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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31915</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31915</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Ecología de encuentros: la lógica del compostaje como respuesta educativa al colapso ambiental</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Ecology of Encounters: the Logic of Composting as an Educational Response to Environmental Collapse</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-9260</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>TODD</surname>
<given-names>Sharon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Maynooth. Irlanda.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Maynooth</institution>
<country country="IE">Irlanda</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>Sharon.Todd@mu.ie</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>04</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024362</issue-id>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>18</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">

<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo analiza la interconexi&#x00F3;n de las relaciones humanas, no humanas y ambientales dentro del discurso poshumanista en mitad de la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica. Rememora el despertar ambiental de los a&#x00F1;os setenta debido a la crisis energ&#x00E9;tica, la contaminaci&#x00F3;n qu&#x00ED;mica y el incipiente campo de los estudios ambientales, creando un tel&#x00F3;n de fondo para explorar c&#x00F3;mo la educaci&#x00F3;n actual puede abordar los retos ecol&#x00F3;gicos, ambientales y clim&#x00E1;ticos.</p>
<p>Se compromete de forma cr&#x00ED;tica con el pensamiento poshumanista al mismo tiempo que aboga por cambiar de una relacionalidad centrada en el ser humano a otra m&#x00E1;s inclusiva que abarque lo no humano y el medioambiente. Siguiendo la l&#x00ED;nea de la noci&#x00F3;n de Donna Haraway de &#x201C;compostista&#x201D; frente a &#x201C;poshumanista&#x201D;, el art&#x00ED;culo aboga por una relacionalidad encarnada y enredada que responde a las exigencias de un mundo da&#x00F1;ado, criticando las tradiciones humanistas por contribuir a las crisis ecol&#x00F3;gicas al dar prioridad a los humanos sobre otras formas de vida.</p>
<p>En esencia, el art&#x00ED;culo propone una &#x201C;ecolog&#x00ED;a del encuentro&#x201D; como marco educativo, y hace hincapi&#x00E9; en el potencial generativo del encuentro que se extiende m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las interacciones humanas para incluir lo m&#x00E1;s que humano. Sugiere que la educaci&#x00F3;n puede cultivar la interconexi&#x00F3;n y la transformaci&#x00F3;n mutua, desafiando los supuestos de separaci&#x00F3;n y superioridad humanas.</p>
<p>El texto analiza perspectivas te&#x00F3;ricas como el nuevo materialismo, la teor&#x00ED;a del actor-red y los estudios cr&#x00ED;ticos sobre animales y, para ello, defiende pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que van en sinton&#x00ED;a con las complejas y din&#x00E1;micas relaciones vitales. Al comparar la educaci&#x00F3;n con el compostaje, plantea que la educaci&#x00F3;n es capaz de transformar, de forma que las nuevas subjetividades y relacionalidades pueden navegar por la ruptura ambiental.</p>
<p>En resumen, el art&#x00ED;culo aboga por reimaginar la educaci&#x00F3;n como respuesta a la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica. Al adoptar una relacionalidad del compost que reconoce la interconexi&#x00F3;n de todas las formas de vida, sostiene que la educaci&#x00F3;n es fundamental para fomentar las relaciones y los entendimientos vitales y abordar as&#x00ED; los retos de la era poscambio clim&#x00E1;tico, lo que requiere una reevaluaci&#x00F3;n radical de la divisi&#x00F3;n humano-naturaleza y un compromiso con las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas transformadoras.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The article examines the interconnectedness of human, non-human, and environmental relations within the posthumanist discourse amid the ecological crisis. It reminisces about an environmental awakening during the 1970s due to the energy crisis, chemical pollution, and the nascent field of environmental studies, setting a backdrop for the exploration of how current education can tackle ecological, environmental, and climate challenges.</p>
<p>It critically engages with posthumanist thought, advocating for a shift from human-centric to more inclusive relationality that encompasses the non-human and the environment. Drawing on Donna Haraway&#x2019;s notion of &#x201C;compostist&#x201D; versus &#x201C;posthumanist,&#x201D; the article argues for an embodied, entangled relationality responsive to living in a damaged world, critiquing humanist traditions for contributing to ecological crises through prioritizing humans over other life forms.</p>
<p>At its core, the article proposes an &#x201C;ecology of encounters&#x201D; as an educational framework, emphasizing the generative potential of encounters extending beyond human interactions to include the more-than-human. It suggests education can cultivate interconnectedness and mutual transformation, challenging assumptions of human separateness and superiority.</p>
<p>The text explores theoretical perspectives like new materialism, actor-network theory, and critical animal studies, advocating for educational practices attuned to complex, dynamic life relations. By likening education to composting, it posits that education can transform, enabling new subjectivities and relationalities for navigating environmental breakdown.</p>
<p>In summary, the article calls for reimagining education in response to the ecological crisis. By adopting a compost relationality recognizing all life forms&#x2019; interconnectedness, it contends that education is pivotal in fostering relationships and understandings vital for addressing post-climate change era challenges, necessitating a radical reevaluation of the human-nature divide and a commitment to transformative educational practices.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>poshumanismo</kwd>
<kwd>crisis ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>relacionalidad del compost</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa</kwd>
<kwd>interconexi&#x00F3;n humano-no humano</kwd>
<kwd>conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>simpoiesis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>posthumanism</kwd>
<kwd>environmental crisis</kwd>
<kwd>compost relationality</kwd>
<kwd>educational transformation</kwd>
<kwd>Human-nonhuman interconnectedness</kwd>
<kwd>ecological awareness</kwd>
<kwd>sympoiesis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<disp-quote>
<p>todos somos compost, no poshumanos.</p>
<attrib>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31915-ES">Donna Haraway 2016</xref>, p. 101)</attrib>
</disp-quote>
<sec id="sec-1-31915-ES">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>na reflexi&#x00F3;n a modo de introducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>Mientras escribo esto, acaba de saltar la noticia de que hemos llegado a un punto de inflexi&#x00F3;n en el oc&#x00E9;ano Atl&#x00E1;ntico que tendr&#x00E1; consecuencias devastadoras para la forma en que los humanos y los m&#x00E1;s que humanos viven en Europa al disiparse la influencia mediadora de la corriente del Golfo. Algunos cient&#x00ED;ficos predicen que, dada la velocidad de cambio, la adaptaci&#x00F3;n a estas nuevas condiciones no ser&#x00E1; totalmente posible ni para nosotros ni para otras especies. Como en muchos otros lugares del planeta donde la tierra ha desaparecido en el mar, donde el suelo se ha erosionado, donde la biodiversidad se ha perdido y donde la vida humana y m&#x00E1;s que humana ha perecido, esta cuesti&#x00F3;n de adaptaci&#x00F3;n abre paso a un conjunto de preocupaciones que llegan al n&#x00FA;cleo del problema que estamos afrontando en el actual flujo de colapso ambiental. Ya no estamos hablando desde la anticipaci&#x00F3;n a lo que pueda depararnos el futuro, como si estuvi&#x00E9;ramos en un momento &#x201C;anterior&#x201D; a los efectos reales del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico que est&#x00E1;n por venir, sino que <italic>ya estamos viviendo</italic> un nuevo r&#x00E9;gimen ambiental donde la vida en lo que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31915-ES">Bruno Latour (2018)</xref> califica como la Zona Cr&#x00ED;tica es irremediablemente diferente de lo que era en mi infancia hace 50 a&#x00F1;os. Como algunos han confirmado, estamos viviendo la era poscambio clim&#x00E1;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31915-ES">Vance, 2022</xref>). No cabe duda de que ahora somos habitantes de un planeta diferente, aunque algunos hagamos caso omiso.</p>
<p>En los a&#x00F1;os 70, durante mi infancia en Montreal, en mitad de la crisis energ&#x00E9;tica, la devastaci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica provocada por los productos qu&#x00ED;micos y los pesticidas y el aire y agua contaminados para muchos de nosotros en todo el planeta, los institutos empezaron a impartir asignaturas de estudios ambientales, lo cual fue revolucionario en su momento. Recuerdo haber le&#x00ED;do <italic>Primavera Silenciosa</italic> de Rachel Carson con 14 a&#x00F1;os, haber participado en la limpieza de calles y patios del colegio, haberme dado cuenta de que las grandes empresas estaban envenenando el aire y el agua, y tomar conciencia de la pr&#x00E1;ctica del reciclaje. En aquel momento, estas experiencias cambiaron los l&#x00ED;mites de c&#x00F3;mo me entend&#x00ED;a a m&#x00ED; misma en relaci&#x00F3;n con mi entorno m&#x00E1;s cercano, pero fue una comprensi&#x00F3;n con muchos vaivenes a lo largo de mi vida; en ocasiones era un aspecto central, y otras veces era de mis &#x00FA;ltimas preocupaciones, por detr&#x00E1;s de mi carrera profesional, familia y otros intereses.</p>
<p>Planteo esto aqu&#x00ED; por dos razones opuestas. Por un lado, es evidente que hubo un momento de transformaci&#x00F3;n que me llev&#x00F3; a pensar en m&#x00ED; misma de otra manera. Incluso cuando era una adolescente introvertida experiment&#x00E9; el poder que las ideas, las pr&#x00E1;cticas y los libros pueden tener sobre qui&#x00E9;n cre&#x00ED;a que pod&#x00ED;a ser y las inquietudes que desarrollaba. A d&#x00ED;a de hoy sigo comprometida con un enfoque de la educaci&#x00F3;n que no consiste en &#x201C;escolarizar&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31915-ES">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2023</xref>), sino en ser capaz de llevar y vivir bien una vida con los dem&#x00E1;s. Por otra parte, y sobre todo a la luz de otras experiencias de mi vida, segu&#x00ED;a atada a una visi&#x00F3;n de m&#x00ED; misma que estaba relacionada <italic>con</italic> el mundo natural, pero que definitivamente no era <italic>de</italic> &#x00E9;l. Como parte de una educaci&#x00F3;n de colonos blancos y clase trabajadora urbana en Canad&#x00E1;, la preposici&#x00F3;n &#x201C;con&#x201D; se&#x00F1;ala los l&#x00ED;mites de la comprensi&#x00F3;n, tanto de uno mismo como del mundo. En retrospectiva, esto me facilit&#x00F3; caer en formas convencionales y conocidas (adem&#x00E1;s de dominantes) de ser y vivir que daban por sentados supuestos culturales sobre qu&#x00E9; son las relaciones y cu&#x00E1;les se consideran importantes. Por lo tanto, si bien podemos decir que hubo una educaci&#x00F3;n, tambi&#x00E9;n podr&#x00ED;amos confirmar que hizo poco para desafiar los modelos dominantes de relaci&#x00F3;n, que continuaron posicionando al &#x201C;yo&#x201D; (el sujeto) como un individuo conectado, pero a la vez separado de la llamada &#x201C;naturaleza&#x201D; y de las criaturas, plantas, tierra, aire y agua que se engloban en esa palabra<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES"><sup>1</sup></xref>. As&#x00ED; pues, la pregunta que me planteo en este art&#x00ED;culo es: &#x00BF;c&#x00F3;mo podr&#x00ED;a una respuesta educativa a la actualidad de un profundo colapso ecol&#x00F3;gico, ambiental y clim&#x00E1;tico recomponer esos l&#x00ED;mites entre sujeto y &#x201C;naturaleza&#x201D; para empezar a concebir, e imaginar, la propia relacionalidad de forma diferente?</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31915-ES">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>na respuesta poshumana o de compost</sc></bold></title>
<p>Con esa pregunta en mente, me dirijo a algunos pensadores que, si bien pueden enmarcarse en el t&#x00E9;rmino poshumano, no siempre encajan en &#x00E9;l con facilidad. De hecho, la categor&#x00ED;a de lo &#x201C;poshumano&#x201D; abarca una amplia gama de compromisos (a veces incompatibles): desde un &#x00E9;nfasis en la tecnolog&#x00ED;a que cuestiona la frontera de lo humano (IA, cognici&#x00F3;n distributiva, cyborgs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31915-ES">Dixon y Cassidy, 1998</xref>) hasta el campo de los estudios cr&#x00ED;ticos animales que perturba la supremac&#x00ED;a humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31915-ES">MacCormack, 2014</xref>), desde la Teor&#x00ED;a del Actor-Red (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31915-ES">Latour, 2007</xref>) que cuestiona la idea de la agencia como meramente humana hasta el nuevo materialismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31915-ES">Coole y Frost, 2010</xref>) y la ontolog&#x00ED;a orientada a objetos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31915-ES">Harman, 2018</xref>) que se centra en el poder de las cosas. Al recurrir a pensadores que pretenden desplazar lo humano como centro del que surgen todas las formas de relacionalidad, mi postura sigue siendo prudente con respecto a lo que la etiqueta ofrece y lo que deja fuera. A veces rechazo esta etiqueta de lo poshumano a pesar de trabajar con ella, sobre todo porque el t&#x00E9;rmino ha sido criticado por eludir formas de relacionalidad y tradiciones de pensamiento negras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31915-ES">Jackson, 2015</xref>) e ind&#x00ED;genas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31915-ES">Todd, 2016</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, al hacerlo, potencialmente reafirma lo que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31915-ES">Jackson (2015)</xref> denomina el &#x201C;trascendentalismo euroc&#x00E9;ntrico&#x201D; (p. 215) que busca desbaratar, en particular cuando se niega a comprometerse cr&#x00ED;ticamente con las formas desordenadas, violentas y demasiado humanas de la modernidad/colonialidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-ES">Machado de Oliveira, 2021</xref>), como si las pudiese hacer desaparecer con alg&#x00FA;n truco de magia conceptual. M&#x00E1;s bien, la sensibilidad en la que me baso aqu&#x00ED; est&#x00E1; m&#x00E1;s fundamentada por el car&#x00E1;cter l&#x00FA;dico reflejado en el movimiento de Donna Haraway para hablar de s&#x00ED; misma como una &#x201C;compostista&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31915-ES">2016</xref>, p. 4) en lugar de una poshumanista. En lugar de buscar ir &#x201C;m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1;&#x201D; de lo humano, como sugiere el &#x201C;post&#x201D;, el compost permite otro tipo de direccionalidad: el concepto de &#x201C;m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1;&#x201D; se sustituye por el movimiento &#x201C;hacia&#x201D; los aspectos sensibles y tangibles de ser una criatura aqu&#x00ED; y ahora en la Tierra. Adem&#x00E1;s, el compost indica una transformaci&#x00F3;n de los elementos al entrar en contacto unos con otros, tanto de lo humano como de lo no humano. Al igual que el mont&#x00F3;n de residuos org&#x00E1;nicos se convierte en abono, el compost plantea la idea de que todos los seres vivos son co-creados con otras criaturas en actos de transformaci&#x00F3;n mutua. El compostaje es un proceso f&#x00E9;rtil y rejuvenecedor, y resulta fruct&#x00ED;fero para reflexionar sobre el tipo de ideas que pueden ayudar a dar una respuesta <italic>educativa</italic> al actual colapso ambiental, como analizo m&#x00E1;s adelante. Por tanto, la postura que adopto aqu&#x00ED; se centra m&#x00E1;s en cuestionar las ideas de excepcionalidad humana, antropocentrismo, colonialidad y sensibilidad extractiva, todas ellas basadas en supuestos de separaci&#x00F3;n humana y en la negaci&#x00F3;n de nuestra interconexi&#x00F3;n actual, y no tanto en movilizar ideas en torno a futuros tecnohumanos abstractos, o ideas que no cuestionan las distintas formas en que la degradaci&#x00F3;n ambiental afecta a los seres humanos, especialmente a las comunidades ind&#x00ED;genas y a las del Sur Global (como si esos y muchos otros seres humanos no importaran en una era &#x201C;poshumana&#x201D; imaginada). As&#x00ED;, este art&#x00ED;culo se inspira tanto en las cr&#x00ED;ticas a las limitaciones del pensamiento poshumano como en el descentramiento de la arrogancia antropoc&#x00E9;ntrica y humanista.</p>
<p>Mi tarea consiste en reflexionar sobre ideas que puedan conformar una agenda espec&#x00ED;ficamente educativa que se preocupe por vivir en el presente y por los agudos desaf&#x00ED;os que ello conlleva para nuestro sentido de la relacionalidad. En particular, al centrarme en los aspectos corporales concretos de la relacionalidad, mi objetivo es ofrecer una visi&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n que la considere un proceso generativo de creaci&#x00F3;n, m&#x00E1;s que como un veh&#x00ED;culo de transmisi&#x00F3;n. Ampliando el trabajo previo sobre encuentros educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31915-ES">Todd, 2023</xref>), este art&#x00ED;culo subraya la importancia de pensar en esta relacionalidad no como algo que ocurre entre dos entidades existentes, sino como algo que permite el surgimiento de esas entidades en s&#x00ED; mismas, existencias tanto vivas como no vivas, con las que cada uno de nosotros se encuentra y se enreda. Un proceso que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31915-ES">Lynn Margulis (1998)</xref> y, posteriormente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31915-ES">Haraway (2017)</xref>, llamaron &#x201C;simpoiesis&#x201D;. Para m&#x00ED;, este concepto habla de las dimensiones espec&#x00ED;ficamente corporales de la formaci&#x00F3;n del sujeto al mismo tiempo que tambi&#x00E9;n habla de los aspectos cosmol&#x00F3;gicos de ver la propia subjetividad (como humano, como animal, como consorcio de bacterias y microbios) como parte de una red de relacionalidad. Con el fin de explorar esta cuesti&#x00F3;n de forma m&#x00E1;s expl&#x00ED;cita, este art&#x00ED;culo se centra en desarrollar la idea de &#x201C;ecolog&#x00ED;a del encuentro&#x201D;, y plantea c&#x00F3;mo puede considerarse que esta ecolog&#x00ED;a es espec&#x00ED;ficamente educativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31915-ES">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>ncuentros educativos y el problema de la relacionalidad</sc></bold></title>
<p>No faltan estudios sobre los aspectos relacionales de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Algunos de esos estudios los consideran relaciones comunicativas b&#x00E1;sicas entre profesores y alumnos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31915-ES">Bingham y Sidorkin, 2004</xref>), otros interpersonales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31915-ES">Noddings, 2013</xref>), mientras que otros como Deleuze, Barad y los nuevos marcos materialistas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31915-ES">Semetsky y Masny, 2013</xref>) sit&#x00FA;an la agencia mutua y las dimensiones intractivas de la vida educativa en el primer plano de su trabajo. Lo que revela la gran variedad de estos trabajos es que no existe una armon&#x00ED;a en cuanto a lo que es una &#x201C;relaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;, por no hablar de lo que es una relaci&#x00F3;n educativa dentro del propio &#x00E1;mbito de la educaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
    <p>En mi opini&#x00F3;n, lo que este desencuentro ha abierto es un espacio para cuestionar la naturaleza multidimensional de las relaciones, las cuales no son simplemente funciones de dos entidades que se encuentran, incluso aunque ese encuentro tenga como resultado un cambio para una o ambas entidades, como se podr&#x00ED;a observar en lo que aqu&#x00ED; llamo vagamente visiones &#x201C;intersubjetivas&#x201D; de la educaci&#x00F3;n que est&#x00E1;n ancladas a concepciones humanistas de la relacionalidad. Estoy hablando de las visiones relacionales de la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31915-ES">Noddings, 2013</xref>), la idea de <italic>bildung</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31915-ES">Horlacher, 2015</xref>) y las concepciones liberales de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31915-ES">Alexander, 2015</xref>). Estos puntos de vista se basan en la idea de que el &#x201C;yo&#x201D; acude al encuentro con el otro como &#x201C;sujeto&#x201D;, incluso si ese encuentro conduce en &#x00FA;ltima instancia a alguna forma de intercambio entre nosotros. Por ejemplo, un profesor se re&#x00FA;ne con un alumno en un encuentro que reconoce mutuamente la subjetividad de cada uno, y el tipo de relaciones que se abren entre ellos se consideran comunicativas, interpersonales y/o interactivas. A primera vista, esta visi&#x00F3;n se basa en hacer de la educaci&#x00F3;n una iniciativa m&#x00E1;s humana, conectada y social. Es importante destacar que esta visi&#x00F3;n ha sido clave para contrarrestar las formas demasiado extendidas del &#x201C;instrumentalismo fuerte&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31915-ES">Todd, 2022</xref>) en la educaci&#x00F3;n, que se limitan a ver el objetivo de la ense&#x00F1;anza como el cumplimiento de objetivos curriculares predefinidos que a menudo se describen de forma limitada en t&#x00E9;rminos de habilidades y resultados cognitivos. As&#x00ED; pues, muchos de nosotros nos sentimos identificados con esta relacionalidad centrada en el ser humano en su intento de corregir una <italic>in</italic>humanidad percibida a menudo en muchos sistemas educativos.</p>
<p>Aunque reconozco que esta perspectiva tiene cierto peso para los estudiantes que se sienten distanciados o alienados de la vida escolar dado que el cuidado, la amabilidad y la apertura contribuyen en gran medida a hacer de la vida un lugar m&#x00E1;s habitable y alegre, quiero plantear algunas cr&#x00ED;ticas sobre esta perspectiva de la relacionalidad centrada en el ser humano como la &#x00FA;nica forma de pensar en la relacionalidad en s&#x00ED; misma, principalmente porque surge de una tradici&#x00F3;n humanista que conlleva compromisos de los que nosotros, en la educaci&#x00F3;n, deber&#x00ED;amos ser prudentes en estos tiempos de crisis, en particular con respecto a qu&#x00E9; tipo de relacionalidad y encuentros limita y hace posible.</p>
<p>En primer lugar, est&#x00E1; la cr&#x00ED;tica de que los compromisos humanistas han surgido de una amplia tradici&#x00F3;n de pensamiento modernista que ha fomentado en gran medida un sujeto unitario, es decir, uno que es autosuficiente, cuyas fronteras de humanidad est&#x00E1;n firmemente establecidas no solo en y frente a otros seres humanos, sino en y frente a otras formas de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31915-ES">Braidotti, 2019</xref>). Desde esta perspectiva, un sujeto humano es aquel cuyo modo de relaci&#x00F3;n se considera principalmente mediante la preposici&#x00F3;n &#x201C;con&#x201D;, ya que el sujeto se concibe como una entidad que es anterior al encuentro real que tiene con los dem&#x00E1;s. En este sentido, cada sujeto es una unidad distinta e independiente y, aunque cada uno puede entablar relaciones, se trata m&#x00E1;s de una transacci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de las fronteras del propio cuerpo que de una inmersi&#x00F3;n en una experiencia cogenerada por la propia relaci&#x00F3;n. Como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31915-ES">Val Plumwood (1993)</xref>, este sentido de unidad de un ego que simplemente se sit&#x00FA;a dentro de un contenedor corporal est&#x00E1; firmemente establecido en el pensamiento occidental, creando modos de separar mente y cuerpo que se corresponden con las dicotom&#x00ED;as cultura/naturaleza y humano/naturaleza. Como se&#x00F1;ala, esta forma de concebir al sujeto a trav&#x00E9;s de su individualismo ha sido, en primer lugar, la ra&#x00ED;z de la actual crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, el sujeto humanista es un sujeto basado en el excepcionalismo, en el que incluso en una visi&#x00F3;n intersubjetiva, los elementos clave de nuestro entorno relacional no se tienen en cuenta por carecer de importancia o, al menos, por no ser tan significativos para nuestra percepci&#x00F3;n de nosotros mismos <italic>como</italic> humanos. As&#x00ED; pues, una perspectiva inter<italic>subjetiva</italic> se limita precisamente a eso, a lo subjetivo, concediendo la &#x201C;subjetividad&#x201D; &#x00FA;nicamente a (algunos) seres humanos (y no a &#x00E1;rboles, plantas, rocas, animales y aves, como en los sistemas de conocimiento ind&#x00ED;genas y animistas). Aqu&#x00ED;, el valor de los encuentros reside &#x00FA;nicamente en la esfera de lo humano. Por ejemplo, el amor, el cuidado, el respeto y la compasi&#x00F3;n se consideran dignos en la medida en que enmarcan las relaciones <italic>entre</italic> otros seres humanos, pero no forman parte de un contexto ambiental m&#x00E1;s amplio. Adem&#x00E1;s, la naturaleza se distancia de lo humano en este estado de excepcionalismo. Esto no quiere decir que no haya aspectos de la especie humana que puedan distinguirse de otros, sino que lo que est&#x00E1; en juego es el modo en que esta distinci&#x00F3;n contribuye a un mayor sentido del valor y la val&#x00ED;a a expensas de otras formas de vida.</p>
<p>En tercer lugar est&#x00E1; la forma en que el sujeto humanista ha promulgado formas de exclusi&#x00F3;n al considerar ciertas caracter&#x00ED;sticas como &#x201C;naturales&#x201D; de los humanos. As&#x00ED;, no solo se vincula a la postura excepcionalista antes mencionada con respecto a otros m&#x00E1;s que humanos, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n ha sido fundamental en la formaci&#x00F3;n de pr&#x00E1;cticas de exclusi&#x00F3;n en nombre de la modernidad/colonialidad y las formas impl&#x00ED;citas en que esta ha clasificado por g&#x00E9;nero, racializado y colonizado a otros humanos bas&#x00E1;ndose en las desviaciones percibidas de su ideal de &#x201C;hombre&#x201D; racional, euroc&#x00E9;ntrico y civilizado. Como escribe <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-ES">Machado de Oliveira (2021)</xref>:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Estos marcos coloniales se basan de forma irremediable en el excepcionalismo (percibir a ciertos grupos como excepcionales o extraordinarios para elevar su valor), la exaltaci&#x00F3;n (buscar la validaci&#x00F3;n de la grandeza de este grupo y sus contribuciones al progreso para justificar su m&#x00E9;rito y autoridad) y la emancipaci&#x00F3;n (la expansi&#x00F3;n de los derechos modernos/coloniales como forma de recompensa u objetivo de la lucha). (p. 164)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Desde este punto de vista, los encuentros entre sujetos se consideran m&#x00E1;s o menos &#x201C;apropiados&#x201D;, m&#x00E1;s o menos acordes a lo convencional, a lo dominante y a lo aceptado. Por lo tanto, las relaciones intersubjetivas est&#x00E1;n atrapadas en unos paisajes sociales y pol&#x00ED;ticos que est&#x00E1;n culturalmente escritos y codificados pero que, no obstante, se consideran &#x201C;incidentales&#x201D; a la propia relaci&#x00F3;n. En este sentido, a menudo existe una concepci&#x00F3;n apol&#x00ED;tica de estas relaciones debido a la descontextualizaci&#x00F3;n de las cualidades de la subjetividad. Por ejemplo, hemos visto a trav&#x00E9;s de los sistemas de internados para pueblos ind&#x00ED;genas en pa&#x00ED;ses como Canad&#x00E1;, EE.UU., Australia (y otros menos conocidos en Suecia, Dinamarca y Noruega) las consecuencias extremas de esta forma de pensar. As&#x00ED;, la apelaci&#x00F3;n a la &#x201C;humanidad&#x201D; o incluso a la &#x201C;intersubjetividad&#x201D; dentro de un marco humanista tambi&#x00E9;n est&#x00E1; ligada a pr&#x00E1;cticas reales de exclusi&#x00F3;n violenta en su nombre.</p>
<p>Mi objetivo al debatir estas cr&#x00ED;ticas es exponer c&#x00F3;mo nuestro deseo aparentemente inocente de volvernos m&#x00E1;s &#x201C;humanos&#x201D; mediante la promoci&#x00F3;n de relaciones intersubjetivas en la educaci&#x00F3;n conlleva una forma de pensar y de ser dif&#x00ED;cil de defender, sobre todo si la educaci&#x00F3;n ha de ofrecer una respuesta significativa a la situaci&#x00F3;n planetaria a la que nos enfrentamos. Es importante destacar que el llamamiento de Rosi Braidotti a que el poshumanismo no se ocupe de borrar lo humano, sino de encontrar nuevos modos de evolucionar que nos permitan relacionarnos de forma diferente, resuena especialmente bien aqu&#x00ED;. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31915-ES">Braidotti (2019)</xref> argumenta en su cr&#x00ED;tica al humanismo que no se trata de acabar con el sujeto por completo, sino de pensar en lo que podr&#x00ED;a suponer una remodelaci&#x00F3;n del sujeto</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>en una ecofilosof&#x00ED;a de pertenencias m&#x00FA;ltiples, como un sujeto relacional constituido en y por la multiplicidad, es decir, un sujeto que trabaja a trav&#x00E9;s de las diferencias y que tambi&#x00E9;n est&#x00E1; internamente diferenciado, pero que sigue siendo razonable y responsable. (p. 49)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>As&#x00ED; pues, el sujeto es un compuesto de estas complejas relaciones que se resisten a la cooptaci&#x00F3;n en marcos predefinidos y universalistas de lo humano. Para ella, el sujeto es &#x201C;materialista y vitalista, encarnado e incrustado, firmemente ubicado en alguna parte&#x201D; (51). Sin embargo, es una ubicaci&#x00F3;n que puede reconocerse a s&#x00ED; misma como tal sin suponer que esto determine las posibilidades del devenir. Por ejemplo, a diferencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31915-ES">Masschelein y Simons (2013)</xref> que defienden la idea de que los estudiantes &#x201C;posponen&#x201D; sus posicionamientos sociales, experiencias familiares y formas de pertenencia racial, de g&#x00E9;nero y &#x00E9;tnica para <italic>ser</italic> estudiantes, libres de toda forma social de determinismo, la visi&#x00F3;n de Braidotti sugerir&#x00ED;a una educaci&#x00F3;n que est&#x00E1; firmemente arraigada al lugar y al momento, sin que ello se sobreponga a las capacidades, intereses, significados o decisiones de un estudiante. Una educaci&#x00F3;n que no sea &#x201C;del lugar&#x201D; o que no tenga en cuenta el emplazamiento de los estudiantes (y profesores) tiene poco sentido desde este punto de vista<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-ES"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Como sujetos &#x201C;constituidos en y por la multiplicidad&#x201D;, ni estudiantes ni profesores <italic>entran en</italic> encuentros entre s&#x00ED; o con otros elementos de su entorno ni <italic>emergen</italic> a trav&#x00E9;s de ellos. Es decir, la relaci&#x00F3;n en s&#x00ED; es un espacio cogenerativo en lugar de ser un vector transaccional entre dos. En este sentido, podr&#x00ED;amos decir que los profesores y los alumnos solo se convierten en profesores y alumnos a trav&#x00E9;s de los encuentros que se establecen en las escuelas y las aulas. Este surgimiento, como analizo a continuaci&#x00F3;n, significa que los encuentros que importan para la educaci&#x00F3;n en esta &#x00E9;poca de crisis son los que establecen las condiciones para que surjan nuevas formas, aquellos que puedan romper con los mismos aspectos del humanocentrismo y el excepcionalismo que nos han llevado a este punto en primer lugar.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31915-ES">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>ncuentros educativos como <italic>simpoiesis</italic> y compost</sc></bold></title>
<p>Llevar esta visi&#x00F3;n de la relacionalidad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la educaci&#x00F3;n significa explorar dos cuestiones interrelacionadas: Si nuestra subjetividad surge de la relaci&#x00F3;n, &#x00BF;en qu&#x00E9; consisten entonces los encuentros? &#x00BF;Y qu&#x00E9; aspectos educativos tienen en particular?</p>
<p>A menudo se considera que los encuentros son lugares de reuni&#x00F3;n con lo diferente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31915-ES">Wilson, 2017</xref>): con otro ser humano, un objeto como un libro o una obra de arte. Pero si esos encuentros van a ser algo que permita el surgimiento de la subjetividad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las formas humanistas del sujeto unitario, excepcionalista y excluyente, como se ha comentado anteriormente, tendr&#x00E1; que haber cierta permeabilidad, apertura y fluidez en ese encuentro. En otras palabras, los encuentros no son puntos de contacto estables, sino flujos de &#x201C;intensidad&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31915-ES">Massumi, 2015</xref>) que van y vienen y que afectan al menos a dos cuerpos. Como sugiere Brian Massumi:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>el sujeto&#x2026; emerge de un campo de condiciones que todav&#x00ED;a no son ese sujeto, que apenas est&#x00E1; entrando en s&#x00ED; mismo&#x2026; Antes del sujeto hay una mezcla, un terreno de relaci&#x00F3;n en ciernes demasiado abarrotado y heterog&#x00E9;neo como para llamarlo intersubjetivo. (p. 52)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Hay una anticipaci&#x00F3;n espacial y temporal del sujeto en su surgimiento a trav&#x00E9;s de los encuentros, de la que hablan directamente las ideas de &#x201C;simpoesis&#x201D; y &#x201C;compost&#x201D; y que son ideas especialmente relevantes para la forma en que vivimos la vida con otros seres planetarios.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31915-ES">Haraway (2017)</xref> propone que &#x201C;seguir con el problema&#x201D; es una forma de afrontar nuestras interrelaciones con otras especies y formas de vida en el presente. Es decir, no se trata de huir de la naturaleza inextricable de nuestra conexi&#x00F3;n con otras especies y necesidades terrenales como el agua y el aire, sobre todo en esta &#x00E9;poca de crisis, sino de habitar en medio de la complejidad de esas relaciones. Para Haraway, &#x201C;generar parentescos&#x201D; con otros seres vivos es una forma de relaci&#x00F3;n corporal que nos permite conmovernos, cambiar y enredarnos de un modo que no consiste en alcanzar un &#x201C;ideal&#x201D; (de amor, cuidado o compasi&#x00F3;n) hacia los dem&#x00E1;s, sino en bajar al mont&#x00F3;n del compost, que puede ser sucio y apestoso a la vez que transformador. Seg&#x00FA;n Haraway,</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>seguir con el problema requiere generar parentescos raros; es decir, nos necesitamos rec&#x00ED;procamente en colaboraciones y combinaciones inesperadas, en pilas de compost caliente. Devenimos-con de manera rec&#x00ED;proca o no devenimos en absoluto. Ese tipo de semi&#x00F3;tica material siempre est&#x00E1; situada, en alg&#x00FA;n lugar y no en ning&#x00FA;n lugar, enredada y mundana. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31915-ES">Haraway 2016</xref>, p. 4)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Esta visi&#x00F3;n de compost de las relaciones sugiere que existe una materialidad b&#x00E1;sica en nuestra existencia de devenir-con, una puesta en pr&#x00E1;ctica de la transformaci&#x00F3;n arraigada en los cuerpos y el lugar. Y, sin embargo, como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31915-ES">Zalloua (2021)</xref>, esta insistencia radical en la inmanencia como contraposici&#x00F3;n al sujeto trascendente del humanismo corre el riesgo de reivindicar una ontolog&#x00ED;a poshumana que comparta con el humanismo una insistencia en la certeza de la propia subjetividad (poshumana). En cambio, se&#x00F1;ala, &#x201C;aunque el ser es, en efecto, todo lo que hay&#x2026; el ser mismo nunca es simplemente uno; su futuro es indeterminado&#x201D; (p. 19).</p>
<p>Esto coincide, en mi opini&#x00F3;n, con la persistencia de Haraway con la figura de una pila de compost, ya que lo que ocurre en ella no solo es inmanente, sino que al mismo tiempo trasciende a sus componentes para crear nuevas formas de vida. Seg&#x00FA;n mi interpretaci&#x00F3;n de Haraway, el objetivo no es postular un sujeto poshumano (de hecho, esto ser&#x00ED;a antit&#x00E9;tico a su proyecto), sino imaginar los t&#x00E9;rminos en los que se puede dar un nuevo devenir para los sujetos. As&#x00ED; pues, las relaciones compost no conducen al cumplimiento de un ideal de lo que los seres humanos deber&#x00ED;an llegar a ser, como solemos encontrar en los llamamientos humanistas a la educaci&#x00F3;n, sino a manifestaciones impredecibles y plurales del devenir con otros humanos y m&#x00E1;s que humanos.</p>
<p>De hecho, el andamio de su comprensi&#x00F3;n del compostaje se basa directamente en su compromiso con el trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31915-ES">Lynn Margulis (1998)</xref> sobre la simbiog&#x00E9;nesis, que revolucion&#x00F3; la forma en que se ha concebido la evoluci&#x00F3;n, desde la adaptabilidad dirigida a las especies a la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre distintos seres vivos que se unen para formar nuevas entidades. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31915-ES">Haraway (2017)</xref> escribe:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>todos los seres vivos han surgido y perseverado (o no) ba&#x00F1;ados y arropados en bacterias y arqueas. Verdaderamente, nada es est&#x00E9;ril; y esa realidad es un peligro tremendo, un hecho b&#x00E1;sico de la vida y una oportunidad generadora de criaturas (loc 3512).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Este proceso de simpoiesis, como su nombre indica, es una forma generativa de pensar en nuestro enredo con otras especies en &#x201C;diversas relaciones intractivas&#x201D; (loc 3439). Lo que esto quiere decir en t&#x00E9;rminos de Haraway es significativo para el pensamiento sobre la subjetividad, ya que lo que somos en este sentido biol&#x00F3;gico no es unitario ni individual, sino que consiste en un conjunto de criaturas vivas que se unen para formar el &#x201C;yo&#x201D;, un &#x201C;yo&#x201D; que est&#x00E1; en constante transformaci&#x00F3;n a medida que se encuentra con otros en la vida. Los cuerpos humanos no son indivisibles, sino que est&#x00E1;n compuestos/compostados por una infinidad de organismos que crean entidades que pueden denominarse propiamente &#x201C;holobiontes&#x201D; (o &#x201C;seres enteros&#x201D;). Esa fusi&#x00F3;n implica ver el mundo y a los seres humanos que habitan en &#x00E9;l no como entidades estables; en su lugar, &#x201C;simpoiesis es una palabra propia de sistemas complejos, din&#x00E1;micos, sensibles, situados e hist&#x00F3;ricos&#x201D; (loc 3432). En este sentido, un cuerpo humano singular es, de hecho, un consorcio din&#x00E1;mico, en contraposici&#x00F3;n a un individuo, en su acepci&#x00F3;n de sentido com&#x00FA;n<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3-ES"><sup>3</sup></xref>. No se trata simplemente de una relaci&#x00F3;n en el sentido intersubjetivo, sino de una relaci&#x00F3;n &#x00ED;ntima, constitutiva y creativa, siempre arraigada en tiempos y lugares espec&#x00ED;ficos.</p>
<p>Pero, &#x00BF;es tan f&#x00E1;cil pasar de esta visi&#x00F3;n biol&#x00F3;gica de los encuentros y la relacionalidad a la subjetividad y la educaci&#x00F3;n? Creo que aqu&#x00ED; hay que ser prudentes para no caer en otro determinismo m&#x00E1;s en el que el sujeto no es m&#x00E1;s que un &#x201C;producto&#x201D; de su biolog&#x00ED;a, algo que las feministas han entendido a la perfecci&#x00F3;n. Sin embargo, creo que lo que Haraway (y otros) ofrecen no es tanto una visi&#x00F3;n determinista sino una heur&#x00ED;stica como forma de aflojar el fuerte control del sujeto racional y autodeterminado que se ha enfrentado a la &#x201C;naturaleza&#x201D; y por el que nuestros sistemas educativos tienen mucho que responder. Introduce la vida (o <italic>Zoe</italic> en el sentido de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31915-ES">Braidotti [2019]</xref> de la fuerza de la vida que va m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de <italic>Bios</italic>) como una fuerza generativa en curso que impulsa la forja continua de nuevas entidades. As&#x00ED;, Haraway no solo se ocupa del sujeto biol&#x00F3;gico, sino de las formas de devenir-con que pueden volver a fusionar nuestros v&#x00ED;nculos con las &#x201C;criaturas&#x201D; que constituyen nuestra propia vida &#x201C;humana&#x201D;. Tal y como yo lo veo, aqu&#x00ED; hay algo pol&#x00ED;tico en juego, tanto en el sentido de que nuestras relaciones se producen en lugares y tiempos que son hist&#x00F3;ricos y espec&#x00ED;ficos, como en el sentido de que podemos movilizar la figura del compost para crear nuevas entidades que no se consideren meramente en relaci&#x00F3;n <italic>con</italic> el medioambiente, sino que sean profundamente <italic>de &#x00E9;l</italic>.</p>
<p>Creo que hay una pol&#x00ED;tica espec&#x00ED;fica de compostaje para tener en cuenta, ya que nuestros encuentros con los dem&#x00E1;s siempre est&#x00E1;n encarnados y situados, &#x201C;enredados y mundanos&#x201D;, para usar las palabras de Haraway y, como tales, est&#x00E1;n incrustados no solo en contextos conducentes al florecimiento, sino en contextos de modernidad/colonialidad, donde tambi&#x00E9;n est&#x00E1;n presentes las huellas del sujeto humano excepcionalista, excluyente y unitario. La pila de compost nunca se construye en su totalidad sobre residuos nuevos, sino sobre lo que ya est&#x00E1; ah&#x00ED;, mezclado con la tierra, los microbios, los insectos que vienen a hacer tierra f&#x00E9;rtil, del mismo modo que los legados del racismo, el sexismo y el colonialismo forman parte de nuestras relaciones actuales en el presente.</p>
<p>El compostaje, como argumenta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-ES">Machado de Oliveira (2021)</xref>, es una parte necesaria de un gesto educativo que se toma en serio la pol&#x00ED;tica de la relacionalidad necesaria para &#x201C;hospedar la modernidad&#x201D;. Escribe:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>el desencanto generativo y la desilusi&#x00F3;n con los modos de relaci&#x00F3;n de la modernidad son aspectos indispensables para acoger a la modernidad, procesar sus ense&#x00F1;anzas y compostar sus residuos. Esto crea un terreno nuevo y f&#x00E9;rtil para que surjan otras posibilidades de existencia (p. 37).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Para Machado de Oliveira, &#x201C;despojarse&#x201D; de creencias y valores que sirven a un amo que nunca ha sido viable (por ejemplo, los deseos de consumo, supremac&#x00ED;a y eficiencia proyectados sobre el mundo natural, as&#x00ED; como sobre otros colonizados) implica vernos a nosotros mismos como parte de la p&#x00E9;rdida de la modernidad, existencialmente hablando. El &#x201C;mundo tal como lo conocemos&#x201D; (y no el mundo en s&#x00ED;) est&#x00E1; llegando a su fin. Vivir bien en estos tiempos significa adoptar pr&#x00E1;cticas que nos permitan hacer frente a la &#x201C;antigua violencia&#x201D; de la separaci&#x00F3;n del mundo natural y, al mismo tiempo, dejarnos espacio para imaginar y devenir de un modo que apunte a un futuro m&#x00E1;s responsable. Pero esto solo puede ocurrir en el presente si nos dedicamos a lo que ella denomina &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n en profundidad&#x201D;, una educaci&#x00F3;n que trata de descubrir las formas en que cada uno de nosotros, como sujetos, est&#x00E1; formado por las historias, los afectos, los valores y las l&#x00F3;gicas de la modernidad y puede a su vez transformarlos. La educaci&#x00F3;n en profundidad, escribe,</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>es una orientaci&#x00F3;n hacia la activaci&#x00F3;n de capacidades y disposiciones que pueden permitirnos mantener un espacio para las cosas dif&#x00ED;ciles y dolorosas, y para sentir, relacionarnos e imaginar de otro modo mientras nos enfrentamos al fin de la modernidad o del mundo tal y como lo conocemos. (p. 43)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>De ah&#x00ED; que Machado de Oliveira considere que los procesos sensoriales e imaginarios (m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la cognici&#x00F3;n y el trabajo intelectual) son necesarios para crear una respuesta educativa a la altura de la tarea de hacer frente a la ruptura ambiental y a todas las realidades sociales, pol&#x00ED;ticas, &#x00E9;ticas y existenciales que esta pone de manifiesto. Educaci&#x00F3;n en profundidad</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>conlleva una pr&#x00E1;ctica pol&#x00ED;tica de compostaje y desecho que puede ayudarnos a desinvertir del da&#x00F1;o, interrumpir las adicciones modernas y salir de la violencia y la insostenibilidad de una modernidad moribunda&#x2026;. Tenemos que partir de la base de que nadie tiene la respuesta a nuestra dif&#x00ED;cil situaci&#x00F3;n actual, de que no podemos no estar juntos y de que cada uno de nosotros es insuficiente e indispensable para lo que hay que hacer. (p. 185)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En este trabajo, lo existencial y lo planetario se interconectan a trav&#x00E9;s del sujeto encarnado, uno que tiene la capacidad de soportar su propia implicaci&#x00F3;n y la colectiva en el da&#x00F1;o, y entender que una parte de c&#x00F3;mo hemos aprendido a ver lo humano y lo m&#x00E1;s que humano necesita convertirse en parte del compost del que algo nuevo puede surgir, sin saber lo que surgir&#x00E1; en alg&#x00FA;n punto final.</p>
<p>El &#x00E9;nfasis de Haraway y Machado de Oliveira en el compost como una forma relacional de enmarcar la subjetividad pone de manifiesto el poder creativo de la vida y el desaprendizaje (o descomposici&#x00F3;n del compost) que debe producirse para que surjan nuevas formas de subjetividad. La urgencia con la que ambos escriben, as&#x00ED; como los ingeniosos giros y neologismos que salpican sus obras, hacen realidad lo que se proponen: crear lenguaje e im&#x00E1;genes, met&#x00E1;foras y figuras con las que devenir-con un modo que sustente la vida de todos los habitantes del planeta.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31915-ES">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>colog&#x00ED;a del encuentro como educaci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>En conclusi&#x00F3;n, quiero destacar c&#x00F3;mo la relacionalidad del compost nos permite concebir m&#x00E1;s plenamente la complejidad de las relaciones, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las interhumanas/intersubjetivas que tanto dominan la educaci&#x00F3;n. Quiero volver a la historia con la que empec&#x00E9; este art&#x00ED;culo: los cambios en el clima europeo se est&#x00E1;n produciendo tan r&#x00E1;pidamente que la vida animal y vegetal tendr&#x00E1; dificultades para adaptarse. Sin embargo, no se trata realmente de una historia de &#x201C;adaptaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; en el sentido evolutivo, sino m&#x00E1;s bien de nuestra capacidad para afrontar din&#x00E1;micamente la situaci&#x00F3;n tal y como es: una llamada a encontrar nuevas formas de existencia que eviten los da&#x00F1;os extremos causados por la separaci&#x00F3;n de los seres humanos de su entorno &#x201C;natural&#x201D;. Creo que queda claro que las respuestas educativas a esta situaci&#x00F3;n (y responder es lo que puede hacer, ya que no puede resolverla) necesitan promulgar pr&#x00E1;cticas que ofrezcan algo bastante diferente a las humanistas habituales en t&#x00E9;rminos de relacionalidad. El erudito ind&#x00ED;gena <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31915-ES">Carl Mika (2017)</xref> ofrece, a mi parecer, una visi&#x00F3;n importante al ver lo educativo en el propio movimiento de co-creaci&#x00F3;n, de compostaje: que las cosas del mundo constituyen otras cosas es una forma de educaci&#x00F3;n que merece ser pensada por derecho propio&#x201D; (p. 6). La educaci&#x00F3;n <italic>es</italic> aqu&#x00ED; el encuentro transformador de la co-constituci&#x00F3;n, del devenir-con.</p>
<p>Considerar el proceso de compostaje como una figura no solo de la relacionalidad, sino tambi&#x00E9;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n, nos permite imaginar nuestras escuelas, aulas y otros entornos educativos de manera que se tomen en serio los tipos de encuentros que los profesores organizan para los alumnos. Abiertos y flexibles, los encuentros educativos se comprometen, desde este punto de vista, a ofrecer alternativas al desarrollo y las competencias meramente racionales y cognitivas que prevalecen en la actualidad. La relacionalidad del compost brinda a alumnos y profesores la oportunidad de reconocer y trabajar con su propia complicidad e implicaci&#x00F3;n en sistemas que han sido destructivos para ellos mismos y para otras formas de vida en este planeta, al mismo tiempo que crea las condiciones necesarias para pensar, imaginar y vivir algo nuevo.</p>
<p>Es importante destacar que una ecolog&#x00ED;a de los encuentros reconoce que nadie es &#x201C;producto&#x201D; de un encuentro concreto y que un determinado tipo de relaci&#x00F3;n no determinar&#x00E1; un resultado espec&#x00ED;fico. As&#x00ED; pues, incluso en los llamamientos a rehumanizar la educaci&#x00F3;n, un tipo de relaci&#x00F3;n (por ejemplo, el cuidado, el amor, la compasi&#x00F3;n) nunca ser&#x00E1; suficiente para alterar lo que fundamentalmente aleja a los seres humanos (adultos, j&#x00F3;venes y ni&#x00F1;os) del entorno m&#x00E1;s amplio del que forman parte. La multiplicidad de pertenencias y la red de relaciones a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales se constituyen los seres (humanos) significa que cada uno de nosotros se ve afectado por la modernidad/colonialidad de formas (aunque diferentes) que han racializado, sexualizado y colonizado a las personas, la tierra y a lo m&#x00E1;s que humano. As&#x00ED; pues, la visi&#x00F3;n de los encuentros en educaci&#x00F3;n debe ser expansiva, entendiendo que la complejidad no es el enemigo de la educaci&#x00F3;n, sino su propia condici&#x00F3;n. Es decir, ver que el prop&#x00F3;sito de la educaci&#x00F3;n es hacer posibles nuevas formas de llegar a ser un sujeto, significa ver c&#x00F3;mo ese devenir est&#x00E1; enredado con una multiplicidad de elementos que nunca pueden abordarse mediante una apelaci&#x00F3;n singular al afecto o al intelecto. Por el contrario, la red de relaciones a trav&#x00E9;s de la cual se producen nuestros encuentros con una multitud de otros es algo que debe entenderse como un movimiento proliferante de posibilidades, donde el cambio en una relaci&#x00F3;n puede producir el cambio en otra. Como observa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31915-ES">Tyson Yunkaporta (2019)</xref>, las criaturas no viven en un &#x201C;sistema cerrado&#x201D; en el que a cada elemento se le asigna un valor fijo dentro de una jerarqu&#x00ED;a, sino en un &#x201C;sistema abierto&#x201D; que en s&#x00ED; mismo est&#x00E1; vivo, cambia, se mueve y se adapta, donde se pueden dar distintos patrones de relacionalidad entre varios elementos, y donde el cambio en un elemento provoca el cambio en otros.</p>
<p>As&#x00ED;, una ecolog&#x00ED;a del encuentro, basada en las ideas de simbiosis y relaciones de compostaje, abre la puerta a lo que puede ser la educaci&#x00F3;n en esta &#x00E9;poca de vida posterior al cambio clim&#x00E1;tico. La cuesti&#x00F3;n es si, y en qu&#x00E9; medida, esto se puede llevar a un cambio de sistema a gran escala, y la respuesta a esta cuesti&#x00F3;n solo la tiene el tiempo. Pero, si alguna vez ha habido un momento para actuar, para compostar, es ahora. Termino con una breve ofrenda de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-ES">Machado de Oliveira (2021)</xref>:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Dice el refr&#x00E1;n que, en caso de inundaci&#x00F3;n, solo cuando el agua nos llega a las caderas podemos nadar. Antes, con el agua a la altura de los tobillos o las rodillas, solo podemos caminar o vadear. En otras palabras, es posible que aprendamos a nadar, es decir, a existir de otra manera, &#x00FA;nicamente cuando no tengamos otra opci&#x00F3;n. (p. 38)</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>1</sup></label> <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31915-ES">Bruno Latour (2017)</xref> afirma que el propio t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;naturaleza&#x201D; (sobre todo en relaci&#x00F3;n con lo que es humano o cultural) indica en efecto lo profundamente separados que estamos los seres humanos de ella.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>2</sup></label> <p>V&#x00E9;ase mi suspensi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica ampliada en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31915-ES">Todd (2023</xref>, pp. 34-42).</p></fn>
<fn id="fn3-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>3</sup></label> <p>El art&#x00ED;culo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31915-ES">Gilbert <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> sobre la importancia biol&#x00F3;gica de la simbiosis lleva por subt&#x00ED;tulo &#x201C;Nunca hemos sido individuos&#x201D;.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31915</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31915</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monographic</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Ecology of Encounters: the Logic of Composting as an Educational Response to Envionmental Collapse</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>Ecolog&#x00ED;a de encuentros: la l&#x00F3;gica del compostaje como respuesta educativa al colapso ambiental</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-9260</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>TODD</surname>
<given-names>Sharon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Maynooth University. Ireland.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Maynooth University</institution>
<country country="IE">Ireland</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>Sharon.Todd@mu.ie</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024362</issue-id>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>18</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">

<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The article examines the interconnectedness of human, non-human, and environmental relations within the posthumanist discourse amid the ecological crisis. It reminisces about an environmental awakening during the 1970s due to the energy crisis, chemical pollution, and the nascent field of environmental studies, setting a backdrop for the exploration of how current education can tackle ecological, environmental, and climate challenges.</p>
<p>It critically engages with posthumanist thought, advocating for a shift from human-centric to more inclusive relationality that encompasses the non-human and the environment. Drawing on Donna Haraway&#x2019;s notion of &#x201C;compostist&#x201D; versus &#x201C;posthumanist,&#x201D; the article argues for an embodied, entangled relationality responsive to living in a damaged world, critiquing humanist traditions for contributing to ecological crises through prioritizing humans over other life forms.</p>
<p>At its core, the article proposes an &#x201C;ecology of encounters&#x201D; as an educational framework, emphasizing the generative potential of encounters extending beyond human interactions to include the more-than-human. It suggests education can cultivate interconnectedness and mutual transformation, challenging assumptions of human separateness and superiority.</p>
<p>The text explores theoretical perspectives like new materialism, actor-network theory, and critical animal studies, advocating for educational practices attuned to complex, dynamic life relations. By likening education to composting, it posits that education can transform, enabling new subjectivities and relationalities for navigating environmental breakdown.</p>
<p>In summary, the article calls for reimagining education in response to the ecological crisis. By adopting a compost relationality recognizing all life forms&#x2019; interconnectedness, it contends that education is pivotal in fostering relationships and understandings vital for addressing post-climate change era challenges, necessitating a radical reevaluation of the human-nature divide and a commitment to transformative educational practices.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo analiza la interconexi&#x00F3;n de las relaciones humanas, no humanas y ambientales dentro del discurso poshumanista en mitad de la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica. Rememora el despertar ambiental de los a&#x00F1;os setenta debido a la crisis energ&#x00E9;tica, la contaminaci&#x00F3;n qu&#x00ED;mica y el incipiente campo de los estudios ambientales, creando un tel&#x00F3;n de fondo para explorar c&#x00F3;mo la educaci&#x00F3;n actual puede abordar los retos ecol&#x00F3;gicos, ambientales y clim&#x00E1;ticos.</p>
<p>Se compromete de forma cr&#x00ED;tica con el pensamiento poshumanista al mismo tiempo que aboga por cambiar de una relacionalidad centrada en el ser humano a otra m&#x00E1;s inclusiva que abarque lo no humano y el medioambiente. Siguiendo la l&#x00ED;nea de la noci&#x00F3;n de Donna Haraway de &#x201C;compostista&#x201D; frente a &#x201C;poshumanista&#x201D;, el art&#x00ED;culo aboga por una relacionalidad encarnada y enredada que responde a las exigencias de un mundo da&#x00F1;ado, criticando las tradiciones humanistas por contribuir a las crisis ecol&#x00F3;gicas al dar prioridad a los humanos sobre otras formas de vida.</p>
<p>En esencia, el art&#x00ED;culo propone una &#x201C;ecolog&#x00ED;a del encuentro&#x201D; como marco educativo, y hace hincapi&#x00E9; en el potencial generativo del encuentro que se extiende m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las interacciones humanas para incluir lo m&#x00E1;s que humano. Sugiere que la educaci&#x00F3;n puede cultivar la interconexi&#x00F3;n y la transformaci&#x00F3;n mutua, desafiando los supuestos de separaci&#x00F3;n y superioridad humanas.</p>
<p>El texto analiza perspectivas te&#x00F3;ricas como el nuevo materialismo, la teor&#x00ED;a del actor-red y los estudios cr&#x00ED;ticos sobre animales y, para ello, defiende pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que van en sinton&#x00ED;a con las complejas y din&#x00E1;micas relaciones vitales. Al comparar la educaci&#x00F3;n con el compostaje, plantea que la educaci&#x00F3;n es capaz de transformar, de forma que las nuevas subjetividades y relacionalidades pueden navegar por la ruptura ambiental.</p>
<p>En resumen, el art&#x00ED;culo aboga por reimaginar la educaci&#x00F3;n como respuesta a la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica. Al adoptar una relacionalidad del compost que reconoce la interconexi&#x00F3;n de todas las formas de vida, sostiene que la educaci&#x00F3;n es fundamental para fomentar las relaciones y los entendimientos vitales y abordar as&#x00ED; los retos de la era poscambio clim&#x00E1;tico, lo que requiere una reevaluaci&#x00F3;n radical de la divisi&#x00F3;n humano-naturaleza y un compromiso con las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas transformadoras.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>posthumanism</kwd>
<kwd>environmental crisis</kwd>
<kwd>compost relationality</kwd>
<kwd>educational transformation</kwd>
<kwd>human-nonhuman interconnectedness</kwd>
<kwd>ecological awareness</kwd>
<kwd>sympoiesis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>poshumanismo</kwd>
<kwd>crisis ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>relacionalidad del compost</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa</kwd>
<kwd>interconexi&#x00F3;n humano-no humano</kwd>
<kwd>conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>simpoiesis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<disp-quote>
<p>we are all compost, not posthuman.</p>
<attrib>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31915-EN">Donna Haraway 2016</xref>, p. 101)</attrib>
</disp-quote>
<sec id="sec-1-31915-EN">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>A <sc>reflection by way of introduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>As I write this, news has just broken that we have reached a tipping point in the Atlantic Ocean which will have devasting consequences for how human and more than human others live in Europe as the mediating influence of the Gulf Stream dissipates. Some scientists are predicting that due to the speed of change, adaption to these new conditions will not be fully possible for us and other species. As in many other places all over the planet where land has disappeared into the sea, where soil has eroded, where bio-diversity has been lost and where human and more than human life has perished, this question of adaptation ushers in a set of concerns that get to the heart of what we are facing in the present flow of environmental collapse. No longer in an anticipatory state of what the future may bring, as if we are in a &#x201C;before&#x201D; time prior to the real effects of climate change that are coming, we are instead <italic>in the present</italic> part of a new environmental regime where life in what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31915-EN">Bruno Latour (2018)</xref> refers to as the Critical Zone is irreparably different than it was in my childhood 50 years ago. As some have declared we are in fact living in a post climate change era (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31915-EN">Vance, 2022</xref>). There is no question that we are now inhabitants of a different planet, even if some of us pretend not to be.</p>
<p>In the 70s, growing up in Montr&#x00E9;al in the midst of the energy crisis, the ecological devastation wrought by chemicals and pesticides, and the heavily polluted air and water that existed for many of us around the globe, secondary schools offered the first environment studies courses. This was truly revolutionary at the time. I remember reading Rachel Carson&#x2019;s <italic>Silent Spring</italic> at the age of 14, participating in street and school yard clean ups, coming to terms with how big corporations were poisoning air and water, and waking up to the practice of recycling. At the time, those experiences shifted the borders of how I understood myself in relation to my immediate environment but it was an understanding that ebbed and flowed throughout my life, sometimes becoming central, at others easily sliding into the background of career, family, and other interests.</p>
<p>I raise this here for two contrasting reasons. On the one hand, there was clearly a transformative moment that moved me to think about myself differently. Even as a inward-looking teenager I experienced the power that ideas, practices, and books can have on who I thought could be and the concerns I developed. To this day I remain committed to a conception of education that is not about &#x201C;schooling&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31915-EN">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2023</xref>) but is about being able to lead and live a life well with others. On the other hand, and especially in light of other experiences in my life, I remained tethered to a view of myself which was related <italic>to</italic> the natural world but was definitely not <italic>of</italic> it. As part of a white settler and urban working class upbringing in Canada, that preposition &#x201C;to&#x201D; signalled the limits of understanding, both of self and of world. Looking back, this made it easier for me to slip into conventional and familiar (and dominant) ways of being and living that left unchallenged cultural assumptions about what relations are and which ones count as important. Thus, while we can say that education did indeed transpire, we could as well say that it did little to challenge dominant modes of relationality which continued to position &#x201C;me&#x201D; (the subject) as an individual connected to but also separate from so-called &#x201C;nature&#x201D; &#x2013; and the creatures, plants, land, air and water that are couched in that one word<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Thus my question here in this paper is how might an educational response to current life in times of profound ecological, environmental and climate breakdown take seriously a redrawing of those boundaries of subject and &#x201C;nature&#x201D; and begin to conceive of &#x2013; and indeed imagine &#x2013; relationality itself differently?</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31915-EN">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>A <sc>posthuman or compost response</sc></bold></title>
<p>It is with this question in mind that I turn to some thinkers who, while they may be loosely gathered under the umbrella term posthuman, do not necessarily always sit easily within it. Indeed, the category of the &#x201C;posthuman&#x201D; takes in a wide array of (sometimes incompatible) commitments: from an emphasis on the technology that troubles the border of what is human (AI, distributive cognition, cyborgs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31915-EN">Dixon and Cassidy, 1998</xref>) to the field of critical animal studies that disturbs human supremacy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31915-EN">MacCormack, 2014</xref>), from Actor Network Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31915-EN">Latour, 2007</xref>) that challenges an idea of agency as being solely human to new materialism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31915-EN">Coole and Frost, 2010</xref>) and object oriented ontology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31915-EN">Harman, 2018</xref>) that focuses on the power of things. In turning to thinkers that seek to displace the human as the centre from which all forms of relationality emerge, my own position remains cautious about what the label offers and what it leaves out. I find myself at times resisting this label of the posthuman even as I work within it, particularly since as a term it has been both critiqued for its elision of Black (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31915-EN">Jackson, 2015</xref>) and Indigenous (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31915-EN">Todd, 2016</xref>) forms of relationality and traditions of thought. Moreover, in doing so, it potentially reinscribes what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31915-EN">Jackson (2015)</xref> refers to as the very &#x201C;Eurocentric transcendentalism&#x201D; (p. 215) it seeks to disrupt, particularly when it refuses to engage critically in the very messy, violent, and all too human forms of modernity/coloniality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-EN">Machado de Oliveira, 2021</xref>), as if they can be made to disappear through some conceptual sleight of hand. Rather, the sensibility I draw on here is more informed by the playfulness reflected in Donna Haraway&#x2019;s move to talk about herself as a &#x201C;compostist&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31915-EN">2016</xref>, p. 4) rather than a posthumanist. Instead of seeking to move &#x201C;beyond&#x201D; the human, which is suggested by the &#x201C;post&#x201D;, compost allows a different kind of directionality: the gesture of &#x201C;beyond&#x201D; is replaced by the move &#x201C;toward&#x201D; the sensible and tangible aspects of being a creature right here and now on Earth. Moreover, compost indicates a transformation of elements as they come into contact with one another &#x2013; including both human and nonhuman others. Just as the pile of organic waste becomes fertiliser, compost suggests a view that all living creatures are co-created with other creatures in acts of mutual transformation. Composting is a fertile, rejuvenating process, and is fruitful for thinking about the kind of ideas that can help inform an <italic>educational</italic> response to the current environment breakdown, as I explore further below. Thus the position I take here is more concerned with challenging ideas of human exceptionality, anthropocentricism, coloniality and extractive sensibilities &#x2013; all of which are based on assumptions of human separateness and a denial of our interconnection in the present &#x2013; and less concerned with mobilising ideas around abstract techno-human futures, or ideas that leave unchallenged the differential ways environmental breakdown affects humans, particularly indigenous communities and those from the Global South (as though those &#x2013; and other &#x2013; humans don&#x2019;t matter anymore in some imagined &#x201C;posthuman&#x201D; era). Thus, this paper is inspired as much by the critiques of the limitations of posthuman thought as it is by the decentring of anthropocentric and humanist arrogance.</p>
<p>My task is to think along with ideas that can inform a specifically educational agenda that is concerned with living in the present and the acute challenges that brings to our sense of relationality. In particular, in focusing on the concrete bodily aspects of relationality my aim is to offer a view of education that sees it as a generative process of creation, rather than as a vehicle of transmission. Expanding upon previous work on educational encounters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31915-EN">Todd, 2023</xref>), this paper outlines the importance of thinking of this relationality as not something that occurs between two existing entities, but is something that enables the emergence of those entities themselves &#x2013; both living and non-living existents which each of us encounters and becomes entangled with. A process that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31915-EN">Lynn Margulis (1998)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31915-EN">Haraway (2017)</xref> after her calls &#x201C;sympoiesis&#x201D;. For me, this speaks of the specifically bodily dimensions of subject formation at the same time as it also speaks to the cosmological aspects of seeing one&#x2019;s own subjectivity (as human, as animal, as a consortium of bacteria and microbes) as part of a web of relationality. In order to explore this more explicitly this paper focuses on developing the idea of &#x201C;ecology of encounters&#x201D; and suggests how this ecology can be seen to be specifically educational.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31915-EN">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>ducational encounters and the problem of relationality</sc></bold></title>
<p>There is no shortage of scholarship about the relational aspects of education, some seeing these as basic communicative relations between teachers and students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31915-EN">Bingham and Sidorkin, 2004</xref>)) others as interpersonal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31915-EN">Noddings, 2013</xref>); while still others, drawing on Deleuze, Barad, and new materialist frameworks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31915-EN">Semetsky and Masny, 2013</xref>) put mutual agency and the intra-active dimensions of educational life to the fore of their work. What the wide variety of these works reveal is that there is no settlement about what constitutes &#x201C;relation&#x201D; to say nothing of what constitutes an educational one within the field of education itself.</p>
    <p>What this unsettlement has opened up, in my view, is a space for interrogating the multidimensional nature of relations &#x2013; that they are not simply functions of two entities meeting &#x2013; even if that meeting results in something changing for one or both of those entities, such as we might find in what I loosely refer to here as &#x201C;intersubjective&#x201D; views of education that are rooted in humanist conceptions of relationality. I am thinking here of relational views of the ethics of care (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31915-EN">Noddings 2013</xref>), the idea of <italic>bildung</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31915-EN">Horlacher, 2015</xref>), and liberal conceptions of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31915-EN">Alexander, 2015</xref>). Such views are based on an understanding that &#x201C;I&#x201D; come to the encounter with another as a &#x201C;subject&#x201D; even if that encounter is to ultimately lead to some form of inter/change between us. For instance a teacher meets a student in an encounter that mutually recognises each one&#x2019;s subjecthood and the kind of relations that open up between them are thought to be communicative, interpersonal, and/or interactive. On the face of it, this view is based on making education a more humane, connected and social enterprise. Importantly, such a view has been key in countering the all too prevalent forms of &#x201C;strong instrumentalism&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31915-EN">Todd, 2022</xref>) in education that merely see the objective of teaching as fulfilling predefined curricular goals which are often narrowly depicted in terms of skills and cognitive outcomes. Thus there is something many of us resonate with in this human-centred relationality in its attempt to redress an oft-perceived <italic>in</italic>humanity that takes place within many systems of education.</p>
<p>While recognising that this view holds some power in the face of students feeling distanced or alienated from school life, where care, kindness, and openness do indeed go a long way in making life more liveable and joyful, I wish to bring some critical questions to bear on this human-centred view of relationality as being the only way of thinking relationality itself, primarily because it emerges out of a humanistic tradition that carries with it commitments that we in education should be wary of in this time of crisis, particularly regarding what kind of relationality and encounters it both limits and makes possible.</p>
<p>First is the critique that humanist commitments have emerged from a broad tradition of modernist thought that has largely promoted a unitary subject &#x2013; that is one who is self-contained, whose borders of humanness are firmly set not only in and against other human beings but in and against other life forms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31915-EN">Braidotti, 2019</xref>). A human subject on this view is one whose mode of relationality is primarily deemed by the preposition &#x201C;to&#x201D; since the subject is conceived as an entity that comes prior to the actual encounter it has with others. On this account, each subject is a distinct and separate unit and while each might engage in relation, it is more one of transaction across the borders of one&#x2019;s body than it is immersion in an experience co-generated by the relation itself. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31915-EN">Val Plumwood (1993)</xref> notes, this sense of unity of an ego that is simply located within a bodily container is firmly established within western thought, creating modes of separating mind and body that map onto culture/nature and human/nature distinctions. As she notes, this way of conceiving the subject through its separateness has been at the root of the current ecological crisis in the first place.</p>
<p>Secondly, the humanist subject is one based on exceptionalism where even in an intersubjective view, key elements of our relational environment are disregarded as either unimportant or at the very least not as significant to our sense of ourselves <italic>as</italic> human. Thus an inter<italic>subjective</italic> view limits itself to precisely that &#x2013; the subjective &#x2013; with &#x201C;subjecthood&#x201D; granted solely to (some) human beings (and not to trees, plants, rocks, animals and birds as in indigenous and animist knowledge systems). Here, the value of encounters resides solely within the sphere of the human. For instance love, care, respect and compassion are deemed worthy to the extent to which they frame relations <italic>among</italic> other human beings and are not part of a wider environmental context. Moreover, there is a distancing of the human from nature in this state of exceptionalism. This is not to say that are no aspects to the human species that might be distinct from others, but it is the way this distinctness plays into a heightened sense of value and worth at the expense of other forms of life that is at stake.</p>
<p>Third, is the way the humanist subject has enacted forms of exclusion in its naming of certain characteristics deemed to be &#x201C;natural&#x201D; for humans. In this, it is not only tied to the above mentioned exceptionalist stance vis &#x00E0; vis more than human others, but has also been central in the formation of practices of exclusion in the name of modernity/coloniality and the implicit ways this has figured to gender, racialise and colonise human others based on perceived deviations from its ideal of rational, Eurocentric, civilised &#x201C;man&#x201D;. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-EN">Machado de Oliveira (2021)</xref> writes:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>These colonial frames are inevitably grounded on exceptionalism (seeing certain groups as exceptional or extraordinary to elevate their worth), exaltedness (seeking the validation of this group&#x2019;s greatness and contributions to progress in order to justify their merit and authority), and emancipation (the expansion of modern/ colonial entitlements as a form of reward or goal of struggle). (p. 164)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>From this point of view, encounters between subjects are seen to be more or less &#x201C;appropriate&#x201D;, more or less in line with conventional, dominant and accepted modes of being. Intersubjective relations are therefore caught up within given social and political landscapes that are culturally scripted and coded but which are nonetheless seen to be &#x201C;incidental&#x201D; to the relation itself. In this sense, there is often an apolitical understanding of these relations due to the qualities of subjecthood being decontextualised. For instance, we have seen through residential school systems for indigenous peoples in countries such as Canada, US, Australia (and lesser known ones in Sweden, Denmark and Norway) the extreme consequences of this way of thinking. Thus the appeal to &#x201C;humanity&#x201D; or even to &#x201C;intersubjectivity&#x201D; within a humanist frame is also bound to real-life practices of violent exclusion in its name.</p>
<p>My aim in discussing these critiques here is to expose how our seemingly innocent desire to become more &#x201C;human&#x201D; through promoting intersubjective relations in education carries with it a way of thinking and being that is difficult to defend, particularly if education is to offer a meaningful response to the planetary situation we are facing. Importantly, Rosi Braidotti&#x2019;s call that posthumanism should not be concerned with erasing the human, but finding new modes of becoming that allow us to relate to each other differently resonates particularly well here. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31915-EN">Braidotti (2019)</xref> argues in her critique of humanism that the point is not to do away with the subject altogether but to consider what it might mean to reconsider the subject &#x201C;within an eco-philosophy of multiple belongings, as a relational subject constituted in and by multiplicity, that is to say a subject that works across differences and is also internally differentiated, but still grounded and accountable&#x201D; (p. 49). Thus the subject is a composite of these complex relations which resist co-option into predefined, universalistic frames of the human. For her, the subject is &#x201C;materialist and vitalist, embodied and embedded, firmly located somewhere&#x201D; (p. 51). Yet, it is a locatedness that can recognize itself as such without presuming this to be determining the possibilities of becoming. For example, unlike <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31915-EN">Masschelein and Simons (2013)</xref> who embrace the idea that students &#x201C;suspend&#x201D; their social positionings, family experiences, and forms of racial, gendered, and ethnic belonging in order to <italic>be</italic> students, free from social forms of determinism, Braidotti&#x2019;s view would suggest an education that is firmly rooted in place and time, without that place or time overdetermining a student&#x2019;s capacities, interests, meanings, or decisions. An education that is not &#x201C;of place&#x201D; or that does not take the emplacement of students (and teachers) into account makes little sense on this view.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-EN"><sup>2</sup></xref> As subjects &#x201C;constituted in and by multiplicity&#x201D; both student and teachers do not so much <italic>enter</italic> encounters with each other or other elements in their environment as they <italic>emerge</italic> through them. That is, the relation itself is a co-generative space as opposed to being a transactional vector between two. In this light we might say that teachers and students only become teachers and students through the encounters set up within schools and classrooms. This emergence, as I explore below, means that the kind of encounters important for education in this time of crisis are ones that set the conditions for new forms of becoming to emerge &#x2013; ones that can break with the very aspects of human-centredness and exceptionalism that have led us to this point in the first place.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31915-EN">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>ducational encounters as <italic>sympoiesis</italic> and compost</sc></bold></title>
<p>Taking this view of relationality further into education means exploring two interrelated questions: If our subjectivity is one that emerges out of relation, what do encounters then consist of? And what is particularly educational about them?</p>
<p>Encounters are often seen to be sites of meeting difference (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31915-EN">Wilson, 2017</xref>) &#x2013; another human being, an object such as a book or a work of art. But if those encounters are going to be something that allow for the emergence of subjectivity beyond humanist forms of the unitary, exceptionalist and exclusionary subject, as discussed above, then there needs to be some porosity, openness, and fluidity in that encounter. In other words, encounters are not stable points of contact, but are flows of &#x201C;intensity&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31915-EN">Massumi, 2015</xref>) that go back, forth and around at least two bodies. As Brian Massumi suggests: &#x201C;The subject&#x2026;emerges from a field of conditions which are not that subject yet, which is just coming into into itself&#x2026; Before the subject there is an in-mixing, a field of budding relation too crowded and heterogeneous to call intersubjective&#x201D; (p. 52). There is both a spatial and temporal anticipation to the subject in its emergence through encounters, which the ideas of &#x201C;sympoesis&#x201D; and &#x201C;compost&#x201D; speak to directly &#x2013; ideas that are especially pertinent for how we live life with other planetary beings.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31915-EN">Haraway (2017)</xref> proposes that &#x201C;staying with trouble&#x201D; is a way of facing our interrelations with other species and forms of life in the present. That is, it is not a flight from the inextricability of our connection to other species and earthly necessities such as water and air, particularly in this time of crisis, but a dwelling in the midst of the complexity of those relations. For Haraway, &#x201C;making kin&#x201D; with other living beings is a form of corporeal relationality that allows us to be moved, changed and enmeshed in ways that are not about achieving some &#x201C;ideal&#x201D; (of love, care, or compassion) toward others, but about getting down into the compost heap, which is messy and smelly as well as being transformative. She writes,</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>staying with the trouble requires making oddkin; that is, we require each other in unexpected collaborations and combinations, in hot compost piles. We become-with each other or not at all. That kind of material semiotics is always situated, someplace and not noplace, entangled and worldly. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31915-EN">Haraway 2016</xref>, p. 4)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>This compost view of relations suggests that there is a basic materiality to our existence of becoming-with, an enactment of transformation rooted in bodies and place. And yet, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31915-EN">Zalloua (2021)</xref> points out, this radical insistence on immanence as a counter to the transcendent subject of humanism, risks laying claim to a posthuman ontology that shares with humanism an insistence the certainty of (a posthuman) subjectivity itself. Instead, he notes, &#x201C;while being is indeed all there is&#x2026; being itself in never simply one; its future is undetermined&#x201D; (p. 19).</p>
<p>This resonates, to my mind, with Haraway&#x2019;s persistence with the figure of a compost pile, since what happens in it is not only immanent, but simultaneously transcends its components into creating new forms of life. As I read Haraway the aim is not to postulate a posthuman subject (indeed this would be antithetical to her project), but to imagine the terms on which new becomings for subjects are possible. Thus compost relations do not lead toward fulfilling some ideal of what humans ought to become, such as we often find in humanist appeals to education, but toward unpredictable and plural manifestations of becoming-with human and more than human others.</p>
<p>Indeed, the scaffolding for her understanding of composting draws directly on her engagement with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31915-EN">Lynn Margulis&#x2019;s (1998)</xref> work on symbiogenesis, which revolutionalised the way evolution has been conceived, from species-directed adaptability to collaboration between a range of living beings coming together to form new entities. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31915-EN">Haraway (2017)</xref> writes, &#x201C;every living thing has emerged and persevered (or not) bathed and swaddled in bacteria and archaea. Truly nothing is sterile; and that reality is a terrific danger, basic fact of life, and critter-making opportunity&#x201D; (loc 3512). This process of sympoiesis, as it name implies, is a generative way to think about our entanglement with other species in &#x201C;diverse intra-active relatings&#x201D; (loc 3439). What this means on Haraway&#x2019;s terms is profound for thinking about subjectivity since who we are in this biological sense is neither unitary nor individual, but consists in an assemblage of living creatures that come together to form &#x201C;me&#x201D; &#x2013; a &#x201C;me&#x201D; that is continually undergoing transformation as &#x201C;I&#x201D; encounter others in living life. Human bodies are not indivisible but are composed/composted out of myriad organisms, creating entities that can properly be referred to as &#x201C;holobionts&#x201D; (or &#x201C;entire beings&#x201D;). Such fusing together involves viewing the world and humans within it not as stable entities; instead, &#x201C;sympoiesis is a word proper to complex, dynamic, responsive, situated, historical systems&#x201D; (loc 3432). In this sense, a singular human body is in effect a dynamic consortium as opposed to being an individual, in its common sense meaning.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3-EN"><sup>3</sup></xref> Not simply relational in the intersubjective sense, the view of relationality here is intimate, constitutive and creative, and always rooted in specific times and places.</p>
<p>But is it so easy to move from this biological view of encounters and relationality to subjectivity and education? I think there is something here to be cautious about in not falling into yet another determinism where the subject is merely a &#x201C;product&#x201D; of its biology, something which feminists have understood all too well. I see what Haraway (and others) offer is less a deterministic view, however, and more a heuristic one as a way of loosening the brutal hold of the rationale, self-determined subject that has pitted itself in and against &#x201C;nature&#x201D; and for which our systems of education have much to answer for. It brings life (or <italic>Zoe</italic> in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31915-EN">Braidotti&#x2019;s [2019]</xref> sense of the life force that is beyond <italic>Bios</italic>), into the picture as an ongoing generative force that propels the continual forging of new entities. It is thus not only a biological subject that Haraway is concerned with, but the forms of becoming-with that can re-fuse our ties with the &#x201C;critters&#x201D; that constitute our very &#x201C;human&#x201D; life. There is, as I see it, something of the political at play here, both in the sense that our relations occur in places and times that are historical and specific and in the sense that we can mobilise the figure of the compost to create new entities that are not seen merely to be in relation <italic>to</italic> the environment, but are profoundly <italic>of</italic> the environment itself.</p>
<p>I suggest there is specific politics of composting to consider here, since our encounters with others are always embodied and situated, &#x201C;entangled and worldly&#x201D; to use Haraway&#x2019;s phrasing, and as such are embedded not only in contexts conducive to flourishing but in contexts of modernity/coloniality, where traces of the human exceptionalist, exclusionary and unitary subject are also present. The compost pile is never built on entirely new waste, but always on what is already there, mixed with the soil, microbes, insects that come to make fertile ground, just as the legacies of racism, sexism and colonialism are part of our current relations in the present.</p>
<p>Composting, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-EN">Machado de Oliveira (2021)</xref> argues, is therefore a necessary part of an educational gesture that takes seriously the politics of relationality needed for &#x201C;hospicing modernity&#x201D;. She writes: &#x201C;Generative disenchantment and disillusionment with modernity&#x2019;s modes of relationship are indispensable aspects of hospicing modernity, processing its teachings, and composting its waste. This creates new, fertile soil for other possibilities of existence to emerge&#x201D; (p. 37). For Machado de Oliveira, &#x201C;decluttering&#x201D; beliefs and values that serve a master who has never been viable (e.g., desires of consumption, supremacy, and efficiency projected onto the natural world as well as colonised others) involves seeing ourselves as part of the loss of modernity, existentially speaking. The &#x201C;world as we know it&#x201D; (and not the world per se) is coming to an end. To live well in such times means engaging in practices through which we can face the &#x201C;older violence&#x201D; of separation from the natural world while leaving room for us to imagine and become in ways that gesture toward more responsible futures. But this can only happen in the present by engaging in what she refers to as &#x201C;depth education&#x201D; &#x2013; an education that seeks to uncover the ways each of us as a subject is both formed by and can transform in turn the stories, affects, values, and logics of modernity. Depth education, she writes,</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>is an orientation toward activating capacities and dispositions that can enable us to hold space for difficult and painful things, and to sense, relate, and imagine otherwise as we face the end of modernity or the world as we know it. (p. 43)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Hence Machado de Oliveira sees that sensory and imaginary processes (beyond cognition and intellectual work) are necessary to creating an educational response up to the task of facing environmental breakdown and all the social, political, ethical and existential realities that it brings into relief. Depth education</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>entails a political practice of composting and decluttering that can help us to disinvest from harm, interrupt modern addictions, and transition out of the violence and unsustainability of a dying modernity&#x2026;. We need to start from the assumption that no one has the answers to our current predicament, that we cannot not be together, and that each one of us is insufficient and indispensable to what needs to be done. (p. 185)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In this work, the existential and the planetary are interconnected through the embodied subject, one that has the capacity to bear its own and collective implication in harm, and understanding that a part of how we have learned to see the human and more than human world needs to become part of the compost out of which something new can emerge &#x2013; without knowing what will emerge in any final endpoint.</p>
<p>Taking Haraway and Machado de Oliveira&#x2019;s emphasis on compost as a relational way of framing subjectivity highlights the creative power of life and the unlearning (or compost breakdown) that needs to happen in order for new forms of subjectivity to emerge. The urgency with which they both write, as well as the inventive turns of phrase and neologisms that pepper their work, perform what it is they set out to do - to create language and images, metaphors and figures to become-with in ways that are life sustaining for all on the planet.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31915-EN">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>cology of encounters as education</sc></bold></title>
<p>In conclusion, I wish to highlight how compost relationality enables us to conceive more fully the complexity of relations, beyond the interhuman/intersubjective ones that so dominate education. I wish to return to the story I began this paper with: that changes to the European climate are happening so quickly that animal and plant life will have difficulties to adapt. However, the story is not really one of &#x201C;adaptation&#x201D; in the evolutionary sense but more about our capacity to dynamically face the situation for what it is &#x2013; a call to find new ways of existing that avoid the extreme harms caused by the separation of humans from the &#x201C;natural&#x201D; environment. It seems quite clear to me that any educational response to this situation (and respond is what it can do &#x2013; it cannot solve it) needs to enact practices that offer something quite different than the usual humanist ones in terms of relationality. Indigenous scholar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31915-EN">Carl Mika (2017)</xref> offers, I think, an important insight in seeing the educational in the very movement of co-creation, of composting: &#x201C;that things in the world constitute other things is a form of education deserving to be thought in its own right&#x201D; (p. 6). Education here <italic>is</italic> the transformative encounter of co-constitution, of becoming-with.</p>
<p>Viewing the process of composting as a figure not only of relationality but also of education allows us to imagine our schools, classrooms and other educational settings in ways that take seriously the kinds of encounters teachers curate for students. Open-ended and fluid, educational encounters are on this view committed to providing alternatives to the merely rational, cognitive skills and development that currently prevails. Compost relationality supports opportunities for students and teachers alike to recognise and work with their own complicity and implication in systems that have been destructive to themselves and other forms of life on this planet while also creating conditions for something new to be thought, imagined and lived.</p>
<p>Importantly, an ecology of encounters acknowledges that no one is the &#x201C;product&#x201D; of any singular encounter or that a certain type of relation will determine a specific outcome. So even in calls to rehumanise education, one type of relation (e.g., care, love, compassion) will never be enough to alter what is fundamentally estranging humans (adults, youth and children) from the larger environment of which they are a part. The multiple belongings and web of relationality through which (human) beings are constituted means that we are each affected by modernity/coloniality in (albeit different) ways that have racialised, sexualised, and colonised people, land and more than human life. Thus the view of encounters in education needs to be expansive, understanding that complexity is not the enemy of education but its very condition. That is, to see that education&#x2019;s purpose is to enable forms of becoming a subject, means seeing how that becoming is entangled with a multiplicity of elements which can never be addressed through a singular appeal to affect or intellect. Instead, the web of relations through which our encounters with a host of others happen is something to be taken seriously as a proliferating movement of possibilities &#x2013; where change in one relation can produce change in another. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31915-EN">Tyson Yunkaporta (2019)</xref> observes, creatures do not live in a &#x201C;closed system&#x201D; where each element is assigned fixed value within a hierarchy but an &#x201C;open system&#x201D; that is itself living, changing, moving and adapting where multiple patterns of relationality are possible between diverse elements, and where change in one element brings about change in others.</p>
<p>Thus an ecology of encounters, building on ideas of sympoiesis and composting relations, opens up what education in this time of post climate change living can look like. The question whether and to what extent this can be brought into large scale system change time will only tell. But if there ever were a time to act &#x2013; to compost &#x2013; it is now. I end with a short offering by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31915-EN">Machado de Oliveira (2021)</xref>:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The saying goes that in a flood situation, it is only when the water reaches people&#x2019;s hips that it becomes possible for them to swim. Before that, with the water at our ankles or knees, it is only possible to walk or to wade. In other words, we might only be able to learn to swim&#x2014;that is, to exist differently&#x2014;once we have no other choice. (p. 38)</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>1</sup></label> <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31915-EN">Bruno Latour (2017)</xref> claims that the very term &#x201C;nature&#x201D; (particularly in relation to what is human or cultural) indeed indicates how deeply we as humans are separated from it.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>2</sup></label> <p>See my extended critique suspension in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31915-EN">Todd (2023</xref>, pp. 34-42).</p></fn>
<fn id="fn3-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>3</sup></label> <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31915-EN">Gilbert et al&#x2019;s (2012)</xref> paper on the biological significance of symbiosis is subtitled &#x2018;We Have Never Been Individuals&#x2019;.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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