacia y promover la mejora continua de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32149-ES">Durlak <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32149-ES">Jones y Doolittle, 2017</xref>). Actualmente se est&#x00E1;n llevando a cabo esfuerzos significativos para establecer una comprensi&#x00F3;n coherente y sistem&#x00E1;tica del conocimiento y la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa en el &#x00E1;mbito del SEL, incluyendo el desarrollo de herramientas para dar soporte a las escuelas y a los profesionales de la educaci&#x00F3;n al fin de navegar con solvencia en esta compleja realidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32149-ES">Jones <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). En general, la investigaci&#x00F3;n persigue el objetivo de responder a los nuevos desaf&#x00ED;os socioemocionales que surgen en la sociedad contempor&#x00E1;nea.</p>
<p>A partir de estas consideraciones, se ha realizado un an&#x00E1;lisis de la literatura reciente para ofrecer una breve descripci&#x00F3;n de algunos de los principales enfoques emergentes orientados hacia la promoci&#x00F3;n del SEL, destacando sus fortalezas y puntos cr&#x00ED;ticos.</p>
<p>Un enfoque cada vez m&#x00E1;s extendido en este &#x00E1;mbito es el <italic>mindfulness</italic>, que tiene puntos en com&#x00FA;n y diferencias destacables respecto a los programas SEL tradicionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-ES">Feuerborn y Gueldner, 2019</xref>). Las principales similitudes tienen que ver con unos objetivos comunes que apuntan a promover habilidades socioemocionales, una atenci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica hacia la promoci&#x00F3;n de la autoconciencia, principios similares en relaci&#x00F3;n con el dise&#x00F1;o educativo y la posibilidad de su implementaci&#x00F3;n de acuerdo con un sistema multinivel de prevenci&#x00F3;n y apoyo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-ES">Feuerborn y Gueldner, 2019</xref>). Respecto a las diferencias, los programas SEL se basan en un conjunto m&#x00E1;s amplio de perspectivas te&#x00F3;ricas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-ES">Feuerborn y Gueldner, 2019</xref>) y tambi&#x00E9;n pueden utilizar diferentes estrategias educativas y de ense&#x00F1;anza. De hecho, en los programas SEL, se pueden utilizar estrategias cognitivo-conductuales para identificar errores cognitivos y modificarlos, as&#x00ED; como para modificar las respuestas conductuales; al contrario, las pr&#x00E1;cticas de <italic>mindfulness</italic> prestan menos atenci&#x00F3;n a este aspecto de la modificaci&#x00F3;n activa de pensamientos y conductas, inclin&#x00E1;ndose m&#x00E1;s hacia el cultivo de la conciencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-ES">Feuerborn y Gueldner, 2019</xref>). En general, el <italic>mindfulness</italic> representa un enfoque prometedor para promover habilidades socioemocionales, en particular aquellas relacionadas con la autoconciencia y la regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional. Una forma espec&#x00ED;fica de fusi&#x00F3;n de estas perspectivas est&#x00E1; demostrando ser especialmente prometedora. Se trata de aquella que integra algunas pr&#x00E1;cticas de <italic>mindfulness</italic> en programas SEL estructurados ya existentes, prestando atenci&#x00F3;n a trabajar no simplemente a&#x00F1;adiendo contenido al contenido que ya est&#x00E1; presente en dichos programas, sino preocup&#x00E1;ndose por aplicar un enfoque transformador orientado a incluir aspectos del <italic>mindfulness</italic> dentro de las lecciones, mejorando as&#x00ED; el contenido y el desarrollo de las mismas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32149-ES">Gueldner y Feuerborn, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Otro planteamiento de creciente inter&#x00E9;s est&#x00E1; relacionado con las propuestas educativas dirigidas espec&#x00ED;ficamente al desarrollo de la resiliencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32149-ES">Beltman y Mansfield, 2018</xref>). Por un lado, se ha observado que es posible destacar el potencial de los programas manualizados en el enfoque SEL seg&#x00FA;n una perspectiva de resiliencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32149-ES">LaBelle, 2023</xref>). Por otro lado, se han desarrollado planteamientos espec&#x00ED;ficos de resiliencia que difieren parcialmente de las pr&#x00E1;cticas SEL tradicionales, ya que trabajan una gama m&#x00E1;s amplia de habilidades, como, por ejemplo, los &#x201C;programas escolares positivos&#x201D;. Estas propuestas tienen caracter&#x00ED;sticas que se solapan con los programas SEL, aunque presenten algunas diferencias con respecto al enfoque y a las habilidades abordadas: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32149-ES">Kumar y Mohideen (2021)</xref> destacan as&#x00ED; que los programas SEL se basan en una perspectiva del desarrollo que presta atenci&#x00F3;n al cumplimientos de tareas alineadas con la edad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32149-ES">Denham, 2018</xref>) y destinadas a promover el desarrollo de determinadas competencias socioemocionales, mientras que los &#x201C;programas escolares positivos&#x201D; tienen como objetivo cultivar un conjunto m&#x00E1;s amplio de habilidades inspiradas en la psicolog&#x00ED;a positiva, como la esperanza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32149-ES">Snyder <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>) o la gratitud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32149-ES">Froh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>). Una declinaci&#x00F3;n particular de este tipo de programas se preocupa por un enfoque centrado en las fortalezas del car&#x00E1;cter: en una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica reciente sobre estudios relacionados con esta propuesta particular se observ&#x00F3; una gran variedad de teor&#x00ED;as que informan estas intervenciones educativas, as&#x00ED; como una dificultad para llegar a un consenso sobre los fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos subyacentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32149-ES">Kumar y Mohideen, 2021</xref>). M&#x00E1;s investigaci&#x00F3;n resulta por tanto necesaria para poder validar un marco te&#x00F3;rico s&#x00F3;lido e identificar los mecanismos en juego que favorecen los procesos de cambio en el estudiantado, integrando un componente cualitativo y desarrollando estudios longitudinales, que deber&#x00ED;an tener en cuenta, en particular, los problemas cr&#x00ED;ticos que han surgido con respecto a la eficacia de estos programas en relaci&#x00F3;n con el mantenimiento en el tiempo tanto de altos niveles de transformaci&#x00F3;n como de resultados positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32149-ES">Kumar y Mohideen, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Un planteamiento muy relacionado con el de la resiliencia, ya que enfatiza las fortalezas y los recursos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32149-ES">Snyder y Flay, 2012</xref>), es el del &#x201C;positive youth development&#x201D; (desarrollo juvenil positivo) (PYD). El PYD se puede considerar como una perspectiva multidisciplinaria que, en muchos aspectos, se solapa y sustenta planteamientos propios del SEL y de la educaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32149-ES">Snyder y Flay, 2012</xref>). Este enfoque se centra en particular en la promoci&#x00F3;n de entornos positivos y de cuidado, prestando atenci&#x00F3;n a la complejidad de los niveles en juego en el campo educativo &#x2013; como por ejemplo los entornos familiar, de pares, escolares y comunitarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32149-ES">Mas-Exp&#x00F3;sito <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Un ejemplo de enfoque basado en el PYD es aquello que tiene que ver con las pr&#x00E1;cticas de justicia restaurativa, cuyo objetivo principal es promover soluciones compartidas ante situaciones de conflicto, reuniendo a las partes involucradas para identificar formas de reparaci&#x00F3;n de acuerdo con el da&#x00F1;o causado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32149-ES">Frias-Armentia <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). En este sentido se ha encontrado que los &#x201C;whole school restorative approaches&#x201D; (Enfoques restaurativos para toda la escuela, WSRA) son particularmente significativos en este sentido, ya que abarcan metodolog&#x00ED;as activas y participativas dise&#x00F1;adas para fomentar las competencias sociales y emocionales, y as&#x00ED; prevenir conflictos. Estos planteamientos trabajan a nivel de cultura escolar, facilitando relaciones positivas entre todos los miembros de la comunidad escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32149-ES">Mas-Exposito <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Las evidencias sobre la eficacia de estos enfoques son prometedoras, pero la investigaci&#x00F3;n en este campo es particularmente compleja debido tanto a los diferentes principios conceptuales y metodol&#x00F3;gicos que sustentan dichos programas, como a la necesidad de adaptarlos a entornos y culturas escolares muy variados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32149-ES">Mas-Exp&#x00F3;sito <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32149-ES">McCluskey, 2008</xref>).</p>
<p>A su vez, tambi&#x00E9;n ha crecido de forma considerable el inter&#x00E9;s hacia enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos que integran herramientas art&#x00ED;sticas para promover habilidades socioemocionales. As&#x00ED;, por ejemplo, se ha enfatizado el empleo de las artes del teatro en la programaci&#x00F3;n SEL para facilitar la identificaci&#x00F3;n de adversidades que los ni&#x00F1;os puedan haber experimentado o est&#x00E9;n experimentando, as&#x00ED; como para fomentar oportunidades que promuevan sus estrategias para enfrentarse a ellas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32149-ES">Schnyder <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Se trata de una perspectiva muy &#x00FA;til, sobre todo en relaci&#x00F3;n con la primera infancia, una edad en la que el lenguaje a&#x00FA;n se est&#x00E1; desarrollando, y las artes expresivas a menudo representan un medio eficaz de expresi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32149-ES">Schnyder <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Sin embargo, el limitado n&#x00FA;mero de estudios revisados por pares que tratan dicho tema indica la necesidad de m&#x00E1;s investigaci&#x00F3;n en esta direcci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32149-ES">Schnyder <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Otro planteamiento de creciente inter&#x00E9;s se refiere a las intervenciones orientadas al cuerpo (<italic>Body Oriented Interventions</italic>). Estas parten del supuesto de que las experiencias corporales y emocionales est&#x00E1;n estrechamente asociadas tanto a un nivel biol&#x00F3;gico como a un nivel experiencial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32149-ES">Dias Rodrigues <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Por esta raz&#x00F3;n, se emplean actividades como la psicomotricidad, el juego, la danza y la relajaci&#x00F3;n para promover el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales. Un creciente corpus de evidencias apoya el impacto positivo de las BOI en diversos aspectos de las habilidades socioemocionales; sin embargo, es deseable que se realicen m&#x00E1;s estudios sobre la eficacia de dichos programas, considerando cuidadosamente la frecuencia, la cantidad y la intensidad &#x00F3;ptimas de dichas intervenciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32149-ES">Dias Rodrigues <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Para concluir esta breve descripci&#x00F3;n de los enfoques educativos recientes en SEL es importante destacar tambi&#x00E9;n que hay un creciente inter&#x00E9;s en el desarrollo de propuestas que integran la utilizaci&#x00F3;n de tecnolog&#x00ED;as para promover el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales entre el estudiantado. Sin embargo se ha observado que los estudios en el campo de la Interacci&#x00F3;n Hombre-Maquina (HCI) a menudo se han centrado m&#x00E1;s en espec&#x00ED;ficas poblaciones desfavorecidas, particularmente para dar apoyo a personas con autismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32149-ES">Slov&#x00E1;k y Fitzpatrick, 2015</xref>). A&#x00FA;n as&#x00ED;, un &#x00E1;rea emergente de investigaci&#x00F3;n se refiere al potencial que tiene la HCI en la promoci&#x00F3;n de curr&#x00ED;culos SEL universales, en particular con respecto al apoyo que las tecnolog&#x00ED;as pueden ofrecer para responder a algunos desaf&#x00ED;os relacionados con la programaci&#x00F3;n SEL tradicional, como: &#x201C;integrar habilidades en contextos cotidianos, fomentando la reflexi&#x00F3;n y proporcionando espacios mixtos para la pr&#x00E1;ctica&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32149-ES">Slov&#x00E1;k y Fitzpatrick, 2015</xref>, p. 11)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3-ES"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>En general, se puede observar que cada enfoque educativo aqu&#x00ED; ilustrado tiene fortalezas relacionadas con su especificidad. El desarrollo de esta pluralidad de enfoques permite responder a diferentes necesidades contextuales y ofrece la oportunidad de evaluar perspectivas integradas: por ejemplo, la combinaci&#x00F3;n de enfoques centrados en el <italic>mindfulness</italic>, la resiliencia y el PYD permite caracterizar la acci&#x00F3;n educativa de acuerdo con una perspectiva hol&#x00ED;stica, promoviendo sin&#x00E9;rgicamente la regulaci&#x00F3;n emocional, la resiliencia y la resoluci&#x00F3;n de conflictos. Del mismo modo, tener herramientas m&#x00E1;s innovadoras como la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, el arte y las BOI permite adaptarse mejor a los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje y contextos culturales.</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, el profesorado tiene la oportunidad de evaluar el enfoque que no solo se adapta mejor a su contexto de aula, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n sea m&#x00E1;s af&#x00ED;n a sus propias inclinaciones &#x2013; un aspecto crucial para la implementaci&#x00F3;n efectiva de los programas.</p>
<p>Entre las cuestiones cr&#x00ED;ticas destacadas encontramos frecuentemente la necesidad de bases te&#x00F3;ricas m&#x00E1;s s&#x00F3;lidas para estos programas, y la necesidad de un mayor desarrollo de estudios rigurosos sobre su eficacia.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32149-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>E<sc>l</sc> &#x201C;<sc>proyecto nous</sc>&#x201D; <sc>para fomentar la autoconciencia emocional</sc></title>
<p>El desarrollo de las competencias SEL contribuye al logro del florecimiento humano. Florecer significa &#x201C;realizar el propio potencial como individuo humano&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32149-ES">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, 2015</xref>, p. 13) y es ampliamente aceptado como el &#x201C;objetivo de la vida&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32149-ES">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, 2015</xref>, p. 13)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4-ES"><sup>4</sup></xref>. El potencial humano incluye muchas dimensiones ya que la personalidad es una interconexi&#x00F3;n de aspectos f&#x00ED;sicos, cognitivos, relacionales, emocionales, &#x00E9;ticos, pol&#x00ED;ticos, est&#x00E9;ticos, espirituales y religiosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32149-ES">Mortari y Ubbiali, 2021</xref>), que la educaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; llamada a desarrollar. Desde esta perspectiva, el SEL puede definirse como el esfuerzo educativo dirigido espec&#x00ED;ficamente al florecimiento de las potencialidades humanas socioemocionales, abarcando la autoconciencia, la autogesti&#x00F3;n, la conciencia social, las habilidades relacionales y la toma de decisiones responsables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32149-ES">Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning - CASEL, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Estas competencias b&#x00E1;sicas del SEL est&#x00E1;n interrelacionadas. Sin embargo, la autoconciencia parece ser fundamental para el desarrollo de las dem&#x00E1;s; espec&#x00ED;ficamente, se puede sugerir que para manejar eficazmente las emociones uno debe ser consciente de sentirlas, de los pensamientos que subyacen a ellas, y de sus formas de mostrarlas a los dem&#x00E1;s. La conciencia de nuestras propias formas de reaccionar emocionalmente a diferentes situaciones puede ayudar a comprender mejor las emociones de las dem&#x00E1;s personas y relacionarse con ellas de manera emp&#x00E1;tica y positiva. Adem&#x00E1;s, la capacidad de tomar decisiones constructivas y de cuidado requiere la conciencia de c&#x00F3;mo una persona se siente acerca de las acciones a las que la llevar&#x00E1;n sus elecciones. Esta consideraci&#x00F3;n permite argumentar a favor de un programa SEL centrado en el desarrollo de la autoconciencia como su principal objetivo educativo.</p>
<p>A ra&#x00ED;z de estas consideraciones, proponemos el <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic>, un programa educativo orientado a apoyar el desarrollo de la autoconciencia a trav&#x00E9;s de la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional en los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as de la escuela primaria. En el siguiente p&#x00E1;rrafo presentaremos el programa aclarando su marco te&#x00F3;rico, que tiene una base filos&#x00F3;fica, y describiendo su estructura; se donar&#x00E1; particular importancia al &#x201C;diario de vida emocional&#x201D;, a saber, un instrumento que traduce en la pr&#x00E1;ctica un m&#x00E9;todo de inspiraci&#x00F3;n fenomenol&#x00F3;gica para reflexionar sobre las propias emociones de cada cual.</p>
<sec id="sec-4-32149-ES">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>Marco te&#x00F3;rico</title>
<p>La teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional a la base del <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> afirma que: la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional es importante porque la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional tiene una importancia ontol&#x00F3;gica, ya que es constitutiva de nuestro ser; la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional es posible si se concibe a la luz de una concepci&#x00F3;n cognitiva de las emociones, seg&#x00FA;n la cual las emociones se nutren de pensamientos, como las creencias y las evaluaciones; la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional es un objetivo importante de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional, y un m&#x00E9;todo para promoverla es el fenomenol&#x00F3;gico, que sugiere la posibilidad de analizar las propias emociones reflexionando sobre ellas<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5-ES"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32149-ES">
<label>3.1.1.</label>
<title>La importancia ontol&#x00F3;gica de la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional</title>
<p>En el siglo pasado, ha sido principalmente la filosof&#x00ED;a fenomenol&#x00F3;gica la que ha subrayado c&#x00F3;mo la experiencia emocional sea constitutiva de nuestro ser. Seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32149-ES">Scheler (1973)</xref>, &#x201C;el coraz&#x00F3;n merece ser llamado el n&#x00FA;cleo del hombre como ser espiritual mucho m&#x00E1;s de lo que merecen el conocimiento y la voluntad&#x201D; (p. 100) y &#x201C;el hombre, antes de ser un <italic>ens cogitans</italic> o un <italic>ens volens</italic>, es un <italic>ens amans</italic>&#x201D; (pp. 110-111). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32149-ES">Stein (2002)</xref> afirma que en el ser humano, &#x201C;su <italic>coraz&#x00F3;n</italic> es el <italic>centro vivo</italic> real de su ser&#x201D; y a&#x00F1;ade que &#x201C;es evidentemente el coraz&#x00F3;n el que tiene la mayor participaci&#x00F3;n en los procesos internos del alma&#x201D; (p. 437)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6-ES"><sup>6</sup></xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32149-ES">Pf&#x00E4;nder (1913)</xref> reflexiona sobre la omnipresencia de las emociones en la vida humana: de hecho, utilizando una met&#x00E1;fora, sugiere que los sentimientos son los hilos invisibles que mueven todo el mecanismo de la vida. La fil&#x00F3;sofa contempor&#x00E1;nea <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32149-ES">De Monticelli (2008)</xref>, una destacada estudiosa de Scheler, subraya que la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional es el n&#x00FA;cleo esencial de la identidad personal, y afirma que todas las experiencias emocionales son tambi&#x00E9;n experiencias del yo, y que la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional es precisamente la dimensi&#x00F3;n de la experiencia de la interioridad de cada cual.</p>
<p>En las experiencias emocionales, los seres humanos se dan cuenta de la calidad de sus vivencias; as&#x00ED;, la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional fomenta una revelaci&#x00F3;n ontol&#x00F3;gica sobre la manera de estar en el mundo de cada persona.</p>
<p>Dada la importancia ontol&#x00F3;gica de la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional, saber c&#x00F3;mo cultivar la capacidad de comprender la calidad de la vida emocional de uno mismo puede ayudar en la b&#x00FA;squeda del arte de vivir, y, por tanto, puede concebirse como un prop&#x00F3;sito importante de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32149-ES">
<label>3.1.2.</label>
<title>La concepci&#x00F3;n cognitiva de las emociones</title>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional solo es posible si las emociones no se conciben como fen&#x00F3;menos irracionales sino como vinculadas a una dimensi&#x00F3;n cognitiva y, por tanto, pueden ser comprendidas y gestionadas de manera transformadora.</p>
<p>La teor&#x00ED;a de la interdependencia entre las dimensiones emocional y cognitiva ha sido fuertemente defendida en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas en el campo de la psicolog&#x00ED;a y la neurociencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32149-ES">Bandura, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32149-ES">Oatley, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32149-ES">Ellis, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32149-ES">Harr&#x00E9; y Gillett, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32149-ES">Scherer, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32149-ES">Immordino-Yang y Damasio, 2007</xref>). Sin embargo, la concepci&#x00F3;n cognitiva de las experiencias emocionales tiene or&#x00ED;genes antiguos y fue propuesta por primera vez por Arist&#x00F3;teles y los estoicos, quienes son las referencias fundamentales de las reflexiones sobre las emociones de la fil&#x00F3;sofa contempor&#x00E1;nea Martha Nussbaum.</p>
<p>A partir del an&#x00E1;lisis de la concepci&#x00F3;n aristot&#x00E9;lica y estoica de las emociones, Nussbaum afirma que las emociones no son experiencias irracionales, ya que revelan contenidos cognitivos. Seg&#x00FA;n ella, una emoci&#x00F3;n es la expresi&#x00F3;n de una evaluaci&#x00F3;n de un evento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-ES">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>). Por ejemplo, ante una situaci&#x00F3;n que la mente eval&#x00FA;a como amenazante, una persona se llenar&#x00E1; de miedo. Seg&#x00FA;n esta concepci&#x00F3;n, los fen&#x00F3;menos emocionales &#x201C;pueden ser <italic>irracionales</italic> en el sentido de que las creencias en las que se apoyan pueden ser falsas o injustificadas, o ambas cosas. No son irracionales en el sentido de no tener nada que ver con la argumentaci&#x00F3;n y el razonamiento&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-ES">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>, p. 38)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7-ES"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>Al analizar la perspectiva aristot&#x00E9;lica, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-ES">Nussbaum (1994)</xref> afirma que &#x201C;que podemos ver, al examinar las posturas de Arist&#x00F3;teles, que las creencias deben considerarse como partes constitutivas de lo que es la emoci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (p. 88)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8-ES"><sup>8</sup></xref>. De hecho, las emociones acontecen &#x201C;al pensar en&#x201D; (p. 88). A este respecto, en <italic>El arte de la ret&#x00F3;rica</italic>, el an&#x00E1;lisis de las emociones se lleva a cabo siguiendo tal estructura argumentativa: &#x201C;Si piensan X, entonces tendr&#x00E1;n la experiencia de la emoci&#x00F3;n Y&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-ES">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>, p. 88-89)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9-ES"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>En l&#x00ED;nea con la teor&#x00ED;a aristot&#x00E9;lica, tambi&#x00E9;n la teor&#x00ED;a estoica atribuye una estructura cognitiva a las experiencias emocionales, de modo que &#x201C;el contenido del juicio de la persona que experimenta la emoci&#x00F3;n es crucial&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-ES">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>, p. 88)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10-ES"><sup>10</sup></xref>. En su <italic>Enquiridi&#x00F3;n</italic> (o <italic>Manual</italic>), Epicteto incluso afirma: &#x201C;Recuerda que el que injuria o golpea no te ultraja, sino el juicio que haces sobre ellos, de que te est&#x00E1;n ultrajando&#x201D;, y a&#x00F1;ade, &#x201C;Por lo tanto, cuando te irrite alguien, ten la certeza de que quien te ha irritado ha sido tu propia opini&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (Epicteto, <italic>Enquiridi&#x00F3;n</italic>, XX). Inmediatamente despu&#x00E9;s, indica un m&#x00E9;todo para la autoconciencia y el autocontrol: &#x201C;En primer lugar, pues, trata de no dejarte llevar por el prejuicio; pues una vez que logres tiempo y demora, m&#x00E1;s f&#x00E1;cilmente tendr&#x00E1;s dominio de ti mismo&#x201D; (XX). La posibilidad de encontrar una perspectiva clara para esbozar una concepci&#x00F3;n cognitiva de las emociones, seg&#x00FA;n Epicteto consiste en que lo que causa dolor no es lo que sucede sino el juicio de lo que sucede (XVI). Sin embargo, cuando recordamos la teor&#x00ED;a estoica de las emociones, estamos de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32149-ES">Nussbaum (2001)</xref> en el momento en que aclara que, aunque comparta con los estoicos la idea de que las emociones tienen un contenido cognitivo, rechaza la noci&#x00F3;n seg&#x00FA;n la cual todas las emociones deber&#x00ED;an ser extirpadas porque todas las evaluaciones involucradas en ellas ser&#x00ED;an falsas. La vida humana est&#x00E1; constituida por las relaciones con los dem&#x00E1;s, ya que los seres humanos somos constitutivamente relacionales, y por tanto la vida est&#x00E1; necesariamente connotada afectivamente.</p>
<p>A partir de la premisa te&#x00F3;rica de una estrecha correlaci&#x00F3;n entre el sentir y el pensar, se puede plantear la hip&#x00F3;tesis de que si una persona desea modificar sus emociones, entonces puede trabajar en su contenido cognitivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-ES">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>). En consecuencia, desde la perspectiva de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional, es importante elaborar un m&#x00E9;todo que permita a las personas comprender sus propias emociones aclarando los pensamientos que subyacen a ellas. Adem&#x00E1;s, precisamente porque ser consciente de los pensamientos que subyacen a una emoci&#x00F3;n es una condici&#x00F3;n necesaria para trabajar en ellos con el fin de modificar la emoci&#x00F3;n misma, un m&#x00E9;todo de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional elaborado sobre la base de una concepci&#x00F3;n cognitiva de las experiencias emocionales necesariamente presentar&#x00E1; un evidente potencial transformador.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32149-ES">
<label>3.1.3.</label>
<title>El m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico de la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional</title>
<p>Un importante referente para poder desarrollar un m&#x00E9;todo apto para el conocimiento de la vida emocional es el fenomenol&#x00F3;gico, ya que proporciona indicaciones para el an&#x00E1;lisis de la vida de la mente. En su formulaci&#x00F3;n husserliana, el m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico se basa en la descripci&#x00F3;n de las experiencias vividas en la conciencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32149-ES">Husserl, 2012</xref>). As&#x00ED;, cuando este m&#x00E9;todo tiene como foco la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional, requiere una descripci&#x00F3;n de las experiencias emocionales vividas que, con su n&#x00FA;cleo cognitivo, son la expresi&#x00F3;n de la vida de la mente. Husserl concibe la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a como una ciencia eid&#x00E9;tica, destinada a la b&#x00FA;squeda de la esencia general de un fen&#x00F3;meno; en contraste, cuando el m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico se asume como el m&#x00E9;todo para la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n, se concibe consecuentemente como una pr&#x00E1;ctica experiencial para obtener autoconocimiento.</p>
<p>Por tanto, mientras que la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a eid&#x00E9;tica tiene como objetivo describir la esencia general de un fen&#x00F3;meno emocional, el m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico, entendido como un m&#x00E9;todo para la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n, requiere que la persona describa una experiencia emocional precisa vivida por &#x00E9;l o ella &#x2013; es decir, un fen&#x00F3;meno emocional personal. Por esta raz&#x00F3;n, la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a de la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional propuesta por la teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional como base del <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> no aspira a la construcci&#x00F3;n de un conocimiento general sino a la construcci&#x00F3;n de un conocimiento personal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32149-ES">Mortari, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>La autocomprensi&#x00F3;n es el comportamiento de la mente cuando, una vez cesada la constante implicaci&#x00F3;n en las actividades mundanas, observa lo que sucede dentro de s&#x00ED; misma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32149-ES">Stein, 1970</xref>). La autocomprensi&#x00F3;n fenomenol&#x00F3;gica ocurre cuando se activa la mirada interior de la mente, y el sujeto se encuentra a s&#x00ED; mismo reflexionando sobre s&#x00ED; mismo. Las experiencias emocionales son los aspectos que est&#x00E1;n m&#x00E1;s vivos, pero tambi&#x00E9;n por esta raz&#x00F3;n, son los m&#x00E1;s esquivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32149-ES">Zambrano, 1949</xref>); por lo tanto, evaden cualquier intento que busque definirlos. Sin embargo, a pesar de sus l&#x00ED;mites, el autoan&#x00E1;lisis emocional es posible porque los actos emocionales tienen sus propias maneras de presentarse a la mirada de la mente y, como tales, pueden convertirse en objetos de pensamiento.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32149-ES">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>La estructura del programa y el diario de vida emocional</title>
<p>El programa (v&#x00E9;ase <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32149-ES">Tabla 1</xref>) est&#x00E1; estructurado en nueve reuniones, una cada dos semanas, entre la persona investigadora y las clases involucradas. Durante las reuniones, la investigadora promueve algunas actividades destinadas a fomentar la reflexi&#x00F3;n de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as sobre la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional, como conversaciones, juegos e historias. Estas actividades tienen como objetivo introducir y apoyar la propuesta del instrumento central del programa, es decir, el diario de vida emocional, que traduce a la pr&#x00E1;ctica el m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional presentado anteriormente. En los diarios reflexivos se invitan a los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as tanto a narrar una emoci&#x00F3;n que sintieron como a analizarla sobre la base de una met&#x00E1;fora.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32149-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>E<sc>structura del programa</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32149-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="60%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Semanas del proyecto</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p><bold>Reuniones y actividades</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 1</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>I reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>La clase participa en una lluvia de ideas que comienza con las preguntas: &#x201C;&#x00BF;Conoc&#x00E9;is las emociones? &#x201C;&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; emociones conoc&#x00E9;is?&#x201D;.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>La investigadora presenta la met&#x00E1;fora del &#x201C;huerto de las emociones&#x201D;, invitando a la clase a asociar cuatro emociones (alegr&#x00ED;a, tristeza, rabia y miedo<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11-ES"><sup>11</sup></xref>) con cuatro plantas.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>La investigadora pide a los ni&#x00F1;os que elijan una de las plantas y narren una experiencia sobre la emoci&#x00F3;n asociada</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la I semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Dibuja una planta y narra la emoci&#x00F3;n asociada&#x201D;.</italic> Para esta semana de escritura, al igual que para las siguientes, los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as tambi&#x00E9;n podr&#x00E1;n elegir emociones y plantas diferentes a las presentadas durante el primer encuentro.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 2</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 3</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>II reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>La investigadora presenta una historia sobre una emoci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Durante una conversaci&#x00F3;n, se invitan ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as a decir qu&#x00E9; emoci&#x00F3;n han reconocido en la historia, y analizarla aclarando el hecho de que surgi&#x00F3;.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la II semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Dibuja una planta y narra la emoci&#x00F3;n asociada. En el suelo de la planta dibujada, por favor, escribe el hecho del que surgieron tus emociones&#x201D;.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 5</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>III reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple"><list-item><label>-</label> <p>La investigadora presenta una historia sobre una emoci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Durante una conversaci&#x00F3;n, se invita a los ni&#x00F1;os a decir qu&#x00E9; emoci&#x00F3;n han reconocido en la historia y a analizarla aclarando el hecho del que surgi&#x00F3; y las manifestaciones faciales/corporales a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales se expres&#x00F3;.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la III semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Dibuja una planta y narra la emoci&#x00F3;n asociada. En el suelo de la planta, por favor, escribe el hecho del que surgieron tus emociones; en los frutos de la planta, por favor, escribe las manifestaciones a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales tu emoci&#x00F3;n se expres&#x00F3; (si tu emoci&#x00F3;n no se expres&#x00F3; de ninguna manera, por favor, escribe &#x201C;sin manifestaciones&#x201D;).</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 6</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 7</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IV reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as participan en un juego: &#x201C;La oca de las emociones&#x201D;, estructurado con el nombre de las diferentes emociones narradas por los ni&#x00F1;os en sus diarios hasta el momento; se invita a cada ni&#x00F1;o/a tirar los dados dos veces y a escribir las emociones en las que se detiene la ficha. Luego se les invita a elegir una de las dos emociones surgidas del juego e inventar una historia sobre ella.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la IV semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Lo mismo de la tercera semana.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 8</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 9</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>V reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>La investigadora presenta una historia sobre una emoci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Durante una conversaci&#x00F3;n, se invita a los ni&#x00F1;os a decir qu&#x00E9; emoci&#x00F3;n han reconocido en la historia y a analizarla aclarando el hecho del que surgi&#x00F3; y las manifestaciones faciales/corporales a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales se expres&#x00F3;, y los pensamientos que la alimentaron.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la V semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Dibuja una planta y narra la emoci&#x00F3;n asociada. En el suelo de la planta, por favor, escribe el hecho del que surgieron tus emociones; en los frutos de la planta, por favor, escribe las manifestaciones a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales tu emoci&#x00F3;n se expres&#x00F3; (si tu emoci&#x00F3;n no se expres&#x00F3; de ninguna manera, por favor, escribe &#x201C;sin manifestaciones&#x201D;); en el tallo de la planta, por favor, escribe los pensamientos que alimentaron tu emoci&#x00F3;n</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 11</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>VI reunion</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as participan de nuevo en un juego: &#x201C;La oca de las emociones&#x201D;, pero esta vez, adem&#x00E1;s de inventar una historia, tambi&#x00E9;n analizan la emoci&#x00F3;n dentro de ella, aclarando el hecho, las manifestaciones y los pensamientos.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la VI semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Lo mismo de la quinta semana.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 12</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 13</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>VII reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>La investigadora presenta una historia sobre la rabia.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Durante una conversaci&#x00F3;n, se invita a los ni&#x00F1;os/as a decir qu&#x00E9; emoci&#x00F3;n han reconocido en la historia y a analizarla aclarando el hecho del que surgi&#x00F3;, las manifestaciones faciales/corporales a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales se expres&#x00F3; y los pensamientos que la alimentaron.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Luego, ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as participan en otra conversaci&#x00F3;n sobre c&#x00F3;mo gestionar la rabia, partiendo del supuesto de la teor&#x00ED;a cognitiva de que es posible transformar una emoci&#x00F3;n cambiando el pensamiento que la alimenta.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la VII semana de escritura</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Lo mismo de la quinta y sexta semana.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 14</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Semana 15</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>VIII reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Durante una conversaci&#x00F3;n, se invita a los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as a aclarar las diferencias entre emociones similares (por ejemplo, felicidad y alegr&#x00ED;a, tristeza y melancol&#x00ED;a, ansiedad y agitaci&#x00F3;n, etc.).</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instrucciones para el diario para la VIII semana</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Lo mismo de la quinta, sexta y s&#x00E9;ptima semana.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Semana 16</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>La investigadora recoge los diarios para leerlos.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Semana 17</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IX reuni&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple"><list-item><label>-</label> <p>Se invita a cada ni&#x00F1;o/a a escribir una definici&#x00F3;n de todas las emociones que ha narrado a lo largo del programa en su diario.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Se invita a cada ni&#x00F1;o a responder por escrito a la pregunta: &#x201C;&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; he aprendido de este camino?&#x201D;.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Aunque el acto cognitivo recomendado por la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a es la descripci&#x00F3;n, y no la narraci&#x00F3;n, la investigaci&#x00F3;n ha revelado que a las personas les resulta m&#x00E1;s f&#x00E1;cil narrar que describir: de hecho, dado que la vida de la mente tiene una estructura temporal, el acto cognitivo que mejor representa el paso del tiempo es precisamente el de la narraci&#x00F3;n. Adem&#x00E1;s, las narraciones m&#x00E1;s detalladas, normalmente, tambi&#x00E9;n incluyen descripciones detalladas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32149-ES">Mortari, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Para ahondar en el trabajo reflexivo, el <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> propone a&#x00F1;adir al an&#x00E1;lisis de las emociones el uso de una met&#x00E1;fora en la escritura del diario. La met&#x00E1;fora utilizada &#x2013; es decir, &#x201C;el huerto de las emociones&#x201D; &#x2013; invita a pensar en la propia vida emocional personal asoci&#x00E1;ndola con la vida vegetal org&#x00E1;nica. El supuesto metaf&#x00F3;rico subyacente al &#x201C;huerto de las emociones&#x201D; es que la dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional, al igual que las plantas en un huerto, puede ser &#x201C;cultivada&#x201D;, es decir, es posible cuidar de esta dimensi&#x00F3;n. A los ni&#x00F1;os se les dice que mientras que el cuidado de una planta requiere, por ejemplo, exponerla a la luz y regarla, el cuidado de la propia vida emocional requiere reflexionar sobre ella. En ambos casos, se necesita tiempo para ver florecer una planta y para ver florecer la autoconciencia emocional. De hecho, un ejercicio de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional no desarrolla un h&#x00E1;bito reflexivo si se realiza solo una vez, sino que lo hace solo si se realiza continuativamente a lo largo del tiempo. Adem&#x00E1;s, la asociaci&#x00F3;n entre la estructura de la vida vegetal y la estructura de la vida emocional se desarrolla de la siguiente manera: as&#x00ED; como una planta hunde sus ra&#x00ED;ces en un suelo lo suficientemente f&#x00E9;rtil como para que pueda nacer, una emoci&#x00F3;n &#x201C;hunde sus ra&#x00ED;ces&#x201D; en un hecho, es decir, en un evento o situaci&#x00F3;n que la desencadena; as&#x00ED; como una planta se hace reconocible para un observador externo principalmente por los frutos que produce, una emoci&#x00F3;n se hace reconocible para los dem&#x00E1;s a trav&#x00E9;s de manifestaciones o exhibiciones faciales o corporales, gracias a las cuales se expresa o exterioriza; as&#x00ED; como una planta se nutre de su savia, una emoci&#x00F3;n se &#x201C;nutre&#x201D; de los pensamientos ligados a ella &#x2013; pensamientos positivos nutren emociones positivas, mientras que pensamientos negativos nutren emociones negativas. Por un lado, la expresi&#x00F3;n &#x201C;emociones positivas&#x201D; se refiere a las emociones que hacen que una persona se sienta bien consigo misma y con las dem&#x00E1;s; por otro lado, la expresi&#x00F3;n &#x201C;emociones negativas&#x201D; se refiere a las emociones que no hacen que una persona se sienta bien consigo misma y en las relaciones.</p>
<p>Dentro del programa educativo, la met&#x00E1;fora se concibe como un espacio para el an&#x00E1;lisis emocional que acompa&#x00F1;a a la escritura del diario. De hecho, cuando los ni&#x00F1;os narran una emoci&#x00F3;n en su diario, tambi&#x00E9;n se les invita a asociar con ella una planta. Puede ser un vegetal, en consonancia con la met&#x00E1;fora del &#x201C;huerto&#x201D;, pero tambi&#x00E9;n una planta de frutas, una flor o un &#x00E1;rbol. La asociaci&#x00F3;n metaf&#x00F3;rica es un primer paso en el an&#x00E1;lisis emocional, porque al intentar identificar qu&#x00E9; planta es la m&#x00E1;s adecuada para representar la emoci&#x00F3;n percibida, los ni&#x00F1;os ya est&#x00E1;n profundizando en la calidad de la experiencia emocional que han vivido. Despu&#x00E9;s de identificar una asociaci&#x00F3;n, se les invita a dibujar la planta que representa su emoci&#x00F3;n. Luego, progresivamente, a lo largo del programa, se les invita a escribir el hecho del que surgi&#x00F3; la emoci&#x00F3;n en el suelo del que brota la planta dibujada, las manifestaciones faciales o f&#x00ED;sicas con las que se expres&#x00F3; la emoci&#x00F3;n en los frutos de la planta dibujada, y tambi&#x00E9;n los pensamientos que nutrieron la emoci&#x00F3;n en el tallo de la planta dibujada, donde idealmente fluye la savia. En el caso de que los ni&#x00F1;os se den cuenta, durante el an&#x00E1;lisis de la emoci&#x00F3;n, de que esta ha permanecido dentro de ellos, es decir, de que no se ha exteriorizado a trav&#x00E9;s de ninguna manifestaci&#x00F3;n, tienen la opci&#x00F3;n de escribir &#x201C;ninguna manifestaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; en los frutos. Como que, para hacer florecer la conciencia emocional, es necesario cultivar el h&#x00E1;bito reflexivo sobre las propias emociones, es importante que los ni&#x00F1;os se comprometan regularmente a escribir y analizar sus emociones: por esta raz&#x00F3;n, durante el proyecto, se solicita la cooperaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado para que invite a los ni&#x00F1;os y las ni&#x00F1;as a redactar su diario cotidianamente, cada dos semanas. De esta manera, la investigadora, al menos quincenalmente, podr&#x00E1; recoger los diarios de los ni&#x00F1;os para comprobar si los diversos elementos de la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n, que se han ido introduciendo progresivamente, han sido comprendidos o si son necesarias m&#x00E1;s explicaciones de la met&#x00E1;fora.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32149-ES">
<label>4.</label>
<title>U<sc>na investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa sobre los diarios de vida emocional</sc></title>
<p>La edici&#x00F3;n piloto del <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> involucr&#x00F3; a 57 estudiantes de 9 y 10 a&#x00F1;os (26 chicos y 31 chicas) que asist&#x00ED;an a 4 clases de escuelas primarias italianas. Se llev&#x00F3; a cabo una investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa para evaluar la eficacia educativa del programa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32149-ES">Valbusa y Mortari, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32149-ES">Mortari, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). Dado que la actividad que responde al principal objetivo educativo, es decir, fomentar la reflexi&#x00F3;n de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as sobre sus propias emociones, es el diario de vida emocional, los diarios recogidos fueron analizados para descubrir qu&#x00E9; elementos de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional aparec&#x00ED;an en ellos.</p>
<sec id="sec-10-32149-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Datos recogidos y m&#x00E9;todo de an&#x00E1;lisis</title>
<p>Al final del programa, fue posible analizar cualitativamente 45 diarios de vida emocional de los participantes, que conten&#x00ED;an un total de m&#x00E1;s de 1.400 ejercicios de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional. Los diarios que se han tenido en cuenta para los fines de la investigaci&#x00F3;n fueron aquellos con al menos un ejercicio de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional en cada una de las ocho semanas de actividad del diario, descifrables en lenguaje y escritura. Todos los diarios fueron transcritos fielmente y anonimizados.</p>
<p>Los datos recogidos fueron analizados siguiendo un planteamiento fenomenol&#x00F3;gico. En las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas, varios autores han presentado propuestas sobre c&#x00F3;mo concebir y aplicar el m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico en las ciencias emp&#x00ED;ricas (v&#x00E9;ase, por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32149-ES">Giorgi, 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32149-ES">Van Manen, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32149-ES">Moustakas, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32149-ES">de Feijoo y Goto, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32149-ES">Lima y de Castro Cruso&#x00E9;, 2021</xref>). Sin embargo, la cuesti&#x00F3;n principal a debatir &#x2013; es decir, si y c&#x00F3;mo el m&#x00E9;todo fenomenol&#x00F3;gico, desarrollado por Husserl para la filosof&#x00ED;a como ciencia eid&#x00E9;tica, puede aplicarse al campo de las ciencias emp&#x00ED;ricas &#x2013; apenas se aborda en la literatura y necesita m&#x00E1;s atenci&#x00F3;n. A este respecto, la premisa principal del enfoque fenomenol&#x00F3;gico adoptado por la investigaci&#x00F3;n presentada en este art&#x00ED;culo se&#x00F1;ala que la esencia que se puede buscar en el campo emp&#x00ED;rico no es la esencia eid&#x00E9;tica, que consiste en las propiedades generales y persistentes de un fen&#x00F3;meno, sino la esencia concreta, que consiste en sus cualidades contextuales y accidentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32149-ES">Mortari <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). En consonancia con esta premisa, que caracteriza a la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a emp&#x00ED;rica, el objetivo del an&#x00E1;lisis de los diarios fue describir la esencia concreta de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional llevada a cabo por los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as participantes y, a partir de los resultados, evaluar la eficacia de la narraci&#x00F3;n y la met&#x00E1;fora para fomentarla.</p>
<p>Para lograr este prop&#x00F3;sito, se desarrollaron procedimientos heur&#x00ED;sticos espec&#x00ED;ficos, aptos para ser aplicados al material recogido, que es &#x00FA;nico en la literatura. Espec&#x00ED;ficamente, se consideraron los elementos de las experiencias emocionales incluidos en los diarios con referencia a las diferentes semanas de escritura. En particular, se examinaron los diarios con referencia a las instrucciones dadas a los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as por la persona investigadora durante cada una de las cuatro fases diferentes de la actividad del diario. Con referencia a cada fase, se tuvieron en cuenta la presencia en los diarios de &#x201C;elementos requeridos&#x201D; y &#x201C;elementos inesperados&#x201D;. Los elementos requeridos son aquellos expl&#x00ED;citamente solicitados por las instrucciones dadas a los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as por la investigadora en una fase determinada; los elementos inesperados son aquellos que los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as anticiparon en una fase anterior antes de ser solicitados expl&#x00ED;citamente. Cada fase est&#x00E1; asociada a una tarea de escritura y an&#x00E1;lisis: la fase uno abarca la primera semana de la actividad del diario (elementos requeridos: historia y dibujo; elementos inesperados: hecho, manifestaciones y pensamientos); la fase dos abarca la segunda semana de la actividad del diario (elementos requeridos: historia, dibujo y hecho; elementos inesperados: manifestaciones y pensamientos); la fase tres abarca la tercera y cuarta semanas de la actividad del diario (elementos requeridos: narraci&#x00F3;n, dibujo, hecho, manifestaciones; elemento inesperado: pensamientos); la cuarta fase abarca la quinta, sexta, s&#x00E9;ptima y octava semanas de la actividad del diario (elementos requeridos: narraci&#x00F3;n, dibujo, hecho, manifestaciones y pensamientos; elementos inesperados: ninguno, ya que todos los elementos de las experiencias emocionales cubiertos por el proyecto en este punto hab&#x00ED;an sido requeridos).</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, se comprob&#x00F3; si la narraci&#x00F3;n del diario conten&#x00ED;a o no el nombre de la emoci&#x00F3;n, si las manifestaciones eran expl&#x00ED;citas o negadas (esto cuando los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as escribieron &#x201C;ninguna manifestaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;), si el hecho que hab&#x00ED;a dado lugar a la emoci&#x00F3;n era preciso o general. Tambi&#x00E9;n se etiquetaron los diferentes tipos de pensamientos que los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as identificaron como subyacentes a sus emociones.</p>
<p>Un ejemplo del an&#x00E1;lisis llevado a cabo siguiendo este procedimiento se presenta a continuaci&#x00F3;n en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32149-ES">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-32149-ES">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>U<sc>n ejemplo de an&#x00E1;lisis de los datos</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-32149-ES.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
<p>En coherencia con el principio de fidelidad a los datos, que es uno de los pilares fundamentales de la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a emp&#x00ED;rica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32149-ES">Mortari <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>), adem&#x00E1;s de los elementos requeridos e inesperados, se buscaron posibles &#x201C;elementos emergentes&#x201D;, es decir, elementos de la experiencia emocional que los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as hab&#x00ED;an sacado a la luz de forma aut&#x00F3;noma durante la pr&#x00E1;ctica de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n, sin haber sido nunca invitados/as expl&#x00ED;citamente por la investigadora a centrarse en ellos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-32149-ES" sec-type="results">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>En resumen, los resultados de la investigaci&#x00F3;n revelan que, ya en las primeras entradas del diario, cuando a&#x00FA;n no se ped&#x00ED;a a los ni&#x00F1;os y a las ni&#x00F1;as que analizaran sus emociones utilizando la planta, sino tan solo que hicieran una asociaci&#x00F3;n metaf&#x00F3;rica, emerge el hecho del cual surge la emoci&#x00F3;n: al narrar su experiencia emocional los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as casi siempre se refieren a un evento o a una situaci&#x00F3;n determinada que origin&#x00F3; la emoci&#x00F3;n. Su capacidad para identificar, sin dificultad, el hecho del que surgi&#x00F3; su emoci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n se confirma en los ejercicios de an&#x00E1;lisis utilizando la planta dibujada en todas las fases de la experiencia educativa. De hecho, en la mayor&#x00ED;a de los casos, mencionan el mismo hecho en el suelo del que se origina la planta dibujada que aquel al que se refieren en la narraci&#x00F3;n emocional.</p>
<p>Al contrario, los casos en los que los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as explicitaron las manifestaciones de las emociones en sus narraciones fueron bastante raros; pues para ellos y ellas, la herramienta m&#x00E1;s eficaz para identificar las manifestaciones fue el an&#x00E1;lisis emocional a trav&#x00E9;s de la met&#x00E1;fora vegetal. A menudo, en el espacio del an&#x00E1;lisis dedicado a las manifestaciones &#x2013; es decir, en los frutos de la planta dibujada &#x2013;, los ni&#x00F1;os escribieron &#x201C;ninguna manifestaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;, Sin embargo, este es el resultado del compromiso con la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional, porque implica que en estos casos, al reflexionar sobre su experiencia emocional, se dieron cuenta de que su emoci&#x00F3;n permaneci&#x00F3; &#x201C;dentro de ellos&#x201D; y que no se hizo visible para otras personas.</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, con respecto al elemento de los pensamientos, se puede decir que la facilitaci&#x00F3;n representada por la met&#x00E1;fora fue decisiva: la presencia de pensamientos en los ejercicios de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as, de hecho, aument&#x00F3; ya desde el momento en que se les invit&#x00F3; a escribir sus pensamientos en el tallo de la planta dibujada. Por lo tanto, al igual que en el caso de las manifestaciones, la herramienta de an&#x00E1;lisis &#x2013; con la ayuda de una met&#x00E1;fora &#x2013; demuestra ser m&#x00E1;s eficaz que la herramienta de narraci&#x00F3;n libre para poder estimular la identificaci&#x00F3;n de los pensamientos. Del an&#x00E1;lisis surgieron varias tipolog&#x00ED;as de pensamientos subyacentes a las emociones, por ejemplo, valoraci&#x00F3;n, evaluaci&#x00F3;n ir&#x00F3;nica, autoevaluaci&#x00F3;n, previsi&#x00F3;n, suposici&#x00F3;n, cuestionamiento, duda, intenci&#x00F3;n, creencia, hip&#x00F3;tesis, interpretaci&#x00F3;n de las emociones de los dem&#x00E1;s, previsi&#x00F3;n que incluye una valoraci&#x00F3;n, previsi&#x00F3;n que incluye una autoevaluaci&#x00F3;n, previsi&#x00F3;n de la emoci&#x00F3;n de otra persona.</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, el an&#x00E1;lisis de las entradas de los diarios revela la presencia, en algunos casos, de otros elementos de la experiencia emocional (&#x201C;elementos emergentes&#x201D;), es decir, la intensidad de la emoci&#x00F3;n percibida, un deseo o una falta de voluntad relacionada con la emoci&#x00F3;n, y una emoci&#x00F3;n a&#x00F1;adida a la emoci&#x00F3;n principal narrada.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-32149-ES">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Implicaciones y l&#x00ED;mites del estudio</title>
<p>Los resultados de la investigaci&#x00F3;n permiten concluir que el ejercicio de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n proporcionado por el programa SEL del <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> fue muy eficaz para promover la autoconciencia emocional. En especial, la herramienta de la met&#x00E1;fora fue particularmente eficaz para fomentar la identificaci&#x00F3;n de manifestaciones y pensamientos, menos presentes en la narraci&#x00F3;n de la emoci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, los hallazgos de la investigaci&#x00F3;n evidencian que la estructura de la met&#x00E1;fora de la planta podr&#x00ED;a considerarse como reductiva: ser&#x00ED;a importante repensar y desarrollar la met&#x00E1;fora de la planta incluyendo tambi&#x00E9;n elementos de intensidad, deseo o falta de voluntad, y emociones adicionales, como indicado por el an&#x00E1;lisis cualitativo de los datos recogidos.</p>
<p>De este an&#x00E1;lisis se derivan implicaciones &#x00FA;tiles para mejorar las pr&#x00E1;cticas de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje. En particular, la met&#x00E1;fora propuesta por el programa resulta ser muy flexible y puede integrarse eficazmente en las actividades curriculares. Por ejemplo, podr&#x00ED;a proponerse el an&#x00E1;lisis de la experiencia emocional de protagonistas de obras literarias o de eventos hist&#x00F3;ricos, o analizar la propia experiencia emocional del estudiantado suscitada por temas ense&#x00F1;ados en diferentes disciplinas, o incluso por eventos que afectan a la sociedad actual.</p>
<p>Finalmente, el programa deber&#x00ED;a mejorarse integrando tambi&#x00E9;n los componentes m&#x00E1;s relacionales del marco SEL. Esto podr&#x00ED;a lograrse mediante el uso de la herramienta metaf&#x00F3;rica en momentos espec&#x00ED;ficos de di&#x00E1;logo. Por ejemplo, la asociaci&#x00F3;n del ejercicio de autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional con momentos de di&#x00E1;logo con el profesorado y los compa&#x00F1;eros puede ayudar a comprender las din&#x00E1;micas socioemocionales que involucran a todo el grupo, con efectos positivos en el clima y el bienestar de la clase.</p>
<p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n tiene la limitaci&#x00F3;n de haberse implementado en un &#x00FA;nico contexto cultural, involucrando a un n&#x00FA;mero limitado de participantes. Se necesitar&#x00ED;a por tanto una implementaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s amplia, incluyendo un an&#x00E1;lisis longitudinal, para identificar elementos de mejora y confirmar la efectividad del programa.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13-32149-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>El <italic>Proyecto Nous,</italic> con su propuesta de asociar la escritura de un diario con el uso de una herramienta metaf&#x00F3;rica para el an&#x00E1;lisis de las experiencias emocionales personales, ofrece una estrategia innovadora y eficaz para mejorar la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional del estudiantado. Esta contribuci&#x00F3;n es particularmente relevante a la luz de la centralidad que se ha reconocido al cultivo de la autoconciencia emocional para el desarrollo armonioso de ni&#x00F1;os/as y j&#x00F3;venes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32149-ES">OECD, 2024</xref>), y tambi&#x00E9;n a la luz del papel esencial que, como se ha argumentado, desempe&#x00F1;a la autoconciencia emocional en el florecimiento humano.</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, las herramientas educativas propuestas son f&#x00E1;ciles de integrar en las actividades curriculares, en consonancia con la necesidad de enfoques que unan eficazmente el aprendizaje socioemocional (SEL) con la instrucci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32149-ES">Schwartz <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Finalmente, el <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic>, al fundamentarse en una base te&#x00F3;rica rigurosa y en un cuidadoso an&#x00E1;lisis cualitativo de su eficacia, responde a algunas cuestiones cr&#x00ED;ticas que se han puesto de manifiesto en la literatura con respecto a la necesidad de fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos s&#x00F3;lidos y procesos de evaluaci&#x00F3;n rigurosos para los programas de SEL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32149-ES">Jones y Doolittle, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32149-ES">Jones <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1-ES"><label>1</label> <p>El proceso a trav&#x00E9;s del cual todos los j&#x00F3;venes y adultos adquieren y aplican el conocimiento, las habilidades y las actitudes para desarrollar identidades saludables, gestionar las emociones y lograr metas personales y colectivas, sentir y mostrar empat&#x00ED;a hacia los dem&#x00E1;s, establecer y mantener relaciones de apoyo, y tomar decisiones responsables y de cuidado (Traducci&#x00F3;n al castellano a cargo de las autoras).</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2-ES"><label>2</label> <p>En este estudio, utilizamos las expresiones &#x201C;dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional&#x201D;, &#x201C;experiencias emocionales&#x201D; y &#x201C;emociones&#x201D; para incluir todos los diferentes fen&#x00F3;menos afectivos, o actos de sentir, que componen la vida de la mente, es decir, emociones, sentimientos, pasiones y tonalidades afectivas. Para una distinci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s profunda de estos fen&#x00F3;menos v&#x00E9;ase <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32149-ES">Mortari, 2019</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32149-ES">2022</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3-ES"><label>3</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4-ES"><label>4</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5-ES"><label>5</label> <p>Para una presentaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s extensa de esta teor&#x00ED;a v&#x00E9;ase <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32149-ES">Mortari, 2019</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6-ES"><label>6</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7-ES"><label>7</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8-ES"><label>8</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9-ES"><label>9</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10-ES"><label>10</label> <p>Traducci&#x00F3;n a cargo de las autoras.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11-ES"><label>11</label> <p>Se escogen estas emociones porque en la literatura se consideran como &#x201C;emociones b&#x00E1;sicas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32149-ES">Liu, 2015</xref>), y suponemos que los ni&#x00F1;os las conocen y se refieren a ellas durante la lluvia de ideas inicial.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32149</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32149</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Socio-Emotional Learning and Human Flourishing</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Aprendizaje socioemocional y florecimiento humano</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-6072</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MORTARI</surname>
<given-names>Luigina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-3601</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>VALBUSA</surname>
<given-names>Federica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5795-1582</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>BOMBIERI</surname>
<given-names>Rosi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">University of Verona. Italy.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">University of Verona</institution>
<country country="IT">Italy</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>luigina.mortari@univr.it</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>federica.valbusa@univr.it</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>rosi.bombieri@univr.it</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>07</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The development of social and emotional competences is a crucial aspect of human flourishing. These competences, including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, interpersonal skills and responsible decision-making, have been found to demonstrate effective improvements through social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. An analysis of the recent literature on emerging SEL approaches was conducted to provide an overview of current educational proposals, highlighting their strong and critical areas and outlining the lingering challenges, particularly in terms of the necessity to define the theoretical foundations of the programs with utmost clarity and conduct rigorous research on their effectiveness. In light of the aforementioned considerations, this article presents an innovative SEL program entitled <italic>The Nous Project</italic> that responds to the recommendations highlighted in the literature. Developed for primary school children, <italic>The Nous Project</italic> is based on a philosophically-grounded theory of socio-emotional education, which primarily focuses on the role of emotional self-understanding. Consequently, the primary objective of <italic>The Nous Project</italic> is to foster students&#x2019; knowledge of their own emotional dimensions and their ability to understand their own emotions. This is achieved by involving them in keeping a reflective diary, where they write down their emotions and analyse them on the basis of a metaphor. The effectiveness of this activity will be discussed starting from the presentation of the findings emerged from the qualitative analysis of the diaries collected during the pilot implementation of the program.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El desarrollo de las competencias sociales y emocionales es un aspecto crucial del florecimiento humano. Se ha demostrado que estas competencias, que incluyen la autoconciencia, la autogesti&#x00F3;n, la conciencia social, las habilidades interpersonales y la toma de decisiones responsables, se promueven eficazmente mediante programas de aprendizaje social y emocional (SEL). Se ha llevado a cabo un an&#x00E1;lisis de la literatura reciente sobre los enfoques emergentes del SEL con el fin de proporcionar una visi&#x00F3;n general de las propuestas educativas actuales, destacando sus puntos fuertes y cr&#x00ED;ticos, y esbozando los retos pendientes, en particular la necesidad de definir m&#x00E1;s claramente los fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos de los programas y de llevar a cabo una investigaci&#x00F3;n rigurosa sobre su eficacia. A la luz de las consideraciones anteriores, el art&#x00ED;culo presenta un innovador programa SEL titulado <italic>El Proyecto Nous</italic>, que responde a las recomendaciones destacadas en la literatura. Creado para ni&#x00F1;os de primaria, el <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> se basa en una teor&#x00ED;a filos&#x00F3;fica de la educaci&#x00F3;n socioemocional, que se centra principalmente en el papel de la autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional. En consecuencia, el objetivo principal del <italic>Proyecto Nous</italic> es fomentar el conocimiento, en el alumnado, de su propia dimensi&#x00F3;n emocional y de su capacidad para comprender sus propias emociones. Esto se consigue implic&#x00E1;ndoles en la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de un diario reflexivo, en el que escriben sus emociones y las analizan a partir de una met&#x00E1;fora. La eficacia de esta actividad se debatir&#x00E1; a partir de la presentaci&#x00F3;n de los resultados del an&#x00E1;lisis cualitativo de los diarios recogidos durante la experiencia piloto de dicho programa.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>phenomenology</kwd>
<kwd>social-emotional learning</kwd>
<kwd>The Nous Project</kwd>
<kwd>emotional self-understanding</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>qualitative research</kwd>
<kwd>primary school</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>fenomenolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje socioemocional</kwd>
<kwd>Proyecto Nous</kwd>
<kwd>autocomprensi&#x00F3;n emocional</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa</kwd>
<kwd>escuela primaria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32149-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>The development of socio-emotional competences is a fundamental dimension of human flourishing. On the topic in question, the most widespread construct in the literature is that of social and emotional learning (SEL), which is defined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) as</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>the process through which all young people and adults acquire and apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes to develop healthy identities, manage emotions and achieve personal and collective goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain supportive relationships, and make responsible and caring decisions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32149-EN">Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2020</xref>).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In recent decades, extensive research has been conducted on school programs inspired by SEL, which was initially conducted only in the United States, but later, it was conducted progressively and more widely in Europe and other countries as well. Many efforts have been made to effectively integrate SEL into academic instruction, with an increasing inclination towards promoting equality and equity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32149-EN">Schwartz et al., 2023</xref>). Research has been strongly oriented towards the effectiveness of SEL programs, highlighting their positive effects both on students&#x2019; socio-emotional well-being and academic performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32149-EN">Durlak et al., 2022</xref>), and demonstrating their long-term impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32149-EN">Taylor et al., 2017</xref>). The increasing interest in this topic is linked to the current challenges affecting education and schools, such as the connection between emotional distress and illiteracy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32149-EN">Goleman, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32149-EN">Mitchell et al., 2019</xref>), mental health problems in children and adolescents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32149-EN">UNICEF, 2024</xref>), and phenomena of violence and bullying (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32149-EN">Holt et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>An analysis of the literature brings out the need to increase the commitment to theoretical reflection and rigorous research in this field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32149-EN">Jones &#x0026; Doolittle, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32149-EN">Jones et al., 2017</xref>). In fact, theoretical reflection enables the outlining of horizons of thought in light of which educational objectives can be clearly identified, while research provides evidence to support the effectiveness of the tools adopted and activities implemented.</p>
<p>Beginning with these considerations, this article presents <italic>The Nous Project</italic>, a SEL program specifically aimed to improve emotional self-understanding in primary school children. The theory that underpins the program is philosophically grounded: in fact, on the one hand it refers to phenomenological philosophy, which highlights the ontological significance of emotional dimension and suggests a reflective method for the analysis of emotional experiences; on the other hand it refers to the cognitive conception of emotions, advocated in ancient times by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32149-EN">Aristotle (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32149-EN">2019</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32149-EN">Epictetus (1766)</xref>, and in more recent times by Nussbaum, according to which feeling and thinking are closely interconnected, because emotions have a cognitive content<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32149-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>A<sc>n overview of emerging sel approaches</sc></title>
<p>Over the past two decades, a multitude of SEL programs have flourished, and the academic literature has been increasingly focusing on identifying their positive outcomes and critical issues to evaluate their effectiveness and promote continuous improvement of educational and teaching practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32149-EN">Durlak et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32149-EN">Jones &#x0026; Doolittle, 2017</xref>). Significant efforts are currently being made in order to establish a coherent and systematic understanding of educational knowledge and practice in the field of SEL, including the development of tools to support schools and professionals in navigating this complex area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32149-EN">Jones et al., 2019</xref>). Overall, research continues with the aim to respond to the new socio-emotional challenges emerging in contemporary society.</p>
<p>Beginning with these considerations, an analysis of the recent literature was conducted to offer a brief overview of some of the main emerging approaches aimed at promoting SEL, highlighting their strengths and critical points.</p>
<p>An increasingly expanding approach is that of mindfulness, which has commonalities and differences with respect to traditional SEL programs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-EN">Feuerborn &#x0026; Gueldner, 2019</xref>). The main similarities are concerned with the objectives that aim to promote socio-emotional skills, particular attention to promoting awareness, similar principles of educational design, and the possibility of implementation according to a multilevel system of prevention and support (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-EN">Feuerborn &#x0026; Gueldner, 2019</xref>). In terms of differences, SEL programs are based on a broader set of theories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-EN">Feuerborn &#x0026; Gueldner, 2019</xref>) and may also use different instruction and teaching strategies. In SEL programs, cognitive behavioral strategies can be utilized to identify cognitive errors and modify them as well as to change behavioral responses; in contrast, mindfulness practices give less attention to this aspect of active modification of thoughts and behaviors, leaning more toward the cultivation of awareness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32149-EN">Feuerborn &#x0026; Gueldner, 2019</xref>). Overall, mindfulness represents a promising approach to promoting socio-emotional skills, particularly those related to self-awareness and emotion regulation. In particular, one way is proving to be promising. The way involves integrating some mindfulness practices into existing structured SEL programs and paying attention to work not by merely adding content to the content of such programs but by applying a transformative approach aimed at instilling mindfulness aspects within lessons, thus improving content and delivery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32149-EN">Gueldner &#x0026; Feuerborn, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Another approach of growing interest concerns educational proposals specifically aimed at the development of resilience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32149-EN">Beltman &#x0026; Mansfield, 2018</xref>). On the one hand, it has been observed that it is possible to highlight the potential of manualized SEL programs according to a resilience perspective (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32149-EN">LaBelle, 2023</xref>). On the other hand, specific approaches to resilience have been developed, which partially differ from traditional SEL practices as they work on a broader range of skills, such as &#x2018;positive schooling programs&#x2019;. These proposals have characteristics that overlap with SEL programs, but which present a few differences with respect to the approach and skills addressed: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32149-EN">Kumar and Mohideen (2021)</xref> highlighted that SEL programs are based on a developmental perspective, paying attention to age-aligned tasks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32149-EN">Denham, 2018</xref>) aimed at promoting the development of certain socio-emotional competences, while positive school programs aim at cultivating a broader set of skills inspired by positive psychology, such as hope (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32149-EN">Snyder et al., 2003</xref>) and gratitude (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32149-EN">Froh et al., 2008</xref>). A particular declination of this kind of programs concerns a focus on character strengths: in a recent review of studies related to this particular proposal, a variety of theories that inform the related educational interventions and the difficulty in reaching a consensus on the underlying theoretical foundations were observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32149-EN">Kumar &#x0026; Mohideen, 2021</xref>). Further research should validate a solid theoretical framework and identify the mechanisms at play that favour the processes of change in students, integrating a qualitative component and developing longitudinal studies, which should, in particular, take into account the critical issues that have emerged with respect to the effectiveness of these programs in maintaining high levels of change and positive outcomes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32149-EN">Kumar &#x0026; Mohideen, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>An approach strongly linked to the resilience-oriented one, as it emphasizes strengths and resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32149-EN">Snyder &#x0026; Flay, 2012</xref>), is that of &#x2018;positive youth development&#x2019; (PYD). PYD can be considered as a multidisciplinary construct that, in numerous respects, overlaps and informs SEL and character development approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32149-EN">Snyder &#x0026; Flay, 2012</xref>) and focuses on promoting positive and caring environments, paying attention to the complexity of the levels at play in the educational field&#x2014;such as family, peer, school, and community environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32149-EN">Mas-Exp&#x00F3;sito et al., 2022</xref>). An example of a PYD-oriented approach concerns restorative justice practices, which have their roots in restorative justice, whose main objective is promoting shared solutions to conflict situations, bringing together the parties involved in it in order to identify forms of reparation in accordance with the damage that has been caused (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32149-EN">Frias-Armentia et al., 2018</xref>). &#x2018;Whole school restorative approaches&#x2019; (WSRA) have been found to be particularly significant, encompassing active and participatory methodologies designed to foster social and emotional competences and prevent conflicts. These approaches operate at the level of school culture, facilitating positive relationships among all members of the school community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32149-EN">Mas-Exposito et al., 2022</xref>). The evidence on the effectiveness of these approaches is promising, but research in this field is particularly complex due both to the varying conceptual and methodological principles of the programs and to the need to adapt them to specific school settings and cultures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32149-EN">Mas-Exp&#x00F3;sito et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32149-EN">McCluskey, 2008</xref>).</p>
<p>The interest in pedagogical approaches that integrate artistic tools to promote socio-emotional skills has also increased considerably. For example, the employment of the arts of theatre in SEL programming has been emphasised to facilitate the identification of any adversities that children have experienced or are experiencing and the provision of opportunities to promote their coping strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32149-EN">Schnyder et al., 2021</xref>). This is particularly useful in the early childhood age group in which language is still developing, and the expressive arts often represent an effective means of expression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32149-EN">Schnyder et al., 2021</xref>). The limited number of peer-reviewed studies investigating the issue has been highlighted; therefore, further research in this direction is warranted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32149-EN">Schnyder et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Another approach of growing interest concerns body-oriented interventions (BOI), which begin from the assumption that bodily and emotional experiences are closely associated at both biological and experiential levels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32149-EN">Dias Rodrigues et al., 2022</xref>), and employ activities such as psychomotricity, play, dance, and relaxation to promote the development of socio-emotional skills. A growing body of evidence supports the positive impact of BOI on various aspects of socio-emotional skills; however, more studies are hoped to be conducted on the effectiveness of such programs, carefully considering the optimal frequency, dosage and intensity of the interventions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32149-EN">Dias Rodrigues et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>In conclusion to this brief overview of educative approaches in the SEL field, it is important to report how there is an increasing interest in the development of proposals that integrate the utilization of technologies to promote the development of socio-emotional skills among students. It has been observed that studies in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) have often focused more on specific disadvantaged populations, particularly in support of people with autism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32149-EN">Slov&#x00E1;k &#x0026; Fitzpatrick, 2015</xref>). However, an emerging area of research concerns the potential that HCI has in promoting universal SEL curricula, in particular with respect to the support that technological methods can offer in responding to certain open challenges in traditional SEL programming, such as &#x201C;embedding skills into everyday settings, promoting reflection, and providing mixed spaces for practice&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32149-EN">Slov&#x00E1;k &#x0026; Fitzpatrick, 2015</xref>, p. 11).</p>
<p>Overall, it can be observed that each illustrated educational approach has some strengths related to its specificity. The development of a plurality of approaches allows to respond to diversified contextual needs and offers the opportunity to evaluate integrated perspectives: for example, the combination of approaches focused on mindfulness, resilience and PYD allows to characterize educational action according to a holistic perspective, synergistically promoting emotional regulation, resilience and conflict resolution. Similarly, having more innovative tools such as technology, art and body-oriented interventions allows a better adaptation to different learning styles and cultural contexts.</p>
<p>Furthermore, teachers have an opportunity to evaluate the approach that is not only best suited to their classroom context but also most congenial to their own inclinations &#x2013; a crucial aspect for effective implementation of the programs.</p>
<p>Among the critical issues highlighted, we frequently find the need for more solid theoretical bases for programs and a greater development of rigorous studies on effectiveness.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32149-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>&#x201C;<sc>The nous project</sc>&#x201D; <sc>to improve emotional self</sc>-<sc>awareness</sc></title>
<p>The development of SEL competences contributes to the achievement of human flourishing. To flourish means &#x201C;to fulfil one&#x2019;s potential as human individual&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32149-EN">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, 2015</xref>, p. 13) and it is widely accepted as the &#x201C;goal of life&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32149-EN">Kristj&#x00E1;nsson, 2015</xref>, p. 13). Human potential includes several dimensions of a human being, whose personality is an interconnection of physical, cognitive, relational, emotional, ethical, political, aesthetic, spiritual, and religious aspects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32149-EN">Mortari &#x0026; Ubbiali, 2021</xref>), which education is called upon to develop. From this perspective, SEL can be defined as the educational effort specifically addressed to the flourishing of the socio-emotional human potentialities, which encompass self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relational skills, and responsible decision-making (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32149-EN">Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning- CASEL, 2021</xref>). These core SEL competences are interrelated, but self-awareness appears to be fundamental for the development of the others; specifically, it can be suggested that to effectively manage emotions one should be aware of feeling them, of the thoughts underlying them, and of his/her ways to display them to others; the awareness of one&#x2019;s own ways of emotionally reacting to different situations can help to better understand another&#x2019;s emotions and empathically and positively relate to them; moreover, the ability to take caring and constructive decisions requires the awareness of how one feels about the courses of action to that these choices will lead to. This consideration allows an argument to be made in favor of a SEL program that focuses on the development of self-awareness as its primary educational objective.</p>
<p>Therefore, we propose <italic>The Nous Project</italic>, which is an educational program aimed at supporting the development of self-awareness through emotional self-understanding in children of primary school. In the following paragraph we will present the program by clarifying its theoretical framework, which is philosophically grounded, and describing its structure; a specific focus on the &#x201C;diary of emotional life&#x201D; will be provided, namely, an instrument which translates into practice the phenomenologically-inspired method to reflect on one&#x2019;s own emotions.</p>
<sec id="sec-4-32149-EN">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>The theoretical framework</title>
<p>The theory of socio-emotional education underlying <italic>The Nous Project</italic> argues that: socio-emotional education is important because emotional dimension has ontological significance, since it is constitutive of our being; socio-emotional education is possible if it is conceived in the light of a cognitive conception of emotions, according to which emotions are nourished by thoughts, such as beliefs and evaluations; emotional self-understanding is an important goal of socio-emotional education, and a method for promoting it is the phenomenological one, which suggests the possibility to analyze one&#x2019;s own emotions by reflecting on them.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-EN"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<sec id="sec-5-32149-EN">
<label>3.1.1.</label>
<title>The ontological significance of the emotional dimension</title>
<p>In the past century, it has mainly been phenomenological philosophy that has highlighted how emotional experience is constitutive of our being. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32149-EN">Scheler (1973)</xref>, the &#x201C;heart deserves to be called the core of man as a spiritual being much more than knowing and willing do&#x201D; (p. 100) and &#x201C;man, before he is an <italic>ens cogitans</italic> or an <italic>ens volens</italic>, is an <italic>ens amans</italic>&#x201D; (pp. 110-111). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32149-EN">Stein (2002)</xref> states that in the human being, &#x201C;his <italic>heart</italic> is the actual <italic>living center</italic> of his being&#x201D; and adds that &#x201C;it is evidently the heart that has the greatest share in the inner processes of the soul&#x201D; (p. 437). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32149-EN">Pf&#x00E4;nder (1913)</xref> reflects on the pervasiveness of emotions in human life: indeed, using a metaphor, he suggests that sentiments are the invisible threads that move the entire mechanism of life. The contemporaneous philosopher <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32149-EN">De Monticelli (2008)</xref>, who is a fine scholar of Scheler, highlights that the emotional dimension is the nucleus of essential personal identity, as she states that all emotional experiences are also experiences of the self and that the emotional dimension is precisely the dimension of experience of the interiority of one&#x2019;s own person.</p>
<p>In the emotional experiences humans become aware of the quality of their experience; thus, the emotional dimension fosters an ontological revelation about one&#x2019;s own way of being in the world.</p>
<p>Given the ontological significance of the emotional dimension, knowing how to cultivate the capacity for understanding the quality of one&#x2019;s own emotional life can help in the search for the art of living; therefore, it can be conceived as an important purpose of socio-emotional education.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32149-EN">
<label>3.1.2.</label>
<title>The cognitive conception of emotions</title>
<p>Socio-emotional education is possible only if emotions are not conceived as irrational phenomena but linked to the cognitive dimension and therefore being able to be transformatively understood and managed.</p>
<p>The theory of interdependence between emotional and cognitive dimensions has been strongly advocated in recent decades in the field of psychology and neuroscience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32149-EN">Bandura, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32149-EN">Oatley, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32149-EN">Ellis, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32149-EN">Harr&#x00E9; &#x0026; Gillett, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32149-EN">Scherer, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32149-EN">Immordino-Yang &#x0026; Damasio, 2007</xref>), but the cognitive conception of emotional experiences has ancient origins and was first proposed by Aristotle and Stoics, who are the fundamental references for the contemporaneous philosopher Nussbaum&#x2019;s reflections on emotions. Beginning from the analysis of the Aristotelian and Stoic conception of emotions, Nussbaum states that emotions are not irrational experiences, as they disclose cognitive contents. According to her, an emotion is the expression of an evaluation of an event (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-EN">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>). For example, when faced with a situation which the mind valuates as threatening, a person will be filled with fear. According to this conception, emotional phenomena &#x201C;may be &#x2018;irrational&#x2019; in the sense that the beliefs on which they rest may be false or unjustified, or both. They are not irrational in the sense of having nothing to do with argument and reasoning&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-EN">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>, p. 38).</p>
<p>In analyzing the Aristotelian perspective, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-EN">Nussbaum (1994)</xref> states that &#x201C;for we can see by looking at Aristotle&#x2019;s accounts that the beliefs must be regarded as constituent parts of what the emotion is&#x201D; (p. 88); indeed, emotions happen &#x201C;at the thought of&#x201D; (p. 88) something. At this regard, in <italic>The Art of Rhetoric</italic>, the analysis of emotions is conducted following such an argumentative structure: &#x201C;If they think X, then they will experience emotion Y&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-EN">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>, pp. 88-89).</p>
<p>In line with the Aristotelian theory, the Stoic theory also assigns a cognitive structure to emotional experiences, so that &#x201C;the evaluative content of the emotional person&#x2019;s judgment is salient&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-EN">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>, p. 88). In his <italic>Enchiridion</italic> (or <italic>Manual</italic>), Epictetus goes so far as to claim, &#x201C;Remember, that not he who gives ill language, or a blow, affronts; but the principle, which represents these things as affronting&#x201D;; and adds, &#x201C;When therefore, anyone provokes you, be assured, that it is your own opinion that provokes you&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32149-EN">Epictetus,1766</xref>, XX). Immediately afterwards, he indicates a method for self-awareness and self-management: &#x201C;Try, therefore, in the first place, not to be hurried away with the appearance. For, if you once gain time and respite, you will more easily command yourself&#x201D; (XX). The possibility of finding an important insight for outlining a cognitive conception of emotions in Epictetus is that, according to him, what causes pain is not what happens but the judgment of what happens (XVI). However, in recalling the Stoic theory of emotions, it should be emphasized that we agree with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32149-EN">Nussbaum (2001)</xref> when she clarifies that, while sharing with the Stoics the idea that emotions have a cognitive content, she rejects the notion that all emotions should be extirpated because all evaluations involved in them would be false. Since human life is constituted of relationships with others, because humans are constitutively relational, it cannot but be affectively connoted.</p>
<p>Based on the theoretical assumption of a close correlation between feeling and thinking, it can be hypothesized that if one wishes to modify emotions s/he can work on their cognitive content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32149-EN">Nussbaum, 1994</xref>). Accordingly, from the perspective of socio-emotional education, it is important to elaborate a method that enables people to understand their own emotions by clarifying the thoughts underlying them. Moreover, precisely because being aware of the thoughts underlying an emotion is a necessary condition for working on them in order to modify the emotion itself, a method of emotional self-understanding elaborated on the basis of a cognitive conception of emotional experiences cannot help but present an evident transformative potential.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32149-EN">
<label>3.1.3.</label>
<title>The phenomenological method of emotional self-understanding</title>
<p>An important reference for developing a method for the knowledge of the emotional life is the phenomenological one, because it provides indications for the analysis of the life of the mind. In its Husserlian formulation, the phenomenological method requires the description of the lived experiences of the consciousness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32149-EN">Husserl, 2012</xref>); thus, when this method has at its focus the emotional dimension, it requires a description of the emotional lived experiences which, with their cognitive nucleus, are the expression of the life of the mind. Husserl conceives phenomenology as an eidetic science, aimed at searching for the general essence of a phenomenon; in contrast, when the phenomenological method is assumed as the method for self-understanding, it is conceived as an experiential practice to gain self-knowledge. Accordingly, while the eidetic phenomenology is aimed at describing the general essence of an emotional phenomenon, the phenomenological method as a method for self-understanding requires the person to describe a precise emotional experience lived by him/her&#x2014;that is, a personal emotional phenomenon. For this reason, the phenomenology of emotional self-understanding proposed by the theory of socio-emotional education as the basis of <italic>The Nous Project</italic> does not aspire to the construction of general knowledge but to the construction of personal knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32149-EN">Mortari, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Self-understanding is the behavior of the mind when, having ceased involvement in worldly activities, observes what happens within itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32149-EN">Stein, 1970</xref>). Phenomenological self-understanding occurs when the inner gaze of the mind is activated, and the subject finds him/herself reflecting upon him/herself. Emotional experiences are aspects that are most alive, but also for this reason, the most elusive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32149-EN">Zambrano, 1949</xref>); therefore, they evade any definition that seeks to pin them down. However, despite its limits, emotional self-analysis is possible because emotional acts have their own ways to appear to the gaze of the mind and, as such, they can become the objects of thought.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32149-EN">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>The structure of the program and the diary of emotional life</title>
<p>The program (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32149-EN">Table 1</xref>) is structured in nine meetings between the researcher and the classes involved, one meeting every two weeks. During the meetings, the researcher promoted some activities aimed at encouraging children&#x2019;s reflection on the emotional dimension, such as conversations, games and stories. These activities are aimed to introduce and support the proposal of the central instrument of the program, namely, the diary of emotional life, which translates into practice the phenomenological method of emotional self-understanding presented above. In their reflective journals, children are invited both to narrate an emotion they felt during their day and to analyze it on the basis of a metaphor.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32149-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>T<sc>he structure of the program</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32149-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="60%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Weeks of the project</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p><bold>Meetings and activities</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>I week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>I meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The class is involved in a brainstorming starting with the question, &#x201C;Do you know emotions? What emotions do you know?&#x201D;.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The researcher presents the metaphor &#x2018;the vegetable garden of emotions&#x2019;, inviting the class to associate four emotions (joy, sadness, anger and fear<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3-EN"><sup>3</sup></xref>) with four plants.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The researcher requires children to choose one of the plants and narrate an experience about the associated emotion.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the first week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Draw a plant and narrate the associated emotion&#x201D;.</italic> For this week of writing, as for the further ones, children could also choose different emotions and plants than those presented during the first meeting.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>II week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read it.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>III week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>II meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The researcher presents a story about an emotion.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>During a conversation, children are invited to tell what emotion they have recognized in the story and analyze it by clarifying the fact from which it arose.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the second week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Draw a plant and narrate the associated emotion. In the ground of the drawn plant, please write the fact from which your emotions arose&#x201D;.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>IV week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>V week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>III meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The researcher presents a story about an emotion.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>During a conversation, children are invited to tell what emotion they have recognized in the story and analyze it by clarifying the fact from which it arose and the facial/bodily manifestations through which it was expressed.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the third week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Draw a plant and narrate the associated emotion. In the ground of the drawn plant, please write the fact from which your emotions arose; in the fruits of the plant, please write the manifestations through which your emotion expressed itself (if your emotion did not express itself in anyway, please write &#x201C;no manifestations&#x201D;).</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>VI week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>VII week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IV meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Children are involved in a game: &#x201C;The goose game of emotions&#x201D;, structured with the name of the different emotions narrated by children in their diaries so far; each child is invited to roll the dice twice and write down the emotions on which the pawn stops. Then they are invited to choose one of the two emotions emerged by the game and invent a story about it.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the fourth week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The same of the third week.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>VIII week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>IX week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>V meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The researcher presents a story about an emotion.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>During a conversation, children are invited to tell what emotion they have recognized in the story and analyze it by clarifying the fact from which it arose, the facial/bodily manifestations through which it was expressed, and the thoughts which nourished it.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the fifth week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>&#x201C;Draw a plant and narrate the associated emotion. In the ground of the drawn plant, please write the fact from which your emotions arose; in the fruits of the plant, please write the manifestations through which your emotion expressed itself (if your emotion did not express itself in anyway, please write &#x201C;no manifestations&#x201D;); in the stem of the plant please write the thoughts which nourished your emotion.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>X week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>XI week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>VI meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Children are involved again in a game: &#x201C;The goose game of emotions&#x201D;, but this time, in addition to inventing a story, they also analyze the emotion inside it, clarifying the fact, manifestations and thoughts.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the sixth week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The same of the fifth week.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>XII week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>XIII week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>VII meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The researcher presents a story about anger.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>During a conversation, children are invited to tell what emotion they have recognized in the story and analyze it by clarifying the fact from which it arose, the facial/bodily manifestations through which it was expressed, and the thoughts which nourished it.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Then children are involved in another conversation on how to manage anger, starting from the cognitive theory&#x2019;s assumption that it is possible to transform an emotion by changing the thought that nourishes it.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instruction for the diary for the seventh week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The same of the fifth and sixth weeks.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>XIV week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>XV week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>VIII meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>During a conversation, children are invited to clarify the differences between similar emotions (for example, happiness and joy, sadness and melancholy, anxiety and agitation, etc.).</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Indication for the diary for the eighth week of writing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The same of the fifth, sixth and seventh weeks.</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>XVI week</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>The researcher collects the diaries to read them.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>XVII week</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IX meeting</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Each child is invited to write a definition of all the emotions s/he has narrated over the course of the program in his/her diary.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Each child is invited to answer in written form to the question: &#x201C;What have I learnt from this pathway?&#x201D;.</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: author&#x2019;s own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Even if the cognitive act recommended by phenomenology is description, and not narration, research has revealed that people find easier to narrate than to describe: in fact, since the life of the mind has a temporal structure, the cognitive act that best renders the passage of time is precisely that of narration; moreover, the most detailed narratives normally also include in-depth descriptions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32149-EN">Mortari, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>To deepen the reflective work, <italic>The Nous Project</italic> proposes the addition of the analysis of emotions through the use of a metaphor to the diary writing. The metaphor used&#x2014;that is, &#x2018;the vegetable garden of emotions&#x2019;&#x2014;invites one to think of one&#x2019;s personal emotional life by associating it with organic plant life. The metaphorical assumption underlying &#x2018;the vegetable garden of emotions&#x2019; is that the emotional dimension, just like plants in a vegetable garden, can be &#x2018;cultivated&#x2019;,&#x2014;that is, it is possible to care for this dimension. The children are told that while caring for a plant requires, for example, exposing it to light and giving it water, caring for one&#x2019;s emotional life requires reflecting on it. In both cases, it takes time to see a plant flourish and to see emotional self-awareness flourish; in fact, an exercise of emotional self-understanding does not develop a reflective habit if it is performed only once but only if it is performed continuously over time. Furthermore, the association among the structure of vegetal life and the structure of the emotional life is developed in the following manner: just as a plant sinks its roots into ground that is fertile enough to give birth to it, an emotion &#x2018;sinks its roots&#x2019; into a fact&#x2014;that is, an event or situation that triggers it; just as a plant makes itself recognizable to a lay observer mainly by the fruits it produces, an emotion makes itself recognizable to others by facial or bodily manifestations or displays, through which it expresses or externalizes itself; just as a plant is nourished by its sap, an emotion is &#x2018;nourished&#x2019; by the thoughts linked to it&#x2014;positive thoughts nourish positive emotions, while negative thoughts nourish negative emotions. On the one hand, the expression &#x2018;positive emotions&#x2019; refers to emotions that make one feel good about oneself and others; on the other hand, the expression &#x2018;negative emotions&#x2019; refers to emotions that do not make one feel good about oneself and in relationships.</p>
<p>Within the educational program, the metaphor is conceived of as a space for emotional analysis, which accompanies diaristic writing. In fact, when children narrate an emotion in their diary, they are also invited to associate a plant with it. It can be a vegetable, in keeping with the metaphor of the &#x2018;vegetable garden&#x2019;, but also a fruit plant, a flower, or a tree. The metaphorical association is a first step in the emotional analysis, because by attempting to identify which plant is best suited to represent the emotion felt, the children are already deepening the quality of the emotional experience they have lived. After individuating an association, they are invited to draw the plant that represents their emotion. Then, progressively over the course of the program, the children are invited to write down the fact from which the emotion arose in the ground from which the drawn plant takes root, the facial or physical manifestations with which the emotion was expressed in the fruits of the drawn plant, and the thoughts that nourished the emotion in the stem of the drawn plant, where the sap ideally flows. In the event that the children realize, during the analysis of the emotion, that it has remained within them&#x2014;that is, that it has not externalized itself through any manifestation&#x2014;they have the option of writing &#x2018;no manifestation&#x2019; in the fruits. Since to make emotional awareness flourish it is necessary to cultivate a habit of reflecting on one&#x2019;s own emotions, it is important for children to make a regular commitment to write and analyze their emotions: for this reason, during the project, the cooperation of teachers is requested so that they invite children to compile the diary daily, every other week. In this way, the researcher, at least fortnightly, can collect children&#x2019;s diaries in order to check whether the various elements of self-understanding, which have been progressively introduced, have been understood or whether further explanations of the metaphor are needed.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32149-EN">
<label>4.</label>
<title>A <sc>qualitative research on children</sc>&#x2019;<sc>s emotional diaries</sc></title>
<p>The pilot edition of <italic>The Nous Project</italic> involved 57 9-and 10-year-old students (26 males and 31 females) attending 4 classes of Italian primary schools. A qualitative research has been carried out in order to evaluate the educational effectiveness of the program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32149-EN">Valbusa &#x0026; Mortari, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32149-EN">Mortari, et al., 2024</xref>). Since the activity which responds to its main educational aim, namely, to foster children&#x2019;s reflection on their own&#x2019;s emotions, was the diary of emotional life, the collected diaries have been analyzed in order to discover what elements of emotional self-understanding emerged in them.</p>
<sec id="sec-10-32149-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Collected data and analysis method</title>
<p>At the end of the program, it was possible to qualitatively analyze 45 participants&#x2019; diaries of emotional life, which contained a total of more than 1,400 exercises of emotional self-understanding. The diaries taken into account for research purposes were those with at least one emotional self-understanding exercise in each of the eight weeks of diary activity and were decipherable in language and writing. All diaries were faithfully transcribed and anonymized.</p>
<p>The collected data were analyzed following a phenomenological approach. Proposals about how to conceive and apply the phenomenological method in empirical sciences have been provided in the last decades by several authors (see, for example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32149-EN">Giorgi, 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32149-EN">Van Manen, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32149-EN">Moustakas, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32149-EN">de Feijoo &#x0026; Goto, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32149-EN">Lima &#x0026; de Castro Cruso&#x00E9;, 2021</xref>); however, the main issue to be discussed &#x2013; i.e. how it is possible that the phenomenological method, developed by Husserl for philosophy as an eidetic science, can be applied to the field of empirical sciences &#x2013; is scarcely addressed in literature and needs more attention. At this regard, the main assumption of the phenomenological approach embraced by the research presented in this article points out that the essence that can be sought in the empirical field is not the eidetic essence, consisting of the general and persistent properties of a phenomenon, but the concrete essence, consisting of the phenomenon&#x2019;s contextual and accidental qualities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32149-EN">Mortari et al., 2023</xref>). Consistently with this assumption, which characterizes empirical phenomenology, the aim of diaries&#x2019; analysis was to describe the concrete essence of the practice of emotional self-understanding carried out by the involved children and, on the base of the results, evaluate the effectiveness of the narration and metaphor in encouraging it.</p>
<p>To achieve this purpose, specific heuristic procedures, suitable to be applied to the collected material, which is unique in literature, were developed. Specifically, elements of emotional experiences included in the diaries with reference to different weeks of writing were considered. In particular, diaries were examined with reference to the instructions given to children by the researcher during each one of the four different phases of the diary activity. With reference to each phase, the presence in the diaries of the &#x201C;required elements&#x201D; and the &#x201C;unexpected elements&#x201D; were taken into account. The required elements are those explicitly required by the instructions given to children by the researcher in a certain phase; the unexpected elements are those that children anticipated at an earlier phase prior of being explicitly requested. Each phase is associated with a writing and analysis task: phase one covers the first week of the diary activity (required elements: story and drawing; unexpected elements: fact, manifestations and thoughts); phase two covers the second week of the diary activity (required elements: story, drawing and fact; unexpected elements: manifestations and thoughts); phase three covers the third and fourth weeks of the diary activity (required elements: narrative, drawing, fact, manifestations; unexpected element: thoughts); the third phase covers the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth weeks of the diary activity (required elements: narrative, drawing, fact, manifestations and thoughts; unexpected elements: none, because all the elements of emotional experiences covered by the project at this point had already been required). In addition, it was checked whether or not the diary narration contained the name of the emotion, whether the manifestations were explicit or denied (this is the case when children wrote &#x201C;no manifestations&#x201D;), whether the fact that had given rise to the emotion was precise or general. The different types of thoughts that children identified as underlying their emotions were also labelled.</p>
<p>An example of the analysis carried out according to this procedure is presented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32149-EN">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-32149-EN">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>A<sc>n example of data analysis</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-32149-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: author&#x2019;s own elaboration</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Consistent with the principle of faithfulness to data, which is one of the pillars of empirical phenomenology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32149-EN">Mortari et al., 2023</xref>), in addition to the required and unexpected elements, possible &#x201C;emerging elements&#x201D; were searched for, i.e. elements of the emotional experience that children had autonomously brought to light during the self-understanding practice, without ever being explicitly invited by the researcher to focus on them.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-32149-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Findings</title>
<p>In summary, the research findings reveal that, already in the earliest diary entries, when the children were not yet asked to analyze their emotions using the plant but only to make the metaphorical association, the fact from which the emotion arises emerges: in narrating their emotional experience, in fact, the children almost always refer to a precise event or situation that gave rise to the emotion. The children&#x2019;s ability to identify, without difficulty, the fact from which their emotion arose is also confirmed in the exercises of analysis using the drawn plant in all the phases of the educational experience. Indeed, in most cases, children mention the same fact in the ground from which the drawn plant originates as the one that they refer to in the emotional narration.</p>
<p>In contrast, the cases in which the children made the manifestations of emotions explicit in the narratives were rather rare; instead, for them the most effective tool for identifying manifestations was the emotional analysis through the vegetal metaphor. Often, in the space of the analysis dedicated to manifestations&#x2014;that is, in the fruits of the drawn plant, the children wrote &#x2018;no manifestation&#x2019;; however, this is a result of the commitment to emotional self-understanding, because it implies that in these cases, in reflecting on their emotional experience, the children realized that their emotion remained &#x2018;within them&#x2019; as it did not make itself visible to other people.</p>
<p>Moreover, with regard to the element of thoughts, it can be said that the facilitation represented by the metaphor was decisive: the presence of thoughts in the children&#x2019;s exercises of emotional self-understanding, in fact, increased from the moment they were invited to write down their thoughts in the stem of the drawn plant. Therefore, as in the case of manifestations, the tool of analysis&#x2014;aided by a metaphor&#x2014;proves more effective than the tool of free narration in stimulating the identification of thoughts. Several typologies of thoughts underlying the emotions emerged from the analysis, i.e., valuation, ironic evaluation, self-evaluation, foresight, supposition, question, doubt, intention, belief, hypothesis, interpretation of others&#x2019; emotions, foresight that includes an evaluation, foresight that includes a self- evaluation, foresight of other&#x2019;s emotion.</p>
<p>Furthermore, the analysis of the children&#x2019;s diary entries reveals the presence in some of them of other elements of emotional experience (&#x201C;emerging elements&#x201D;), i.e. the intensity of the emotion felt, a desire or unwillingness connected with the emotion, and an emotion added to the main one narrated.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-32149-EN">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Implications and limitations of the study</title>
<p>The research findings enable researchers to conclude that the self-understanding exercise provided by the SEL program of <italic>The Nous Project</italic> was effective in promoting emotional self-awareness. Specifically, the metaphor tool was particularly effective in encouraging the identification of manifestations and thoughts, which were less present in the narration of emotion.</p>
<p>However, the research findings make it evident that the structure of the plant metaphor could be evaluated as reductive: therefore, it would be important to rethink and develop the plant metaphor including also the elements of intensity, desire or unwillingness, and additional emotions, which emerged from the qualitative analysis of the collected data.</p>
<p>Useful implications are drawn to improve educational and teaching practices. In particular, the metaphor proposed by the program is particularly flexible and can be effectively integrated into curricular activities. For example, it could be proposed to analyze the emotional experience of the protagonists of literature and historical events, or to analyze students&#x2019; own emotional experience aroused by topics taught in multiple disciplines or even by events that affect today&#x2019;s society.</p>
<p>Furthermore, the program should be improved by also integrating the more relational components of the SEL framework. This could be achieved through the use of the metaphorical tool in specific moments of sharing and discussion. For example, the association of the exercise of emotional self-understanding with moments of sharing and discussion with the teacher and classmates can help understanding the socio-emotional dynamics that involve the entire group, with positive effects on the climate and well-being of the class.</p>
<p>The research has the limitation of having been implemented in a single cultural context, involving a limited number of participants. A broader implementation is needed, including a longitudinal analysis, in order to identify elements of improvement and confirm the effectiveness of the program.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13-32149-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusion</sc></title>
<p><italic>The Nous Project</italic>, with its proposal to associate diary writing with the use of a metaphorical tool for the analysis of one&#x2019;s own emotional experiences, offers an innovative and effective strategy in enhancing students&#x2019; emotional self-understanding. This contribution is particularly relevant in light of the centrality that has been recognized to the cultivation of emotional self-awareness for the harmonious development of children and youth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32149-EN">OECD, 2024</xref>), and also in light of the essential role that emotional self-awareness has been argued to play in human flourishing.</p>
<p>Furthermore, the proposed educational tools are easy to be integrated into curricular activities, in line with the need for approaches that effectively integrate SEL into academic instruction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32149-EN">Schwartz et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Finally, <italic>The Nous Project</italic>, being founded on a rigorous theoretical basis and a careful qualitative analysis of its effectiveness, responds to some critical issues that have emerged in literature with regard to the need for clear theoretical foundations and rigorous evaluation processes for SEL programs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32149-EN">Jones &#x0026; Doolittle, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32149-EN">Jones et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1-EN"><label>1</label> <p>In this study, we use the expressions &#x201C;emotional dimension&#x201D;, &#x201C;emotional experiences&#x201D; and &#x201C;emotions&#x201D; to include all the different affective phenomena, or acts of feeling, which compose the life of the mind, namely, emotions, sentiments, passions, and affective tonalities. For an in-depth distinction of these phenomena, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32149-EN">Mortari, 2022</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32149-EN">2023</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2-EN"><label>2</label> <p>For a more extensive presentation and discussion of this theory, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32149-EN">Mortari, 2023</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3-EN"><label>3</label> <p>These emotions are chosen because in literature they are considered &#x201C;basic emotions&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32149-EN">Liu, 2015</xref>), and we suppose that children know them and refer to them in the initial brainstorming.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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