<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32146</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32146</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Del abandono al reconocimiento en la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">From Dropout to Recognition in Adult Education</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-9741</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>LLANES ORD&#x00D3;&#x00D1;EZ</surname>
<given-names>Juan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-7625</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>DAZA P&#x00C9;REZ</surname>
<given-names>Lidia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8378-5488</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MALLOWS</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Barcelona. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Barcelona</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">IOE, UCL&#x2019;s Faculty of Education and Society. United Kingdom.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">IOE</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">UCL&#x2019;s Faculty of Education and Society</institution>
<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>juanllanes@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>ldaza@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>d.mallows@ucl.ac.uk</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>168</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo nos basamos en la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento de Honneth (1997) para examinar la experiencia de j&#x00F3;venes que abandonaron la escuela prematuramente o que no lograron la certificaci&#x00F3;n esperada, y posteriormente se matricularon en escuelas de educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas para obtener la acreditaci&#x00F3;n secundaria. A partir de cuatro grupos focales realizados con una muestra del colectivo de profesorado y estudiantado de dichas escuelas, exploramos por qu&#x00E9; su experiencia puede ser diferente de la que vivieron en la escuela de secundaria. Nuestro an&#x00E1;lisis sugiere que, al darles la bienvenida a este nuevo entorno, el profesorado de las escuelas de educaci&#x00F3;n para personas adultas se involucra con ellos de manera que reconocen expl&#x00ED;citamente y hacen visible qui&#x00E9;nes son estos j&#x00F3;venes. Al escuchar y prestar atenci&#x00F3;n a sus necesidades espec&#x00ED;ficas, el cuerpo de docentes y las instituciones pueden producir espacios significativos para la interacci&#x00F3;n. Sugerimos que este factor juega un papel significativo en el desarrollo acad&#x00E9;mico y personal de estos estudiantes, ayud&#x00E1;ndoles a descubrir su confianza en s&#x00ED; mismos y su autoestima para reconstruir su identidad y encontrar su lugar en la sociedad y contribuir a ella.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>In this article we draw on Honneth&#x2019;s (1997) recognition theory to examine the experience of young people who left school prematurely or who did not achieve the expected certification, and subsequently enrolled in adult education schools to obtain secondary accreditation. Based on four focus groups held with a sample of teachers and students from such schools, we explore why the experience of these young people may be different from that they experienced in secondary schools. Our analysis suggests that, when welcoming young people to this new environment, teachers of adult education schools engage with them in ways that explicitly recognize and make visible who these young people are. By listening and paying attention to their specific needs, teachers and institutions, are able to produce meaningful space for interaction. We suggest that this factor plays a significant role in the academic and personal development of these young people, helping them to discover their self-confidence and self-esteem in order to rebuild their identity and find their place in society and contribute to it.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>reconocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>abandono escolar</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas</kwd>
<kwd>confianza</kwd>
<kwd>respeto</kwd>
<kwd>autoestima</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>recognition</kwd>
<kwd>school dropout</kwd>
<kwd>adult education</kwd>
<kwd>trust</kwd>
<kwd>respect</kwd>
<kwd>self &#x2013;esteem</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32146-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>Con este trabajo se ha querido profundizar en la problem&#x00E1;tica del abandono del sistema educativo, pero en concreto entre el colectivo de las personas matriculadas en la secundaria de los Centros de Formaci&#x00F3;n para Personas Adultas (CFA). Lo primero que se evidencia es que a menudo encontramos continuidad con los estudios sobre abandono en el resto de las etapas educativas, realizados desde la perspectiva del individuo que fracasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32146-ES">Crisol &#x0026; Romero, 2020</xref>), reproduciendo los mismos planteamientos te&#x00F3;ricos y metodol&#x00F3;gicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-ES">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32146-ES">Salv&#x00E0;-Mut <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32146-ES">Vorhaus <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Los factores que influyen en los procesos de abandono suelen agruparse en las siguientes categor&#x00ED;as: personales y psicol&#x00F3;gicas, sociol&#x00F3;gicas, u organizativas. Y ello da paso a implementar medidas y dispositivos de car&#x00E1;cter preventivo en los primeros a&#x00F1;os de la secundaria, que reconduzcan estas trayectorias, tendentes a presentar un mayor riesgo de vulnerabilidad y exclusi&#x00F3;n social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32146-ES">Superviola, 2024</xref>). Pues con la detecci&#x00F3;n de estos factores de riesgo se puede revertir lo que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32146-ES">Archambault <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32146-ES">&#x00C1;lvarez y Mart&#x00ED;nez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez (2016)</xref> identifican como un proceso de desvinculaci&#x00F3;n que se va produciendo a lo largo de la escolarizaci&#x00F3;n hasta finalizar con el abandono. En todos estos trabajos, el indicador que permite medir el &#x00E9;xito o fracaso lo determina la obtenci&#x00F3;n del certificado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32146-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a &#x0026; S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert, 2020</xref>). Mientras que poco se sabe de las experiencias educativas y personales de estos/as estudiantes.</p>
<p>Las personas matriculadas en los (CFA) presentan normalmente trayectorias discontinuas e intermitentes, realidad que dista de las trayectorias m&#x00E1;s lineales encontradas en otras etapas formativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32146-ES">Llanes, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo se da respuesta a esta otra realidad? A un nivel normativo, la actual pol&#x00ED;tica educativa que rige esta etapa formativa no ha sido actualizada para dar respuesta a las necesidades del colectivo con la Ley de Educaci&#x00F3;n de Catalunya de 2009 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32146-ES">Parlament de Catalunya, 2009</xref>) y la Ley de Formaci&#x00F3;n de Adultos de 1991 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32146-ES">Parlament de Catalunya, 1991</xref>). Asimismo, es necesario revisar la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial y el acceso del profesorado que trabaja en el &#x00E1;mbito de la formaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas. Ahora bien, a nivel de la investigaci&#x00F3;n realizada, se plantean nuevas miradas como las de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez de Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref>, quienes plantean la importancia de estudiar los factores que llevan al abandono y como se relacionan con aquellos elementos que permiten un retorno, explorando el rol que juega el sistema educativo y la influencia de elementos institucionales en este proceso de decisi&#x00F3;n, as&#x00ED; como el del profesorado y su actitud, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de poner el foco en la persona que deserta de los estudios. Estos aspectos coinciden con aquellos otros estudios que, examinando el abandono en la secundaria obligatoria en el contexto de la educaci&#x00F3;n reglada, ponen el foco en variables como el autoconcepto positivo en el estudiante como medida de protecci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32146-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a &#x0026; S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert, 2020</xref>) o la vinculaci&#x00F3;n escolar, el compromiso, apego y motivaci&#x00F3;n, y su relaci&#x00F3;n con un mejor rendimiento acad&#x00E9;mico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32146-ES">Demanet &#x0026; Van Houtte, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32146-ES">P&#x00E0;mies <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32146-ES">Fredricks <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref> desarrollan una propuesta m&#x00E1;s compleja centrada en los procesos de acompa&#x00F1;amiento como predictor de las transiciones educativas hacia la continuidad en el sistema. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32146-ES">Meirieu (2001)</xref> reflexiona sobre la importancia de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el/la docente y el/la estudiante. Considera que es fundamental para el proceso educativo y que debe basarse en el respeto, la confianza y la empat&#x00ED;a. En este mismo sentido, un reciente estudio sobre la persistencia en la educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria de personas adultas resalta la transformaci&#x00F3;n que se produce en los niveles de motivaci&#x00F3;n, satisfacci&#x00F3;n y sentido de autoeficacia al pasar del instituto de secundaria a los CFA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-ES">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). Cambios que se derivan fundamentalmente de las relaciones de apoyo acad&#x00E9;mico y social. Todo ello pone de manifiesto una mejora en la autoestima de los/as estudiantes, tomando conciencia y mayor compromiso y responsabilidad con respecto a su trayectoria y desarrollo personal, independientemente de la trayectoria y la obtenci&#x00F3;n o no del t&#x00ED;tulo al finalizar.</p>
<sec id="sec-2-32146-ES">
<label>1.1.</label>
<title>Teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento</title>
<p>A la luz de los resultados m&#x00E1;s recientes obtenidos y referidos en el apartado anterior sobre las experiencias de mejora de la autoestima, la motivaci&#x00F3;n, o la confianza, en la formaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas, creemos que la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento puede ofrecer un mejor entendimiento de algunos de los procesos hasta ahora revisados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-ES">Honneth (1995)</xref> postula que el reconocimiento es esencial para el desarrollo humano y la integraci&#x00F3;n social, enfatizando el papel de las relaciones interpersonales y la estima social en la configuraci&#x00F3;n de la autoconcepci&#x00F3;n de los individuos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-ES">Honneth (1996)</xref> pone el &#x00E9;nfasis en la justicia social, a partir de las relaciones interpersonales, caracterizadas por la interacci&#x00F3;n de sujeto a sujeto. Plantea que nuestra singular interdependencia humana, manifestada como reconocimiento intersubjetivo, ha sido institucionalizada en los &#x00E1;mbitos de la familia, la sociedad civil y el Estado. El reconocimiento es esencial para nuestro sentido de uno mismo, bienestar y capacidad de funcionar de forma aut&#x00F3;noma.</p>
<p>Clasifica el reconocimiento en tres formas, cruciales para la autonom&#x00ED;a individual y la solidaridad social:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Amor: a trav&#x00E9;s de relaciones &#x00ED;ntimas con familiares y amigos cercanos, que proporciona la seguridad emocional necesaria para la confianza en uno mismo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Respeto: como agentes aut&#x00F3;nomos con derechos legales, fomentando el respeto por uno mismo y la responsabilidad moral dentro de la vida c&#x00ED;vica.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Estima social: dentro de contextos sociales, afirmando las contribuciones de los individuos a objetivos colectivos, apoyando la autoestima a trav&#x00E9;s del reconocimiento comunitario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-ES">Honneth, 1995</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>El autor subraya tanto la importancia psicol&#x00F3;gica como su dimensi&#x00F3;n normativa. Los individuos requieren un reconocimiento positivo para desarrollar una identidad pr&#x00E1;ctica. El desconocimiento, o la falta de una imagen de uno/a mismo/a, puede provocar da&#x00F1;os psicol&#x00F3;gicos, socavando la autoestima y la pertenencia social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32146-ES">Fraser &#x0026; Honneth, 2003</xref>). Asimismo, se destaca la interacci&#x00F3;n din&#x00E1;mica entre la formaci&#x00F3;n de la identidad individual y el reconocimiento social. Seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-ES">Cuesta (2019)</xref>, no es s&#x00F3;lo un reconocimiento de la subjetividad, sino una interacci&#x00F3;n social din&#x00E1;mica que integra a los individuos en las normas y pr&#x00E1;cticas sociales.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32146-ES">Fraser y Honneth (2003)</xref> inciden en la idea del desarrollo de la autonom&#x00ED;a individual a trav&#x00E9;s de la integraci&#x00F3;n de una persona en las normas sociales, convirti&#x00E9;ndose en un agente social leg&#x00ED;timo. Este proceso de legitimaci&#x00F3;n implica la identificaci&#x00F3;n racional y subjetiva del individuo con las normas que dan forma a la individualidad dentro de un contexto social. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32146-ES">Honneth (1997)</xref> identifica estas tres formas de reconocimiento (amor, respeto y estima) con la generaci&#x00F3;n de autoconfianza (derivada del amor), el autorrespeto (derivada del respeto) y la autoestima (derivada de la estima). En esta misma l&#x00ED;nea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki y Mari-Husu (2023)</xref> refuerzan dichos resultados sobre estas formas de reconcomiento en su estudio con adultos finlandeses. Estas relaciones consigo mismo permiten a los individuos verse como personas aut&#x00F3;nomas e individualizadas, ciudadanos/as respetados/as e iguales, y miembros socialmente valiosos de su comunidad.</p>
<p>El reconocimiento tambi&#x00E9;n tiene una importancia psicol&#x00F3;gica significativa, ya que sugiere que los individuos dependen fundamentalmente de la retroalimentaci&#x00F3;n de los dem&#x00E1;s y de la sociedad para desarrollar una identidad pr&#x00E1;ctica. Aquellos que no reciben reconocimiento y son vistos por los dem&#x00E1;s o por las normas y valores sociales de manera negativa, pueden tener dificultades para verse a s&#x00ED; mismos/as y a sus logros como valiosos. El reconocimiento err&#x00F3;neo impide o socava la capacidad de un individuo para mantener una relaci&#x00F3;n exitosa consigo mismo/a.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32146-ES">
<label>1.2.</label>
<title>La teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento en la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas</title>
<p>Esta teor&#x00ED;a es particularmente relevante para la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas, donde los estudiantes buscan no s&#x00F3;lo conocimiento sino tambi&#x00E9;n validaci&#x00F3;n personal y social. La educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas puede empoderar a los/as estudiantes a mejorar su autorrealizaci&#x00F3;n, permiti&#x00E9;ndoles perseguir metas personales y profesionales. Puede ayudar a explicar c&#x00F3;mo las experiencias educativas contribuyen a diferentes formas de reconocimiento, fomentando la confianza en s&#x00ED; mismos/as, el respeto y la estima de los/as alumnos/as (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-ES">Cuesta, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-ES">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-ES">Honneth (1996)</xref> describe las luchas por el reconocimiento como procesos sociales donde los grupos marginados se resisten al trato desigual y a las etiquetas despectivas impuestas por grupos de &#x00E9;lite dominantes y poderosos. La falta de respeto surge cuando se niega el reconocimiento en cualquier etapa del desarrollo personal o social, ya sea dentro de la familia y los/as amigos/as, la sociedad civil o el Estado. La etiqueta de &#x201C;abandono escolar prematuro&#x201D; o &#x201C;abandono escolar&#x201D; es una de ellas.</p>
<p>Las instituciones educativas, como las escuelas de adultos, desempe&#x00F1;an un papel crucial en dicho proceso de reconocimiento. Las interacciones respetuosas entre educadores/as y alumnos/as fomentan entornos de aprendizaje propicios, mientras que el reconocimiento de los logros de los/as alumnos/as aumenta la autoestima y la motivaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32146-ES">Brookfield, 2005</xref>). La teor&#x00ED;a se alinea con los desaf&#x00ED;os de la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas, destacando las luchas relacionadas con el acceso, la retenci&#x00F3;n y las oportunidades de aprendizaje equitativas. Comprender estas luchas ayuda a los/as educadores/as a abordar las barreras al aprendizaje y apoyar los esfuerzos de los/as alumnos/as por el reconocimiento y la autorrealizaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-ES">Honneth, 1996</xref>).</p>
<p>En las sociedades basadas en el conocimiento, la educaci&#x00F3;n y el reconocimiento est&#x00E1;n estrechamente relacionados: cada miembro de la sociedad deber&#x00ED;a tener derecho a alcanzar un cierto nivel educativo y obtener as&#x00ED; una posici&#x00F3;n social adecuada y beneficiosa. Sin embargo, quienes carecen de credenciales de escuela secundaria a menudo carecen de la confianza y el respeto en s&#x00ED; mismos/as, y la autoestima necesaria para prosperar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu 2023</xref>). Las escuelas de personas adultas pueden ser el espacio donde los/as j&#x00F3;venes puedan recuperar la autoestima que han perdido debido a lo que se percibe como un fracaso en la escuela secundaria.</p>
<p>Esta teor&#x00ED;a ofrece un marco s&#x00F3;lido para abordar cuestiones complejas de identidad, respeto y autoestima. Enfatiza la importancia de reconocer las experiencias individuales de los/as estudiantes y adaptar las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas para satisfacer sus diversas necesidades. Este enfoque es crucial en la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas, donde los/as estudiantes hacen malabarismos con m&#x00FA;ltiples responsabilidades y buscan experiencias educativas significativas que reconozcan sus antecedentes y aspiraciones &#x00FA;nicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32146-ES">Illeris, 2004</xref>). Los CFA pueden proporcionar una plataforma para que los/as alumnos/as participen en interacciones sociales que afirmen sus identidades y fomenten su desarrollo como agentes aut&#x00F3;nomos. Al reconocer las experiencias y contribuciones de los/as alumnos/as, las instituciones educativas apoyan su camino hacia la autorrealizaci&#x00F3;n y la integraci&#x00F3;n social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32146-ES">Mezirow, 1991</xref>).</p>
<p>Los/as estudiantes adultos/as a menudo navegan por paisajes sociales y econ&#x00F3;micos complejos, buscando la educaci&#x00F3;n como un camino hacia mejores oportunidades y movilidad social. Sin embargo, pueden enfrentar barreras como un reconocimiento inadecuado, exclusi&#x00F3;n social y acceso limitado a los recursos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-ES">Honneth, 1996</xref>). Las instituciones educativas pueden abordar estos desaf&#x00ED;os fomentando entornos inclusivos que reconozcan y valoren las diversas experiencias y contribuciones de los/as estudiantes. De tal modo que la integraci&#x00F3;n de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento en las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas puede contribuir a resultados educativos m&#x00E1;s equitativos y justos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32146-ES">Illeris, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>Un peque&#x00F1;o n&#x00FA;mero de estudios han explorado la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento en la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32146-ES">Morris (2023)</xref> o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32146-ES">Loeng (2020)</xref> sugieren que el reconocimiento es fundamental para mejorar la confianza y la motivaci&#x00F3;n de los/as alumnos/as, y esencial para los objetivos transformadores de la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas. Otras investigaciones enfatizan la importancia de fomentar entornos donde los/as estudiantes adultos/as se sientan valorados/as y reconocidos/as, lo que puede impactar significativamente su &#x00E9;xito educativo y desarrollo personal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32146-ES">Grummell, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32146-ES">Niemi, 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32146-ES">Alfaro y Herrera-Fern&#x00E1;ndez (2020)</xref> se refieren a una falta de reconocimiento de la instituci&#x00F3;n educativa hacia la diversidad de formas de desarrollo, aprendizaje, participaci&#x00F3;n y progreso. Pues algunas dificultades para ese reconocimiento se producen a trav&#x00E9;s de: el discurso de los/as docentes (respecto a las dificultades de aprendizaje, por ejemplo, como algo propio del estudiante y no de la situaci&#x00F3;n de aprendizaje), y la evaluaci&#x00F3;n como algo que no respeta las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de los/as estudiantes (resultados que homogeneizan), como las m&#x00E1;s destacadas.</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, cabe destacar el estudio sobre el acceso y la retenci&#x00F3;n de estudiantes no tradicionales enmarcados en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32146-ES">Fleming y Finnegan (2010)</xref>, donde sugieren que las personas adultas utilizan con frecuencia la narrativa de una mayor confianza en s&#x00ED; mismos/as cuando hablan de sus experiencias y motivaciones para regresar a la educaci&#x00F3;n. Sostienen que este aumento de la confianza en uno/a mismo/a est&#x00E1; estrechamente relacionado con el desarrollo de la propia identidad.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32146-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label>2.</label>
<title>M<sc>etodolog&#x00ED;a</sc></title>
<p>El art&#x00ED;culo que se presenta deriva de una investigaci&#x00F3;n de car&#x00E1;cter metodol&#x00F3;gico mixto cuya finalidad fue conocer el perfil de los/as estudiantes que abandonan y persisten en los CFA en Catalu&#x00F1;a, a partir de la comprensi&#x00F3;n de sus experiencias educativas y vitales a su paso por la educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria en este contexto. Los resultados sugieren que un elemento importante del paso de estos/as j&#x00F3;venes de fracaso escolar por los CFA, es la forma en que la instituci&#x00F3;n reconoce sus experiencias subjetivas y trayectorias vitales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-ES">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32146-ES">Llanes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Es por ello por lo que decidimos sumergirnos de nuevo e indagar, ahora con una nueva mirada, sobre los resultados cualitativos obtenidos en los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n realizados a docentes y estudiantes. Con este trabajo se decidi&#x00F3; explorar, a partir de los testimonios de profesorado y alumnado, algunos elementos de los que habla la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento. En concreto, el objetivo fue examinar con detenimiento la autoconfianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32146-ES">Fleming &#x0026; Finnegan, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-ES">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>), el autorrespeto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-ES">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>), y la autoestima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32146-ES">Brookfield, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-ES">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>), como indicadores de un desarrollo en positivo de su identidad.</p>
<p>Para la investigaci&#x00F3;n se siguieron los criterios recogidos en el c&#x00F3;digo &#x00E9;tico de buenas pr&#x00E1;cticas para la investigaci&#x00F3;n de la Agencia de Pol&#x00ED;ticas y de Calidad de la Universidad de Barcelona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32146-ES">Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat, 2010</xref>), y las propias indicaciones de la Comisi&#x00F3;n de Seguimiento del Observatorio Catal&#x00E1;n de la Juventud, que fue quien aprob&#x00F3; este proyecto.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32146-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Instrumento</title>
<p>Pese a que el objetivo inicial del proyecto no fue contrastar qu&#x00E9; elementos de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento emerg&#x00ED;an en estos procesos formativos en el contexto de las escuelas de personas adultas, en una fase posterior a la investigaci&#x00F3;n inicial, consideramos de inter&#x00E9;s recurrir por segunda vez a los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n ya realizados para averiguar si estas cuestiones emerg&#x00ED;an de alg&#x00FA;n modo en sus narrativas.</p>
<p>Desde los planteamientos de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento, la informaci&#x00F3;n recogida mediante los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n resultaba de gran inter&#x00E9;s, dado que describ&#x00ED;a c&#x00F3;mo el o la estudiante interpreta los patrones de valoraci&#x00F3;n que proceden del profesorado. Y al mismo tiempo, pod&#x00ED;a comprobarse la presencia de dicho reconocimiento desde el profesorado, en su forma de ver, tratar y dirigirse hacia el alumnado, a trav&#x00E9;s del v&#x00ED;nculo que se crea. As&#x00ED; pues, en esta nueva lectura y an&#x00E1;lisis del contenido de los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n el objetivo fue identificar, mediante sus argumentos, las tres dimensiones principales que se&#x00F1;ala la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento para el desarrollo de la identidad personal: la autoconfianza, el autorrespeto, y la autoestima. Esa propuesta surgi&#x00F3; de los firmantes de este art&#x00ED;culo dada la experiencia, por un lado, en la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento en otros contextos y, por otro lado, de los resultados que emergieron del trabajo de an&#x00E1;lisis de los datos realizado previamente.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32146-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Participantes</title>
<p>A continuaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32146-ES">Tabla 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-32146-ES">Tabla 2</xref>), se presentan los perfiles de participantes que formaron parte de los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n, que recogen la diversidad existente en los CFA de Catalu&#x00F1;a.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32146-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>erfil del profesorado participante</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32146-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="70%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>N&#x00BA; Participantes</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>21</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G&#x00E9;nero</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5 hombres / 16 mujeres</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>A&#x00F1;os experiencia en Educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>14 con &#x003E; 5 a&#x00F1;os, el resto con &#x003C; 5 a&#x00F1;os</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Tutor&#x00ED;a</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10 tutores/as</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ubicaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>La mitad en el &#x00E1;rea metropolitana de Barcelona, el resto en centros de comarca o capitales de provincia</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ense&#x00F1;anza</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Todos eran profesorado del GES, de forma exclusiva o compartida con otras formaciones</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Formaci&#x00F3;n Acad&#x00E9;mica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>11 diplomados/as o graduados/as en magisterio</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10 licenciados/as o graduados/as en otras especialidades (Filolog&#x00ED;a, Geolog&#x00ED;a, Geograf&#x00ED;a, Historia, etc.)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Estudios Adicionales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5 con estudios en Pedagog&#x00ED;a, Psicopedagog&#x00ED;a y/o Educaci&#x00F3;n Social</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9 con estudios de m&#x00E1;ster y postgrado relacionados con la educaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-32146-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>erfil de los/as estudiantes participantes</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-32146-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="70%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>N&#x00BA; Participantes</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>19</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Distribuci&#x00F3;n <bold></bold>CFA</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G&#x00E9;nero</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9 hombres / 10 mujeres</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Edad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>18-29 a&#x00F1;os</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Curso Matriculado</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>16 en GES 2, 3 en GES 1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Situaci&#x00F3;n Laboral</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>13 no trabajaban, 6 s&#x00ED;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Situaci&#x00F3;n de Vivienda</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>12 con progenitores, 2 en pareja, 4 solos/as, 1 con compa&#x00F1;eros/as de piso</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cargas Familiares</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>16 (si), 3 (no)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Nivel de ESO alcanzado</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2 hasta 1&#x00BA;, 4 hasta 2&#x00BA;, 7 hasta 3&#x00BA;, 2 hasta 4&#x00BA;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Lengua de Expresi&#x00F3;n Habitual</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>12 castellano, 7 catal&#x00E1;n</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32146-ES">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title>Procedimiento y an&#x00E1;lisis de la informaci&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>Para la configuraci&#x00F3;n de los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n se contactaron con los participantes a partir de los centros colaboradores. Cada uno de los grupos fue conducido por dos personas, una en el rol de moderadora y otra de observadora.</p>
<p>Para el an&#x00E1;lisis de la informaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa extra&#x00ED;da de los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n, bajo la mirada de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento, partimos de un sistema de categor&#x00ED;as (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32146-ES">Tong <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>) creado <italic>ad hoc</italic>. Primero se establecieron las tres dimensiones del reconocimiento identificadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-ES">Honneth (1995)</xref>: la autoconfianza procedente del amor, el autorrespeto procedente del respeto, y la autoestima procedente de la estima social. Y a continuaci&#x00F3;n, se estableci&#x00F3; un sistema de indicadores para cada dimensi&#x00F3;n. Surge as&#x00ED; un instrumento de an&#x00E1;lisis nuevo y adaptado de dos instrumentos ya validados previamente. El primer instrumento de partida fue una escala de reconocimiento social del profesorado (TSRS) (con un total de 18 indicadores; 5 para la autoconfianza, 7 para el autorrespeto, y 6 para la autoestima) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). El segundo fue un cuestionario sobre los condicionantes del abandono en la educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria obligatoria y del retorno al sistema educativo (con un total de 99 &#x00ED;tems) dirigido a personas matriculadas en la secundaria de personas adultas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). Pese a no partir de la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento, este segundo instrumento es de relevancia porque se centra en la formaci&#x00F3;n de adultos y en &#x00E9;l se pregunta de forma expl&#x00ED;cita sobre cuestiones vinculadas a los conceptos de autoestima (9 &#x00ED;tems) y autorrespeto (4 &#x00ED;tems). A partir de ellos, se construye un instrumento propio, identificando conceptos y significados vinculados a cada una de las tres dimensiones mencionadas por la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento, y centrado en el reconocimiento del alumnado de los CFA. Se seleccionaron finalmente 16 &#x00ED;tems del primer instrumento, y 13 del segundo (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-32146-ES">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-32146-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 3</label>
<caption><title>I<sc>ndicadores para el an&#x00E1;lisis de los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-32146-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>FUENTE</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Teacher social recognition scale (TSRS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang et al., 2023</xref>)</italic></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Cuestionario sobre condicionantes de abandono y retorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas et al., 2023</xref>)</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES"><sup>1</sup></xref></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="9"><p><bold>AUTOCONFIANZA</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela que me apoya cuando estoy enfermo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Profesorado que se preocupa y entiende mis problemas</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela que muestra preocupaci&#x00F3;n por mi trabajo y mi vida</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Buena relaci&#x00F3;n con el profesorado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela que mira por entenderme y apoyarme</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Profesorado que espera cosas positivas de m&#x00ED;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela que me entiende cuando tengo problemas en mi trabajo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Profesorado que me motiva</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela que se preocupa ante momentos cr&#x00ED;ticos en mi vida</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Profesorado que entiendo cuando explica</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="4"/>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Profesorado que se comunica con mis padres</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Buena relaci&#x00F3;n con compa&#x00F1;eros/as</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>No sufrir acoso por parte de los iguales</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Buen clima en general con los iguales</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="5"><p><bold>AUTORRESPETO</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Se respeta derecho a mi desarrollo del aprendizaje</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Recibir una orientaci&#x00F3;n adecuada sobre las opciones formativas</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Derecho a ser orientado</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Recibir una orientaci&#x00F3;n adecuada sobre las opciones laborales</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>No son violados mis derechos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Recibir una orientaci&#x00F3;n adecuada para autoconocimiento</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Me tratan de igual a igual</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Recibir una orientaci&#x00F3;n adecuada para afrontar el estudio</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Derecho a participar</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6"><p><bold>AUTOESTIMA</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Otros expresan su aprecio por mis capacidades</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Otros reconocen mis aportaciones</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Otros reconocen mis logros y avances</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Otros alaban mis progresos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Recibo de otros <italic>feedback</italic> positivo</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mis contribuciones son valoradas</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A partir de esta tabla se llev&#x00F3; a cabo el an&#x00E1;lisis de los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n, indagando sobre la presencia de cada uno de los indicadores en el discurso de los/las participantes. Los testimonios se identificaron de la siguiente forma: se indica un n&#x00FA;mero 1 para el grupo de discusi&#x00F3;n primero, y el 2 para el grupo de discusi&#x00F3;n segundo (tanto en el caso del profesorado como del alumnado). Se distingue con una D al testimonio del/de la docente y con una E el testimonio del/de la estudiante. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, el n&#x00FA;mero que se indica hace referencia al/la participante (dentro de cada grupo de discusi&#x00F3;n los participantes fueron numerados del 1 hacia delante sucesivamente).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32146-ES" sec-type="results">
<label>3.</label>
<title>R<sc>esultados</sc></title>
<p>Del an&#x00E1;lisis realizado bajo el instrumento construido, emerge de forma inductiva, un sistema de categor&#x00ED;as y subcategor&#x00ED;as que nos permite comprender los procesos de reconocimiento del colectivo. Se pudieron identificar parte de los indicadores iniciales, pero tambi&#x00E9;n emergieron otros nuevos que incluimos a modo de revisi&#x00F3;n de la herramienta de an&#x00E1;lisis.</p>
<p>A continuaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-32146-ES">Tabla 4</xref>), se muestra el sistema de categor&#x00ED;as resultado del an&#x00E1;lisis llevado a cabo. Para cada subcategor&#x00ED;a se especifican los indicadores de los que se encuentran testimonios vinculados, indicando el n&#x00FA;mero de citas. Por una cuesti&#x00F3;n de espacio y saturaci&#x00F3;n de la informaci&#x00F3;n se decidi&#x00F3; incluir una cita por indicador.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-32146-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 4</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>ropuesta de sistema de indicadores para el an&#x00E1;lisis del reconocimiento</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-32146-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Formas de reconocimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-ES">Honneth, 1995</xref>)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dimensiones del proceso de construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki y Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Categor&#x00ED;as</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Subcategor&#x00ED;as y citas</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Fuente</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Amor</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Autoconfianza</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>El quien provee</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>El profesorado</italic> (8: 5 profesorado y 3 estudiantes)</p>
<p>Escuela que muestra preocupaci&#x00F3;n por mi trabajo y mi vida / Profesorado que se preocupa y entiende mis problemas (5)</p>
<p>Escuela que mira por entenderme y apoyarme (1)</p>
<p>Escuela que se preocupa ante momentos cr&#x00ED;ticos en mi vida (1)</p>
<p>Buena relaci&#x00F3;n con el profesorado (1)</p>
<p><italic>Los iguales</italic> (2: 1 profesorado y 1 estudiante)</p>
<p>Buena relaci&#x00F3;n con compa&#x00F1;eros/as (2)</p>
<p><italic>Las familias</italic> (2: 2 profesorado)</p>
<p>Como apoyo hacia el estudio</p>
<p>Como obst&#x00E1;culo a estudiar</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p>Emergente</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Tipos de ayuda</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Generaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculo</italic> (4: 3 profesorado y 1 estudiante)</p>
<p>Escuela que muestra preocupaci&#x00F3;n por mi trabajo y mi vida / Profesorado que se preocupa y entiende mis problemas (4)</p>
<p><italic>Construcci&#x00F3;n de nuevas expectativas</italic> (3: 2 profesorado y 1 estudiante)</p>
<p>Profesorado que me motiva (1)</p>
<p>Profesorado que espera cosas positivas de m&#x00ED; (a diferencia de otras personas del entorno) (2)</p>
<p><italic>Se generan nuevas oportunidades</italic> (2: 1 profesorado y 1 estudiante)</p>
<p><italic>Atenci&#x00F3;n y respuesta a necesidades diversas derivadas de sus contextos</italic></p>
<p>Escuela que muestra preocupaci&#x00F3;n por mi trabajo y mi vida (2: 2 profesorado)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p>Emergente</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Respeto</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Autorrespeto</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estrategias</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Atender a las necesidades de aprendizaje</italic> (5: 3 profesorado y 2 estudiantes)</p>
<p>Se respeta derecho a mi desarrollo del aprendizaje (5)</p>
<p><italic>Derecho a su participaci&#x00F3;n: con la clase, la instituci&#x00F3;n y la comunidad</italic> (5: profesorado)</p>
<p>Derecho a participar (5)</p>
<p><italic>Consideraci&#x00F3;n del otro como un igual</italic> (2: profesorado)</p>
<p>Me trata de igual a igual (2)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> (a&#x00F1;adiendo clasificaci&#x00F3;n de los niveles de participaci&#x00F3;n)</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estima social</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Autoestima</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Mecanismos de reconocimiento</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Proceso de superaci&#x00F3;n y logros acad&#x00E9;micos</italic> (6: 3 profesorado y 3 estudiantes)</p>
<p><italic>Visibilidad y reconocimiento de lo que son y lo que necesitan</italic> (3: 3 profesorado)</p>
<p><italic>Apego y sensaci&#x00F3;n de pertenencia a una comunidad</italic> (3: 1 profesorado y 2 estudiantes)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Emergente</p>
<p>Emergente</p>
<p>Emergente</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="4"><p>Autorrespeto</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Respecto a la <bold>AUTOCONFIANZA</bold>, aparecen conceptos como cuidado, apoyo o seguridad. El primero de los elementos de an&#x00E1;lisis que surge es el del <bold>sujeto que provee de ese amor y afecto</bold>.</p>
<p>Uno de los colectivos que primero aparece es el <italic>profesorado</italic> tanto en el discurso de los estudiantes como de los propios docentes. El an&#x00E1;lisis ha sido de apoyo en relaci&#x00F3;n con la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad y seguridad emocional por parte del alumnado. Aqu&#x00ED; recibe una menci&#x00F3;n especial la persona que asume las tareas de orientaci&#x00F3;n del centro.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Y nos comprenden m&#x00E1;s en la escuela de adultos. Por ejemplo, el primer a&#x00F1;o que estuve en la escuela de adultos&#x2026; y eso que este es el tercer a&#x00F1;o que lo intento. Dos profesoras han estado siempre ah&#x00ED;. O sea, me he ido un mes. He vuelto. &#x00BF;Sabes? Y ellos me han recibido y apoyado para continuar, para avanzar, para seguir. Entonces s&#x00ED; que es verdad lo que dicen mis compa&#x00F1;eros... Es incre&#x00ED;ble. Mucho apoyo. En todos los sentidos. Te motivan, no te dicen que no. Ellos siempre han intentado ayudarme. Porque creo que ya de tanto tiempo ya me conocen perfectamente, que a veces me da el desespero. Siempre que vuelvo est&#x00E1;n ah&#x00ED;. &#x00BF;Sabes? Sea lo que sea, me apoyan y me aconsejan</italic> (1E9)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>La relaci&#x00F3;n con los <italic>compa&#x00F1;eros/as</italic> tambi&#x00E9;n facilita una conexi&#x00F3;n de acogida e integraci&#x00F3;n que contribuye a favorecer el clima de clase y el apoyo entre iguales.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Cuando el joven viene a la clase y se encuentra a gusto es m&#x00E1;s f&#x00E1;cil que repite, que vaya viniendo&#x2026; si encuentra los j&#x00F3;venes de su edad se encuentra a gusto. Entonces pienso que eso va haciendo que vaya continuando, el encontrarse a gusto con sus compa&#x00F1;eros</italic> (2D3)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Desde las <italic>familias</italic> se abord&#x00F3; el tema como facilitadores del proceso de integraci&#x00F3;n en las escuelas de adultos, desde una mirada de apoyo.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>&#x00BF;Podr&#x00ED;an decir qu&#x00E9; elementos creen que pueden favorecer esta persistencia? (moderadora) El apoyo familiar es clave para muchos de nuestros estudiantes, es un punto clave</italic> (1D10)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Y tambi&#x00E9;n como obstaculizadores del propio desarrollo acad&#x00E9;mico-profesional.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] la experiencia previa que han tenido en el instituto o en la vida, porque muchos de ellos lo dejan por cuestiones de su vida (por ejemplo, tenemos algunos estudiantes que lo dejaron para cuidar de su familia) y en este sentido a veces la familia no contribuye a la continuidad</italic> (1D5)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El segundo elemento analizado en relaci&#x00F3;n con la autoconfianza ha sido referido a las diferentes <bold>formas en que se vehicula este apoyo y ayuda</bold>. En este sentido, se resaltan elementos relacionados con la <italic>generaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos con el profesorado</italic>.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Entonces... nosotros trabajamos mucho el v&#x00ED;nculo; nosotros hemos empezado ahora el curso, y entonces, con todas las dificultades de la pandemia (que tenemos que llevar mascarillas, que no nos podemos acercar, que no podemos hacer trabajo en grupo, etc.), que lo hace muy dif&#x00ED;cil, pero... al mismo tiempo tambi&#x00E9;n hemos detectado que necesitamos tiempo para que ellos se abren, para que tengan seguridad, y muestren sus carencias</italic> (1D7)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Una vez se empieza a generar un nuevo o diferente v&#x00ED;nculo entre las personas implicadas en el proceso de ense&#x00F1;anza-aprendizaje, los estudiantes -en general- empiezan a resituar sus <italic>expectativas</italic> condicionadas por c&#x00F3;mo los otros les proyectan, a diferencia a como se han situado hasta ahora por la proyecci&#x00F3;n que han hecho de ellos otras personas de su entorno.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Y s&#x00ED; que tard&#x00E9; much&#x00ED;simo en sentirme c&#x00F3;moda. Pens&#x00E9; en abandonar casi cada d&#x00ED;a. Decir no, no, no, no. Buscar trabajo, tipo estuve de limpieza en un gimnasio, cuidando ni&#x00F1;os, de letrista, editora de fotograf&#x00ED;a&#x2026; estaba buscando mil y una para no estudiar. Hasta que empec&#x00E9; a tenerle confianza a los profes, a contarle cosas por ejemplo a la directora y tal, y este es mi &#x00FA;ltimo a&#x00F1;o, tengo claro ya despu&#x00E9;s de tanto lo que quiero hacer. Y eso que, si no hubiera sido por estar en la escuela de adultos, ya te digo, no hubiera tenido ganas de volver a estudiar</italic> (1E1)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El colectivo analizado expresa como los estudiantes se van resituando, as&#x00ED; como sus expectativas. Eso parece dar lugar a considerar <italic>oportunidades y alternativas</italic> hasta el momento inimaginables.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Muchos tienen una autoestima muy baja, y una falta de expectativas, ellos piensan que no se merecen muchas cosas. Y nosotros de alguna manera tenemos que echar la ca&#x00F1;a muy lejos, para decirles que hay camino, que tienen recorrido [...] podr&#x00ED;an hacer un grado superior o podr&#x00ED;an ir a la universidad y te miran con cara de alucinados, como diciendo &#x201C;de que me est&#x00E1;s hablando... me est&#x00E1;s hablando a m&#x00ED; de esto&#x201D;, como si nunca en la vida hubieran pensado que esto... que podr&#x00ED;an hacer estas cosas</italic> (1D8)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Todo ello va acompa&#x00F1;ado en paralelo de una <bold>atenci&#x00F3;n y respuesta a necesidades</bold> espec&#x00ED;ficas de la realidad de los/as estudiantes, partiendo de un conocimiento profundo del grupo y del individuo en un sentido integral, como persona con otras actividades y compromisos, no solo en su rol de estudiante.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Exacto, aqu&#x00ED; estamos para ti, y que t&#x00FA; si un d&#x00ED;a necesitas salir antes por un motivo espec&#x00ED;fico, tranquila que lo sabr&#x00E9;, sabes... Porque ya lo he hablado anteriormente que ir&#x00ED;as aquel d&#x00ED;a a hacer una gesti&#x00F3;n, por ejemplo. Esto hace que se sientan protegidos, yo creo que esta es la mejor palabra, que no es para hacer las horas y te vas... como en el colegio, &#x00BF;sabes? Que vienes, haces las horas, y si apruebas bien y si no me es igual, no, aqu&#x00ED;, intentamos entender tu contexto</italic> (1D2)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Con relaci&#x00F3;n al <bold>AUTORRESPETO</bold>, se hace menci&#x00F3;n del trato que reciben como personas adultas, en toda su diversidad, en el contexto actual formativo; al derecho a participar se evidencia dando <italic>protagonismo a sus necesidades de aprendizaje</italic>. En parte, esto requiere que los/as docentes reconozcan y aborden las trayectorias educativas previas de los/as adultos/as en sus clases.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] ellos provienen de un fracaso escolar en el instituto, y nosotros el que no podemos hacer es repetir el mismo clich&#x00E9; que ya ten&#x00ED;amos en el instituto. Y esto, me explico, implica un trato diferente con el alumnado [...]</italic> (1D7)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Otro elemento que aparece es el reconocimiento hacia <italic>su derecho a la participaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. Una vez los/as estudiantes se sienten reconocidos/as y atendidos/as, son capaces de pasar del an&#x00E1;lisis de sus necesidades, a poder pensar en el grupo y participar e implicarse de la vida de la instituci&#x00F3;n. Es donde el compromiso comienza a tener un efecto educativo. La participaci&#x00F3;n desde un nivel de clase y desde un nivel m&#x00E1;s macro con la propia instituci&#x00F3;n, y con la propia comunidad (traspasando las fronteras del centro).</p>
<p><italic>Instituci&#x00F3;n</italic></p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] se puede decidir el horario [...] que el GES se adapte a los alumnos y, por lo tanto, que sea m&#x00E1;s pr&#x00F3;ximo</italic> (2D10)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><italic>Clase (asignaturas)</italic></p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Tambi&#x00E9;n tienen que evaluar las clases, lo que se hace en el aula, los materiales que utilizamos, los contenidos que se trabajan... porque tienen que ser una cosa que ellos encuentren &#x00FA;til por ellos... que sean significativos, porque si repetimos el curr&#x00ED;culum del instituto, que no les ha llegado nada o no les ha gustado, o que no significa nada por ellos, si no hay ning&#x00FA;n cambio, tampoco estamos haciendo nada. El proceso de evaluaci&#x00F3;n... centrarlo en ellos, hacerlos responsables. No receptores, sino protagonistas...</italic> (1D8)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><italic>Como parte de la comunidad educativa</italic></p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] los alumnos tambi&#x00E9;n tienen que participar, desde los &#x00F3;rganos de funcionamiento del centro, como tutores, delegados, en el consejo de centro, o haciendo propuestas en el consejo de delegados...</italic> (1D8)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Todo ello no tendr&#x00ED;a sentido si en el trato que reciben no hay una <italic>consideraci&#x00F3;n del otro como un igual,</italic> como otro adulto que tiene voz y cosas a aportar.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>El tutor asesora y gu&#x00ED;a, pero es diferente a lo que conocen. Es un buen mecanismo porque as&#x00ED; ya ven que esto no es el instituto, se puede decidir el horario, pero lo importante es que se hace desde un trato de adulto...</italic> (2D10)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Para finalizar, con respecto a la <bold>AUTOESTIMA</bold>, se aprecia un cambio de percepci&#x00F3;n del propio estudiante, a partir de experimentar un <italic>proceso de superaci&#x00F3;n y logros acad&#x00E9;micos.</italic></p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Cuando entr&#x00E9; a la escuela y estaba en el instituto, vi una principal diferencia: que en el instituto no hay tanta proximidad hacia el alumno como en una escuela de adultos. Porque aqu&#x00ED; te ayudan a elegir qu&#x00E9; es lo que quieres hacer, qu&#x00E9; es lo que no quieres hacer... En cambio, en el instituto todo es como competencia. &#x00BF;Qui&#x00E9;n saca mejores notas? Se premia al que saca mejores notas&#x2026; y los que sacan mejores notas&#x2026; &#x00BF;sabes? y aqu&#x00ED; reconocen tus logros por muy pocos que sean y te van ayudando en las cosas a mejorar, pero refuerzan mucho lo que se te da bien</italic> (2E5)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Al mismo tiempo esta autoestima se nutre de la <italic>visibilidad y el reconocimiento</italic> que reciben desde el entorno del centro, en concreto, de parte del profesorado. No tanto desde lo que aportan o avanzan, sino desde lo que son y lo que necesitan.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] tenemos que contar con el alumnado: qu&#x00E9; es lo que quiere, qu&#x00E9; es lo que necesita, qu&#x00E9; dificultades tiene...</italic> (1D5)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Y por &#x00FA;ltimo, es interesante resaltar el <italic>apego y la sensaci&#x00F3;n de pertenencia a una comunidad</italic> que aparece al referirse al CFA, como otro elemento que contribuye a no sentirse rechazado y aumentar as&#x00ED; la autoestima.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Lograr lo que quiero. yo quiero terminar de estudiar, quiero mi carrera, quiero conocer muchos pa&#x00ED;ses. Uno concreto es Noruega (&#x2026;) Entonces, para m&#x00ED; el &#x00E9;xito es el momento en que conozca este lugar y tenga mi carrera y diga: s&#x00E9; hacer algo (&#x2026;) Mi &#x00E9;xito personal ser&#x00ED;a cumplir mis metas y mis sue&#x00F1;os y todo ello hacerlo con un proyecto entre todos los que construimos comunidad</italic> (2E4)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En definitiva, generar lazos m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de lo educativo desde un proyecto social. Esta dimensi&#x00F3;n es la esencia de las escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32146-ES" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n y conclusiones</sc></title>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis llevado a cabo sobre la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento en el entorno educativo se fundamenta en una premisa de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32146-ES">Honneth (1997)</xref>, quien considera que la valoraci&#x00F3;n social de una persona no es la de un sujeto individualizado, sino el n&#x00FA;cleo de interacciones intersubjetivas donde habita el sujeto. La pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa es sin duda un espacio intersubjetivo entre el/la docente y el/la estudiante a quien hay que prestar atenci&#x00F3;n. Se da un v&#x00ED;nculo que es clave comprender para examinar si existe o no ese reconocimiento, necesario para el acto educativo. Seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-ES">Cuesta (2019)</xref>, el reconocimiento debe darse en el doble sentido; descendente, seg&#x00FA;n el cual el/la docente visibilice al/la estudiante, y ascendente, pues tambi&#x00E9;n para aprender es preciso que haya un cierto reconocimiento del/la docente por parte del/la estudiante.</p>
<p>Este trabajo propone una primera exploraci&#x00F3;n sobre las formas de reconocimiento, plasmado en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, y en concreto en su versi&#x00F3;n descendente. La finalidad es explicar el rol que pueden jugar los CFA en la reconstrucci&#x00F3;n de la identidad de un colectivo especialmente vulnerado e invisibilizado en su trayectoria educativa. Se ha analizado la presencia de indicadores de autoconfianza generada a partir de relaciones de amor y de apoyo; de autorrespeto, vinculado a los derechos legales, fomentando el respeto por uno mismo y la responsabilidad moral dentro de la vida c&#x00ED;vica; y de autoestima, que van apareciendo a partir de c&#x00F3;mo son vistos y reconocidos por el entorno.</p>
<p>Se observa c&#x00F3;mo tanto la voz del estudiantado como del profesorado convergen, poniendo el foco en c&#x00F3;mo el trabajo desempe&#x00F1;ado en estos centros, fruto del acompa&#x00F1;amiento y atenci&#x00F3;n del cuerpo docente a estos y estas j&#x00F3;venes, promueve, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la obtenci&#x00F3;n del t&#x00ED;tulo, una mayor autoconfianza, respecto, y autoestima hacia s&#x00ED; mismos/as (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32146-ES">Grummell, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32146-ES">Niemi, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Se determina la importancia que tiene el paso por la escuela de adultos para trabajar la AUTOCONFIANZA. Se genera un doble espejo entre los agentes que participan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-ES">Cuesta, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32146-ES">Meirieu, 2001</xref>). Desde la orientaci&#x00F3;n personal, se otorga un valor especial al apoyo recibido por parte del profesorado principalmente; en ocasiones mediante los espacios de tutor&#x00ED;a en los que se trabaja este acompa&#x00F1;amiento, pero en muchas ocasiones de forma improvisada, sin un espacio espec&#x00ED;fico. Un problema com&#x00FA;n que el profesorado de adultos debe abordar son las bajas expectativas de sus estudiantes, quienes a menudo sienten que estudiar no es para ellos. Es interesante destacar que, parad&#x00F3;jicamente, en los centros no hay un espacio asignado en horas para estas cuestiones, quedando al buen hacer del docente, y sin su reconocimiento profesional. Es fundamental revisar las funciones asignadas al profesorado de los CFA; dar valor al acompa&#x00F1;amiento y la tutor&#x00ED;a; y, por ende, a los elementos derivados del paradigma de la orientaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32146-ES">Loeng, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n el apoyo de los/as iguales es importante para crear esta confianza y seguridad en la persona que acude al CFA. Como elemento nuevo, no incluido como indicador en el instrumento de an&#x00E1;lisis, es el papel de la familia, que tanto puede ser un factor potenciador para seguir los estudios, como un condicionante para interrumpir y abandonarlos.</p>
<p>Se observa que este trabajo de sostener esta parte afectiva adquiere formas diversas. Es muy importante la generaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculo, el dar el tiempo y el espacio, no existente en la secundaria ordinaria, para que se d&#x00E9; una relaci&#x00F3;n de confianza, de conocimiento y proximidad hacia el otro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-ES">Cuesta, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32146-ES">Morris, 2023</xref>). As&#x00ED; se desvelan indicios de nuevas expectativas y generaci&#x00F3;n de oportunidades, as&#x00ED; como la proyecci&#x00F3;n que hace el/la estudiante de s&#x00ED; mismo. Eso les empodera y les da motivos para marcarse objetivos y avanzar hacia ellos.</p>
<p>Si trabaj&#x00E1;ramos la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento a modo de escalera, la autoconfianza ser&#x00ED;a el primer eslab&#x00F3;n de la cadena. Se ha constatado que desde los CFA se dedican muchos esfuerzos para garantizar un m&#x00ED;nimo de superaci&#x00F3;n, necesario para afrontar todos los retos a los que se va a tener que enfrentar el/la estudiante en su condici&#x00F3;n de educando. Este objetivo queda alcanzado si se analizan los resultados obtenidos en este estudio.</p>
<p>La autoconfianza da paso al AUTORRESPETO, emergiendo de forma clara algunos de los indicadores del cuestionario de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref>: el trato recibido como igual y adulto, el derecho a desarrollar su proceso de aprendizaje y el derecho a participar.</p>
<p>Los propios docentes consideran que el respeto es un elemento que pasa por un trabajo interno, de aceptaci&#x00F3;n de la propia persona; que se vincula a una mayor autoconfianza entendida como la capacidad de afrontar su paso por los estudios, y les empodere para seguir su periplo formativo y laboral. Aqu&#x00ED; el v&#x00ED;nculo que se genera a nivel personal en el propio contexto aula (clima de clase) va a ser fundamental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32146-ES">Tinto, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-ES">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>En el &#x00FA;ltimo pelda&#x00F1;o de la escalera, encontramos la posibilidad de alcanzar un mayor valor y estima hacia uno/a mismo/a en personas con trayectorias de fracaso y vulnerabilidad acad&#x00E9;mica. As&#x00ED; lo hemos visto al analizar la AUTOESTIMA en los testimonios recogidos. No se han encontrado demasiadas evidencias referidas a los indicadores incluidos en el instrumento aplicado, pero han surgido otros relevantes. El profesorado principalmente pone de manifiesto c&#x00F3;mo el paso de los/as estudiantes por los CFA genera un proceso de superaci&#x00F3;n y de valoraci&#x00F3;n de uno/a mismo/a a partir de ir alcanzando peque&#x00F1;os logros acad&#x00E9;micos, y por tanto del <italic>feedback</italic> que van recibiendo en su proceso formativo. Pero, adem&#x00E1;s, manifiestan la importancia de sentirse vistos/as y reconocidos/as, no por lo que aportan o por las notas que obtienen, sino por lo que son y lo que necesitan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32146-ES">Fleming &#x0026; Finnegan, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>El paso por este tipo de centros ayuda que el estudiante aumente su satisfacci&#x00F3;n con los estudios, se empodere y obtenga un autoconcepto y una autoeficacia m&#x00E1;s positiva en el marco de su proceso formativo. De hecho, aquellos indicadores que describen como dificultades para afrontar los estudios (problemas familiares, carencia de confianza o dificultad para seguir las clases) experimentan una disminuci&#x00F3;n en los CFA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-ES">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). Aunque tambi&#x00E9;n siguen existiendo riesgos a los que hay que prestar una atenci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica: las exigencias personales y el tiempo disponible por el hecho de trabajar, para hacer ajustes en el &#x00E1;mbito acad&#x00E9;mico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32146-ES">Alfaro &#x0026; Herrera-Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Emerge un aspecto que tiene que ver con el clima de seguridad y apego que generan los estudiantes con los CFA y la sensaci&#x00F3;n de pertenencia a una comunidad, no recogido como indicador inicialmente a partir de los instrumentos utilizados, pero se&#x00F1;alados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32146-ES">Fraser y Honneth (2003)</xref>, y que consideramos tiene relevancia dadas las trayectorias previas de estos estudiantes de no sentirse parte del sistema, desvinculados, y sin encaje. En este punto es clave el trabajo en red entre la comunidad y los agentes que se dedican al trabajo del propio colectivo para poder traspasar las fronteras del propio centro, siendo conscientes de su realidad, y trabajar con ellos/as para dise&#x00F1;ar rutas flexibles. Siendo as&#x00ED;, desde una mirada de comunidad y pertinencia se considera importante revisar la misi&#x00F3;n y filosof&#x00ED;a de los CFA apostando por su modelo social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32146-ES">Soldevilla <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>A la luz de estos hallazgos, se plantea que garantizar una atenci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s personalizada y un acompa&#x00F1;amiento m&#x00E1;s pr&#x00F3;ximo es imprescindible, y para ello el profesorado requiere de tiempo para realizar tutor&#x00ED;as individuales y grupales. Las caracter&#x00ED;sticas individuales y los factores contextuales en los que se enmarcan los CFA determinan la importancia de seguir trabajando en virtud del empoderamiento del colectivo: sobre todo en el refuerzo de sus capacidades educativas y posibilidades de dar continuidad a sus proyectos de vida. En &#x00FA;nicamente dos a&#x00F1;os (duraci&#x00F3;n de los estudios de secundaria de personas adultas) no se cicatrizan las heridas de la trayectoria formativa y profesional; es un trabajo a largo plazo. En el trabajo escalonado que se ha planteado mediante las tres dimensiones (autoconfianza, autorrespeto y autoestima), ser&#x00ED;a la autoestima la que requiere un trabajo que perdure en el tiempo.</p>
<p>Aunque el estudio no fue dise&#x00F1;ado inicialmente para comprender las trayectorias de &#x00E9;xito y fracaso en los CFA desde la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento, haber abordado de nuevo los relatos desde esta mirada evidencia la potencialidad de la teor&#x00ED;a para hablar del &#x00E9;xito educativo en los CFA; se apunta a un &#x00E9;xito personal, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del curricular, apostando por la misi&#x00F3;n de equidad y justicia social con la que nacieron, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de un modelo puramente academicista. Nos ha ayudado a (re)pensar el abandono educativo, y se abren nuevos interrogantes para seguir explorando y profundizando en otras comunidades y pa&#x00ED;ses sobre el rol de estos centros en las trayectorias acad&#x00E9;micas de las personas. Otro de los retos a profundizar ser&#x00ED;a indagar en las particularidades del perfil del estudiantado que accede a los CFA.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1-ES"><label>1</label> <p>Se ha hecho una adaptaci&#x00F3;n de los &#x00ED;tems originales, escritos en negativo, para ajustarlos en un sentido positivo, tal y como los describen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-ES">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref>.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat</collab></person-group> <year>2010</year> <source><italic>Codi de bones pr&#x00E0;ctiques en recerca</italic></source> <trans-source>Code of good research practices</trans-source> <publisher-name>Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542">https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat (2010). <italic>Codi de bones pr&#x00E0;ctiques en recerca</italic> [Code of good research practices]. Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542">https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alfaro</surname> <given-names>J. E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Herrera Fern&#x00E1;ndez</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>El reconocimiento de las diferencias como fundamento para la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva: la evaluaci&#x00F3;n como barrera en el discurso docente</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Brasileira de Educaca&#x00E7;&#x00E1;o</italic></source> <volume>25</volume> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>19</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s1413-24782020250030</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Alfaro, J. E., &#x0026; Herrera Fern&#x00E1;ndez, V. (2020). El reconocimiento de las diferencias como fundamento para la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva: la evaluaci&#x00F3;n como barrera en el discurso docente. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Educaca&#x00E7;&#x00E1;o</italic>, <italic>25</italic>, 1-19. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-24782020250030">https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-24782020250030</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>&#x00C1;lvarez</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016</year> <article-title>Cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre las familias y los centros escolares como medida preventiva del fracaso y del riesgo de abandono escolar en adolescentes</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Latinoamericana de Educaci&#x00F3;n Inclusiva</italic></source> <volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>175</fpage><lpage>192</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4067/S0718-73782016000100009</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>&#x00C1;lvarez, B., &#x0026; Mart&#x00ED;nez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez, R. (2016). Cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre las familias y los centros escolares como medida preventiva del fracaso y del riesgo de abandono escolar en adolescentes. <italic>Revista Latinoamericana de Educaci&#x00F3;n Inclusiva</italic>, <italic>10</italic>(1), 175- 192. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-73782016000100009">https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-73782016000100009</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Archambault</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Janosz</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Olivier</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dup&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <chapter-title>Student engagement and school dropout: Theories, evidence, and future directions</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Reschly</surname> <given-names>A. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Christenson</surname> <given-names>S.L.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source><italic>Handbook of research on student engagement</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>331</fpage><lpage>355</lpage> <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Olivier, E., &#x0026; Dup&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, V. (2022). Student engagement and school dropout: Theories, evidence, and future directions. En A. L. Reschly y S.L.Christenson (Eds.), <italic>Handbook of research on student engagement</italic> (pp. 331-355). Springer.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brookfield</surname> <given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year> <source><italic>The Power of Critical Theory for Adult Learning and Teaching</italic></source> <publisher-name>McGraw-Hill Education</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Brookfield, S. D. (2005). <italic>The Power of Critical Theory for Adult Learning and Teaching</italic>. McGraw-Hill Education.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-6-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crisol</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Romero</surname> <given-names>M.A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>El liderazgo inclusivo como estrategia para evitar el abandono escolar: opini&#x00F3;n de las familias</article-title> <source><italic>Educatio Siglo XXI: Revista de la Facultad de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>38</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>45</fpage><lpage>66</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/educatio.414871</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Crisol, E., &#x0026; Romero, M.A. (2020). El liderazgo inclusivo como estrategia para evitar el abandono escolar: opini&#x00F3;n de las familias. <italic>Educatio Siglo XXI: Revista de la Facultad de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>38</italic>(2), 45-66. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6018/educatio.414871">https://doi.org/10.6018/educatio.414871</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-7-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cuesta</surname> <given-names>O. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Funciones del reconocimiento en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>81</fpage><lpage>101</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.19011</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cuesta, O. J. (2019). Funciones del reconocimiento en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>31</italic>(1), 81-101. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.19011">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.19011</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-8-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daza-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Llanes-Ord&#x00F3;&#x00F1;ez</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Figuera-Gazo</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Exploring the persistence of adults on secondary education courses: occupational status, satisfaction and self-efficacy as key factors</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research</italic></source> <volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>17</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s44322-023-00005-2</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Daza-P&#x00E9;rez, L., Llanes-Ord&#x00F3;&#x00F1;ez, J., &#x0026; Figuera-Gazo, P. (2024). Exploring the persistence of adults on secondary education courses: occupational status, satisfaction and self-efficacy as key factors. <italic>Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research</italic>, <italic>13</italic>(6), 1-17. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44322-023-00005-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44322-023-00005-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Demanet</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Van Houtte</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <article-title>Social-ethnic school composition and disengagement: An inquiry into the perceived control explanation</article-title> <source><italic>The Social Science Journal</italic></source> <volume>51</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>659</fpage><lpage>675</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.soscij.2014.09.001</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Demanet J., &#x0026; Van Houtte M. (2014). Social-ethnic school composition and disengagement: An inquiry into the perceived control explanation. <italic>The Social Science Journal</italic>, <italic>51</italic>(4), 659&#x2013;675. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.09.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.09.001</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fleming</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Finnegan</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <source><italic>Towards a critical theory of access and retention in Irish Higher Education</italic></source> <publisher-name>Maynooth University</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fleming, T., &#x0026; Finnegan, F. (2010). <italic>Towards a critical theory of access and retention in Irish Higher Education</italic>. Maynooth University.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fraser</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2003</year> <source><italic>Redistribution or Recognition? A Philosophical Exchange</italic></source> <publisher-name>Verso</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fraser, N., &#x0026; Honneth, A. (2003). <italic>Redistribution or Recognition? A Philosophical Exchange</italic>. Verso.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-12-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fredricks</surname> <given-names>J. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Blumenfeld</surname> <given-names>P. C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Paris</surname> <given-names>A. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <article-title>School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence</article-title> <source><italic>Review of educational research</italic></source> <volume>74</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>59</fpage><lpage>109</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3102/00346543074001059</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., &#x0026; Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. <italic>Review of educational research</italic>, <italic>74</italic>(1), 59-109. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059">https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-13-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La heterogeneidad del abandono educativo en las transiciones postobligatorias. Itinerarios y subjetividad de la experiencia escolar</article-title> <source><italic>Papers</italic></source> <volume>105</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>235</fpage><lpage>257</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5565/rev/papers.2775</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Garc&#x00ED;a, M., &#x0026; S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert, A. (2020). La heterogeneidad del abandono educativo en las transiciones postobligatorias. Itinerarios y subjetividad de la experiencia escolar. <italic>Papers</italic>, <italic>105</italic>(2), 235-257. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2775">https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2775</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grummell</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <source>Doing Critical and Creative Research in Adult Education</source> <publisher-name>Brill</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1163/9789004420755</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Grummell, B. (2020). <italic>Doing Critical and Creative Research in Adult Education.</italic> Brill. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004420755">https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004420755</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-15-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carpintero</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez-Mart&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>An&#x00E1;lisis del abandono educativo temprano en Espa&#x00F1;a: condicionantes del abandono y motivos para regresar al sistema educativo</article-title> <source><italic>Revista de Investigaci&#x00F3;n Educativa</italic></source> <volume>41</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>523</fpage><lpage>549</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/rie.546521</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas, B., Carpintero, E., &#x0026; L&#x00F3;pez-Mart&#x00ED;n, E. (2023). An&#x00E1;lisis del abandono educativo temprano en Espa&#x00F1;a: condicionantes del abandono y motivos para regresar al sistema educativo. <italic>Revista de Investigaci&#x00F3;n Educativa, 41</italic>(2), 523-549. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.546521">https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.546521</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-16-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1995</year> <source><italic>The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts</italic></source> <publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Honneth, A. (1995). <italic>The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts</italic>. MIT Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-17-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1996</year> <source><italic>The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy</italic></source> <publisher-name>SUNY Press</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/jj.18253805</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Honneth, A. (1996). <italic>The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy</italic>. SUNY Press. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.18253805">https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.18253805</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-18-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1997</year> <source><italic>Las luchas por el reconocimiento</italic></source> <publisher-name>Cr&#x00ED;tica</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Honneth, A. (1997). <italic>Las luchas por el reconocimiento</italic>. Cr&#x00ED;tica.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-19-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huttunen</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heikkinen</surname> <given-names>H. L. T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <article-title>Recognition and Democratic Adult Education: Learning as an Interpersonal and Communicative Experience</article-title> <source><italic>Adult Education Quarterly</italic></source> <volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>55</fpage><lpage>74</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Huttunen, R. &#x0026; Heikkinen, H. L. T. (2004). Recognition and Democratic Adult Education: Learning as an Interpersonal and Communicative Experience. <italic>Adult Education Quarterly, 55</italic>(1), 55-74.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-20-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Illeris</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <source><italic>Adult Education and Adult Learning</italic></source> <publisher-name>Krieger Publishing Company</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Illeris, K. (2004). <italic>Adult Education and Adult Learning</italic>. Krieger Publishing Company.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-21-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Llanes</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>coord.</role> <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daza</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Figuera</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mallow</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Marzo</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Planells</surname> <given-names>O.</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Soldevila</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tey</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Torrado</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source>Traject&#x00F2;ries dels i les joves en els estudis de secund&#x00E0;ria obligat&#x00F2;ria. Factors d&#x2019;&#x00E8;xit als centres de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults de Catalunya</source> <series>Col&#x00B7;lecci&#x00F3; An&#x00E0;lisis, 7</series> <publisher-name>Observatori Catal&#x00E0; de la Joventut. Departament de Drets Socials</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Llanes, J. (coord.), Daza, L., Figuera, P., Mallow, D., Marzo, A., Planells, O., S&#x00E1;nchez, I., Soldevila, A., Tey, A., y Torrado, M. (2022). Traject&#x00F2;ries dels i les joves en els estudis de secund&#x00E0;ria obligat&#x00F2;ria. Factors d&#x2019;&#x00E8;xit als centres de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults de Catalunya. <italic>Col&#x00B7;lecci&#x00F3; An&#x00E0;lisis, 7</italic>. Observatori Catal&#x00E0; de la Joventut. Departament de Drets Socials.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-22-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Loeng</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Self-Directed Learning: A Core Concept in Adult Education</article-title> <source><italic>Education Research International</italic></source> <issue>4/5</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>12</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2020/3816132</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Loeng, S. (2020). Self-Directed Learning: A Core Concept in Adult Education. <italic>Education Research International, (4/5)</italic>, 1-12. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132">https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-23-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meirieu</surname> <given-names>Ph.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2001</year> <source><italic>La opci&#x00F3;n de educar</italic></source> <publisher-name>Octaedro</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Meirieu, Ph. (2001). <italic>La opci&#x00F3;n de educar</italic>. Octaedro.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-24-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mezirow</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1991</year> <source>Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning</source> <publisher-name>Jossey-Bass</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mezirow, J. (1991). <italic>Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning.</italic> Jossey-Bass.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-25-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morris</surname> <given-names>T. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Four Dimensions of Self-Directed Learning: A Fundamental Meta-Competence in a Changing World</article-title> <source><italic>Adult Education Quarterly</italic></source> <volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/07417136231217453</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Morris, T. H. (2023). Four Dimensions of Self-Directed Learning: A Fundamental Meta-Competence in a Changing World. <italic>Adult Education Quarterly</italic>, <italic>0</italic>(0). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/07417136231217453">https://doi.org/10.1177/07417136231217453</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-26-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Niemi</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <source><italic>Recognition in Targeted Youth Work: Young Adults&#x2019; Perspectives</italic></source> <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Niemi, R. (2020). <italic>Recognition in Targeted Youth Work: Young Adults&#x2019; Perspectives</italic>. Springer.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-27-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>P&#x00E0;mies</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez-Mart&#x00ED;</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carrasco</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>(Des)vinculaci&#x00F3;n escolar y procesos de acompa&#x00F1;amiento en educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria por clase social y origen nacional en un municipio de la regi&#x00F3;n metropolitana de Barcelona</article-title> <source><italic>Revista de Sociolog&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic> (RASE)</source> <volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>487</fpage><lpage>506</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7203/RASE.13.4.18044</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>P&#x00E0;mies, J., S&#x00E1;nchez-Mart&#x00ED;, A., &#x0026; Carrasco, S. (2020). (Des)vinculaci&#x00F3;n escolar y procesos de acompa&#x00F1;amiento en educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria por clase social y origen nacional en un municipio de la regi&#x00F3;n metropolitana de Barcelona. <italic>Revista de Sociolog&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic> (RASE), <italic>13</italic>(4), 487-506. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.13.4.18044">https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.13.4.18044</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-28-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Parlament de Catalunya</collab></person-group> <year>1991</year> <article-title>Llei 3/1991, del 18 de mar&#x00E7;, de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults</article-title> <publisher-name>Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC)</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Parlament de Catalunya. (1991). Llei 3/1991, del 18 de mar&#x00E7;, de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults. Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-29-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Parlament de Catalunya</collab></person-group> <year>2009</year> <article-title>Llei 12/2009, del 10 de juliol, d&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3;</article-title> <publisher-name>Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC)</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Parlament de Catalunya. (2009). Llei 12/2009, del 10 de juliol, d&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3;. Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-30-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salv&#x00E0;-Mut</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Oliver-Trobat</surname> <given-names>M. F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Comas-Forgas</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <article-title>Abandono escolar y desvinculaci&#x00F3;n de la escuela: perspectiva del alumnado</article-title> <source><italic>Magis, Revista Internacional de Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>6</volume><issue>13</issue> <fpage>129</fpage><lpage>142</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11144/Javeriana.M6-13.aede</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Salv&#x00E0;-Mut, F., Oliver-Trobat, M. F., &#x0026; Comas-Forgas, R. (2014). Abandono escolar y desvinculaci&#x00F3;n de la escuela: perspectiva del alumnado. <italic>Magis, Revista Internacional de Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>6</italic>(13), 129-142. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.M6-13.aede">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.M6-13.aede</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-31-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Soldevila</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Llanes</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tey</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o secund&#x00E1;ria nos centros de forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de pessoas adultas na Catalunha</article-title> <source><italic>Pr&#x00E1;xis Educacional</italic></source> <volume>16</volume><issue>42</issue> <fpage>217</fpage><lpage>239</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Soldevila, A., Llanes, J., &#x0026; Tey, A. (2020). Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o secund&#x00E1;ria nos centros de forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de pessoas adultas na Catalunha. <italic>Pr&#x00E1;xis Educacional</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(42), 217-239.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-32-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Superviola</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Revisi&#x00F3;n bibliogr&#x00E1;fica narrativa para la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n del abandono escolar temprano: definici&#x00F3;n terminol&#x00F3;gica e &#x00ED;ndices de medici&#x00F3;n</article-title> <source><italic>Estudios sobre educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>47</volume> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15581/004.47.001</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Superviola, I. (2024). Revisi&#x00F3;n bibliogr&#x00E1;fica narrativa para la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n del abandono escolar temprano: definici&#x00F3;n terminol&#x00F3;gica e &#x00ED;ndices de medici&#x00F3;n. <italic>Estudios sobre educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, 47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15581/004.47.001">https://doi.org/10.15581/004.47.001</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-33-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tinto</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Reflections on student persistence</article-title> <source><italic>Student Success</italic></source> <volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>8</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tinto V. (2017). Reflections on student persistence. <italic>Student Success</italic>, <italic>8</italic>(2), 1&#x2013;8.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-34-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tong</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sainsbury</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Craig</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <article-title>Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups</article-title> <source><italic>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</italic></source> <volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue> <fpage>349</fpage><lpage>357</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/intqhc/mzm042</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., &#x0026; Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. <italic>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(6), 349&#x2013;357. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042">https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-35-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>V&#x00E4;lim&#x00E4;ki</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mari-Husu</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Recognition in targeted youth work: Young adults&#x2019;experiences of care, respect and esteem</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Applied Youth Studies</italic></source> <volume>6</volume> <fpage>101</fpage><lpage>115</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s43151-023-00097-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>V&#x00E4;lim&#x00E4;ki, V., &#x0026; Mari-Husu, H. (2023). Recognition in targeted youth work: Young adults&#x2019;experiences of care, respect and esteem. <italic>Journal of Applied Youth Studies</italic>, <italic>6</italic>, 101-115. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s43151-023-00097-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43151-023-00097-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-36-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vorhaus</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Litster</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Frearson</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Johnson</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <source><italic>Review of research and evaluation on improving adult literacy and numeracy skills, research paper no. 61</italic></source> <publisher-name>Department for Business and Skills</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vorhaus, J., Litster, J., Frearson, M., &#x0026; Johnson, S. (2011). <italic>Review of research and evaluation on improving adult literacy and numeracy skills, research paper no. 61.</italic> Department for Business and Skills.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-37-32146-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aramburo</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tsang</surname> <given-names>K. K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Measuring teaching recognition through Honneth&#x2019;s recognition theory: development and validation of a teacher recognition</article-title> <source><italic>Asia-Pacific Education Researcher</italic></source> <volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>111</fpage><lpage>121</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40299-021-00637-y</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Zhang, Y., Aramburo, C., &#x0026; Tsang, K. K. (2023). Measuring teaching recognition through Honneth&#x2019;s recognition theory: development and validation of a teacher recognition. <italic>Asia-Pacific Education Researcher</italic>, <italic>32</italic>(1), 111-121. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00637-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00637-y</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32146</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32146</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>From Dropout to Recognition in Adult Education</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Del abandono al reconocimiento en la educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-9741</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>LLANES ORD&#x00D3;&#x00D1;EZ</surname>
<given-names>Juan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-7625</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>DAZA P&#x00C9;REZ</surname>
<given-names>Lidia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8378-5488</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MALLOWS</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">University of Barcelona. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">University of Barcelona</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">IOE, UCL&#x2019;s Faculty of Education and Society. United Kingdom.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">IOE</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">UCL&#x2019;s Faculty of Education and Society</institution>
<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>juanllanes@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>ldaza@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>d.mallows@ucl.ac.uk</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026381</issue-id>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>168</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>In this article we draw on Honneth&#x2019;s (1997) recognition theory to examine the experience of young people who left school prematurely or who did not achieve the expected certification, and subsequently enrolled in adult education schools to obtain secondary accreditation. Based on four focus groups held with a sample of teachers and students from such schools, we explore why the experience of these Young people may be different from that they experienced in secondary schools. Our analysis suggests that, when welcoming young people to this new environment, teachers of adult education schools engage with them in ways that explicitly recognize and make visible who these young people are. By listening and paying attention to their specific needs, teachers and institutions, are able to produce meaningful space for interaction. We suggest that this factor plays a significant role in the academic and personal development of these young people, helping them to discover their self-confidence and self-esteem in order to rebuild their identity and find their place in society and contribute to it.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo nos basamos en la teor&#x00ED;a del reconocimiento de Honneth (1997) para examinar la experiencia de j&#x00F3;venes que abandonaron la escuela prematuramente o que no lograron la certificaci&#x00F3;n esperada, y posteriormente se matricularon en escuelas de educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas para obtener la acreditaci&#x00F3;n secundaria. A partir de cuatro grupos focales realizados con una muestra del colectivo de profesorado y estudiantado de dichas escuelas, exploramos por qu&#x00E9; su experiencia puede ser diferente de la que vivieron en la escuela de secundaria. Nuestro an&#x00E1;lisis sugiere que, al darles la bienvenida a este nuevo entorno, el profesorado de las escuelas de educaci&#x00F3;n para personas adultas se involucra con ellos de manera que reconocen expl&#x00ED;citamente y hacen visible qui&#x00E9;nes son estos j&#x00F3;venes. Al escuchar y prestar atenci&#x00F3;n a sus necesidades espec&#x00ED;ficas, el cuerpo de docentes y las instituciones pueden producir espacios significativos para la interacci&#x00F3;n. Sugerimos que este factor juega un papel significativo en el desarrollo acad&#x00E9;mico y personal de estos estudiantes, ayud&#x00E1;ndoles a descubrir su confianza en s&#x00ED; mismos y su autoestima para reconstruir su identidad y encontrar su lugar en la sociedad y contribuir a ella.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>recognition</kwd>
<kwd>school dropout</kwd>
<kwd>adult education</kwd>
<kwd>trust</kwd>
<kwd>respect</kwd>
<kwd>self-esteem</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>reconocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>abandono escolar</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n de personas adultas</kwd>
<kwd>confianza</kwd>
<kwd>respeto</kwd>
<kwd>autoestima</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32146-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>In this article we explore the issue of dropout from the educational system, specifically among those young people enrolled in secondary school in Adult Education Training Centres (AETCs) in Catalonia, Spain. The first thing that is evident is that studies on dropout in other phases of educational are often carried out from the perspective of the individual who fails (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32146-EN">Crisol &#x0026; Romero, 2020</xref>), reproducing the same theoretical and methodological approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-EN">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32146-EN">Salv&#x00E0;-Mut et al.<italic>,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32146-EN">Vorhaus et al.<italic>,</italic> 2011</xref>). The factors that influence dropout processes are usually grouped into the following categories: personal and psychological, sociological, or organizational. This leads to the implementation of preventative measures in the initial years of secondary school, which attempt to correct trajectories which suggest a greater risk of vulnerability and social exclusion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32146-EN">Superviola, 2024</xref>). With the detection of these risk factors, it is deemed possible to reverse what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32146-EN">Archambault et al. (2022)</xref> or <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32146-EN">&#x00C1;lvarez and Mart&#x00ED;nez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez (2016)</xref> identify as a process of disengagement that occurs throughout schooling and ends with dropout. While little is known about the educational and personal experiences of these students, success or failure is indicated by the completion, or not, of a final schooling certificate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32146-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a &#x0026; S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Those enrolled in the AETCs normally present discontinuous and intermittent trajectories, a reality that is far from the more linear trajectories found in other training stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32146-EN">Llanes, et al., 2022</xref>). How should we respond to this alternative reality? At a regulatory level, the current educational policy that governs this training stage, the Catalan Education Law of 2009 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32146-EN">Parlament de Catalunya, 2009</xref>) and the Adult Education Law of 1991 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32146-EN">Parlament de Catalunya, 1991</xref>), has not been updated to respond to the needs of the group with. Likewise, it is necessary to review the initial training of teachers working in the field of adult education. However, new perspectives have been proposed, such as those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez de Rozas et al. (2023)</xref>, who raise the importance of studying the factors that lead to dropout and how they relate to factors that facilitate a return to education. They explore the role played by the educational system and the influence of institutional elements in this decision-making process, as well as that of the teaching staff and their attitude, going beyond a focus on the person who drops out of school. These aspects coincide with those of other studies that, examining dropout in compulsory secondary school in the context of formal education, focus on variables such as positive self-concept in the student as a protective measure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32146-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a &#x0026; S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert, 2020</xref>) or school connection, commitment, attachment and motivation, and their relationship with improved academic performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32146-EN">Demanet &#x0026; Van Houtte, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32146-EN">P&#x00E0;mies et al., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32146-EN">Fredricks et al. (2004)</xref> develop a more complex proposal focused on support processes as a predictor of educational transitions towards continuity in the system. For his part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32146-EN">Meirieu (2001)</xref> reflects on the importance of the relationship between the teacher and the student. He considers that a relationship based on respect, trust and empathy is fundamental for the educational process. In the same sense, a recent study on persistence in adult secondary education highlights the transformation that occurs in the levels of motivation, satisfaction and sense of self-efficacy when moving from high school to CFA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-EN">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>). This suggests that there is an improvement in the self-esteem of students, as they become aware, more committed and more responsible with respect to their educational pathway and personal development, regardless of that pathway and whether or not they obtain a qualification in the end.</p>
<sec id="sec-2-32146-EN">
<label>1.1.</label>
<title>Recognition theory</title>
<p>In light of the most recent results obtained and referred to in the previous section on experiences of improved self-esteem, motivation, or confidence in adult development, we believe that recognition theory can offer a better understanding of some of the processes reviewed so far. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-EN">Honneth (1995)</xref> postulates that recognition is essential for human development and social integration, emphasizing the role of interpersonal relationships and social esteem in shaping individuals&#x2019; self-concept. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-EN">Honneth (1996)</xref> emphasizes social justice, based on interpersonal relationships, characterized by subject-to-subject interaction. He argues that our unique human interdependence, manifested as intersubjective recognition, has been institutionalized in the realms of the family, civil society, and the State. Recognition is essential for our sense of self, well-being, and ability to function autonomously.</p>
<p>He classifies recognition into three forms, crucial for individual autonomy and social solidarity:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Love: through intimate relationships with close friends and family, which provides the emotional security necessary for self-confidence.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Respect: as autonomous agents with legal rights, fostering self-respect and moral responsibility within civic life.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Social esteem: within social contexts, affirming the contributions of individuals to collective goals, supporting self-esteem through community recognition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-EN">Honneth, 1995</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>The author highlights both the psychological importance and the normative dimension of recognition. Individuals require positive recognition to develop a practical identity. Lack of recognition, or the lack of a positive self-image, can cause psychological damage, undermining self-esteem and social belonging (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32146-EN">Fraser &#x0026; Honneth, 2003</xref>). Honneth also highlighted the dynamic interaction between individual identity formation and social recognition. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-EN">Cuesta (2019)</xref>, it is not only a recognition of subjectivity, but a dynamic social interaction that integrates individuals into social norms and practices.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32146-EN">Fraser and Honneth (2003)</xref> emphasize that the development of individual autonomy takes place through the integration of that person into social norms, affirming them as a legitimate social agent. This process of legitimization involves the rational and subjective identification of the individual with the norms that shape individuality within a social context. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32146-EN">Honneth (1997)</xref> identifies these three forms of recognition (love, respect and esteem) with the generation of self-confidence (derived from love), self-respect (derived from respect) and self-esteem (derived from esteem). Along the same lines, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki and Mari-Husu (2023)</xref> reinforce these results on these forms of recognition in their study with Finnish adults. These relationships with oneself allow individuals to see themselves as autonomous and individualized people, respected and equal citizens, and socially valuable members of their community.</p>
<p>Recognition also has significant psychological importance, as it suggests that individuals fundamentally rely on feedback from others and society to develop a practical identity. Those who do not receive recognition and are viewed by others or by societal norms and values in a negative way may have difficulty seeing themselves and their achievements as valuable. Misrecognition impedes or undermines an individual&#x2019;s ability to maintain a successful relationship with themself.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32146-EN">
<label>1.2.</label>
<title>Recognition theory in adult education</title>
<p>This theory is particularly relevant to adult education, where students seek not only knowledge but also personal and social validation. Adult education can empower students to enhance their self-actualization, allowing them to pursue personal and professional goals. It can help explain how educational experiences contribute to different forms of recognition, fostering students&#x2019; self-confidence, respect, and esteem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-EN">Cuesta, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-EN">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-EN">Honneth (1996)</xref> describes struggles for recognition as social processes through which marginalized groups resist unequal treatment and derogatory labels imposed by dominant and powerful elite groups. Disrespect arises when recognition is denied at any stage of personal or social development, whether within family and friends, civil society or the state. The label of &#x201C;early school leaver&#x201D; or &#x201C;school dropout&#x201D; is one sign of a denial of respect.</p>
<p>Educational institutions, such as adult schools, play a crucial role in recognition processes. Respectful interactions between educators and learners foster supportive learning environments, while recognition of learners&#x2019; achievements increases self-esteem and motivation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32146-EN">Brookfield, 2005</xref>). Recognition theory aligns with the challenges of adult education, highlighting struggles related to access, retention, and equitable learning opportunities. Understanding these struggles helps educators address barriers to learning and support learners&#x2019; efforts for recognition and self-actualization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-EN">Honneth, 1996</xref>).</p>
<p>In knowledge-based societies, education and recognition are closely related: every member of society should have the right to attain a certain level of education and thus obtain an appropriate and beneficial social position. However, those who lack secondary school credentials often lack the self-confidence, self-respect, and self-esteem needed to thrive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu 2023</xref>). Adult schools can be the space where young people can regain the self-esteem they have lost due to perceived failure in secondary school.</p>
<p>This theory offers a robust framework for addressing complex issues of identity, respect, and self-esteem. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing students&#x2019; individual experiences and adapting educational practices to meet their diverse needs. This approach is crucial in adult education, where students juggle multiple responsibilities and seek meaningful educational experiences that recognize their unique backgrounds and aspirations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32146-EN">Illeris, 2004</xref>). AETCs can provide a platform for students to engage in social interactions that affirm their identities and foster their development as autonomous agents. By recognizing students&#x2019; experiences and contributions, educational institutions support their path to self-actualization and social integration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32146-EN">Mezirow, 1991</xref>).</p>
<p>Adult learners often navigate complex social and economic landscapes, seeking education as a path to greater opportunities and social mobility. However, they may face barriers such as inadequate recognition, social exclusion, and limited access to resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32146-EN">Honneth, 1996</xref>). Educational institutions can address these challenges by fostering inclusive environments that recognize and value students&#x2019; diverse experiences and contributions. Thus, integrating recognition theory into educational practices can contribute to more equitable and just educational outcomes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32146-EN">Illeris, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>A small number of studies have explored the application of recognition theory in adult education. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32146-EN">Morris (2023)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32146-EN">Loeng (2020)</xref> suggest that recognition is fundamental to improving learners&#x2019; confidence and motivation, and essential to the transformative goals of adult education. Other research emphasizes the importance of fostering environments where adult learners feel valued and recognized, which can significantly impact their educational success and personal development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32146-EN">Grummell, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32146-EN">Niemi, 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32146-EN">Alfaro and Herrera-Fern&#x00E1;ndez (2020)</xref> refer to a lack of recognition by the educational institution towards the diversity of forms of development, learning, participation and progress. Some difficulties for this recognition arise through the discourse of teachers regarding learning difficulties, for example, as something inherent to the student and not to the learning situation, and through evaluation that fails to respect the characteristics of the students.</p>
<p>Finally, it is worth highlighting a study on access and retention of non-traditional students in higher education by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32146-EN">Fleming and Finnegan (2010)</xref>. In this they suggest that adults frequently use the narrative of greater self-confidence when talking about their experiences and motivations for returning to education. They argue that this increase in self-confidence is closely related to the development of individual&#x2019;s identity.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32146-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label>2.</label>
<title>M<sc>ethodology</sc></title>
<p>This article draws on the results of a mixed-methodology study the purpose of which was to understand the profile of students who drop out and persist in AETCs in Catalonia, based on an understanding of their educational and life experiences during their time in secondary education in this context. The results suggest that an important element of the passage of these young people through AETCs is the way in which the institution recognizes their subjective experiences and life trajectories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-EN">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32146-EN">Llanes et al., 2022</xref>). For this reason we decided to return to the data and investigate, from a new perspective, the qualitative results obtained in focus groups carried out with AETC teachers and students, exploring elements of recognition theory. Specifically, we aimed to closely examine self-confidence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32146-EN">Fleming &#x0026; Finnegan, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-EN">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>), self-respect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-EN">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>), and self-esteem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32146-EN">Brookfield, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32146-EN">Huttunen &#x0026; Heikkinen, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>) as indicators of positive identity development.</p>
<p>The study followed the criteria set out in the ethical code of good practices for research by the Agency for Policies and Quality of the University of Barcelona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32146-EN">Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat, 2010</xref>), and the indications of the Monitoring Committee of the Catalan Youth Observatory, which approved this project.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32146-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Instrument</title>
<p>Although the initial objective of the project was not to explore elements of the theory of recognition which emerged in the context of AETCs, the information collected through the focus groups was of great interest from the perspective of recognition theory. At the same time, the recognition of the students from the teaching staff could be identified, in their way of seeing, treating and addressing the students, and through the subsequent bonds that were created. Thus, in this new analysis of the content of the focus groups, the objective was to identify, through their arguments, the three main dimensions that recognition theory highlights for the development of personal identity: self-confidence, self-respect, and self-esteem. This proposal arose from the authors of this article given their experience, on the one hand, in the application of recognition theory in other contexts and, on the other hand, from the results that emerged from the initial data analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32146-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Participants</title>
<p>Below (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32146-EN">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-32146-EN">Table 2</xref>) are the profiles of the participants who took part in the focus groups. They reflect the diversity that exists in the AETCs of Catalonia.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32146-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>rofile of participating teachers</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32146-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="70%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>Number of Participants</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>21</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Gender</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5 men / 16 women</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Years of experience in adult education</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>14 &#x003E; 5 years, the rest &#x003C; 5 years</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Location</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Half in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, the rest in regional centres or provincial capitals of Catalonia</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teaching</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>All teachers of the Diploma in Secondary Education for Adults (GES, in Spanish), some exclusively others also teaching on other programmes.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Academic Training</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>11 graduates in teaching</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10 graduates in other specialties (Philology, Geology, Geography, History, etc.)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Additional Studies</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5 with studies in Pedagogy, Psycho-pedagogy and/or Social Education</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9 with master&#x2019;s and postgraduate studies related to education</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-32146-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>rofile of the participating students</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-32146-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="70%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>Number of Participants</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>19</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Distribution <bold></bold>CFA</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Gender</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9 men / 10 women</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Age</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>18-29 years</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Course Enrolled</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>16 in GES 2, 3 in GES 1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Employment Status</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>13 did not work, 6 did</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Housing Situation</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>12 with parents, 2 as a couple, 4 alone, 1 with roommates</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Caring responsibilities</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>16 (yes), 3 (no)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Secondary education level reached (4-years/stages)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2 to 1st, 4 to 2nd, 7 to 3rd, 2 to 4th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Home language</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>12 Spanish, 7 Catalan</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32146-EN">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title>Procedure and analysis of information</title>
<p>To set up the focus groups, participants were contacted through the collaborating centres. Each group was led by two people, one in the role of moderator and the other as observer.</p>
<p>For the analysis of the focus group data, through the lens of recognition theory, we started from a system of categories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32146-EN">Tong et al., 2007</xref>) created <italic>ad hoc</italic>. First, the three dimensions of recognition identified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-EN">Honneth (1995)</xref>: self-confidence from love, self-respect from respect, and self-esteem from social esteem. Then, a system of indicators was established for each dimension. This gave rise to a new analytical instrument adapted from two previously validated instruments. The first instrument was a Teacher Social Recognition Scale (TSRS) (with a total of 18 indicators; 5 for self-confidence, 7 for self-respect, and 6 for self-esteem) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al., 2023</xref>). The second was a questionnaire on the factors that determine student dropout of compulsory secondary education and return to the education system (with a total of 99 items) aimed at people enrolled in secondary education for adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas et al., 2023</xref>). Although not based on the theory of recognition, this second instrument is relevant because it focuses on adult education and explicitly asks about issues related to the concepts of self-esteem (9 items) and self-respect (4 items). From these, a separate instrument was constructed, identifying concepts and meanings linked to each of the three dimensions mentioned by the theory of recognition, and focusing on recognition of students in the AETC. Finally, 16 items were selected from the first instrument, and 13 from the second (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-32146-EN">Table 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-32146-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 3</label>
<caption><title>I<sc>ndicators for the analysis of the focus groups</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-32146-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>FOUNTAIN</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Teacher social recognition scale (TSRS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al., 2023</xref>)</italic></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Questionnaire on factors that determine abandonment and return (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas et al., 2023</xref>)</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN"><sup>1</sup></xref></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="9"><p><bold>SELF-CONFIDENCE</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School that supports me when I&#x2019;m sick</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teachers who care and understand my problems</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School that shows concern for my work and my life</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Good relationship with the teaching staff</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School that tries to understand and support me</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teachers who expect positive things from me</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School that understands me when I have problems at work</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teachers who motivate me</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>A school that cares during critical moments in my life</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teachers who understand when they explain</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="4"/>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teachers who communicate with my parents</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Good relationship with colleagues</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Not being bullied by peers</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Good atmosphere in general with equals</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="5"><p><bold>SELF-RESPECT</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>My right to learning development is respected</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Receive adequate guidance on training options</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Right to be guided</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Receive adequate guidance on employment options</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>My rights are not violated</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Receive adequate guidance for self-knowledge</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>They treat me as an equal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Receive adequate guidance for studying</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Right to participate</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6"><p><bold>SELF-ESTEEM</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Others express their appreciation for my abilities</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Others recognize my contributions</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Others recognize my achievements and progress</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Others praise my progress</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Positive <italic>feedback</italic> from others</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>My contributions are valued</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The focus groups were analysed using this table, investigating the presence of each of the indicators in the participants&#x2019; discourse. The testimonies were identified as follows: a number 1 is indicated for the first focus group, and 2 for the second focus group (in the case of both teachers and students). A D is indicated for teachers&#x2019; testimony and an E for the students&#x2019; testimony. Finally, the number indicated refers to the participant (within each focus group, participants were numbered from 1 onwards).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32146-EN" sec-type="results">
<label>3.</label>
<title>R<sc>esults</sc></title>
<p>From the analysis carried out using the constructed instrument, a system of categories and subcategories emerged inductively, allowing us to understand the processes of recognition of the collective. Some of the initial indicators were identified, but new ones also emerged, which we included in a review of the analytical tool.</p>
<p>Below (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-32146-EN">Table 4</xref>) is the category system resulting from the analysis carried out. For each subcategory, the indicators for which testimonies are linked are specified, indicating the number of citations. Due to space and information saturation issues, it was decided to include one citation per indicator.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-32146-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 4</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>roposal of an indicator system for the analysis of recognition</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-32146-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Forms of recognition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32146-EN">Honneth, 1995</xref>)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dimensions of the identity construction process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki and Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Categories</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Subcategories and citations</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Fountain</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Love</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Self-confidence</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>The one who provides</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The teaching staff</italic> (8: 5 teachers and 3 students)</p>
<p>School that shows concern for my work and my life / Teachers who care about and understand my problems (5)</p>
<p>School that seeks to understand and support me (1)</p>
<p>School that cares at critical moments in my life (1)</p>
<p>Good relationship with teachers (1)</p>
<p><italic>Equals</italic> (2: 1 teacher and 1 student)</p>
<p>Good relationship with colleagues (2)</p>
<p><italic>Families</italic> (2:2 teachers)</p>
<p>As support for the study</p>
<p>As an obstacle to studying</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Gutierrez-de-Rozas et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Gutierrez-de-Rozas et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Gutierrez-de-Rozas et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p>Emergent</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Types of help</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Bonding</italic> (4: 3 teachers and 1 student)</p>
<p>School that shows concern for my work and my life / Teachers who care about and understand my problems (4)</p>
<p><italic>Building new expectations</italic> (3: 2 teachers and 1 student)</p>
<p>Teachers who motivate me (1)</p>
<p>Teachers who expect positive things from me (unlike other people in the environment) (2)</p>
<p><italic>New opportunities are generated</italic> (2: 1 faculty and 1 student)</p>
<p><italic>Attention and response to diverse needs arising from their contexts</italic></p>
<p>School that shows concern for my work and my life (2:2 faculty)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Gutierrez-de-Rozas et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32146-EN">Gutierrez-de-Rozas et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p>Emergent</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>I respect</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Self-respect</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Strategies</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Addressing learning needs</italic> (5: 3 teachers and 2 students)</p>
<p>My right to learning development is respected (5)</p>
<p><italic>Right to participation: in the class, the institution and the community</italic> (5: teachers)</p>
<p>Right to participate (5)</p>
<p><italic>Considering the other as an equal</italic> (2: teachers)</p>
<p>He treats me as an equal (2)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref> (adding classification of participation levels)</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Social esteem</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Self-esteem</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Recognition mechanisms</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Process of improvement and academic achievements</italic> (6: 3 teachers and 3 students)</p>
<p><italic>Visibility and recognition of what they are and what they need</italic> (3:3 teachers)</p>
<p><italic>Attachment and sense of belonging to a community</italic> (3: 1 faculty and 2 students)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Emergent</p>
<p>Emergent</p>
<p>Emergent</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="4"><p>Self-respect</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Regarding <bold>SELF-CONFIDENCE</bold>, concepts such as care, support and security appear. The first element of analysis that emerges is that of the <bold>subject who provides love and affection</bold>.</p>
<p>One of the groups that first appears is the <italic>teaching staff,</italic> both in the discourse of students and of teachers themselves. The analysis has been supportive in relation to the construction of identity and emotional security by students. Here, the person who takes on the duties of guidance at the centre receives special mention.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>And they understand us more in the adult school. For example, the first year I was in the adult school&#x2026; and this is the third year I&#x2019;ve tried. Two teachers have always been there. I mean, I&#x2019;ve been gone for a month. I&#x2019;ve come back. You know? And they have welcomed me and supported me to continue, to advance, to keep going. So, what my classmates say is true... It&#x2019;s incredible. A lot of support. In every sense. They motivate you, they don&#x2019;t say no. They have always tried to help me. Because I think that after so much time they already know me perfectly, that sometimes I get desperate. Every time I come back they are there. You know? Whatever it is, they support me and advise me</italic> (1E9)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The supportive relationship with <italic>classmates</italic> contributes to the promotion of a positive classroom atmosphere and facilitates integration.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>When a young person comes to class and feels comfortable, it is easier for him to repeat, to keep coming back... if he finds young people of his age, he feels comfortable. So, I think that this makes him continue, feeling comfortable with his classmates</italic> (2D3)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>F<italic>amilies are also identified</italic> as facilitators of the integration process in adult schools.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Could you say what elements you think can favor this persistence? (moderator) Family support is key for many of our students, it is a key point</italic> (1D10)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>But also as obstacles to students&#x2019; academic-professional development.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] the previous experience they have had in high school or in life, because many of them leave for reasons of their life (for example, we have some students who left to take care of their family) and in this sense sometimes the family does not contribute to continuity</italic> (1D5)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The second element analysed in relation to self-confidence is the different <bold>ways in which this support and help is conveyed.</bold> In this sense, elements related to the <bold></bold><italic>generation of links with the teaching staff</italic> are highlighted.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>So... we work a lot on the bond; we have just started the course, and then, with all the difficulties of the pandemic (that we have to wear masks, that we cannot get close to each other, that we cannot do group work, etc.), which makes it very difficult, but... at the same time we have also detected that we need time for them to open up, for them to feel confident, and to show their shortcomings</italic> (1D7)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Once a new or different connection begins to be generated between the people involved in the teaching-learning process, students - in general - begin to reposition their <italic>expectations</italic> conditioned by how others see them, as opposed to how they have seen themselves until now.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>And it did take me a long time to feel comfortable. I thought about quitting almost every day. Saying no, no, no, no. Looking for work, like I was cleaning in a gym, babysitting, writing lyrics, photo editing... I was looking for a thousand and one things to avoid studying. Until I started to trust the teachers, to tell things to the director, for example, and this is my last year, I&#x2019;m clear now after so much what I want to do. And that, if it hadn&#x2019;t been for being in adult school, I tell you, I wouldn&#x2019;t have wanted to go back to studying</italic> (1E1)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The group analysis shows how students reposition themselves, as well as their expectations. This seems to give rise to considering <italic>opportunities and alternatives</italic> that were previously unimaginable.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Many of them have very low self-esteem and a lack of expectations, they think they don&#x2019;t deserve many things. And we somehow have to push them far away, to tell them that there is a way, that they have a long way to go [...] they could get a higher degree or go to university and they look at you with a stunned look, as if saying &#x201C;what are you talking about... you&#x2019;re talking to me about this&#x201D;, as if they had never in their life thought that this... that they could do these things</italic> (1D8)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>All of this is accompanied in parallel by <bold>attention and response</bold> to the <bold></bold>specific needs of the students&#x2019; reality, based on a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the individual, as a person with other activities and commitments, not only as a student.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Exactly, we are here for you, and if one day you need to leave early for a specific reason, don&#x2019;t worry, I&#x2019;ll know, you know... Because I&#x2019;ve already talked about it before that you would go that day to do some errands, for example. This makes them feel protected, I think this is the best word, that it&#x2019;s not to do the hours and you leave... like in school, you know? You come, you do the hours, and if you pass well and if not it&#x2019;s the same to me, no, here, we try to understand your context</italic> (1D2)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In relation to <bold>SELF-RESPECT</bold>, mention is made of the treatment they receive as adults, in all their diversity, in the current educational context; the right to participate is evidenced by giving <italic>prominence to their learning needs</italic>. In part, this requires that teachers recognize and address the previous educational trajectories of the adults in their classes.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] they come from failure at school, and what we cannot do is repeat the same clich&#x00E9; that we already had in school. And this, I explain, implies a different treatment of the students. [...]</italic> (1D7)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Another element that appears is the recognition of <italic>their right to participation</italic>. Once students feel recognized and cared for, they are able to move from analysing their needs to being able to think about the group and participate and get involved in the life of the institution. This is where commitment begins to have an educational effect. Participation at a class level and at a more macro level within the institution itself, and within the community itself (crossing the boundaries of the centre).</p>
<p><italic>Institution</italic></p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] the schedule can be decided [...] that the GES adapts to the students and, therefore, is closer</italic> (2D10)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Class (subjects)</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>They also have to evaluate the classes, what is done in the classroom, the materials we use, the content that is worked on... because they have to be something that they find useful for themselves... that is significant, because if we repeat the high school curriculum, that they have not received anything or they have not liked it, or that does not mean anything to them, if there is no change, we are not doing anything either. The evaluation process... centres on them, makes them responsible. Not recipients, but protagonists...</italic> (1D8)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>As part of the educational community</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] students also have to participate, in the centre&#x2019;s operating bodies, as tutors, delegates, in the centre council, or making proposals in the council of delegates...</italic> (1D8)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>All of this would be meaningless if the treatment they receive does not include <italic>consideration of the other as an equal,</italic> as an adult who has a voice and things to contribute.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>The tutor advises and guides, but it is different from what they know. It is a good mechanism because now they see that this is not high school, the schedule can be decided, but the important thing is that it is done from an adult perspective...</italic> (2D10)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Finally, with respect to <bold>SELF-ESTEEM</bold>, a change in the student&#x2019;s own perception is appreciated, starting from experiencing a <italic>process of improvement and academic achievements.</italic></p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>When I entered school and was in high school, I saw a major difference: that in high school there is not as much proximity to the student as in an adult school. Because here they help you choose what you want to do, what you don&#x2019;t want to do... On the other hand, in high school everything is like a competition. Who gets the best grades? The one who gets the best grades is rewarded... and those who get the best grades... you know? and here they recognize your achievements, no matter how small they are, and they help you improve things, but they reinforce a lot what you are good at</italic> (2E5)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>At the same time, this self-esteem is nourished by the <italic>visibility and recognition</italic> they receive from the school environment, specifically from the teaching staff. Not so much from what they contribute or what they progress, but from what they are and what they need.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>[...] we have to take into account the students: what they want, what they need, what difficulties they have...</italic> (1D5)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>And finally, it is interesting to highlight the <italic>attachment and the feeling of belonging to a community</italic> that appears when referring to the AETC, as another element that contributes to not feeling rejected and thus increasing self-esteem.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>I can achieve what I want. I want to finish my studies, I want my career, I want to visit many countries. One in particular is Norway (&#x2026;) So, for me success is the moment when I get to know this place and have my career and say: I know how to do something (&#x2026;) My personal success would be to achieve my goals and my dreams and do it all with a project between all of us who build a community</italic> (2E4)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In short, creating bonds is a social project that goes beyond the educational aspect. And this dimension is central to the success of AETCs in supporting young adults returning to education having dropped out of secondary school.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32146-EN" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>Discussion and conclusions</title>
<p>The analysis carried out on the theory of recognition in the educational environment is based on a premise of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32146-EN">Honneth (1997)</xref>, who considers that the social assessment of a person is not that of an individualized subject, but instead consists of intersubjective interactions in the specific context of that person. Educational practice is undoubtedly an intersubjective space between the teacher and the student, and between individual students. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-EN">Cuesta (2019)</xref>, recognition must occur in both directions; descending, as the teacher makes the student visible, but also ascending, through recognition of the teacher by the student.</p>
<p>In this paper we propose a first exploration of the forms of recognition, reflected in educational practice, and specifically in its descending version. Our aim has been to explain the role that AETCs can play in the reconstruction of the identity of a group that is especially vulnerable and often invisible in its educational trajectory. We have analysed the presence of indicators of self-confidence generated from relationships of love and support; of self-respect, linked to legal rights, fostering self-respect and moral responsibility within civic life; and of self-esteem, which appear in how the students are seen and recognised within their environment.</p>
<p>We have observed how both the voice of the students and the teaching staff converge, focusing on how the work carried out in the AETCs, the accompaniment and attention of the teaching staff to these young people, promotes, beyond obtaining a formal qualification, greater self-confidence, respect, and self-esteem towards themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32146-EN">Grummell, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32146-EN">Niemi, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>The importance of going through AETCs to work on SELF-CONFIDENCE is clear. A double mirror is generated between the agents that participate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-EN">Cuesta, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32146-EN">Meirieu, 2001</xref>). Through personal guidance, special value is given to the support received mainly from the teaching staff; sometimes through the tutoring spaces in which this outcome is the goal, but often in an improvised way, without a specific space. A common problem that adult teachers must address is the low expectations of their students, who often feel that studying is not for them. It is interesting to note that, paradoxically, in the AETCs there is no space assigned in the timetable for these issues, leaving it to the teachers to create this space informally and without recognition. It is thus essential that AECTs review the functions assigned to their teachers; to give value to accompaniment and tutoring; and, therefore, to the elements derived from this individualised guidance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32146-EN">Loeng, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Peer support is also important to create this confidence and security in the person who attends the AETC. A new element, not included as an indicator in the original analytical instrument, is the role of the family, which can be both a factor that encourage students to continue their studies and a conditioning factor for interruption and abandonment.</p>
<p>We have seen that sustaining the affective element of the work of the AETC takes on different forms. The creation of a bond is very important, giving time and space, which does not exist in ordinary secondary school, so that a relationship of trust, knowledge and proximity to the other can develop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32146-EN">Cuesta, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32146-EN">Morris, 2023</xref>). This reveals signs of new expectations and the generation of new opportunities, impacting the student&#x2019;s projection of himself/herself. This empowers them and encourages them to set goals and move towards them.</p>
<p>If we were to conceptualise the theory of recognition as a ladder, self-confidence would be the first rung. We have seen that the AETCs devote a lot of effort to guarantee a minimum level of improvement, necessary to face all the challenges that the student will encounter in their educational pathway.</p>
<p>Self-confidence leads to SELF-RESPECT, with some of the indicators from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al.&#x2019;s (2023)</xref> questionnaire clearly emerging: the treatment received as an equal and adult, the right to develop one&#x2019;s learning process and the right to participate.</p>
<p>Teachers themselves consider that respect is an element that involves internal work, acceptance of the person; that it is linked to greater self-confidence, understood as the ability to face their course, empowering them to continue their educational and work journey. Here the bond that is generated on a personal level in the classroom context itself (classroom climate) is fundamental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32146-EN">Tinto, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32146-EN">Valimaki &#x0026; Mari-Husu, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>On the last rung of the ladder, when analysing SELF-ESTEEM in the testimonies collected, we find the possibility of people with a history of failure and academic vulnerability achieving greater self-esteem. We found little evidence related to the indicators included in the applied instrument, but other relevant information emerged. The teachers mainly highlighted how the students&#x2019; passage through the AETC generates a process of self-improvement and self-esteem based on small academic achievements, and on the <italic>feedback</italic> they receive in their learning process. But, in addition, they expressed the importance of feeling seen and recognized, not for what they contribute or for the grades they obtain, but for what they are and what they need (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32146-EN">Fleming &#x0026; Finnegan, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>Passing through the AETCs helps students to increase their satisfaction with their studies, become empowered and obtain a more positive self-concept and self-efficacy within the framework of their educational pathways. There are still risks to which specific attention must be paid, e.g. the time available due to work and caring commitments, family problems, lack of confidence, or difficulty in following classes), but indicators that describe these difficulties students have in coping with their studies decrease in the AETC as compared to in secondary school (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32146-EN">Daza-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>One aspect that emerges has to do with the atmosphere of security and attachment that students generate within the AETCs and the feeling of belonging to a community. This was not initially included as an indicator in the instruments used, but is highlighted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32146-EN">Fraser and Honneth (2003)</xref>. We consider this relevant given the previous trajectories of these students who did not feel as though they were part of the system, instead feeling as though they did not fit in. Networking between the community and the agents who are dedicated to the work of the collective is key in order to design flexible routes that encourage students to cross the border of the centre and find their place. Thus, from a perspective of community and relevance, it is important to review the mission and philosophy of the AETC, betting on its social model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32146-EN">Soldevilla et al., 2020</xref>) as central to the creation of effective learning spaces for these young adults.</p>
<p>In light of these findings, it is suggested that ensuring time and space for more personalized attention and closer support is essential, and for this, teachers need time to carry out individual and group tutoring. The individual characteristics and contextual factors in which the AETCs are framed determine the importance of continuing to work on empowering the group: above all, in strengthening their educational capacities and possibilities of continuing their life projects. In only two years (the duration of secondary school studies for adults) the wounds of previous educational and professional experiences cannot be healed; that is a longer-term job. And in terms of Honneth&#x2019;s three dimensions (self-confidence, self-respect and self-esteem), it is the latter that requires most work.</p>
<p>Although this study was not initially designed to understand success and failure in the AETC from the perspective of recognition theory, having approached students&#x2019; and teachers&#x2019; stories again from this perspective we can see the potential of the theory to help us understand educational success in the AETC; it points to personal success, beyond the curriculum, investment in their mission of equity and social justice and going beyond a purely academic model. It has helped us to (re)think educational dropout and opens up new questions to explore with other communities and contexts about the role of adult education centres in the academic trajectories of people.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1-EN"><label>1</label> <p>An adaptation of the original items, written in the negative, has been made to adjust them in a positive sense, as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32146-EN">Zhang et al. (2023)</xref>.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferences</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat</collab></person-group> <year>2010</year> <source><italic>Codi de bones pr&#x00E0;ctiques en recerca</italic></source> <trans-source>Code of good research practices</trans-source> <publisher-name>Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542">https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat (2010). <italic>Codi de bones pr&#x00E0;ctiques en recerca</italic> [Code of good research practices]. Ag&#x00E8;ncia de Pol&#x00ED;tiques i de Qualitat. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542">https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/28542</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alfaro</surname> <given-names>J. E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Herrera Fern&#x00E1;ndez</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>El reconocimiento de las diferencias como fundamento para la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva: la evaluaci&#x00F3;n como barrera en el discurso docente</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Brasileira de Educaca&#x00E7;&#x00E1;o</italic></source> <volume>25</volume> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>19</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s1413-24782020250030</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Alfaro, J. E., &#x0026; Herrera Fern&#x00E1;ndez, V. (2020). El reconocimiento de las diferencias como fundamento para la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva: la evaluaci&#x00F3;n como barrera en el discurso docente. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Educaca&#x00E7;&#x00E1;o</italic>, <italic>25</italic>, 1-19. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-24782020250030">https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-24782020250030</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>&#x00C1;lvarez</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;nez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016</year> <article-title>Cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre las familias y los centros escolares como medida preventiva del fracaso y del riesgo de abandono escolar en adolescentes</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Latinoamericana de Educaci&#x00F3;n Inclusiva</italic></source> <volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>175</fpage><lpage>192</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4067/S0718-73782016000100009</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>&#x00C1;lvarez, B., &#x0026; Mart&#x00ED;nez-Gonz&#x00E1;lez, R. (2016). Cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre las familias y los centros escolares como medida preventiva del fracaso y del riesgo de abandono escolar en adolescentes. <italic>Revista Latinoamericana de Educaci&#x00F3;n Inclusiva</italic>, <italic>10</italic>(1), 175- 192. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-73782016000100009">https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-73782016000100009</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Archambault</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Janosz</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Olivier</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dup&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <chapter-title>Student engagement and school dropout: Theories, evidence, and future directions</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Reschly</surname> <given-names>A. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Christenson</surname> <given-names>S.L.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source><italic>Handbook of research on student engagement</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>331</fpage><lpage>355</lpage> <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Olivier, E., &#x0026; Dup&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, V. (2022). Student engagement and school dropout: Theories, evidence, and future directions. En A. L. Reschly y S.L.Christenson (Eds.), <italic>Handbook of research on student engagement</italic> (pp. 331-355). Springer.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brookfield</surname> <given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year> <source><italic>The Power of Critical Theory for Adult Learning and Teaching</italic></source> <publisher-name>McGraw-Hill Education</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Brookfield, S. D. (2005). <italic>The Power of Critical Theory for Adult Learning and Teaching</italic>. McGraw-Hill Education.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-6-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crisol</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Romero</surname> <given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>El liderazgo inclusivo como estrategia para evitar el abandono escolar: opini&#x00F3;n de las familias</article-title> <source><italic>Educatio Siglo XXI: Revista de la Facultad de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>38</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>45</fpage><lpage>66</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/educatio.414871</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Crisol, E., &#x0026; Romero, M. A. (2020). El liderazgo inclusivo como estrategia para evitar el abandono escolar: opini&#x00F3;n de las familias. <italic>Educatio Siglo XXI: Revista de la Facultad de Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>38</italic>(2), 45-66. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6018/educatio.414871">https://doi.org/10.6018/educatio.414871</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-7-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cuesta</surname> <given-names>O. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <article-title>Funciones del reconocimiento en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>81</fpage><lpage>101</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.19011</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cuesta, O. J. (2019). Funciones del reconocimiento en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>31</italic>(1), 81-101. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.19011">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.19011</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-8-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daza-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Llanes-Ord&#x00F3;&#x00F1;ez</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Figuera-Gazo</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Exploring the persistence of adults on secondary education courses: occupational status, satisfaction and self-efficacy as key factors</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research</italic></source> <volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>17</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s44322-023-00005-2</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Daza-P&#x00E9;rez, L., Llanes-Ord&#x00F3;&#x00F1;ez, J., &#x0026; Figuera-Gazo, P. (2024). Exploring the persistence of adults on secondary education courses: occupational status, satisfaction and self-efficacy as key factors. <italic>Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research</italic>, <italic>13</italic>(6), 1-17. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44322-023-00005-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44322-023-00005-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Demanet</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Van Houtte</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <article-title>Social-ethnic school composition and disengagement: An inquiry into the perceived control explanation</article-title> <source><italic>The Social Science Journal</italic></source> <volume>51</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>659</fpage><lpage>675</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.soscij.2014.09.001</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Demanet J., &#x0026; Van Houtte M. (2014). Social-ethnic school composition and disengagement: An inquiry into the perceived control explanation. <italic>The Social Science Journal</italic>, <italic>51</italic>(4), 659&#x2013;675. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.09.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.09.001</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fleming</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Finnegan</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <source><italic>Towards a critical theory of access and retention in Irish Higher Education</italic></source> <publisher-name>Maynooth University</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fleming, T., &#x0026; Finnegan, F. (2010). <italic>Towards a critical theory of access and retention in Irish Higher Education</italic>. Maynooth University.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fraser</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2003</year> <source><italic>Redistribution or Recognition? A Philosophical Exchange</italic></source> <publisher-name>Verso</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fraser, N., &#x0026; Honneth, A. (2003). <italic>Redistribution or Recognition? A Philosophical Exchange</italic>. Verso.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-12-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fredricks</surname> <given-names>J. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Blumenfeld</surname> <given-names>P. C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Paris</surname> <given-names>A. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <article-title>School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence</article-title> <source><italic>Review of educational research</italic></source> <volume>74</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>59</fpage><lpage>109</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3102/00346543074001059</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., &#x0026; Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. <italic>Review of educational research</italic>, <italic>74</italic>(1), 59-109. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059">https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-13-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La heterogeneidad del abandono educativo en las transiciones postobligatorias. Itinerarios y subjetividad de la experiencia escolar</article-title> <source><italic>Papers</italic></source> <volume>105</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>235</fpage><lpage>257</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5565/rev/papers.2775</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Garc&#x00ED;a, M., &#x0026; S&#x00E1;nchez-Gelabert, A. (2020). La heterogeneidad del abandono educativo en las transiciones postobligatorias. Itinerarios y subjetividad de la experiencia escolar. <italic>Papers</italic>, <italic>105</italic>(2), 235-257. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2775">https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2775</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grummell</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <source>Doing Critical and Creative Research in Adult Education</source> <publisher-name>Brill</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1163/9789004420755</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Grummell, B. (2020). <italic>Doing Critical and Creative Research in Adult Education.</italic> Brill. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004420755">https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004420755</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-15-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carpintero</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez-Mart&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>An&#x00E1;lisis del abandono educativo temprano en Espa&#x00F1;a: condicionantes del abandono y motivos para regresar al sistema educativo</article-title> <source><italic>Revista de Investigaci&#x00F3;n Educativa</italic></source> <volume>41</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>523</fpage><lpage>549</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/rie.546521</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-de-Rozas, B., Carpintero, E., &#x0026; L&#x00F3;pez-Mart&#x00ED;n, E. (2023). An&#x00E1;lisis del abandono educativo temprano en Espa&#x00F1;a: condicionantes del abandono y motivos para regresar al sistema educativo. <italic>Revista de Investigaci&#x00F3;n Educativa, 41</italic>(2), 523-549. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.546521">https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.546521</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-16-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1995</year> <source><italic>The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts</italic></source> <publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Honneth, A. (1995). <italic>The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts</italic>. MIT Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-17-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1996</year> <source><italic>The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy</italic></source> <publisher-name>SUNY Press</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/jj.18253805</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Honneth, A. (1996). <italic>The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy</italic>. SUNY Press. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.18253805">https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.18253805</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-18-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honneth</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1997</year> <source><italic>Las luchas por el reconocimiento</italic></source> <publisher-name>Cr&#x00ED;tica</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Honneth, A. (1997). <italic>Las luchas por el reconocimiento</italic>. Cr&#x00ED;tica.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-19-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huttunen</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heikkinen</surname> <given-names>H. L.T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <article-title>Recognition and Democratic Adult Education: Learning as an Interpersonal and Communicative Experience</article-title> <source><italic>Adult Education Quarterly</italic></source> <volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>55</fpage><lpage>74</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Huttunen, R. &#x0026; Heikkinen, H. L.T. (2004). Recognition and Democratic Adult Education: Learning as an Interpersonal and Communicative Experience. <italic>Adult Education Quarterly, 55</italic>(1), 55-74.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-20-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Illeris</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year> <source><italic>Adult Education and Adult Learning</italic></source> <publisher-name>Krieger Publishing Company</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Illeris, K. (2004). <italic>Adult Education and Adult Learning</italic>. Krieger Publishing Company.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-21-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Llanes</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>coord.</role> <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daza</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Figuera</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mallow</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Marzo</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Planells</surname> <given-names>O.</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Soldevila</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tey</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Torrado</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source>Traject&#x00F2;ries dels i les joves en els estudis de secund&#x00E0;ria obligat&#x00F2;ria. Factors d&#x2019;&#x00E8;xit als centres de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults de Catalunya</source> <series>Col&#x00B7;lecci&#x00F3; An&#x00E0;lisis</series> <volume>7</volume> <publisher-name>Observatori Catal&#x00E0; de la Joventut. Departament de Drets Socials</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Llanes, J. (coord.), Daza, L., Figuera, P., Mallow, D., Marzo, A., Planells, O., S&#x00E1;nchez, I., Soldevila, A., Tey, A., &#x0026; Torrado, M. (2022). Traject&#x00F2;ries dels i les joves en els estudis de secund&#x00E0;ria obligat&#x00F2;ria. Factors d&#x2019;&#x00E8;xit als centres de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults de Catalunya. <italic>Col&#x00B7;lecci&#x00F3; An&#x00E0;lisis, 7</italic>. Observatori Catal&#x00E0; de la Joventut. Departament de Drets Socials.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-22-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Loeng</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Self-Directed Learning: A Core Concept in Adult Education</article-title> <source><italic>Education Research International</italic></source> <issue>4/5</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>12</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2020/3816132</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Loeng, S. (2020). Self-Directed Learning: A Core Concept in Adult Education. <italic>Education Research International, (4/5)</italic>, 1-12. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132">https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-23-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meirieu</surname> <given-names>Ph.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2001</year> <source><italic>La opci&#x00F3;n de educar</italic></source> <publisher-name>Octaedro</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Meirieu, Ph. (2001). <italic>La opci&#x00F3;n de educar</italic>. Octaedro.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-24-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mezirow</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1991</year> <source>Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning</source> <publisher-name>Jossey-Bass</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mezirow, J. (1991). <italic>Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning.</italic> Jossey-Bass.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-25-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morris</surname> <given-names>T. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Four Dimensions of Self-Directed Learning: A Fundamental Meta-Competence in a Changing World</article-title> <source><italic>Adult Education Quarterly</italic></source> <volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/07417136231217453</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Morris, T. H. (2023). Four Dimensions of Self-Directed Learning: A Fundamental Meta-Competence in a Changing World. <italic>Adult Education Quarterly</italic>, <italic>0</italic>(0). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/07417136231217453">https://doi.org/10.1177/07417136231217453</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-26-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Niemi</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <source><italic>Recognition in Targeted Youth Work: Young Adults&#x2019; Perspectives</italic></source> <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Niemi, R. (2020). <italic>Recognition in Targeted Youth Work: Young Adults&#x2019; Perspectives</italic>. Springer.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-27-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>P&#x00E0;mies</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E1;nchez-Mart&#x00ED;</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carrasco</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>(Des)vinculaci&#x00F3;n escolar y procesos de acompa&#x00F1;amiento en educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria por clase social y origen nacional en un municipio de la regi&#x00F3;n metropolitana de Barcelona</article-title> <source><italic>Revista de Sociolog&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic> (RASE)</source> <volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>487</fpage><lpage>506</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7203/RASE.13.4.18044</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>P&#x00E0;mies, J., S&#x00E1;nchez-Mart&#x00ED;, A., &#x0026; Carrasco, S. (2020). (Des)vinculaci&#x00F3;n escolar y procesos de acompa&#x00F1;amiento en educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria por clase social y origen nacional en un municipio de la regi&#x00F3;n metropolitana de Barcelona. <italic>Revista de Sociolog&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic> (RASE), <italic>13</italic>(4), 487-506. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.13.4.18044">https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.13.4.18044</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-28-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Parlament de Catalunya</collab></person-group> <year>1991</year> <article-title>Llei 3/1991, del 18 de mar&#x00E7;, de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults</article-title> <publisher-name>Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC)</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Parlament de Catalunya. (1991). Llei 3/1991, del 18 de mar&#x00E7;, de formaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;adults. Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/1991/03/18/3/cer</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-29-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Parlament de Catalunya</collab></person-group> <year>2009</year> <article-title>Llei 12/2009, del 10 de juliol, d&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3;</article-title> <publisher-name>Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC)</publisher-name> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Parlament de Catalunya. (2009). Llei 12/2009, del 10 de juliol, d&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3;. Dirari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (DOGC). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12">https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/eli/es-ct/l/2009/07/10/12</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-30-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salv&#x00E0;-Mut</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Oliver-Trobat</surname> <given-names>M. F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Comas-Forgas</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <article-title>Abandono escolar y desvinculaci&#x00F3;n de la escuela: perspectiva del alumnado</article-title> <source><italic>Magis, Revista Internacional de Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>6</volume><issue>13</issue> <fpage>129</fpage><lpage>142</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11144/Javeriana.M6-13.aede</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Salv&#x00E0;-Mut, F., Oliver-Trobat, M. F., &#x0026; Comas-Forgas, R. (2014). Abandono escolar y desvinculaci&#x00F3;n de la escuela: perspectiva del alumnado. <italic>Magis, Revista Internacional de Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>6</italic>(13), 129-142. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.M6-13.aede">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.M6-13.aede</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-31-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Soldevila</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Llanes</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tey</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o secund&#x00E1;ria nos centros de forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de pessoas adultas na Catalunha</article-title> <source><italic>Pr&#x00E1;xis Educacional</italic></source> <volume>16</volume><issue>42</issue> <fpage>217</fpage><lpage>239</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Soldevila, A., Llanes, J., &#x0026; Tey, A. (2020). Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o secund&#x00E1;ria nos centros de forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de pessoas adultas na Catalunha. <italic>Pr&#x00E1;xis Educacional</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(42), 217-239.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-32-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Superviola</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Revisi&#x00F3;n bibliogr&#x00E1;fica narrativa para la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n del abandono escolar temprano: definici&#x00F3;n terminol&#x00F3;gica e &#x00ED;ndices de medici&#x00F3;n</article-title> <source><italic>Estudios sobre educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>47</volume> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15581/004.47.001</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Superviola, I. (2024). Revisi&#x00F3;n bibliogr&#x00E1;fica narrativa para la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n del abandono escolar temprano: definici&#x00F3;n terminol&#x00F3;gica e &#x00ED;ndices de medici&#x00F3;n. <italic>Estudios sobre educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, 47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15581/004.47.001">https://doi.org/10.15581/004.47.001</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-33-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tinto</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Reflections on student persistence</article-title> <source><italic>Student Success</italic></source> <volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>8</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tinto V. (2017) Reflections on student persistence. <italic>Student Success</italic>, <italic>8</italic>(2), 1&#x2013;8.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-34-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tong</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sainsbury</surname> <given-names>P.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Craig</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <article-title>Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups</article-title> <source><italic>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</italic></source> <volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue> <fpage>349</fpage><lpage>357</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/intqhc/mzm042</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., &#x0026; Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. <italic>International Journal for Quality in Health Care</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(6), 349&#x2013;357. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042">https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-35-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>V&#x00E4;lim&#x00E4;ki</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mari-Husu</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Recognition in targeted youth work: Young adults&#x2019;experiences of care, respect and esteem</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Applied Youth Studies</italic></source> <volume>6</volume> <fpage>101</fpage><lpage>115</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s43151-023-00097-9</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>V&#x00E4;lim&#x00E4;ki, V., &#x0026; Mari-Husu, H. (2023). Recognition in targeted youth work: Young adults&#x2019;experiences of care, respect and esteem. <italic>Journal of Applied Youth Studies</italic>, <italic>6</italic>, 101-115. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s43151-023-00097-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43151-023-00097-9</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-36-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vorhaus</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Litster</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Frearson</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Johnson</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <source>Review of research and evaluation on improving adult literacy and numeracy skills, research paper no. 61</source> <publisher-name>Department for Business and Skills</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vorhaus, J., Litster, J., Frearson, M., &#x0026; Johnson, S. (2011). <italic>Review of research and evaluation on improving adult literacy and numeracy skills, research paper no. 61.</italic> Department for Business and Skills.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-37-32146-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aramburo</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tsang</surname> <given-names>K. K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Measuring teaching recognition through Honneth&#x2019;s recognition theory: development and validation of a teacher recognition</article-title> <source><italic>Asia-Pacific Education Researcher</italic></source> <volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>111</fpage><lpage>121</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40299-021-00637-y</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Zhang, Y., Aramburo, C., &#x0026; Tsang, K. K. (2023). Measuring teaching recognition through Honneth&#x2019;s recognition theory: development and validation of a teacher recognition. <italic>Asia-Pacific Education Researcher</italic>, <italic>32</italic>(1), 111-121. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00637-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00637-y</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
