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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31730</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31730</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>La transformación humana (HX) en la era de la IA y los retos de la educación a través del debate poshumano</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Human Transformation (HX) in the Age of AI and the Challenges of Education through the Post-Human Debate</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-6196</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>SUZUKI</surname>
<given-names>Shoko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Kioto/RIKEN. Jap&#x00F3;n.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Kioto</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">RIKEN</institution>
<country country="JP">Jap&#x00F3;n</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>shoko.suzuki.ue@riken.jp</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>04</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024362</issue-id>   
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>118</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>21</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Desde un enfoque poshumano, este art&#x00ED;culo intenta ofrecer una nueva perspectiva sobre los futuros cambios en la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Con el desarrollo de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, los seres humanos se han adaptado al entorno a la vez que han intentado remodelarlo mediante la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y sus herramientas. El ser humano ha sobrevivido gracias a la adquisici&#x00F3;n de nuevas destrezas y habilidades para utilizar la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y las herramientas. La Transformaci&#x00F3;n Humana (HX), actualizada para responder a las innovaciones tecnol&#x00F3;gicas, se acerca ahora a las actividades intelectuales humanas a trav&#x00E9;s de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA. &#x00BF;Cu&#x00E1;les son los retos de la HX en la era de la IA y qu&#x00E9; perspectivas ser&#x00E1;n fundamentales en este proceso?</p>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo se remonta a c&#x00F3;mo las m&#x00E1;quinas con inteligencia computacional o funciones de razonamiento capaces de reproducir las actividades intelectuales humanas adquirieron el nombre de &#x201C;inteligencia artificial&#x201D;. Examina el gran impacto social de la denominaci&#x00F3;n de IA y el creciente fen&#x00F3;meno de las expectativas e inquietudes sobre la IA. A continuaci&#x00F3;n, se&#x00F1;ala dos causas que est&#x00E1;n detr&#x00E1;s del debate poshumano. El primero es la tendencia hacia un estadio superior de la inteligencia humana sobre el ser humano actual, mejor&#x00E1;ndola mediante tecnolog&#x00ED;a m&#x00E9;dica e incluso basada en la IA. La segunda tendencia busca una nueva direcci&#x00F3;n para la poshumanidad y, para ello, se centra en su diversidad, como la sociedad y la cultura, mediante un examen cr&#x00ED;tico de la visi&#x00F3;n que eval&#x00FA;a con uniformidad todas las condiciones humanas a trav&#x00E9;s de un modelo universal de ser humano. Navegar por estos principios es un excelente reto educativo. Con el foco puesto en las similitudes y diferencias entre inteligencia humana e inteligencia artificial, este art&#x00ED;culo examina los retos de la educaci&#x00F3;n para desarrollar a&#x00FA;n m&#x00E1;s las caracter&#x00ED;sticas &#x00FA;nicas de la inteligencia humana y lograr la libertad de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA, atendiendo a las implicaciones &#x00E9;ticas, legales y sociales (ELSI por sus siglas en ingl&#x00E9;s) derivadas de un uso inteligente de la IA.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Concerning a posthuman perspective, this paper attempts to provide a new perspective on future changes in teaching and learning in the age of artificial intelligence. With the development of technological civilisation, humans have adapted to the environmental world while at the same time attempting to remould it using technology and tools. Humans have survived by acquiring new skills and abilities to manipulate technology and tools. Human Transformation (HX), updated to respond to technological innovations, is now upcoming human intellectual activities through AI technology. What are the challenges of HX in the age of AI, and what perspectives will be critical in this process?</p>
<p>This paper traces back to how machines with computational intelligence or reasoning functions were named &#x2018;artificial intelligence&#x2019; that can reproduce human intellectual activities. It examines the wide-ranging social impact of the naming of AI and the growing phenomenon of expectations and anxieties about AI. It then notes two sources behind the posthuman debate. The first is the trend towards an upgraded stage of human intelligence over the current human by enhancing it through medical and even AI-based technology. The second trend seeks a new direction for post-humanity by focusing on its diversity, such as society and culture, through a critical examination of the view that uniformly evaluates all human conditions through a universal model of human beings. Navigating them is an excellent educational challenge. Focusing on the similarities and differences between human intelligence and artificial intelligence, the paper examines the challenges of education to develop the unique characteristics of human intelligence further and achieve freedom from AI technology, considering the legal, ethical and social issues (ELSI) of making wise use of AI.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>poshumanismo</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n humana (HX)</kwd>
<kwd>inteligencia artificial (IA)</kwd>
<kwd>inteligencia humana</kwd>
<kwd>ELSI</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje cultural</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>posthumanism</kwd>
<kwd>human transformation (HX)</kwd>
<kwd>artificial intelligence (AI)</kwd>
<kwd>human intelligence</kwd>
<kwd>ELSI</kwd>
<kwd>cultural learning</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31730-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>El r&#x00E1;pido avance de la IA est&#x00E1; dando paso a nuevas oportunidades y desaf&#x00ED;os para los modelos educativos tradicionales. A medida que avanza la implantaci&#x00F3;n social de la IA, se est&#x00E1; construyendo una red interconectada de IA a trav&#x00E9;s de Internet con cambios significativos no solo en sectores individuales como la producci&#x00F3;n, el transporte, las finanzas, la log&#x00ED;stica, la asistencia sanitaria, los cuidados o la educaci&#x00F3;n, sino tambi&#x00E9;n a nivel de estructuras industriales, mercados laborales e incluso en instituciones y organizaciones sociales. La colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre personas, objetos y m&#x00E1;quinas y la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n de los procesos, desde la fabricaci&#x00F3;n hasta la distribuci&#x00F3;n, conducen hacia una mayor automatizaci&#x00F3;n y autonom&#x00ED;a.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, debemos recordar que las expectativas ante las nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as suelen ir acompa&#x00F1;adas de preocupaciones. A medida que avanzan la automatizaci&#x00F3;n y la autonom&#x00ED;a de las m&#x00E1;quinas dotadas de inteligencia artificial, aumenta la demanda de medidas de seguridad, prevenci&#x00F3;n de accidentes y estructuras de control responsables. Adem&#x00E1;s, urge establecer marcos jur&#x00ED;dicos destinados a la protecci&#x00F3;n de datos personales y derechos de autor. Del mismo modo, a medida que la IA avanzada empieza a sustituir tareas que hasta ahora han estado en manos de las personas, las formas de distribuci&#x00F3;n del trabajo entre humanos e IA se diversifican.</p>
<p>Con el avance de las capacidades de la IA, aumenta la preocupaci&#x00F3;n de que pueda sustituir a muchos puestos de trabajo desarrollados por humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31730-ES">Frey y Osborne, 2017</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, han surgido experimentos para alcanzar una existencia poshumana o transhumana, como la incrustaci&#x00F3;n de chips de IA en el cerebro humano para ampliar la longevidad y mejorar la funci&#x00F3;n cognitiva. Futuristas como Ray Kurzweil han llegado a se&#x00F1;alar que la singularidad tecnol&#x00F3;gica, seg&#x00FA;n la cual la IA supera a la inteligencia humana, podr&#x00ED;a producirse en torno a 2045 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31730-ES">Kurzweil, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>Se plantea la siguiente cuesti&#x00F3;n: &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; tareas solo pueden desarrollar los humanos y qu&#x00E9; significa el trabajo para los humanos? En medio de las crecientes expectativas y preocupaciones por las nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as, surgen cuestiones relacionadas con la interfaz hombre-m&#x00E1;quina que han llevado a reconsiderar las caracter&#x00ED;sticas humanas y lo que significa ser humano. En una situaci&#x00F3;n futura donde se produzca una mezcla de fases en la que las personas utilicen la IA como herramienta, coexistan con ella en un entorno con IA incorporada y en la que la IA funcione como parte del cuerpo humano, por ejemplo, mediante un chip de IA implantado en el cerebro, &#x00BF;tiene la IA potencial para pasar de un estado automatizado a un estado aut&#x00F3;nomo, como las personas?</p>
<p>La IA est&#x00E1; a punto de sustituir el trabajo f&#x00ED;sico humano y una parte de las actividades humanas cognitivas. Hay incluso quienes se&#x00F1;alan que las personas pueden entrar en una nueva fase, conocida como la etapa &#x201C;poshumana&#x201D; o &#x201C;transhumana&#x201D;, a medida que adquieren nuevas posibilidades mediante la integraci&#x00F3;n de la IA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31730-ES">Lamb &#x0026; Higgins, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31730-ES">Ferrando, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31730-ES">Fukuyama, 2002</xref>). &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo se ir&#x00E1;n transformando las personas con el avance de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA y con la progresiva sustituci&#x00F3;n de funciones por parte de esta? Las personas se han transformado ante distintas tecnolog&#x00ED;as en el pasado, pero &#x00BF;se transformar&#x00E1;n a&#x00FA;n m&#x00E1;s como especie al adquirir tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la IA que puedan sustituir sus propias actividades intelectuales y mentales? Esta cuesti&#x00F3;n plantea un nuevo reto a la filosof&#x00ED;a y la pedagog&#x00ED;a, que han tratado de dilucidar la existencia humana y la transformaci&#x00F3;n generativa humana.</p>
<p>En 1776, Immanuel Kant afirm&#x00F3; en sus &#x201C;<italic>Conferencias sobre pedagog&#x00ED;a</italic>&#x201D; que &#x201C;&#x00DA;nicamente por la educaci&#x00F3;n el hombre puede llegar a ser hombre&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31730-ES">I. Kant, 1992</xref>). La educaci&#x00F3;n es fundamental para que las personas nacidas en este mundo se adapten a la cultura y la sociedad construidas y se preparen para el futuro. Como un ox&#x00ED;moron, esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n ha sido la piedra angular de la teor&#x00ED;a educativa moderna, puesto que hace hincapi&#x00E9; en el potencial y la necesidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n. &#x00BF;Cuestiona el discurso del poshumanismo la imagen humana que sustenta la educaci&#x00F3;n moderna? Integrar una perspectiva poshumana con la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA es un debate fundamental en el contexto de la educaci&#x00F3;n en la era de la IA.</p>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo explora la direcci&#x00F3;n de la Transformaci&#x00F3;n Humana (HX) en la era de la IA y los retos educativos mediante la integraci&#x00F3;n del poshumanismo y las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales, incluida la IA, para construir un entorno m&#x00E1;s eficaz e inclusivo.</p>
<p>Para lograrlo, el documento esclarece en primer lugar la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA, que destaca entre las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales por su acelerada innovaci&#x00F3;n y su amplia implantaci&#x00F3;n social. A trav&#x00E9;s de una reflexi&#x00F3;n del fen&#x00F3;meno social suscitado por el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;Inteligencia Artificial (IA)&#x201D;, el art&#x00ED;culo compara y examina las funciones de la inteligencia artificial y la humana. Aborda la aproximaci&#x00F3;n gradual a la reproducci&#x00F3;n del comportamiento humano y la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica de la IA que intenta superar las funciones humanas. En el marco de la redefinici&#x00F3;n de la humanidad, el art&#x00ED;culo presenta varias perspectivas cruciales en plena creciente innovaci&#x00F3;n en IA que pretende redefinir la naturaleza humana.</p>
<p>A continuaci&#x00F3;n, presenta una reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre las dos perspectivas establecidas que suelen aparecer en los debates actuales sobre el poshumanismo en vista de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre las personas y la tecnolog&#x00ED;a. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, al redefinir la humanidad, el art&#x00ED;culo analiza varios puntos para lograr una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s eficaz e inclusiva mediante la integraci&#x00F3;n del poshumanismo y la IA. El documento espera contribuir a los debates sobre la remodelaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n en la era de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica de la IA mediante la redefinici&#x00F3;n de la humanidad.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31730-ES">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>IA <sc>versus ser humano entre automatizaci&#x00F3;n y autonom&#x00ED;a</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-3-31730-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>El t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;Inteligencia Artificial&#x201D;</italic></title>
<p>&#x00BF;En qu&#x00E9; se diferencian los procesos de pensamiento de la IA y los de las personas? Para analizarlo, vale la pena rastrear el origen del t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;Inteligencia Artificial&#x201D;.</p>
<p>El t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;Inteligencia Artificial&#x201D;, tal y como lo conocemos hoy en d&#x00ED;a, se utiliz&#x00F3; por primera vez durante el &#x201C;Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (Conferencia de Dartmouth sobre Inteligencia Artificial)&#x201D;, celebrado en 1956. En esta conferencia, a la que asistieron investigadores como John McCarthy, las m&#x00E1;quinas dotadas de capacidad de razonamiento recibieron el nombre de m&#x00E1;quinas con inteligencia artificial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31730-ES">McCarthy <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). A&#x00FA;n hoy, los investigadores tienen que determinar la definici&#x00F3;n de IA. En general, se entiende por IA la tecnolog&#x00ED;a que crea m&#x00E1;quinas inteligentes y programas inform&#x00E1;ticos brillantes. La inteligencia o inteligencia humana ya se ha estudiado en filosof&#x00ED;a, psicolog&#x00ED;a, neurociencia y otros campos. Dado que el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;inteligencia artificial&#x201D; se ha popularizado sin una definici&#x00F3;n clara, debemos observar la inteligencia humana comparada con la IA.</p>
<p>Teniendo en cuenta c&#x00F3;mo las personas se adaptan y adquieren destrezas para sobrevivir al interactuar con su entorno, no est&#x00E1; claro c&#x00F3;mo separar la inteligencia natural o humana de la inteligencia artificial, que incorpora habilidades adquiridas. Sin embargo, dentro de esta ambig&#x00FC;edad, la IA ha evolucionado y se ha estudiado de forma te&#x00F3;rica seg&#x00FA;n el funcionamiento del cerebro humano para crear ordenadores que piensen como los humanos. Los proyectos de investigaci&#x00F3;n de los a&#x00F1;os 60 sentaron las bases de la investigaci&#x00F3;n en redes neuronales, redes neuronales l&#x00F3;gicas, lenguajes de programaci&#x00F3;n, robots m&#x00F3;viles aut&#x00F3;nomos, sistemas de di&#x00E1;logo en lenguaje natural y otros principios b&#x00E1;sicos de la investigaci&#x00F3;n actual en IA. Adem&#x00E1;s, en los a&#x00F1;os 70 se desarrollaron sistemas expertos que imitan el comportamiento de los especialistas. La IA ha ganado capacidad y utilidad en diversos campos con los avances en el aprendizaje autom&#x00E1;tico, el aprendizaje profundo y la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de reconocimiento de im&#x00E1;genes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31730-ES">Stanford Univ., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Hoy en d&#x00ED;a, el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;IA&#x201D; est&#x00E1; muy extendido, y muchos productos relacionados se han beneficiado de su atractivo avance. El t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;IA&#x201D; es muy com&#x00FA;n en la actualidad y despierta expectativas y preocupaciones entre la gente. Del mismo modo, el concepto de &#x201C;aprendizaje&#x201D; en el aprendizaje autom&#x00E1;tico, aunque se refiere solo a una &#x00ED;nfima parte del &#x201C;aprendizaje&#x201D; humano que est&#x00E1; compuesto de elementos complejos como el aprendizaje cognitivo y emp&#x00ED;rico, se ha convertido en un t&#x00E9;rmino t&#x00E9;cnico establecido. La investigaci&#x00F3;n y el desarrollo de la IA han avanzado hacia la reproducci&#x00F3;n de las funciones del cerebro humano para lograr capacidades pseudohumanas. Gracias a esta orientaci&#x00F3;n, conceptos como aprendizaje humano e inteligencia se han readaptado para describir la IA, lo que ha provocado un cambio sem&#x00E1;ntico. Esta situaci&#x00F3;n merece la atenci&#x00F3;n de los especialistas en educaci&#x00F3;n. Por lo tanto, es necesario informar de la posible idea err&#x00F3;nea de que las funciones de aprendizaje y memoria de la IA son muy parecidas a las de las personas, ya que, en realidad, solo representan un fragmento de los procesos de aprendizaje y memoria humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31730-ES">Dreyfus, 1978</xref>). Y es que esta tendencia a antropomorfizar la IA puede verse impulsada por la confusi&#x00F3;n en el equilibrio de las relaciones cuando las personas trabajan con la IA.</p>
<p>La innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica en IA est&#x00E1; en aumento, y la velocidad en el procesamiento de datos est&#x00E1; mejorando de forma dr&#x00E1;stica. En concreto, el desarrollo de modelos de lenguaje de gran tama&#x00F1;o (LLM) como ChatGPT, presentado en noviembre de 2022, es tan fluido que puede crear la ilusi&#x00F3;n de que piensa y forma palabras como una persona. Sin embargo, la IA generativa se limita a adivinar y generar las siguientes palabras. La fluidez de sus respuestas es el resultado de un amplio aprendizaje de datos. Dado que la IA generativa se integra cada vez m&#x00E1;s en aplicaciones como avatares y bots conversacionales, tiene el potencial de facilitar una comunicaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s natural, de manera que los usuarios sientan que interact&#x00FA;an con entidades con emociones.</p>
<p>Repasamos brevemente el proceso que ha impulsado el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;IA&#x201D; en una direcci&#x00F3;n que evoca una fuerte similitud entre la IA y las personas. Las expectativas y los temores asociados a la IA han aumentado, en cierta medida, por la imagen forjada por el propio nombre de &#x201C;IA&#x201D;. Se puede percibir que el antropomorfismo de la IA influye en nuestra percepci&#x00F3;n actual de la misma.</p>
<p>En ese contexto, se pueden dar situaciones en las que uno perciba de forma err&#x00F3;nea a las m&#x00E1;quinas como humanas, creyendo que son capaces de ofrecer respuestas similares. Al examinar las cualidades humanas, como la sensibilidad a los cambios ambientales, la influencia de las emociones, los cambios en el estado de &#x00E1;nimo y la imprevisibilidad de los resultados, algunos pueden considerar prudente confiar en la automatizaci&#x00F3;n, regularidad y estabilidad del funcionamiento de las m&#x00E1;quinas como sistema de procesamiento de la informaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>A medida que avanzamos, aumenta la integraci&#x00F3;n de la IA en programas que permiten una comunicaci&#x00F3;n fluida en sectores que requieren la interacci&#x00F3;n humana, como los cuidados, la enfermer&#x00ED;a, la educaci&#x00F3;n y los servicios. La investigaci&#x00F3;n y el desarrollo avanzan hacia una IA capaz de imitar y reproducir con precisi&#x00F3;n el comportamiento humano. Sin embargo, debemos reflexionar sobre qu&#x00E9; tareas y responsabilidades delegaremos en la IA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31730-ES">Friedman, 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31730-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>Inteligencia humana e inteligencia artificial</italic></title>
<p>En el campo de la inteligencia artificial, se est&#x00E1; trabajando en la creaci&#x00F3;n de m&#x00E1;quinas que sigan el modelo humano, capaces de adquirir habilidades ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;sticas como las personas, percibir el mundo a trav&#x00E9;s de sus &#x00F3;rganos y participar en procesos de pensamiento que abarquen todo el espectro de actividades cognitivas humanas. No obstante, es importante se&#x00F1;alar que lo que se est&#x00E1; desarrollando en este contexto son m&#x00E1;quinas que se comportan o funcionan como si tuvieran conciencia y emociones. Las m&#x00E1;quinas que aprenden como las personas necesitan comprender el proceso de adquisici&#x00F3;n de habilidades ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;sticas y de aprendizaje como lo hacen ellas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31730-ES">Baker, 2016</xref>). Sin embargo, la IA solo funciona de manera autom&#x00E1;tica como algo programado, mientras que los humanos act&#x00FA;an de forma independiente a trav&#x00E9;s de sus propios juicios, decisiones y acciones.</p>
<p>Que la IA pueda avanzar hasta sustituir a las personas en actividades intelectuales depende de si los seres humanos son meros &#x201C;sistemas de procesamiento de informaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; o algo m&#x00E1;s. Si las personas no son m&#x00E1;s que sistemas de procesamiento de informaci&#x00F3;n, la siguiente etapa podr&#x00ED;a ser la etapa poshumana mejorada por la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA, en la que los humanos se convierten en entidades mejoradas por las m&#x00E1;quinas. Sin embargo, la inteligencia de las personas como organismos se conforma al encontrarse con situaciones y escenarios complejos que superan con creces el alcance previsto del desarrollo de la IA. Las personas navegan en sus procesos de aprendizaje a trav&#x00E9;s de estas complejas cuestiones, y aunque tambi&#x00E9;n procesan informaci&#x00F3;n, no necesariamente lo hacen de la misma manera que los ordenadores. Por lo tanto, aunque llegue una etapa en la que las personas colaboren y coexistan con la IA, pasando a formar parte de la interfaz hombre-m&#x00E1;quina, puede tratarse de la etapa del poshumano irreemplazable, moldeado por la m&#x00E1;quina, pero insustituible por ella (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31730-ES">Fink, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>El siguiente reto en la exploraci&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza humana es esclarecer las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de la inteligencia humana o biointeligencia que diferencian a los humanos de la IA. En primer lugar, para dilucidar el aprendizaje humano es necesario reevaluar la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de inteligencia o capacidad ampliamente aceptada en la educaci&#x00F3;n y la psicolog&#x00ED;a. La inteligencia se ha entendido tradicionalmente como un atributo de las personas al margen de sus culturas, la cual se transmite a trav&#x00E9;s de la gen&#x00E9;tica de padres a hijos y a otras generaciones. Al evaluar las etapas de desarrollo de la inteligencia, se suele determinar si una habilidad concreta est&#x00E1; presente y en qu&#x00E9; medida se ha adquirido. Para ello, se predefinen tareas que pueden desarrollarse con esa habilidad en concreto y se adoptan como prueba los resultados de si la persona ha realizado con &#x00E9;xito estas tareas. En otras palabras, al observar el rendimiento durante la tarea, se mide la existencia de habilidades y el grado en que estas contribuyen a la realizaci&#x00F3;n de la tarea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31730-ES">Weizenbaum, 1976</xref>).</p>
<p>Para centrarnos en el car&#x00E1;cter polifac&#x00E9;tico y en la diversidad de las modalidades de expresi&#x00F3;n de la inteligencia, es necesario confirmar que la forma de percibir la inteligencia y los par&#x00E1;metros de evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la inteligencia se&#x00F1;alados anteriormente cumplen las siguientes condiciones. Es una condici&#x00F3;n impl&#x00ED;cita que los humanos, como habitantes de la Tierra, actuemos bajo el imperio de la gravedad, tengamos cuerpos f&#x00ED;sicos y vivamos en este mundo durante un tiempo limitado. En otras palabras, se trata de una condici&#x00F3;n intr&#x00ED;nseca a vivir y existir en un planeta sometido a la gravedad.</p>
<p>Dicho de otra manera, se trata de nuestro entorno cultural y social, que engloba los pensamientos y comportamientos humanos. Esto implica que la inteligencia o las habilidades individuales, manifestadas por cada persona en una situaci&#x00F3;n determinada, se ven afectadas por nuestro contexto cultural y social y son inseparables del mismo. Esta visi&#x00F3;n cuestiona la idea de que el desarrollo intelectual se produce como una transformaci&#x00F3;n interna en el cuerpo de una persona aislada, observada cronol&#x00F3;gicamente como cambios a lo largo del tiempo. Busca que la creatividad humana no solo se base en la inteligencia, la raz&#x00F3;n y las habilidades cognitivas, sino tambi&#x00E9;n en la interacci&#x00F3;n de distintos elementos como la perspicacia, la sensibilidad, la intuici&#x00F3;n e incluso el conocimiento de cada uno. En resumen, propone que la creatividad humana depende de la interacci&#x00F3;n de diversos factores, los cuales no se limitan a los aspectos cognitivos, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n incorporan &#x201C;lo otro de la raz&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31730-ES">B&#x00F6;hme &#x0026; B&#x00F6;hme, 1985</xref>) como las funciones no cognitivas, la emoci&#x00F3;n, la intuici&#x00F3;n o el &#x201C;conocimiento t&#x00E1;cito&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31730-ES">Polanyi, 1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31730-ES">1966</xref>).</p>
<p>El esclarecer las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de la inteligencia humana implica comprender sistemas que van m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de los sistemas de procesamiento de la informaci&#x00F3;n reproducible de la IA dentro de la inteligencia humana. Para ello, es necesario hacer pleno uso de los conocimientos adquiridos en anteriores investigaciones sobre inteligencia, con especial hincapi&#x00E9; en los sistemas que funcionan en conjunto e interacci&#x00F3;n con los sistemas de procesamiento de la informaci&#x00F3;n y con profundizaci&#x00F3;n en &#x00E1;mbitos dif&#x00ED;ciles de reducir a los sistemas de procesamiento de la informaci&#x00F3;n de m&#x00E1;quinas.</p>
<p>Aunque el proceso de socializaci&#x00F3;n humana tiene sus ra&#x00ED;ces en la estructura biol&#x00F3;gica com&#x00FA;n de todos los seres humanos, tambi&#x00E9;n est&#x00E1; muy influido por la cultura. Por ejemplo, en la comunicaci&#x00F3;n, no solo utilizamos m&#x00E9;todos verbales para transmitir intenciones, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n usamos la comunicaci&#x00F3;n no verbal, como la distancia a la que nos abrimos o cerramos ante la otra persona, las expresiones emocionales, las expresiones faciales, los gestos y mucho m&#x00E1;s. Esta comunicaci&#x00F3;n no verbal se aprende por observaci&#x00F3;n e imitaci&#x00F3;n del comportamiento de los dem&#x00E1;s dentro de la sociedad y la cultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31730-ES">Suzuki, 2023</xref>). Detr&#x00E1;s de las pautas de comportamiento aprendidas, se esconde el aspecto antropol&#x00F3;gico de los elementos rituales, como costumbres, tradiciones y valores, que se han mantenido y transmitido a lo largo de los a&#x00F1;os en cada sociedad o cultura. Los rituales se van actualizando para adaptarse a las necesidades de los tiempos y las situaciones, as&#x00ED; como al criterio de las personas que los llevan a cabo, al tiempo que se mantienen las directrices b&#x00E1;sicas que deben seguirse. Al mismo tiempo que se imitan modelos del pasado, se modernizan estos rituales. Un ni&#x00F1;o que crece en un contexto cultural determinado aprende las normas espec&#x00ED;ficas de esa cultura y observa o participa en el proceso de actualizaci&#x00F3;n de esas normas como pautas de vida para la siguiente generaci&#x00F3;n. Este proceso de aprendizaje cultural se convierte en un viaje emp&#x00ED;rico para los ni&#x00F1;os a medida que observan o participan de manera activa en estos rituales, lo que garantiza su adaptaci&#x00F3;n a las normas culturales de evoluci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31730-ES">Wulf, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>No hay que olvidar que la transformaci&#x00F3;n humana no es solo un aspecto de la evoluci&#x00F3;n funcional uniforme de la humanidad derivada de la universalidad de la ciencia y la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, sino tambi&#x00E9;n un aspecto de la diversidad de la vida humana a trav&#x00E9;s de la socializaci&#x00F3;n y la inculturaci&#x00F3;n. Todo esto est&#x00E1; estrechamente relacionado con la perspectiva de la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, que influye de forma significativa en la HX. La visi&#x00F3;n de qu&#x00E9; tipo de sociedad y de mundo quiere alcanzar la humanidad a trav&#x00E9;s de la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica es indispensable.</p>
<p>La aplicaci&#x00F3;n social de la IA y de otras tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales pretende orientar a la sociedad hacia una direcci&#x00F3;n adecuada y ampliar el potencial humano de forma conveniente. La socializaci&#x00F3;n y la inculturaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1;n profundamente relacionadas con la visi&#x00F3;n del futuro que queremos conseguir a trav&#x00E9;s de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a. Por lo tanto, la investigaci&#x00F3;n, el desarrollo y la utilizaci&#x00F3;n de la IA se basan en una visi&#x00F3;n compartida de la sociedad futura deseada y de los seres humanos.</p>
<p>Organizaciones internacionales como la OCDE, la UNESCO y la Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea, as&#x00ED; como grupos de investigaci&#x00F3;n y empresas, han seguido estudiando las implicaciones &#x00E9;ticas, jur&#x00ED;dicas y sociales (ELSI). Estos debates incluyen el respeto de la dignidad humana, la creaci&#x00F3;n de relaciones de confianza entre la IA y las personas, y la visualizaci&#x00F3;n de la caja negra de la IA para garantizar la transparencia. Todos estos principios se basan en un contexto &#x201C;dirigido por el ser humano&#x201D; o &#x201C;centrado en el ser humano&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31730-ES">OCDE, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31730-ES">UNESCO, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31730-ES">Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea, 2021</xref>). Sin embargo, a pesar de estos debates, a menudo se imponen los puntos de vista y las concepciones del mundo y de la humanidad que prevalecen entre las naciones avanzadas en tecnolog&#x00ED;a de IA y las grandes corporaciones de TI. En consecuencia, los debates y las conversaciones que tienen en cuenta los estilos de vida arraigados en la cultura y la religi&#x00F3;n locales de las distintas regiones y territorios se suelen pasar por alto, hasta el punto de eclipsar la uniformidad de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica global en progreso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31730-ES">Ess, 2006</xref>). La IA puede ser un reflejo de la humanidad. Los datos acumulados en el cibermundo, cargados de prejuicios e ideas preconcebidas, reflejan a menudo el pensamiento y los valores del momento humano. Adem&#x00E1;s, los documentos hist&#x00F3;ricos del pasado guardan sistemas de valores que hoy se considerar&#x00ED;an controvertidos si no se hace una debida distinci&#x00F3;n. La IA, de forma involuntaria, podr&#x00ED;a utilizar estos sesgos en los datos como recursos de aprendizaje. Adem&#x00E1;s, los investigadores que escriben algoritmos pueden introducir de manera fortuita sus propios sesgos. Existe una cuesti&#x00F3;n importante en torno a la mejora del equilibrio de valores de los datos que constituyen la base de la IA, especialmente a medida que gana fuerza el movimiento para corregir los sistemas de valores hist&#x00F3;ricos inadmisibles desde el punto de vista actual y que no son aptos para los seres humanos. Esto se puede lograr con la ense&#x00F1;anza de datos de IA basados en una visi&#x00F3;n del mundo justa y equilibrada y en la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la humanidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31730-ES">Couldry y Mej&#x00ED;as, 2019a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31730-ES">2019b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31730-ES">Awori <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31730-ES">Berberich <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31730-ES">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>os perspectivas del poshumanismo</sc></bold></title>
<p>Para comprender el impacto de la implantaci&#x00F3;n social de la IA en la HX e identificar las cuestiones que deben abordarse para aceptarla como un nuevo reto para la educaci&#x00F3;n, ser&#x00E1; necesario explorar en detalle los precedentes del debate sobre el poshumanismo. El primer trasfondo es la creaci&#x00F3;n de una nueva especie de poshumano que mejora la funci&#x00F3;n de los seres humanos como individuos mediante la mejora tecnol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31730-ES">Hassan, 1977</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31730-ES">Pepperell, 2003</xref>). El segundo trasfondo es un examen cr&#x00ED;tico del modelo humano universal que ha sido la base de la investigaci&#x00F3;n humana en el paradigma acad&#x00E9;mico moderno centrado en la diversidad de las personas. Este aspecto se est&#x00E1; desarrollando en las humanidades, las ciencias sociales y las artes en oposici&#x00F3;n a las corrientes de pensamiento moderno y posmoderno, incluidos el poscolonialismo, los debates de g&#x00E9;nero y el Antropoceno. El denominador com&#x00FA;n aqu&#x00ED; es la idea de ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del modelo humano tradicional, aspirando a un nuevo modelo humano que lo supere. En este contexto, el poshumanismo parece funcionar como una met&#x00E1;fora para criticar las normas convencionales de la ciencia y, para ello, alude a la complejidad y la diversidad de la existencia humana, incluidos aspectos como la raza, el sexo y la clase social, que se pasaron por alto y se dejaron de lado en el modelo humano existente, el cual est&#x00E1; desapareciendo. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31730-ES">Chaudhry &#x0026; Kazim, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31730-ES">Cord, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31730-ES">Susen, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Estas dos ideas distintas del poshumanismo no tienen por qu&#x00E9; estar asociadas entre s&#x00ED;, pero s&#x00ED; est&#x00E1;n de alg&#x00FA;n modo entrelazadas con movimientos sociales, teor&#x00ED;as y &#x00E1;mbitos distintos. Examinar todo lo que constituye la unidad de referencia para el ser humano va m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del alcance de este documento. En su lugar, lo que se pretende es ilustrar la interconexi&#x00F3;n entre el avance de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales, incluida la IA de crecimiento acelerado, y los debates en torno a la direcci&#x00F3;n de la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica y el poshumanismo.</p>
<sec id="sec-6-31730-ES">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>El poshumanismo en conexi&#x00F3;n con la HX por la Civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica</italic></title>
<p>La Transformaci&#x00F3;n Humana y la evoluci&#x00F3;n inclusiva han estado estrechamente relacionadas con la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica. En sus inicios, el ser humano, como todos los animales, coexist&#x00ED;a en el medio natural. A trav&#x00E9;s de la interacci&#x00F3;n con este entorno, los humanos desarrollaron un entorno secundario, conocido como relaci&#x00F3;n ser humano-naturaleza o ecosistema. Este proceso implic&#x00F3; acumular conocimientos y destrezas necesarios para utilizar herramientas, incluida una amplia gama de tecnolog&#x00ED;as (technai), y obtener pr&#x00E1;ctica, experiencia y recursos para transmitir y heredar estas tecnolog&#x00ED;as (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31730-ES">Medawar, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Las personas construyen una relaci&#x00F3;n con las herramientas al utilizarlas y desarrollan la capacidad de dominar herramientas adicionales o mejoradas. Cultivan los conocimientos, destrezas y habilidades necesarios para lograr una comunicaci&#x00F3;n eficaz con herramientas al interactuar con otras personas. Este proceso implica que los seres humanos adquieran conocimientos y destrezas para comunicarse con herramientas y m&#x00E1;quinas, transformando sus capacidades. Las destrezas que se repiten muchas veces se van perfeccionando, mientras que las que ya no se utilizan se van olvidando poco a poco. En el contexto de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, se puede interpretar que los seres humanos remodelan de manera constante sus poderes y capacidades mediante herramientas y m&#x00E1;quinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31730-ES">Stiegler, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31730-ES">Suzuki, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Como portadores de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, las personas no siempre eligen de forma deliberada qu&#x00E9; tecnolog&#x00ED;as y destrezas adoptar, sino que responden a las exigencias de sus respectivas civilizaciones y las incorporan a ellas. En un contexto en el que la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica est&#x00E1; en constante b&#x00FA;squeda de la renovaci&#x00F3;n y el avance, es necesario entablar debates sobre los seres humanos que est&#x00E1;n en constante cambio, se adaptan a su entorno e influyen en &#x00E9;l para crear, en esencia, un segundo entorno, a menudo conocido como civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica.</p>
<p>Las civilizaciones que se han desarrollado como respuesta a las realidades regionales y culturales y a sus desaf&#x00ED;os se han hecho m&#x00E1;s homog&#x00E9;neas desde la aparici&#x00F3;n de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica moderna, vinculada al desarrollo de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a basada en el pensamiento cient&#x00ED;fico actual. La aparici&#x00F3;n de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica moderna, relacionada con la revoluci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica del siglo XVII, condujo a una homogeneizaci&#x00F3;n cada vez mayor. En la investigaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica se establecieron metodolog&#x00ED;as emp&#x00ED;ricas, racionales y reduccionistas basadas en la formulaci&#x00F3;n y verificaci&#x00F3;n de hip&#x00F3;tesis. La civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica se distanci&#x00F3; de la diversidad regional y cultural que inclu&#x00ED;an las civilizaciones en general. En el contexto del m&#x00E9;todo cient&#x00ED;fico sistematizado, la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica utiliz&#x00F3; el objetivismo, el racionalismo y el reduccionismo para establecer un marco metodol&#x00F3;gico para la investigaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica en el que se formulaban y comprobaban hip&#x00F3;tesis. En este contexto, es posible percibir que la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica se aleja de la diversidad regional y cultural y, en otras palabras, de las pr&#x00E1;cticas cotidianas inherentes a las civilizaciones en general (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31730-ES">Kuhn, 1962</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31730-ES">Mendelssohn, 1977</xref>).</p>
<p>El sue&#x00F1;o de crear seres humanos artificiales o cibern&#x00E9;ticos se ha avivado en los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os. Los recientes avances en campos cient&#x00ED;ficos y tecnol&#x00F3;gicos de vanguardia como la ingenier&#x00ED;a gen&#x00E9;tica, la rob&#x00F3;tica, la nanotecnolog&#x00ED;a o la superinteligencia han dado lugar a un aumento en el n&#x00FA;mero de intentos de desarrollar formas de vida superiores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31730-ES">Hayles, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31730-ES">Bostrom, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31730-ES">Bredenoord <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>). El ser humano ha evolucionado como parte de una interfaz hombre-m&#x00E1;quina mediante la adquisici&#x00F3;n de destrezas. Haraway se&#x00F1;ala que las personas son quimeras con m&#x00E1;quinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31730-ES">Haraway, 1994</xref>). Si admitimos esto al analizar el futuro, podemos prever una era poshumana de la humanidad como quimeras con m&#x00E1;quinas. Es probable que los l&#x00ED;mites entre humanos y m&#x00E1;quinas sean cada vez m&#x00E1;s ambiguos en el futuro, como sugiere Harari (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31730-ES">Harari, 2017</xref>) pero, en este sentido, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; es lo humano y qu&#x00E9; es la humanidad? Los seres humanos tienen la costumbre de cuestionarse qui&#x00E9;nes son. En el pasado, hemos intentado explicar nuestra existencia humana con la creaci&#x00F3;n de fronteras entre &#x00E1;ngeles, animales y m&#x00E1;quinas. Y ahora, a medida que las fronteras entre nosotros y la IA se van difuminando, se nos plantea la cuesti&#x00F3;n de qu&#x00E9; significa ser humano, seguir siendo humano o, como dijo Kant, llegar a ser humano.</p>
<p>No se puede descartar la posibilidad de abrir una nueva v&#x00ED;a de desarrollo humano que consista en adquirir destrezas para utilizar de forma eficaz la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA. Adem&#x00E1;s, hoy en d&#x00ED;a existe una fuerte tendencia a mejorar la funci&#x00F3;n humana a trav&#x00E9;s de la tecnol&#x00F3;gica. En primer lugar, mejora significa avance funcional y mejora funcional. El avance en el sentido de ayudar a que personas con diversidad funcional desde el nacimiento pasen de un estado negativo a tener unas condiciones de vida favorables para vivir como el resto, fomentar su independencia e ir a la escuela, y en el sentido de utilizar el avance m&#x00E9;dico es socialmente aceptable.</p>
<p>Lo mismo ocurre con los avances para personas con dificultades para desarrollar determinadas actividades cotidianas debido a accidentes o al envejecimiento. Es muy probable que se desarrollen avances para aquellos que trabajan en la asistencia y el cuidado para ayudar en tareas como asistir, girar y ba&#x00F1;ar a los pacientes o cargar pr&#x00F3;tesis, miembros artificiales, ojos artificiales y otras &#x00F3;rtesis.</p>
<p>En cuanto a las tecnolog&#x00ED;as relacionadas con los genes, como la terapia g&#x00E9;nica para abordar el riesgo de enfermedades futuras o la intervenci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica mediante el diagn&#x00F3;stico gen&#x00E9;tico prenatal, se puede confirmar que es complicado lograr un estado que sea aceptable para el p&#x00FA;blico en general, aparte de los directamente implicados, a pesar de que los mejores deseos de las personas afectadas y el deseo de la profesi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E9;dica de ayudarles puedan coincidir. Sin embargo, la situaci&#x00F3;n es algo m&#x00E1;s complicada en cuanto a lograr una situaci&#x00F3;n aceptable para el p&#x00FA;blico distinto a los directamente implicados. Esto se debe a que a&#x00FA;n no se conoce del todo el alcance de los posibles efectos de la intervenci&#x00F3;n artificial sobre los genes. Los genes se heredan no solo en el organismo del paciente tratado, sino tambi&#x00E9;n en el de sus hijos, nietos y otras generaciones venideras. El grado en el que se notar&#x00E1;n los efectos de la intervenci&#x00F3;n humana en las generaciones siguientes y sucesivas, as&#x00ED; como la aparici&#x00F3;n de efectos secundarios, es algo impredecible sin un determinado nivel de predicci&#x00F3;n. Los genes tambi&#x00E9;n pueden tener un impacto insignificante en otras partes gen&#x00E9;ticas del cuerpo.</p>
<p>Ante una tecnolog&#x00ED;a que debe entenderse en relaci&#x00F3;n con un sistema de responsabilidad a largo plazo o, dicho de otro modo, una tecnolog&#x00ED;a que ha sobrepasado su alcance natural, hay muchos aspectos a tener en cuenta, como qu&#x00E9;, y en qu&#x00E9; medida, debemos reconocer como el l&#x00ED;mite de nuestra responsabilidad y prepararnos para ello y, una vez reconocidas las obligaciones que nuestra generaci&#x00F3;n de profesionales puede asumir y las que no, qu&#x00E9; tipo de sistema debemos construir para las responsabilidades que nuestra generaci&#x00F3;n no puede asumir.</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n existe la hip&#x00F3;tesis impl&#x00ED;cita de que el avance no debe ser una intervenci&#x00F3;n que conlleve la p&#x00E9;rdida de la identidad de la persona como ser humano. Una intervenci&#x00F3;n t&#x00E9;cnica de este tipo es una cuesti&#x00F3;n de dignidad personal, ya que cambia tanto a la persona que ya no se puede identificar como la persona que es. La cuesti&#x00F3;n es la posibilidad y conveniencia de las intervenciones tecnol&#x00F3;gicas para alcanzar la etapa poshumana.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31730-ES">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>El poshumanismo como met&#x00E1;fora para ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del modelo unificado tradicional de ser humano</italic></title>
<p>Para contemplar el futuro de la educaci&#x00F3;n en la era poshumana, no hay que dejar de examinar las posibilidades y el valor de potenciar las funciones humanas junto con los r&#x00E1;pidos avances tecnol&#x00F3;gicos antes mencionados. Adem&#x00E1;s, hay que tener en cuenta la combinaci&#x00F3;n de retos que supone acoger la diversidad de valores de los seres humanos, los seres vivos y los objetos inanimados y crear un mundo y un entorno educativo que den cabida a esta diversidad.</p>
<p>Como se ha mencionado en la secci&#x00F3;n anterior, junto a la perspectiva centrada en la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, otro punto de vista desv&#x00ED;a la atenci&#x00F3;n de la comprensi&#x00F3;n convencional de la humanidad basada en un modelo humano universal para centrarse en aspectos como las expresiones y formas de interactuar con el mundo que se observan en el comportamiento humano y, para ello, hace hincapi&#x00E9; en la diversidad de la humanidad. En el reconocimiento de una era en la que la humanidad, a trav&#x00E9;s de la creaci&#x00F3;n de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, se ha convertido en una fuerza que moldea el futuro de todas las entidades vivas y no vivas de la Tierra, la exploraci&#x00F3;n del significado de ser humano ha cobrado mayor importancia. En esta era en la que la humanidad desempe&#x00F1;a un papel fundamental en la determinaci&#x00F3;n del futuro de todas las entidades de la Tierra a trav&#x00E9;s de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, es crucial ampliar y profundizar los conocimientos sobre el papel de los humanos. Podemos ampliar y profundizar nuestra comprensi&#x00F3;n del papel de los humanos en la Tierra mediante las siguientes preguntas &#x201C;&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; es la humanidad?&#x201D; o &#x201C;&#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo puede uno llegar a entenderse mejor a s&#x00ED; mismo?&#x201D;. La &#x00FA;nica manera que tiene la humanidad de luchar contra las amenazas que ella misma ha creado es profundizar en la autoconciencia y utilizar el conocimiento para modificar nuestro comportamiento. Los riesgos derivados de la industrializaci&#x00F3;n, el progreso del capitalismo y la aceleraci&#x00F3;n de diversos aspectos de la vida ponen en peligro la existencia humana y amenazan la supervivencia de todas las entidades que habitan la Tierra.</p>
<p>La Tierra se enfrenta a muchos retos como el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, el colapso de la biodiversidad y los ciclos biogeoqu&#x00ED;micos, la contaminaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y la destrucci&#x00F3;n ocasionada por las fuentes de energ&#x00ED;a no renovables. La advertencia de que el antropocentrismo puede derivar en una ideolog&#x00ED;a centrada en el ser humano en la que solo importa su bienestar es fundamental en los debates sobre el poshumanismo. En este contexto, el Antropoceno se percibe no solo como una &#x00E9;poca que hay que superar, sino que ha dado lugar a la creaci&#x00F3;n de numerosos t&#x00E9;rminos derivados, como &#x201C;Capitaloceno&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31730-ES">Moore 2017</xref>) o &#x201C;Chthuluceno&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31730-ES">Haraway, 2016</xref>), entre otros.</p>
<p>La proliferaci&#x00F3;n de estos neologismos indica la necesidad de reconsiderar la constituci&#x00F3;n y el funcionamiento de los seres vivos y no vivos, desde una perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica hasta una visi&#x00F3;n del mundo que es preciso superar. La cuesti&#x00F3;n planteada sobre la humanidad implica reconocer las transformaciones en diversos aspectos de la vida humana debidas a los cambios sociales e interpretarlas como un reto importante para la crianza y educaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00F3;xima generaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Explorar la existencia humana es una indagaci&#x00F3;n filos&#x00F3;fica fundamental, y fil&#x00F3;sofos de diversas procedencias han tratado de dilucidar caracter&#x00ED;sticas comunes a los seres humanos y extraer su universalidad. Por el contrario, las perspectivas afirman que los &#x201C;modelos universales&#x201D; est&#x00E1;n sesgados por &#x201C;la objetividad igual a universalidad&#x201D; y se ven influenciados por los prejuicios de las &#x00E9;pocas, las sociedades y las culturas. Algunos sostienen que estos modelos, arraigados en valores espec&#x00ED;ficos como el colonialismo, la discriminaci&#x00F3;n de g&#x00E9;nero y los prejuicios raciales, deber&#x00ED;an revisarse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31730-ES">Mohamed <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Desde este punto de vista, se considera que el concepto de &#x201C;humanidad&#x201D; define las condiciones hist&#x00F3;ricamente establecidas para ser considerado &#x201C;humano&#x201D;, y el llamado &#x201C;modelo humano universal&#x201D; se ha utilizado para categorizar y oprimir a los considerados &#x201C;no humanos&#x201D;, lo cual crea divisiones entre los distintos grupos humanos.</p>
<p>Esta perspectiva enfatiza diversas formas de opresi&#x00F3;n social a trav&#x00E9;s de la categorizaci&#x00F3;n de &#x201C;humano&#x201D; y &#x201C;no humano&#x201D; basada en valores que hist&#x00F3;ricamente han estado dominados por la supremac&#x00ED;a occidental, los sistemas patriarcales y otras ideolog&#x00ED;as imperantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31730-ES">Ashcroft, 2006</xref>). Los debates actuales que examinan de forma cr&#x00ED;tica los modelos humanos existentes parecen utilizar el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;poshumano&#x201D; de forma metaf&#x00F3;rica, no solo para describir una nueva imagen humana o poshumana concreta, sino m&#x00E1;s bien para representar algo que a&#x00FA;n no est&#x00E1; presente.</p>
<p>Distintas perspectivas de disciplinas como la filosof&#x00ED;a, la psicolog&#x00ED;a, las ciencias del comportamiento, la arqueolog&#x00ED;a, la biolog&#x00ED;a, la antropolog&#x00ED;a cultural y la ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stica, entre otras, pueden servir para cuestionarse a uno mismo y responder as&#x00ED; a la complejidad de la &#x00E9;poca actual. Adem&#x00E1;s, relacionarse con valores diversos de distintos entornos sociales y culturales es clave para relativizar los valores impl&#x00ED;citos que uno lleva asociados desde el nacimiento. La capacidad de comprender en profundidad a los seres humanos y su comportamiento en este mundo combinando m&#x00FA;ltiples perspectivas puede ayudar a actuar de forma adecuada para paliar las amenazas a las que se enfrenta la Tierra.</p>
<p>En esta era de innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica acelerada, como ya se ha mencionado, se produce una progresi&#x00F3;n simult&#x00E1;nea hacia la diversificaci&#x00F3;n de las fuentes de informaci&#x00F3;n y la pluralizaci&#x00F3;n de los canales de informaci&#x00F3;n. Por el contrario, debido a un equilibrio de poder escaso en informaci&#x00F3;n, deben permitirse fen&#x00F3;menos como la centralizaci&#x00F3;n de la informaci&#x00F3;n, la manipulaci&#x00F3;n de la informaci&#x00F3;n y la orientaci&#x00F3;n de la informaci&#x00F3;n hacia la unificaci&#x00F3;n. El avance de diversas funciones clave mediante la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, como la capacidad de un individuo para desarrollar tareas, es un viaje transformador de los seres humanos hacia la etapa poshumana. Las destrezas y habilidades m&#x00E1;s utilizadas tienden a aumentar su dominio y desarrollo, mientras que las que se dejan de utilizar van desapareciendo de la memoria. Es crucial seguir el proceso de reordenaci&#x00F3;n de estas destrezas y habilidades, que acompa&#x00F1;a al progreso de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, y adoptar una perspectiva diacr&#x00F3;nica para conocer el estado de cada uno a lo largo del tiempo. Al mismo tiempo, es necesaria una perspectiva sincr&#x00F3;nica para comprender a otros diferentes y a entidades alternativas con el mismo tiempo. Al entrelazar las perspectivas diacr&#x00F3;nica y sincr&#x00F3;nica hacia los seres humanos, se genera una perspectiva m&#x00E1;s completa sobre el comportamiento humano y los seres humanos. La exploraci&#x00F3;n humana puede entenderse como una indagaci&#x00F3;n de las caracter&#x00ED;sticas inherentes al ser humano, a saber, la &#x201C;unidad en la diversidad&#x201D; (unitas multiplex).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-31730-ES">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>os retos de la educaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s del debate poshumano en la era de la</sc> IA</bold></title>
<p>Si volvemos la vista al debate sobre lo que viene despu&#x00E9;s de los humanos y sobre los poshumanos y los precedentes de este debate, hemos explorado las perspectivas sobre la HX y las pistas para mirar al futuro de la educaci&#x00F3;n desde esta perspectiva. Lo que resulta de todo esto es la pregunta de si los humanos pueden seguir siendo humanos tal y como lo entendemos hoy en d&#x00ED;a. &#x00BF;Seguiremos perteneciendo a la misma categor&#x00ED;a de seres humanos que somos hoy en d&#x00ED;a y seguiremos encajando en la categor&#x00ED;a de seres humanos del llamado Humano 2.0 incluso despu&#x00E9;s de las mejoras funcionales y la adquisici&#x00F3;n de funciones como interfaces hombre-m&#x00E1;quina?</p>
<p>Esta secci&#x00F3;n presenta algunos retos a los que, desde mi punto de vista, se enfrentar&#x00E1;n los profesionales de la educaci&#x00F3;n al imaginar la pr&#x00F3;xima generaci&#x00F3;n de educaci&#x00F3;n a partir del supuesto de que los humanos seguir&#x00E1;n siendo humanos en el sentido m&#x00E1;s amplio de la categor&#x00ED;a, pero influidos por el debate poshumano. Tambi&#x00E9;n se hablar&#x00E1; de forma breve sobre las posibilidades de abordar estos retos con los conocimientos que ya hemos acumulado al afrontarlos.</p>
<sec id="sec-9-31730-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title><italic>Cultivar la capacidad de adaptaci&#x00F3;n frente a la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica</italic></title>
<p>En primer lugar, es necesario crear una situaci&#x00F3;n en la que las personas puedan gestionar la tecnolog&#x00ED;a con sensatez, incluso cuando no se pueda detener el flujo global de innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica. En otras palabras, es necesario liberarse de la tendencia a depender de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y, para ello, hay que llegar a una posici&#x00F3;n en la que puedan configurar el progreso tecnol&#x00F3;gico y su direcci&#x00F3;n. La adquisici&#x00F3;n de destrezas y capacidades necesarias para utilizar las nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as es clave. Al mismo tiempo, es necesario ajustar el equilibrio para que la gente no se acostumbre a la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, lo cual requiere capacidad de adaptaci&#x00F3;n frente a la innovaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31730-ES">OCDE, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Por otra parte, tambi&#x00E9;n hay que ser consciente de las destrezas y competencias relacionadas con las viejas tecnolog&#x00ED;as que se van olvidando a medida que se utilizan las nuevas. En situaciones en las que se complique el suministro de energ&#x00ED;a por cat&#x00E1;strofes o conflictos, las sociedades y las personas que dependan demasiado de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital dependiente de la energ&#x00ED;a tendr&#x00E1;n grandes dificultades. La educaci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n debe configurarse a partir de las viejas destrezas y capacidades que, de alguna manera, se pierden sin llegar a utilizarse y, como m&#x00ED;nimo, a partir de observaciones fijas de las destrezas y capacidades humanas, para captar c&#x00F3;mo la humanidad las recombina en su adaptaci&#x00F3;n al entorno o en la construcci&#x00F3;n del mismo. En algunos casos, las destrezas y habilidades reci&#x00E9;n adquiridas pueden funcionar mejor a trav&#x00E9;s de otras m&#x00E1;s antiguas. Adem&#x00E1;s, para tomar conciencia del estado de dependencia habitual de los dispositivos digitales, puede ayudar el imponerse a uno mismo un periodo de tiempo sin dispositivos digitales, como dos o tres d&#x00ED;as o una semana, con el fin de concienciarse de la dependencia digital del propio estilo de vida e intentar alcanzar un equilibrio entre el pensamiento anal&#x00F3;gico y el digital. Esta puede ser una forma eficaz de equilibrar el pensamiento anal&#x00F3;gico y digital. El futuro de la pedagog&#x00ED;a requiere una perspectiva que ampl&#x00ED;e la escala espacio-temporal, que tenga en cuenta el progreso de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica hasta la fecha y que mire hacia la transformaci&#x00F3;n del ser humano.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31730-ES">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title><italic>Reconsideraci&#x00F3;n de la percepci&#x00F3;n de las destrezas y capacidades</italic></title>
    <p>En la actualidad, que estamos siempre conectados a diversos dispositivos de informaci&#x00F3;n y hacemos pleno uso de ellos en nuestra vida cotidiana, &#x00BF;podemos seguir pensando en las habilidades y destrezas humanas como hasta ahora? En la educaci&#x00F3;n escolar, la competencia se ha evaluado generalmente mediante el desarrollo de tareas espec&#x00ED;ficas de forma tangible. Se part&#x00ED;a de la base de que la competencia se consideraba algo que pertenec&#x00ED;a a la vida interior del ser humano individual, a la persona como unidad individual. No obstante, en la era de la transformaci&#x00F3;n digital, donde las personas y las cosas est&#x00E1;n estrechamente conectadas, ser&#x00E1; necesario comprender las habilidades y destrezas humanas desde una nueva perspectiva, como el desarrollo de tareas en colaboraci&#x00F3;n con la IA como interfaz hombre-m&#x00E1;quina o la gesti&#x00F3;n conjunta de funciones en un convenio colectivo. La llamada &#x201C;infosfera&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31730-ES">Floridi, 2014</xref>), compuesta de datos e informaci&#x00F3;n, puede considerarse inteligencia ambiental. La interpretaci&#x00F3;n de las funciones humanas como un actor en esta inteligencia ecol&#x00F3;gica tambi&#x00E9;n influir&#x00E1; en c&#x00F3;mo se perciben las habilidades y destrezas humanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31730-ES">Adams <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31730-ES">Taylor y Hughes, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Al mismo tiempo, es necesario revisar la funci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje en grupo y redescubrir su sentido. Este es el sentido del &#x201C;aprendizaje cara a cara&#x201D; que comparte un mismo lugar y momento. El autor ha llevado a cabo un estudio de campo comparativo de las escuelas japonesas y alemanas a trav&#x00E9;s de m&#x00E9;todos hist&#x00F3;ricos y antropol&#x00F3;gicos en colaboraci&#x00F3;n con la Universidad Libre de Berl&#x00ED;n. Por ejemplo, desde la perspectiva de la investigaci&#x00F3;n de campo japonesa-alemana, el aula puede considerarse un escenario en el sentido de que es un lugar de comunicaci&#x00F3;n entre profesores y alumnos, que hace eco a trav&#x00E9;s de la interacci&#x00F3;n de diversas actuaciones y crea un &#x201C;lugar&#x201D; para el aprendizaje. Las aulas pueden considerarse escenarios en el sentido de que hacen eco a trav&#x00E9;s de la interacci&#x00F3;n de m&#x00FA;ltiples actuaciones y crean un &#x201C;lugar&#x201D; para el aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31730-ES">Suzuki, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>La repetici&#x00F3;n de la comunicaci&#x00F3;n y la actuaci&#x00F3;n entre alumnos y entre alumnos y profesores se convierte en un patr&#x00F3;n o h&#x00E1;bito de comportamiento que, desde una perspectiva antropol&#x00F3;gica, adquiere una especie de car&#x00E1;cter ritual. Se hereda a trav&#x00E9;s de la imitaci&#x00F3;n mutua en el grupo y se actualiza, modifica y ajusta para adaptarse a las necesidades de los tiempos y las circunstancias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31730-ES">Wulf, 2013</xref>). En este sentido, la escuela es un lugar o escenario donde se pueden experimentar diversos aprendizajes. En ella, los elementos estrechamente relacionados con las destrezas no verbales y no cognitivas, como el conocimiento f&#x00ED;sico y t&#x00E1;cito, desempe&#x00F1;an un papel importante, igual que la comunicaci&#x00F3;n no verbal, <italic>A-Un breathing</italic> (actuaciones al un&#x00ED;sono), los gestos mutuos, las expresiones faciales y corporales y el tono de voz.</p>
<p>Dados los r&#x00E1;pidos avances en el desarrollo de la IA en la direcci&#x00F3;n de imitar el comportamiento humano y reproducirlo en t&#x00E9;rminos de inteligencia computacional, es importante esclarecer el concepto de aprendizaje cultural, tambi&#x00E9;n conocido como aprendizaje no cognitivo. Si nos centramos en el funcionamiento de la inteligencia humana que no se puede sustituir por la inteligencia artificial quiz&#x00E1; podamos encontrar el &#x00FA;ltimo basti&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza humana. La sensibilidad y la capacidad de percibir la belleza, que funciona de forma diferente a la raz&#x00F3;n, la inteligencia pr&#x00E1;ctica que toma decisiones en una situaci&#x00F3;n determinada, la fr&#x00F3;nesis, el tacto como inteligencia t&#x00E1;ctil (tacto o delicadeza), y el conocimiento t&#x00E1;cito y corporal entran en esta categor&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31730-ES">Polanyi, 1966</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31730-ES">Suzuki, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-31730-ES">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title><italic>Integraci&#x00F3;n de los intentos de optimizar el aprendizaje de forma individual y garantizar la diversidad en el aprendizaje</italic></title>
<p>Con el uso de la IA, la educaci&#x00F3;n se aleja del enfoque &#x00FA;nico que suele estar presente en el aprendizaje en grupo para lograr una optimizaci&#x00F3;n individual del mismo, de forma que se respeten las necesidades y estilos individuales de los alumnos. Mediante la optimizaci&#x00F3;n individual del aprendizaje, la educaci&#x00F3;n puede ser m&#x00E1;s espec&#x00ED;fica y adaptarse mejor a los intereses y aspiraciones de aprendizaje individuales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31730-ES">Ahmad <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Al mismo tiempo, la educaci&#x00F3;n consiste en transmitir conocimientos y crear en colaboraci&#x00F3;n con compa&#x00F1;eros que aprenden y experimentan estilos de aprendizaje y formas distintas de entender la diversidad. Al respetar e integrar las distintas culturas, lenguas y valores en los programas educativos, los alumnos relativizan su identidad cultural y aprenden a respetar y apreciar las diferentes culturas. Como resultado, la educaci&#x00F3;n pasar&#x00E1; de la mera transmisi&#x00F3;n de informaci&#x00F3;n a un intercambio cooperativo y a la creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento, estimulando la creaci&#x00F3;n de nuevas ideas y proyectos en el &#x00E1;mbito educativo. Si se reconoce que la educaci&#x00F3;n es un proceso de creaci&#x00F3;n conjunta de conocimientos, las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la IA apoyar&#x00E1;n el an&#x00E1;lisis de datos a gran escala y los proyectos de colaboraci&#x00F3;n, proporcionando una plataforma para que alumnos e investigadores formen conocimientos y generen nuevas ideas de forma conjunta. Este nexo abrir&#x00E1; nuevas posibilidades de intercambio y creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimientos, y abrir&#x00E1; paso a una educaci&#x00F3;n futura m&#x00E1;s creativa e innovadora.</p>
</sec>
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<ref-list>
<title><bold>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></bold></title>
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<ref id="ref-5-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016</year> <article-title>Stupid Tutoring Systems, Intelligent Humans</article-title> <source>International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education</source> <volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>600</fpage><lpage>614</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40593-016-0105-0</pub-id></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-6-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berberich</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nishida</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Suzuki</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>Harmonising Artificial Intelligence for Social Good</article-title> <source>Philosophy &#x0026; Technology</source> <volume>33</volume><issue>11</issue> <fpage>613</fpage><lpage>638</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13347-020-00421-8</pub-id></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-7-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>B&#x00F6;hme</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>B&#x00F6;hme</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1985</year> <source>Das Andere der Vernunft. Zur Entwicklung von Rationalit&#x00E4;tsstrukturen am Beispiel Kants</source> <publisher-name>Suhrkamp</publisher-name></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-8-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bostrom</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <source>Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies</source> <publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bostrom, N. (2014). <italic>Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies</italic>. Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bredenoord</surname> <given-names>A. L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>van der Graaf</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>van Delden</surname> <given-names>J. J. M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <article-title>Toward a &#x201C;Post-Posthuman Dignity Area&#x201D; in Evaluating Emerging Enhancement Technologies</article-title> <source>The American Journal of Bioethics</source> <volume>10</volume><issue>7</issue> <fpage>55</fpage><lpage>57</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/15265161003686514</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bredenoord, A. L., van der Graaf, R., &#x0026; van Delden, J. J. M. (2010). Toward a &#x201C;Post-Posthuman Dignity Area&#x201D; in Evaluating Emerging Enhancement Technologies. <italic>The American Journal of Bioethics, 10</italic>(7), 55-57. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161003686514">https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161003686514</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chaudhry</surname> <given-names>M.A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kazim</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): a high-level academic and industry note 2021</article-title> <source>AI Ethics</source> <volume>2</volume> <fpage>157</fpage><lpage>165</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Chaudhry, M.A., &#x0026; Kazim, E. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): a high-level academic and industry note 2021. <italic>AI Ethics, 2</italic>, 157&#x2013;165. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cord</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <article-title>Posthumanist Cultural Studies: Taking the Nonhuman Seriously</article-title> <source>Open Cultural Studies</source> <volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>25</fpage><lpage>37</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/culture-2020-0138</pub-id></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-12-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Couldry</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mejias</surname> <given-names>U. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019a</year> <source>The costs of connection: how data colonises human life and appropriates it for capitalism</source> <publisher-name>Stanford University Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-13-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Couldry</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mejias</surname> <given-names>U.A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019b</year> <article-title>Data colonialism: rethinking significant data&#x2019;s relation to the contemporary subject</article-title> <source>Television &#x0026; New Media</source> <volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>336</fpage><lpage>349</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Couldry, N., &#x0026; Mejias U.A. (2019b). Data colonialism: rethinking significant data&#x2019;s relation to the contemporary subject. <italic>Television &#x0026; New Media, 20</italic>(4), 336&#x2013;349.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dreyfus</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1978</year> <source>What Computers Cannot Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence</source> <publisher-name>Harper Collins</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Dreyfus, H. (1978). <italic>What Computers Cannot Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence</italic>. Harper Collins.</mixed-citation></ref>
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<ref id="ref-16-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>European Commission</collab></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts 2021/04/21</article-title></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-20-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Frey</surname> <given-names>C. B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Osborne</surname> <given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization</article-title> <source>Technological Forecasting and Social Change</source> <volume>114</volume> <fpage>254</fpage><lpage>280</lpage></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-21-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Friedman</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Ethical concerns with replacing human relations with humanoid robots: an ubuntu perspective</article-title> <source>AI Ethics</source> <volume>3</volume> <fpage>527</fpage><lpage>538</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s43681-022-00186-0</pub-id></element-citation>
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<ref id="ref-31-31730-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lamb</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Higgins</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <chapter-title>Posthumanism and Its Implications for Discourse Studies</chapter-title> <comment>In</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>De Fina</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Georgakopoulou</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source>The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies</source> <series>Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics</series> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>350</fpage><lpage>370</lpage> <publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/9781108348195.017</pub-id></element-citation>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31730</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31730</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monographic</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Human Transformation (HX) in the Age of AI and the Challenges of Education through the Post-Human Debate</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>La transformaci&#x00F3;n humana (HX) en la era de la IA y los retos de la educaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s del debate poshumano</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-6196</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>SUZUKI</surname>
<given-names>Shoko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Kyoto University/RIKEN. Japan.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Kyoto University/RIKEN</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">RIKEN</institution>
<country country="JP">Japan</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>shoko.suzuki.ue@riken.jp</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024362</issue-id>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>118</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>21</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">

<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Concerning a posthuman perspective, this paper attempts to provide a new perspective on future changes in teaching and learning in the age of artificial intelligence. With the development of technological civilisation, humans have adapted to the environmental world while at the same time attempting to remould it using technology and tools. Humans have survived by acquiring new skills and abilities to manipulate technology and tools. Human Transformation (HX), updated to respond to technological innovations, is now upcoming human intellectual activities through AI technology. What are the challenges of HX in the age of AI, and what perspectives will be critical in this process?</p>
<p>This paper traces back to how machines with computational intelligence or reasoning functions were named &#x2018;artificial intelligence&#x2019; that can reproduce human intellectual activities. It examines the wide-ranging social impact of the naming of AI and the growing phenomenon of expectations and anxieties about AI. It then notes two sources behind the posthuman debate. The first is the trend towards an upgraded stage of human intelligence over the current human by enhancing it through medical and even AI-based technology. The second trend seeks a new direction for post-humanity by focusing on its diversity, such as society and culture, through a critical examination of the view that uniformly evaluates all human conditions through a universal model of human beings. Navigating them is an excellent educational challenge. Focusing on the similarities and differences between human intelligence and artificial intelligence, the paper examines the challenges of education to develop the unique characteristics of human intelligence further and achieve freedom from AI technology, considering the legal, ethical and social issues (ELSI) of making wise use of AI.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Desde un enfoque poshumano, este art&#x00ED;culo intenta ofrecer una nueva perspectiva sobre los futuros cambios en la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Con el desarrollo de la civilizaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica, los seres humanos se han adaptado al entorno a la vez que han intentado remodelarlo mediante la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y sus herramientas. El ser humano ha sobrevivido gracias a la adquisici&#x00F3;n de nuevas destrezas y habilidades para utilizar la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y las herramientas. La Transformaci&#x00F3;n Humana (HX), actualizada para responder a las innovaciones tecnol&#x00F3;gicas, se acerca ahora a las actividades intelectuales humanas a trav&#x00E9;s de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA. &#x00BF;Cu&#x00E1;les son los retos de la HX en la era de la IA y qu&#x00E9; perspectivas ser&#x00E1;n fundamentales en este proceso?</p>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo se remonta a c&#x00F3;mo las m&#x00E1;quinas con inteligencia computacional o funciones de razonamiento capaces de reproducir las actividades intelectuales humanas adquirieron el nombre de &#x201C;inteligencia artificial&#x201D;. Examina el gran impacto social de la denominaci&#x00F3;n de IA y el creciente fen&#x00F3;meno de las expectativas e inquietudes sobre la IA. A continuaci&#x00F3;n, se&#x00F1;ala dos causas que est&#x00E1;n detr&#x00E1;s del debate poshumano. El primero es la tendencia hacia un estadio superior de la inteligencia humana sobre el ser humano actual, mejor&#x00E1;ndola mediante tecnolog&#x00ED;a m&#x00E9;dica e incluso basada en la IA. La segunda tendencia busca una nueva direcci&#x00F3;n para la poshumanidad y, para ello, se centra en su diversidad, como la sociedad y la cultura, mediante un examen cr&#x00ED;tico de la visi&#x00F3;n que eval&#x00FA;a con uniformidad todas las condiciones humanas a trav&#x00E9;s de un modelo universal de ser humano. Navegar por estos principios es un excelente reto educativo. Con el foco puesto en las similitudes y diferencias entre inteligencia humana e inteligencia artificial, este art&#x00ED;culo examina los retos de la educaci&#x00F3;n para desarrollar a&#x00FA;n m&#x00E1;s las caracter&#x00ED;sticas &#x00FA;nicas de la inteligencia humana y lograr la libertad de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a de la IA, atendiendo a las implicaciones &#x00E9;ticas, legales y sociales (ELSI por sus siglas en ingl&#x00E9;s) derivadas de un uso inteligente de la IA.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>posthumanism</kwd>
<kwd>human transformation (HX)</kwd>
<kwd>artificial intelligence (AI)</kwd>
<kwd>human intelligence</kwd>
<kwd>ELSI</kwd>
<kwd>cultural learning</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>poshumanismo</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n humana (HX)</kwd>
<kwd>inteligencia artificial (IA)</kwd>
<kwd>inteligencia humana</kwd>
<kwd>ELSI</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje cultural</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31730-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>The rapid advancement of AI technology is ushering in new opportunities and challenges for traditional education models. As the social implementation of AI advances, an interconnected network of AI through the internet is being constructed, causing significant changes not only in individual sectors such as production, transportation, finance, logistics, healthcare, caregiving, and education but also in industrial structures, labour markets, and even societal institutions and organisations. Collaboration among humans, objects, and machines and systematising processes from manufacturing to distribution leads to increased automation and autonomy.</p>
<p>However, we must remember that concerns often accompany expectations for new technologies. As automation and autonomy progress in AI-equipped machines, there is an increasing demand for security measures, accident prevention, and responsible control structures. Additionally, there is an urgent need for legal frameworks to protect personal data and copyrights. Furthermore, as advanced AI begins to replace tasks traditionally performed by humans, the forms of labour-sharing between humans and AI are diversifying.</p>
<p>With the advancement of AI capabilities, there is growing concern that AI might replace many human jobs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31730-EN">Frey &#x0026; Osborne, 2017</xref>). Additionally, experiments have emerged to achieve a post-human or transhuman existence, such as embedding AI chips into the human brain to attain longevity and enhanced cognitive function. Futurists like Ray Kurzweil have even suggested that technological singularity, where AI surpasses human intelligence, might occur around 2045 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31730-EN">Kurzweil, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>The question arises: What tasks can only be performed by humans, and what does labour mean for humans? Amid growing expectations and concerns about new technologies, issues related to human-machine interfaces have emerged, prompting a reconsideration of human characteristics and what it means to be human. In a future situation where there is a mix of stages where humans utilise AI as a tool, where humans coexist with AI in an AI-embedded environment, and where AI functions as part of the human body, such as with an AI chip implanted in the brain, does AI have the potential to shift from an automated state to an autonomous state, like humans?</p>
<p>AI technology is on the verge of replacing human physical labour and a portion of cognitive human activities. Some have even suggested that human beings may enter a new phase, known as the &#x201C;posthuman&#x201D; or &#x201C;transhuman&#x201D; stage, as they acquire new possibilities through the integration of AI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31730-EN">Lamb &#x0026; Higgins, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31730-EN">Ferrando, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31730-EN">Fukuyama, 2002</xref>). How will humans be transformed as AI technology advances and AI increasingly replaces functions? Humans have been transformed through various technologies in the past, but will they be further transformed as a species in the future by acquiring AI technologies that can replace their own intellectual and mental activities? This question poses a new challenge to philosophy and pedagogy, which have sought to elucidate human existence and human generative transformation.</p>
<p>In 1776, Immanuel Kant stated in his &#x201C;<italic>Lectures on Pedagogy</italic>&#x201D; that &#x201C;Man can only become man by education&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31730-EN">I. Kant, 1992</xref>). Education is essential for individuals born into this world to adapt to the culture and society constructed by humans and to prepare for the future. Like an oxymoron, this statement has been the cornerstone of modern educational theory, emphasising the potential and necessity of education. Does the discourse of posthumanism challenge the human image underpinning modern education? Integrating a posthuman perspective with AI technology is a critical discussion in the context of education in the AI era.</p>
<p>This paper explores the direction of Human Transformation (HX) in the age of AI and educational challenges by integrating posthumanism and digital technologies, including AI, to construct a more effective and inclusive environment.</p>
<p>To achieve this, the paper first sheds light on AI technology, which stands out among digital technologies due to its accelerated innovation and widespread societal implementation. Reflecting on the societal phenomenon brought about by the term &#x201C;artificial Intelligence (AI),&#x201D; the paper compares and examines the functions of artificial and human intelligence. It addresses the gradual approximation of reproducing human behaviour and the AI technological innovation attempting to surpass human functions. In the context of redefining humanity, the paper presents several crucial perspectives amid the acceleration of AI innovation that aims to redefine human nature.</p>
<p>It then reflects on the two established perspectives commonly found in today&#x2019;s discussions on posthumanism, considering the relationship between humans and technology. Finally, by redefining humanity, the paper discusses various points for achieving more effective and inclusive education through integrating posthumanism and AI technology. The paper hopes to contribute to discussions on reshaping education in the era of AI technological civilisation by redefining humanity.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31730-EN">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>AI <sc>versus human beings between automation and autonomy</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-3-31730-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>The Name &#x201C;Artificial Intelligence&#x201D;</italic></title>
<p>How do the thinking processes of AI and humans differ? To explore this, it&#x2019;s worthwhile to trace the origin of the name &#x201C;Artificial Intelligence.</p>
<p>The term &#x201C;Artificial Intelligence&#x201D; as we know it today was first used during the &#x201C;Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence&#x201D; held in 1956. During this conference, attended by researchers such as John McCarthy, machines equipped with reasoning abilities were called machines with artificial intelligence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31730-EN">McCarthy et al., 2006</xref>). Even today, researchers have yet to determine the definition of AI. Generally, AI is understood as the technology of creating intelligent machines and brilliant computer programs. Human intelligence or intelligence has already been studied in philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and other fields. As the term &#x2018;artificial intelligence&#x2019; has become popular without a stable definition, we must consider human intelligence compared to AI.</p>
<p>Considering how humans adapt and acquire survival skills while interacting with their environment, it is not straightforward to distinctly separate natural or human intelligence from artificial intelligence, which incorporates acquired skills. However, within this ambiguity, AI has evolved and has been studied conceptually according to human brain function to create computers that think like humans. Research projects in the 1960s laid the foundation for neural network research, logic neuron models, programming languages, autonomous mobile robots, natural language dialogue systems, and other fundamentals of today&#x2019;s AI research. Furthermore, in the 1970s, expert systems that mimic specialist behaviour were developed. AI has become more capable and applicable in various fields with advancements in machine learning, deep learning, and image recognition technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31730-EN">Stanford Univ., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Today, the name &#x201C;AI&#x201D; has become widely known, and many AI-related products have reaped the benefits of its promotional appeal. Today, the term &#x201C;AI&#x201D; is commonplace and stirs expectations and concerns among people. Similarly, the concept of &#x201C;learning&#x201D; in machine learning, though referring to only a tiny part of human &#x201C;learning&#x201D; that consists of complex elements like cognitive and experiential learning, has become an established technical term. AI research and development have progressed toward emulating human brain functions to achieve pseudo-human capabilities. Due to this focus, concepts such as human learning and intelligence have been repurposed in AI descriptions, leading to a semantic shift. This situation warrants the attention of education specialists. Therefore, it is necessary to alert the potential misconception that AI&#x2019;s learning and memory functions are much the same as those performed by humans when they represent only a fragment of human learning and memory processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31730-EN">Dreyfus, 1978</xref>). This is because this tendency to anthropomorphise AI is likely to be spurred on by confusion in the balance of relationships when humans work with AI.</p>
<p>The technological innovation in AI is accelerating, and data processing speed is improving dramatically. In particular, the development of large-scale language generation models like ChatGPT, introduced in November 2022, is so fluent that it may create an illusion of thinking and forming words like a human. However, the generative AI merely guesses and generates the following words. Nevertheless, the smoothness of its responses results from extensive data learning. As Generative AI becomes increasingly integrated into applications like avatars and conversational robots, it has the potential to facilitate more natural communication, making users feel as if they are interacting with entities that have emotions.</p>
<p>We briefly reviewed the process that has propelled the term &#x201C;AI&#x201D; in a direction powerfully evoking similarity between AI and humans. The expectations and fears associated with AI have, to some extent, increased within the image crafted by the very name &#x201C;AI.&#x201D; The anthropomorphism of AI can be seen as influencing our current perception of AI.</p>
<p>In such a context, there might be instances where one could mistakenly perceive machines as human, believing they are capable of similar responses. Examining human traits, such as sensitivity to environmental changes, being influenced by emotions, having fluctuating moods, and being unpredictable in producing consistent outcomes, some may find it prudent to rely on the automation, regularity, and stability of machine functioning as an information processing system.</p>
<p>As we move forward, the integration of AI with programs that enable seamless communication in industries requiring human interaction, such as care, nursing, education, and services, is on the rise. Research and development efforts are advancing towards realising AI capable of precisely mimicking and replicating human behaviour. However, we must consider what tasks and responsibilities we will delegate to AI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31730-EN">Friedman, 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31730-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>Human intelligence and artificial intelligence</italic></title>
<p>In artificial intelligence research, efforts are underway to create machines modelled after humans, capable of acquiring language skills like humans, perceiving the world through their organs, and engaging in thought processes across the entire spectrum of human cognitive activities. However, it&#x2019;s important to note that what is being developed in this context are machines that behave or function as if they possess consciousness and emotions. Machines that learn like humans need to comprehend the process of acquiring language skills and learning as humans do (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31730-EN">Baker, 2016</xref>). However, AI only works automatically as a programmed thing, whereas humans work autonomously, making their judgements, decisions, and actions.</p>
<p>Whether AI can advance to replace intellectual activities depends on whether humans are merely &#x201C;information processing systems&#x201D; or something more profound. If humans are nothing more than information processing systems, the next stage could be the post-human stage enhanced by AI technology, where humans become machine-enhanced entities. However, the intelligence of humans as organisms is shaped by encountering complex situations and scenarios that far exceed the anticipated scope of AI development. Humans navigate their learning processes through these complex issues. While humans also process information, they do not necessarily process it in the same way as computers. Therefore, even if a stage comes where humans collaborate with and coexist with AI, becoming part of the man-machine system, it may be the stage of the unreplaceable post-human, shaped by machine but irreplaceable by it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31730-EN">Fink, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>The next challenge in exploring human nature is to shed light on the characteristics of human intelligence or bio-intelligence that set humans apart from AI while comparing the two. First, to elucidate human learning, it is necessary to reevaluate the widely accepted conceptualisation of intelligence or ability in education and psychology. Intelligence has traditionally been perceived as an attribute of individuals independent of their cultures, understood to be transmitted through genetics from parent generations to child generations and beyond. When assessing the developmental stages of intelligence, we typically judge whether a particular ability is present and to what extent that ability has been acquired. In making these judgments, we predefine tasks that can be accomplished using the specified ability, and we adopt the results of whether the individual has successfully performed these tasks as evidence. In other words, by visualizing the performance of completing a task, we have measured the existence of abilities and the extent to which those abilities effectively contribute to task accomplishment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31730-EN">Weizenbaum, 1976</xref>).</p>
<p>To focus on the multifacetedness and diversity of the modalities of intelligence expression, it is necessary to confirm that the way of perceiving intelligence and the criterion axes of intelligence assessment pointed out above have been bound by the following conditions. It is an implicit condition that we, as beings on Earth, operate under the rule of gravity, have physical bodies, and live in this world for a limited time. In other words, it is nothing more than a condition for living and acting while bound by gravity on Earth.</p>
<p>In other words, this is our cultural and social environment, encompassing human thoughts and behaviours. It implies that individual intelligence or abilities, manifested by each person in any situation, are influenced by and inseparable from our cultural and social context. It challenges the idea that intellectual development occurs as an internal transformation within an isolated individual&#x2019;s body, observed chronologically as changes over time. It seeks that human creativity relies not only on intelligence, reason, and cognitive abilities but also on the interplay of various elements such as insight, sensibility, intuition, and even embodied knowledge. In essence, it proposes that human creativity depends on the interaction of diverse factors, not limited to cognitive aspects, but also incorporating &#x201C;what other to reason&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31730-EN">B&#x00F6;hme &#x0026; B&#x00F6;hme, 1985</xref>) like non-cognitive functions, emotion, intuition or &#x201C;tacit knowledge&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31730-EN">Polanyi, 1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31730-EN">1966</xref>).</p>
<p>Shedding light on human intelligence&#x2019;s characteristics involves understanding systems beyond AI-reproducible information processing systems within human intelligence. To this end, it is necessary to fully use the knowledge gained from previous intelligence research, focusing mainly on systems that function in conjunction and interaction with information processing systems and delving further into areas that are difficult to reduce to machine information processing systems.</p>
<p>While the process of human socialisation is rooted in the shared biological structure of all humans, it is also heavily influenced by culture. For example, in communication, we utilize not only verbal methods of conveying intentions but also non-verbal communication methods, such as the distance at which we open or close our hearts, emotional expressions, facial expressions, gestures, and more. The latter forms of communication are acquired by observing and imitating the behaviour of others within society and culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31730-EN">Suzuki, 2023</xref>). Behind the learned behavioural patterns lies the anthropological aspect of ritual elements, such as customs, traditions, and values, which have been maintained and passed down over the years in each society or culture. Rituals are continually updated to meet the needs of the times and situations and the judgment of individuals performing these rituals while maintaining the fundamental guidelines that should always be followed. Simultaneously imitating past patterns, modernisation is taking place within these rituals. A child growing up in a cultural context involves learning the specific rules of that culture and observing or participating in the process of these rules being updated as living guidelines for the next generation. This cultural learning process becomes an experiential journey for children as they observe or actively engage in these rituals, ensuring their adaptation to the evolving cultural norms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31730-EN">Wulf, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>It will be essential to bear in mind that human transformation is not only an aspect of the uniform functional evolution of humanity derived from the universality of science and technology but also an aspect of the diversity of human life through socialisation and enculturation. This is closely related to the perspective on technological innovation, which significantly impacts HX. The vision of what kind of society and world humanity wants to realise through technological innovation is indispensable.</p>
<p>The social implementation of AI and other digital technologies aims to develop society in a desirable direction and to expand human potential desirably. Socialisation and acculturation are deeply related to the vision of the future we wish to realise through technology. Therefore, AI research, development and utilisation are premised on a shared vision of the desired future society and human beings.</p>
<p>Considerations of ELSI (Ethical, legal, and social issues) have been ongoing within international organisations like the OECD, UNESCO, and European Commission, as well as research groups and corporations. These discussions include respecting human dignity, building trustworthy relationships between AI and humans, and visualising AI&#x2019;s black box to ensure transparency. All these principles remain based on a &#x201C;human-led&#x201D; or &#x201C;human-centred&#x201D; framework (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31730-EN">OECD, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31730-EN">UNESCO, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31730-EN">European Commission, 2021</xref>). Nevertheless, despite these discussions, viewpoints and understandings of the world and humanity prevalent among AI technology advanced nations and major IT corporations often take precedence. As a result, debates and conversations that consider the lifestyles rooted in the local culture and religion of different regions and territories are often disregarded, overshadowing the uniformity of the progressing global technological civilisation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31730-EN">Ess, 2006</xref>). AI can be a reflection of humanity. Accumulated data in the cyber world, laden with prejudices and preconceptions, often reflects the thinking and values of humans moment. Furthermore, historical documents from the past store value systems that would today be considered controversial, all without proper distinction. AI could inadvertently utilise these biases in data as learning resources. Additionally, researchers writing algorithms can unintentionally introduce their own biases. There is a significant issue surrounding improving the value balance of the data that forms the basis of AI, especially as the movement to correct historical value systems that are unacceptable from today&#x2019;s standpoint and are unfit for humans gains traction. This can be achieved by teaching AI data based on a fair and balanced worldview and understanding of humanity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31730-EN">Couldry &#x0026; Mejias, 2019a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31730-EN">2019b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31730-EN">Awori et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31730-EN">Berberich et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31730-EN">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>wo perspectives of post</sc>-<sc>humanism</sc></bold></title>
<p>To understand the impact of the social implementation of AI on HX and to identify the issues that need to be addressed to accept it as a new challenge for education, it will be necessary to explore the background of the debate on posthumanism in detail. The first background is to create a new species of posthuman by improving the function of human beings as individuals through technological enhancement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31730-EN">Hassan, 1977</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31730-EN">Pepperell, 2003</xref>). The second background is a critical examination of the universal human model that has been the basis of human inquiry in the modern academic paradigm, focusing on the diversity of human beings. This is being developed in the humanities, social sciences, and the arts against modern rethinking and postmodern thought currents, including post-colonialism, gender debates, and the Anthropocene. The common thread here is the perspective of moving beyond the traditional human model, aiming for a new human model that surpasses it. In this context, posthumanism seems to function as a metaphor for critiquing conventional norms in science, hinting at the complexity and diversity of human existence, including aspects such as race, gender, and class that were overlooked and forgotten without being brought to the forefront in the existing human model, which is now disappearing. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31730-EN">Chaudhry &#x0026; Kazim, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31730-EN">Cord, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31730-EN">Susen, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>These two distinct posthumanism ideas are associated not necessarily with each other but somewhat entwined with separate social movements, diverse theories, and domains. Surveying the entirety of what constitutes the reference unit for human beings goes beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, I aim to illustrate the interconnection between the advancing progress of digital technologies, including the rapidly accelerating AI, and the discussions surrounding the direction of technological innovation and posthumanism.</p>
<sec id="sec-6-31730-EN">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Post-humanism in relevance with HX by Technological civilization</italic></title>
<p>Human Transformation and inclusive evolution have been closely intertwined with technological civilisation. In its early stages, humans, like other animals, coexisted within the natural environment. Through interaction with this environment, humans developed a secondary environment, often called the human-nature or ecosystem systems. This development involved accumulating knowledge and skills required to use tools, including a broad range of technologies (technai), and getting expertise, experiential knowledge, and mechanisms for transmitting and inheriting these technologies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31730-EN">Medawar, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Humans build a relationship with tools by using them and develop an art of mastering auxiliary or augmenting tools. They cultivate knowledge, skills, and abilities required for effective communication with tools in their interaction. This process involves humans acquiring knowledge and skills for communication with tools and machines, transforming their capabilities. Highly practised skills are refined through repetition, while skills no longer used are gradually forgotten. In the context of technological civilisation, one can view humans as constantly reshaping their powers and capabilities through tools and machines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31730-EN">Stiegler, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31730-EN">Suzuki, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>As bearers of technological civilisation, humans do not always consciously choose which technologies and skills to adopt. Instead, they respond to the demands of their respective civilisations and are incorporated into them. In a context where technological civilisation constantly seeks renewal and advancement, discussions are needed to shed light on humans who find themselves in constant change and adapt to and influence their environment, essentially creating a second environment, often called technological civilisation.</p>
<p>Civilisations that have developed through responses to regional and cultural realities and their challenges have become more homogeneous since the emergence of modern technological civilisation, closely linked to the development of technology based on current scientific thought. The appearance of modern technological civilisation, connected with the scientific revolution of the 17th century, led to increasing homogenisation. Empirical, rational, and reductionist methodologies were established in scientific research based on formulating and verifying hypotheses. Technological civilisation distanced itself from regional and cultural diversity that was included in civilisations in general. In the context of the systematised scientific method, technological civilisation used objectivism, rationalism, and reductionism to establish a methodological framework for scientific research, where hypotheses were formulated and tested. In this context, it is possible to view technological civilisation as distancing itself from regional and cultural diversity and, in other words, away from the daily practices inherent in general civilisations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31730-EN">Kuhn, 1962</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31730-EN">Mendelssohn, 1977</xref>).</p>
<p>The dreams of creating artificial/ cyber humans have been fuelled in recent years. Recent advances in cutting-edge scientific and technological fields such as genetic engineering, robotics, nanotechnology, and superintelligence have led to increasing attempts to develop superior life forms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31730-EN">Hayles, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31730-EN">Bostrom, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31730-EN">Bredenoord et al., 2010</xref>). Humans have evolved as part of a man-machine system through skill acquisition. Haraway points out that humans are chimaeras with machines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31730-EN">Haraway, 1994</xref>). Recognising this while contemplating the future, we may envision a post-human era for humanity as chimaeras with machines. The boundaries between humans and machines will likely become increasingly ambiguous in the future, as suggested by Harari (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31730-EN">Harari, 2017</xref>). Against this backdrop, what is human and what is humanity? Humans have a habit of constantly questioning who they are. In the past, we have tried to clarify our human existence by drawing boundaries between angels, animals, and machines. And now, as the boundaries between us and AI blur, we are being asked what it means to be human, to remain human, or, as Kant put it, to become human.</p>
<p>The possibility that a new path to human development can be opened through acquiring skills to use AI technology effectively cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, today, there is a strong trend towards enhancing human function through technological intervention. In the first place, enhancement means functional improvement and functional enhancement. Enhancement in the sense of helping people who have been disabled since birth to move from a negative state to fulfilling primary living conditions, such as being able to live like everyone else, supporting independence and going to school, and using medical enhancement, is socially acceptable.</p>
<p>The same applies to enhancements for people with difficulty performing daily activities due to accidents or ageing. Enhancements for those working in care and nursing settings to assist with activities such as supporting, turning, and bathing patients and loading prosthetics, artificial limbs, artificial eyes and other orthotics will likely have their needs agreed upon.</p>
<p>Regarding gene-related technologies, such as gene therapy to eliminate the risk of future diseases or technological intervention through prenatal genetic diagnosis, it can be said that the situation is a little complicated to achieve a state that is acceptable to the general public other than those directly involved, even though the sincere wishes of the people concerned and the desire of the medical profession to help them may be in agreement. However, the situation is a little more complicated to achieve a situation acceptable to the public outside those directly involved. This is because the extent of the possible effects of artificial intervention on genes has yet to be fully understood. Genes are inherited not only in the body of the patient being treated but also in the patient&#x2019;s children, grandchildren, and several generations to come. To what extent will the effects of human intervention be felt in the next and succeeding generations, and whether there will be any side effects is unpredictable without some degree of prediction. Genes may also have a negligible impact on other genetic parts of the body.</p>
<p>In the face of technology that must be considered under a long-term system of responsibility, or, to put it another way, technology that has exceeded its life-size, we have many things to consider, such as what and to what extent we should acknowledge and prepare for as the extent of our responsibility, and, having acknowledged the duties that our generation of professionals can assume and those that they cannot, what kind of system we should build for the responsibilities that our generation cannot assume.</p>
<p>There is also an implicit assumption that enhancement should not be an intervention that results in losing a person&#x2019;s identity as a human being. Such a technical intervention is a matter of personal dignity, as it changes the person so much that they can no longer be identified as the person they are. The question is the possibility and relevance of technological interventions to realise the posthuman stage.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31730-EN">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Post-humanism as a metaphor for beyond the traditional unified model of human</italic></title>
<p>To contemplate the future of education in the posthuman era, it is essential to continuously examine the possibilities and validity of enhancing human functions in tandem with the rapid technological advancements mentioned earlier. Additionally, one must consider the combination of challenges involving embracing the diversity of values from humans, living beings, and inanimate objects and creating a world and educational environment that accommodates such diversity.</p>
<p>As mentioned in the preceding section, alongside the perspective focusing on technological innovation, another viewpoint shifts attention from the conventional understanding of humanity based on a universal human model. Instead, it focuses on aspects such as the expressions and ways of interacting with the world seen in human behaviour, emphasizing the diversity of humanity. Under the recognition of an era where humanity, through the creation of technological civilization, has become a force shaping the future of all living and non-living entities on Earth, the exploration of what it means to be human has gained increased significance. In this age where humanity plays a pivotal role in determining the future of all entities on Earth through technological civilization, it is crucial to expand and deepen insights into the role of humans. We can broaden and deepen our understanding of the human role on Earth by probing questions such as &#x201C;What is humanity?&#x201D; and &#x201C;How can one better understand oneself?&#x201D;. Only by delving deeper into self-awareness and utilising that knowledge to alter our behaviour can humanity contain the threats it has brought upon itself. The risks arising from industrialization, the progress of capitalism, and the acceleration in various aspects of life endanger human existence and threaten the survival of all entities inhabiting the Earth.</p>
<p>The Earth faces many challenges, including climate change, the collapse of biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, environmental pollution, and the destruction caused by non-renewable energy sources. The warning against anthropocentrism becoming a human-centric ideology, where only the well-being of humans matters, is fundamental to the discussions in posthumanism. In such contexts, the Anthropocene is perceived not just as an epoch to be overcome but has led to the creation of numerous derivative terms, including &#x201C;Capitalocene&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31730-EN">Moore 2017</xref>), &#x201C;Chthulucene&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31730-EN">Haraway, 2016</xref>) and others.</p>
<p>The proliferation of such neologisms indicates the need to reconsider the constitution and functioning of living and non-living beings, arising from a critical perspective towards the worldview that needs to be overcome. The question posed about humanity involves acknowledging the transformations in various aspects of human life due to societal changes and recognising it as a crucial challenge for the upbringing and education of the next generation.</p>
<p>Exploring human existence is a fundamental philosophical inquiry, and philosophers from diverse backgrounds have sought to elucidate common characteristics shared by humans and extract their universality. Conversely, perspectives assert that such so-called &#x201C;universal models&#x201D; are biased by &#x2018;the objectivity equal universality&#x2019; and are influenced by the biases of the times, societies, and cultures. Some argue that these models, entrenched in specific values such as colonialism, gender discrimination, and racial prejudice, should be re-examined (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31730-EN">Mohamed et al., 2020</xref>). In this view, the concept of &#x201C;humanity&#x201D; is seen as defining the conditions historically set to be considered as &#x201C;human,&#x201D; and the so-called &#x201C;universal human model&#x201D; has been used to categorize and oppress those deemed &#x201C;non-human,&#x201D; creating divisions among different human groups.</p>
<p>This perspective highlights the exercise of various forms of societal oppression through the categorization of &#x201C;human&#x201D; and &#x201C;non-human&#x201D; based on values that have historically been dominated by Western supremacy, patriarchal systems, and other prevailing ideologies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31730-EN">Ashcroft, 2006</xref>). The ongoing discussions that critically examine existing human models seem to use the term &#x201C;posthuman&#x201D; metaphorically, not merely to depict a new human or posthuman image concretely but rather to signify something that is not yet present.</p>
<p>In attempting to question oneself in response to the complexity of the current era, a variety of perspectives from disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, behavioural science, archaeology, biology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, and more can be helpful. Moreover, engaging with diverse values stemming from different social and cultural backgrounds is essential to relativize the implicit values one unconsciously carries since birth. The ability to comprehensively understand human beings and their behaviour in this world by combining multiple perspectives might enable timely actions to alleviate the threats faced by the Earth.</p>
<p>In the current era of accelerated technological innovation, as mentioned earlier, there is a simultaneous progression towards the diversification of information sources and the pluralization of information channels. Conversely, due to an information-poor power balance, phenomena such as centralization of information, information manipulation, and information guidance leading to unification must be allowed. Enhancing various fundamental functions, such as an individual&#x2019;s task performance capability, through technological innovation is a transformative journey for humans toward the posthuman stage. Skills and abilities frequently employed tend to increase proficiency and development, while those no longer in use gradually fade from memory. Following the process of rearranging these skills and abilities, which accompanies the progress of technological civilization, and adopting a diachronic perspective to understand the state of everyone over time is crucial. Simultaneously, a synchronic perspective is necessary to comprehend different others and alternative entities sharing the same time. By intertwining diachronic and synchronic perspectives toward humans, a more comprehensive outlook is generated on human behaviour and human beings. Human exploration can be seen as an inquiry into the characteristics inherent in humans, namely, the &#x201C;unity in diversity&#x201D; (unitas multiplex).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-31730-EN">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he challenges of education through the posthuman debate in the age of</sc> AI</bold></title>
<p>Looking back at the debate on what comes after humans and post-humans and the background to this debate, we have explored perspectives on HX and the clues for looking to the future of education from this perspective. What emerges from this is whether humans can continue to be human as we understand them today. Will we still belong to the same category of human beings as we are today and still fit into the category of human beings as so-called Human 2.0, even after functional enhancements and the acquisition of functions as man-machine systems?</p>
<p>This section presents some challenges from my perspective that education professionals will face when imagining the next generation of education, based on the assumption that humans will remain human in the broadest sense of the category while being influenced by the posthuman debate. I will also briefly discuss the possibilities of tackling these challenges by reviewing the knowledge we have already accumulated in confronting them.</p>
<sec id="sec-9-31730-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title><italic>Cultivate resilience in the face of technological innovation</italic></title>
<p>First, it is necessary to create a situation in which people can manage technology wisely, even when the overall flow of technological innovation cannot be stopped, i.e. to free themselves from the tendency to depend on technology by securing a position in which they can fine-tune technological progress and its direction. Acquiring the skills and capabilities to use new technologies is essential. At the same time, it is necessary to adjust the balance so that people are not used to technology. This requires resilience in the face of technological innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31730-EN">OECD, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>At the same time, it is necessary to be aware of the skills and competencies related to old technologies that are being forgotten as new technologies are used. In situations where power supply becomes difficult through disasters or conflicts, societies and people who are too dependent on digital technology based on securing power will be at a loss. Education must also look at old skills and abilities that are somehow lost without ever being used, and at the very least, through fixed-point observations of human skills and abilities, grasp how humanity is recombining them in adapting to or building the environment. In some cases, newly acquired skills and abilities may function better using older skills and abilities. In addition, to become aware of the state of habitual dependence on digital devices, it may be helpful to impose on oneself a period, such as two or three days or a week, in which one does not touch digital devices, to become aware of the digital dependence of one&#x2019;s lifestyle, and to try to achieve a balance between analogue and digital thinking. This may be an effective way to balance analogue and digital thinking. The future of pedagogy requires a perspective that expands the scale of the time-space scale, which considers the progress of technological civilisation to date and looks forward to the transformation of human beings.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31730-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title><italic>Rethink the way we perceive skills and capability</italic></title>
    <p>Today, when we are constantly connected to various information devices and make full use of them in our daily lives, can we continue to think of human abilities and skills in the same way as before? In school education, competence has generally been assessed based on the performance of specific tasks tangibly. The assumption was that competence was seen as something that belonged to the inner life of the individual human being, the person as an individual unit. However, in the world of the era of digital transformation, where people and people and things are closely connected, it will be necessary to grasp human abilities and skills from a new perspective, such as the achievement of tasks in collaboration with AI as a man-machine system or the joint management of functions within a collective agreement. The so-called &#x201C;infosphere&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31730-EN">Floridi, 2014</xref>), composed of data and information, can be considered environmental intelligence. The perspective of looking at human functions as an actor in this ecological intelligence will also impact how human abilities and skills are perceived (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31730-EN">Adams et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31730-EN">Taylor &#x0026; Hughes, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>At the same time, it is necessary to re-examine the function of group learning and rediscover its significance. This is the significance of &#x2018;face-to-face learning&#x2019;, sharing the same place and time. The author has conducted a comparative field study of Japanese and German schools using historical, anthropological methods conducted with the Free University of Berlin. For example, from the perspective of the Japanese-German field research, the classroom can be seen as a stage in the sense that it is a place of communication between teachers and students, resonating through the interaction of various performances and creating a &#x2018;place&#x2019; for learning. Classrooms can be seen as stages in that they resonate through the interaction of multiple performances and create a &#x2018;place&#x2019; for learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31730-EN">Suzuki, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>The repetition of communication and performance between pupils and between pupils and teachers becomes a behavioural pattern or habit, which, from an anthropological perspective, takes on a kind of ritualistic character. It is inherited through mutual imitation in the group and is updated, modified, and edited to match the needs of the times and circumstances <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31730-EN">Wulf, 2013</xref>). In this sense, the school is a place or stage where diverse learning can be experienced. There, elements deeply related to non-verbal and non-cognitive skills, such as physical and tacit knowledge, play an important role, such as non-verbal communication, a-un breathing, mutual gestures, facial and body expressions, and tone of voice.</p>
<p>Given the rapid progress in the development of AI, which is rapidly advancing in the direction of imitating human behaviour and reproducing it in terms of computational intelligence, it is important to shed more light on cultural learning, also known as non-cognitive learning. By focusing on the workings of human intelligence, which cannot be replaced by artificial intelligence, we may be able to find the last bastion of human nature. Sensitivity and the ability to sense beauty, which works differently from reason, practical intelligence that makes decisions in situations, phronesis, tact as tactile intelligence (tact or tactfulness), and tacit and bodily knowledge fall into such a category (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31730-EN">Polanyi, 1966</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31730-EN">Suzuki, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-31730-EN">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title><italic>Integration of attempts to optimise learning individually and guarantee diversity in learning</italic></title>
<p>With the use of AI, education is moving away from the one-size-fits-all approach often found in group learning to achieve individual optimisation of learning, such that the individual needs and styles of learners are respected. Through individual optimisation of learning, education can be more targeted and tailored to individual interests and learning aspirations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31730-EN">Ahmad et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>At the same time, education is about transmitting knowledge and co-creating with learning peers and experiencing different learning styles and ways of understanding diversity from their own. By respecting and integrating different cultures, languages and values into educational programmes, learners relativise their cultural identity and learn respect and esteem for different cultures. As a result, education will move from the mere transmission of information to the collaborative sharing and creation of knowledge, stimulating the promotion of new ideas and projects in the educational field. Recognising that education is a process of knowledge co-creation, AI technologies will support large-scale data analysis and collaborative projects, providing a platform for learners and researchers to form knowledge and generate new ideas jointly. This nexus will open new knowledge-sharing and creation possibilities, making future education more creative and innovative.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</body>
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