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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31721</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31721</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Pedagogía Digital. Revisión sistemática del concepto </article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Digital Pedagogy. Systematic Review of the Concept</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6558-4321</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Suárez-Guerrero</surname>
<given-names>Crist&#x00F3;bal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5328-5319</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez-Esteban</surname>
<given-names>Prudencia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-7391</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Ayuso-Delpuerto</surname>
<given-names>Desir&#x00E9;e</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Extremadura. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Extremadura</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>cristobal.suarez@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>pruden@unex.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>deayusodelp@unex.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>157</fpage>
    <lpage>178</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>La pedagog&#x00ED;a es clave para comprender la cada vez m&#x00E1;s compleja relaci&#x00F3;n entre educaci&#x00F3;n y tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital. No obstante, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital? Este problema, lejos de ser un tema nominal, es fundamental para identificar desde qu&#x00E9; posicionamiento construimos, intervenimos o problematizamos la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en educaci&#x00F3;n. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, el objetivo del trabajo fue conocer qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital en la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica generada en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas y esclarecer desde qu&#x00E9; sesgos se construye, qu&#x00E9; prioriza y qu&#x00E9; problemas se pueden identificar desde sus matices. Por ello, tras analizar la presencia de los conceptos que mejor podr&#x00ED;an evidenciar la relaci&#x00F3;n entre pedagog&#x00ED;a y tecnolog&#x00ED;a (&#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;online pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;virtual pedagogy&#x201D; y &#x201C;ict pedagogy&#x201D;), se realiz&#x00F3; una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA del concepto predominante, &#x201C;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x201D;, presente en las investigaciones indexadas en Web of Science (WoS) en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas (2001 a 2022). Gracias al an&#x00E1;lisis de los trabajos que cumpl&#x00ED;an con los criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n e exclusi&#x00F3;n se puede se&#x00F1;alar que la definici&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital gira en torno a tres campos sem&#x00E1;nticos: dos bien definidos y con mayor tradici&#x00F3;n, como son la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica y la pedagog&#x00ED;a entendida como metodolog&#x00ED;a de ense&#x00F1;anza, y a un tercer grupo conceptualmente heterog&#x00E9;neo con motivaciones y concreciones propias. Aunque la definici&#x00F3;n de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital se mueva n&#x00ED;tidamente en los dos campos sem&#x00E1;nticos predominantes, no hay que perder de vista el tercer grupo que pueden poner a la vista problemas de investigaci&#x00F3;n no tradicionales o visibles para los dos marcos anteriores. En general, ya que cada campo sem&#x00E1;ntico supone posicionamientos educativos respecto a lo que se supone es la tarea de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, la tarea de definir pedagog&#x00ED;a digital es en s&#x00ED; mismo un problema pedag&#x00F3;gico.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Pedagogy is essential to understanding the increasingly complex relationship between education and digital technology. But what is digital pedagogy? Far from being a nominal question, this issue is fundamental to identify from which position we build, intervene or problematise technology in education. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to know what is meant by the term &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D; in the scientific literature of the last two decades and to clarify the biases on which it is built, what it prioritises and what problems can be identified from its nuances. To this end, after analysing the presence of the concepts that could best illustrate the relationship between pedagogy and technology (&#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;online pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;virtual pedagogy&#x201D; and &#x201C;ICT pedagogy&#x201D;), a systematic review of the concept of &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D; present in the research indexed in Web of Science (WoS) over the last two decades (2001 to 2022) was carried out following the PRISMA protocol. The analysis of the selected works shows that the definition of digital pedagogy revolves around three semantic fields: two are well defined and have a greater tradition &#x2013; critical pedagogy and pedagogy understood as a didactic methodology &#x2013; and the third is conceptually heterogeneous, with its own motivations and concretions. Although the definition of digital pedagogy moves strongly in the two dominant semantic fields, we must not overlook that the third group may reveal non-traditional or visible research problems for the two previous frameworks. In general, the task of defining digital pedagogy is in itself a pedagogical problem, because each semantic field implies an educational positioning in relation to what is supposed to be the task of digital pedagogy.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>digitalizaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>tecnolog&#x00ED;a educacional</kwd>
<kwd>investigaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>digitization</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>educational technology</kwd>
<kwd>educational research</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31721-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n y la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital siguen derroteros distintos marcados por prioridades, metodolog&#x00ED;as y din&#x00E1;micas propias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31721-ES">Loveless, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31721-ES">Ornellas y Sancho, 2015</xref>) pero concurren, cada vez con mayor intensidad, cuando se busca ampliar las fronteras de la educaci&#x00F3;n y de la educabilidad a trav&#x00E9;s de la digitalizaci&#x00F3;n. Esta tendencia ha alcanzado su m&#x00E1;ximo esplendor cuando la educaci&#x00F3;n, como otras actividades en pandemia, se abri&#x00F3; de forma masiva, global y por ensayo y error, a la b&#x00FA;squeda de una respuesta digital para mantener viva la escuela en la pandemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31721-ES">Pokhrel y Chhetri, 2021</xref>), tanto es as&#x00ED; que hoy se puede hablar de plataformizaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n como rasgo distintivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n en pandemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31721-ES">Rivas, 2021</xref>). Pero, entre la educaci&#x00F3;n y la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; papel juega la pedagog&#x00ED;a?</p>
<p>De forma general, educar es mucho m&#x00E1;s complejo que usar la aplicaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica m&#x00E1;s sofisticada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31721-ES">Goetz, 2020</xref>). Muchos estudios alertan sobre la necesidad de una pedagog&#x00ED;a enfocada en el desarrollo educativo con tecnolog&#x00ED;a y que no solo hable de consumo tecnol&#x00F3;gico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31721-ES">Selwyn <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>); otros de la necesidad de desarrollar pedagog&#x00ED;a como encuadres conceptuales b&#x00E1;sicos para que la tecnolog&#x00ED;a pueda realmente funcionar y ser significativa a la experiencia de aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31721-ES">Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>) y otros en cambio, llaman la atenci&#x00F3;n sobre los justificados dilemas que puede generar construir una pedagog&#x00ED;a exclusiva para una &#x00FA;nica variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31721-ES">Meirieu, 2021</xref>). Tambi&#x00E9;n hay quienes asumen que la tarea de la pedagog&#x00ED;a, adem&#x00E1;s de prescribir soluciones, es problematizarla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31721-ES">Bykov y Leshchenko, 2016</xref>). Con todo, la pedagog&#x00ED;a es clave para pensar y usar la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la educaci&#x00F3;n, pues no hay desarrollo educativo sin un discurso, enfoque, problematizaci&#x00F3;n o saber pedag&#x00F3;gico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31721-ES">Lewin y Lundie, 2016</xref>). Como precisa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31721-ES">Selwyn (2016)</xref> existe una necesidad de encarar la &#x201C;tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la educaci&#x00F3;n como algo problem&#x00E1;tico. Esto no quiere decir que la tecnolog&#x00ED;a sea un problema, pero s&#x00ED; se reconoce la necesidad de hacer preguntas serias sobre el uso de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (p. 10).</p>
<p>Consecuentemente, y esto debe quedar meridianamente claro, el trabajo y debate pedag&#x00F3;gico sobre la tecnolog&#x00ED;a est&#x00E1; atado, indefectiblemente, al debate de los fines de la educaci&#x00F3;n, del modelo de humanidad que se busca. Pero aqu&#x00ED; hay un obst&#x00E1;culo: las tecnolog&#x00ED;as no son inocuas, tambi&#x00E9;n tienen sus fines. No se trata de una cualidad singular de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales, sino que los fines forman parte intr&#x00ED;nseca de todo sistema tecnol&#x00F3;gico como ya comentaba <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-77-31721-ES">Winner (1999)</xref>: los artefactos tambi&#x00E9;n son entidades pol&#x00ED;ticas porque entra&#x00F1;an un para qu&#x00E9;. Por ello, en la reflexi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica sobre lo digital, como precisan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31721-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo y Mart&#x00ED;n-Lucas (2021)</xref>, no solo cabe el debate sobre la eficacia did&#x00E1;ctica, sino tambi&#x00E9;n analizar la dimensione teleol&#x00F3;gica. Es aqu&#x00ED; donde se inscribir&#x00ED;a la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital.</p>
<p>Omitir la pedagog&#x00ED;a, su tradici&#x00F3;n, sus fuentes o su base emp&#x00ED;rica, en palabras de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31721-ES">Meirieu (2021)</xref> experimentar una &#x201C;amnesia pedag&#x00F3;gica&#x201D;, lleva a quienes desarrollan tecnolog&#x00ED;a a &#x201C;descubrir&#x201D; ideas ya planteadas con anterioridad, pero lo m&#x00E1;s importante, puede llevar a omitir una visi&#x00F3;n holista del proyecto humano donde cabe y tiene significado la tecnolog&#x00ED;a. La pedagog&#x00ED;a, ese marco conceptual que en la pr&#x00E1;ctica aquilatamos sobre el por qu&#x00E9;, para qu&#x00E9;, qu&#x00E9;, c&#x00F3;mo, con qui&#x00E9;n, cu&#x00E1;ndo o d&#x00F3;nde educar se hace necesario, justificado, cuando el esplendor tecnol&#x00F3;gico omite el proyecto educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31721-ES">Gros y Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero, 2016</xref>). Esto es, adem&#x00E1;s de las preguntas sobre la eficacia did&#x00E1;ctica de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje, la pedagog&#x00ED;a debe atender las preguntas antropol&#x00F3;gico-filos&#x00F3;ficas y &#x00E9;tico-pol&#x00ED;ticas que forman parte del sentido educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31721-ES">Higgins, 2021</xref>). En general, la pedagog&#x00ED;a recuerda la necesidad de preguntar sobre &#x201C;&#x00BF;cu&#x00E1;l es el proyecto humano?&#x201D;, cuesti&#x00F3;n que antecede a la pregunta &#x201C;&#x00BF;con qu&#x00E9; educar?&#x201D;. Poner la tecnolog&#x00ED;a despu&#x00E9;s de un ejercicio pedag&#x00F3;gico es un proceso necesario, no solo coherente con la educaci&#x00F3;n, sino tambi&#x00E9;n &#x00E9;tico y significativo para el proyecto humano al que se debe.</p>
<p>No obstante, y este es el aporte que busca este trabajo, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital? Para empezar, no se trata solo de un ejercicio acad&#x00E9;mico de definici&#x00F3;n fatua, sino de conocer desde qu&#x00E9; posicionamiento construimos, intervenimos y problematizamos la relaci&#x00F3;n entre educaci&#x00F3;n y tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital. Comprender el discurso, el mundo de significados con el que se aprehende el mundo implica, como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-75-31721-ES">Wenger (2001)</xref>, comprender a qu&#x00E9; prestar atenci&#x00F3;n, qu&#x00E9; problemas esperar y qu&#x00E9; otros atender. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, los enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos son clave para entender la novedad tecnol&#x00F3;gica en educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31721-ES">Brailovsky, 2018</xref>). Desde esa perspectiva, comprender a qu&#x00E9; le prestamos atenci&#x00F3;n cuando hablamos de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, un concepto que data de hace m&#x00E1;s de dos d&#x00E9;cadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31721-ES">Cuff, 2001</xref>) y que presenta desarrollos sustanciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31721-ES">Lewin, y Lundie, 2016</xref>) con problemas propios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31721-ES">Volkova <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>) e, es clave para dise&#x00F1;ar mejores experiencias educativas con tecnolog&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31721-ES">Williamson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31721-ES">Doucet <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Esa tarea de comprensi&#x00F3;n conceptual no es banal. No cabe duda de que la tecnolog&#x00ED;a influye en nuestras vidas, como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31721-ES">Floridi (2015)</xref>, pues las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la informaci&#x00F3;n y la comunicaci&#x00F3;n no son meras herramientas, sino que afectan cada vez m&#x00E1;s a &#x201C;1. Nuestra autoconcepci&#x00F3;n (qui&#x00E9;nes somos); 2. Nuestras interacciones mutuas (c&#x00F3;mo socializamos); 3. Nuestra concepci&#x00F3;n de la realidad (nuestra metaf&#x00ED;sica); y 4. Nuestras interacciones con la realidad (nuestra acci&#x00F3;n)&#x201D; (p. 2). Si bien, esto no termina aqu&#x00ED;. Si bien es cierto que hay un sistema tecnol&#x00F3;gico que no es neutral, la idea con la que se representa sesga su uso. En el caso de la educaci&#x00F3;n, por ejemplo, no es lo mismo usar internet con una visi&#x00F3;n y valores sostenidos en un modelo basado en <italic>Google</italic>, que en una visi&#x00F3;n y valores pr&#x00F3;ximos con los que construye <italic>Wikipedia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31721-ES">Ricaurte, 2016</xref>) o la cultura Maker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31721-ES">Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero, y Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Esteban, 2018</xref>). Desde una visi&#x00F3;n sociocultural, la tecnolog&#x00ED;a como herramienta de mediaci&#x00F3;n permite una acci&#x00F3;n concreta, pero, adem&#x00E1;s, una forma de representaci&#x00F3;n que a&#x00F1;ade una finalidad de uso. Existe, por tanto, un lenguaje educativo digital que no son solo palabras, sino marcos de comprensi&#x00F3;n sumamente importantes que como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31721-ES">Pangrazio y Sefton-Green (2021)</xref>, implican marcos epistemol&#x00F3;gicos y ontol&#x00F3;gicos que permiten teorizar y actuar sobre c&#x00F3;mo aprenden las personas en la sociedad digital actual. Como la educaci&#x00F3;n hoy en d&#x00ED;a no se sostiene sin contar, en mayor o menor medida, con la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital, comprender el campo de la representaci&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa con &#x2013;o en- el soporte digital se convierte en un tema clave para la reflexi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica. Este campo concreto es la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital.</p>
<p>En s&#x00ED;ntesis, es importante tener acceso a la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital en educaci&#x00F3;n, pero adem&#x00E1;s saber qu&#x00E9; hacer con ella. Es aqu&#x00ED; donde cabe la pedagog&#x00ED;a, como disciplina y actitud, para poder comprender el papel, los l&#x00ED;mites y las posibilidades de <italic>lo digital</italic> en la educaci&#x00F3;n. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, el objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital en la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica generada en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas y esclarecer desde qu&#x00E9; sesgos se construye, qu&#x00E9; prioriza y qu&#x00E9; problemas se pueden identificar desde sus matices.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31721-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>etodolog&#x00ED;a</sc></bold></title>
<p>Para abordar este objetivo, y sabiendo que este trabajo forma parte de un esfuerzo mayor de revisi&#x00F3;n del concepto en otras fuentes y otras metodolog&#x00ED;as, se busca caracterizar el concepto de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital presente en las investigaciones de la <italic>Web of Science</italic> (WoS) en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas (2001 a 2022). A pesar que entre Scopus y WoS hay solapamiento de trabajos, motivo que permitir&#x00ED;a trabajar con cualquiera de ellas, en esta revisi&#x00F3;n se opt&#x00F3; por realizar esta b&#x00FA;squeda en WoS porque, como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31721-ES">Codina (2022)</xref>, WoS no es una base de datos exactamente, es en realidad varias bases de datos que, a su vez, est&#x00E1;n compuestas por varias sub-bases de datos (&#x00ED;ndices), posee una gran cobertura en ciencias sociales y humanidades y tiene un prestigio contrastado ganado por sus controles regulares de calidad. La idea es partir de WoS y ver, posteriormente, c&#x00F3;mo se presenta el concepto de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital otras bases de datos regionales por ejemplo o, incluso, en fuentes menos estructuradas como las redes sociales.</p>
<p>La pregunta central de este estudio es: &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; se entiende bajo el concepto de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital? No obstante, antes se impon&#x00ED;a otro interrogante: &#x00BF;por qu&#x00E9; pedagog&#x00ED;a digital? Para despejar esta primera criba se valor&#x00F3; qu&#x00E9; concepto podr&#x00ED;a representar mejor la relaci&#x00F3;n entre la pedagog&#x00ED;a y la tecnolog&#x00ED;a actual, ya que para el caso de una revisi&#x00F3;n era mejor acotar el objeto de estudio. Para despejar este tema se seleccionaron cuatro conceptos que se repet&#x00ED;an en la literatura a la que ten&#x00ED;an acceso los investigadores cuya &#x00E1;rea de investigaci&#x00F3;n en la tecnolog&#x00ED;a educativa. Para decidir qu&#x00E9; concepto era el que mejor podr&#x00ED;a representar la relaci&#x00F3;n pedagog&#x00ED;a y tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital, primero, se evaluaron la din&#x00E1;mica de los cuatro conceptos en WoS y se cotej&#x00F3; la tendencia en Google.</p>
<p>Primero, para seleccionar este concepto como objeto de estudio, en primer lugar, se busc&#x00F3; los t&#x00E9;rminos que mejor podr&#x00ED;an representar la relaci&#x00F3;n pedagog&#x00ED;a y tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital en educaci&#x00F3;n: &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; y &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; en <italic>WoS Core Collection</italic> del siguiente modo:</p>
<p>A finales de diciembre de 2022 se realiz&#x00F3; una b&#x00FA;squeda en WoS del t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; por t&#x00ED;tulo arroj&#x00F3; 55 resultados. Los dos primeros trabajos con este concepto datan del 2001. De todo ese volumen, 33 son art&#x00ED;culos cient&#x00ED;ficos. Tomando como base los 33 art&#x00ED;culos desarrolladas por 17 &#x00E1;reas de investigaci&#x00F3;n se observ&#x00F3; que 22 trabajos corresponden al &#x00E1;rea de investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa, seguido por 6 procedentes de las artes y humanidades y, 5 de las ciencias de la computaci&#x00F3;n y con menos de 4 trabajos el resto de 14 &#x00E1;reas.</p>
<p>En otra b&#x00FA;squeda, en la misma fecha anterior, el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; arroja 29 resultados. El primer trabajo se registra en el a&#x00F1;o 2004. De este volumen, 29 son art&#x00ED;culos cient&#x00ED;ficos de 16 &#x00E1;reas de investigaci&#x00F3;n. Tomando como base los 29 art&#x00ED;culos cient&#x00ED;ficos, 23 trabajos pertenecen al &#x00E1;rea de investigaci&#x00F3;n educacional, 7 a las ciencias de la computaci&#x00F3;n de 14 disciplinas est&#x00E1; por debajo de tres trabajos.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, la b&#x00FA;squeda del t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY report&#x00F3; la entrada m&#x00E1;s antigua en el a&#x00F1;o 2007, 4 entradas, pero solo 2 de ellas como art&#x00ED;culo cient&#x00ED;fico realizados por 3 &#x00E1;reas de investigaci&#x00F3;n. Por otro lado, el primer trabajo con &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; data del 2005, posee 7 entradas, de las cueles 5 son art&#x00ED;culos cient&#x00ED;ficos realizadas por 4 &#x00E1;reas de investigaci&#x00F3;n. Todas estas b&#x00FA;squedas se hicieron la misma fecha.</p>
<p>La presencia cuantitativa de &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; como &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; en WoS es muy baja y la raz&#x00F3;n por la que se las descartan de, por lo menos, un estudio de revisi&#x00F3;n como es este trabajo. Ahora bien, se opt&#x00F3; por estudiar el concepto de &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; no solo por un tema cuantitativo, ya que posee m&#x00E1;s trabajos que &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, sino porque &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; es un concepto relativamente m&#x00E1;s antiguo, pero que se mantienen al alza en una din&#x00E1;mica ascendente en cuanto a art&#x00ED;culos cient&#x00ED;ficos, mientras que &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; se muestra irregular y con tendencia a la baja. Esta situaci&#x00F3;n, que inclino la decisi&#x00F3;n a trabajar con &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; se pudo comprobar gracias a la herramienta de an&#x00E1;lisis de resultados de WoS donde se observa que en &#x00FA;ltimos 5 a&#x00F1;os (2018-2022) &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; registra 24 trabajos, siendo el pico en 2021 con 10 trabajos y &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, registra 10 trabajos en ese mismo periodo, siendo el pico el 2019 con 5 trabajos.</p>
<p>Segundo, para confirmar la tendencia detectada en WoS sobre la actualidad del concepto &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, se procedi&#x00F3; a buscar si este concepto era de uso com&#x00FA;n, por lo menos, en las b&#x00FA;squedas de los usuarios de Google. Para ello se us&#x00F3; Google Trends. Ya que los conceptos se buscaban en ingl&#x00E9;s, se procedi&#x00F3; con una b&#x00FA;squeda global en el campo m&#x00E1;s cercano al de la pedagog&#x00ED;a que era &#x201C;empleo y educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; ya que el resto estaba muy alejado del tema en cuesti&#x00F3;n. Se busc&#x00F3; &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;online pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;ICT pedagogy&#x201D; y &#x201C;virtual pedagogy&#x201D; desde el 2004 hasta el 2022. Se detect&#x00F3; que el concepto &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; fue un concepto dominante hasta en 2008, pero en 2009, destaca ya &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; que, a pesar de no tener un gran repunte, se mantiene como una b&#x00FA;squeda constante y mayor que &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D;. Por otro lado, &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; desaparece, mientras que &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; se mantiene, aunque su presencia es muy d&#x00E9;bil.</p>
<p>Luego de despejar y comprobar la importancia del concepto &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; visto en ambos procesos (WoS y Google), se procedi&#x00F3; con el proceso de revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica basado en el procedimiento PRISMA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31721-ES">Moher <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>), un procedimiento que forma parte de los estudios basados en revisiones sistem&#x00E1;ticas que vienen demostrando su eficacia para el an&#x00E1;lisis de grandes vol&#x00FA;menes de informaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica en las ciencias sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31721-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-Pe&#x00F1;alvo, 2022</xref>). Este estudio, por tanto, se puede caracterizar como una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica, a trav&#x00E9;s de PRISMA, del concepto de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital para esclarecer las definiciones contenidas en los trabajos de investigaci&#x00F3;n indexadas en la base de datos multidisciplinar <italic>Web of Science Core</italic>.</p>
<p>Al mismo tiempo, para profundizar en el concepto &#x201C;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x201D;, en la <italic>Web of Science Core</italic> se procedi&#x00F3; a recuperar la mayor informaci&#x00F3;n posible a trav&#x00E9;s de la b&#x00FA;squeda por temas de &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;. La primera fase en PRISMA, la identificaci&#x00F3;n, arroja 197 resultados sobre &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; existentes en <italic>Web of Science Core</italic> entre 2001 y 2022, dos d&#x00E9;cadas de desarrollo analizadas. En este primer lote de trabajos hay 46 &#x00E1;reas de investigaci&#x00F3;n (71,21 % en investigaci&#x00F3;n educacional, seguido por ciencias de la computaci&#x00F3;n 18,93 %, artes, humanidades y afines 8.33 %, ciencias de la informaci&#x00F3;n con 8.33 % y el resto de las disciplinas por debajo de 4,54 %) y el primer art&#x00ED;culo data del 2009.</p>
<p>En la fase de revisi&#x00F3;n se emplearon criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n y exclusi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31721-ES">Tabla 1</xref>) no solo claves para un estudio de este tipo, sino tambi&#x00E9;n necesarios para la replicabilidad de este procedimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31721-ES">Gough <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Tras el filtrado se eliminan 134 trabajos porque no cumpl&#x00ED;an con los criterios y eran, por ejemplo, comunicaciones en congresos, revisiones, fuente inexistente, publicados en otros idiomas o tan solo hac&#x00ED;an alusi&#x00F3;n al concepto &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; en las palabras clave o en el t&#x00ED;tulo, sin mayor presencia o desarrollo en el cuerpo del trabajo. Este proceso permiti&#x00F3; contar con 63 trabajos para la siguiente fase.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31721-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>riterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n y exclusi&#x00F3;n del estudio sobre &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31721-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Criterios inclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Concepto</p>
<p>Tipo</p>
<p>Disponibilidad</p>
<p>Tipo de estudio</p>
<p>A&#x00F1;o</p>
<p>Idioma</p>
<p>Contenido</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Contiene &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; como tema en WoS Core Collection</p>
<p>Art&#x00ED;culo en revista cient&#x00ED;fica arbitrada</p>
<p>Abierto/cerrado texto completo</p>
<p>Emp&#x00ED;rico/ensayo</p>
<p>Desde 2001 a 2022</p>
<p>Ingl&#x00E9;s</p>
<p>Existe contenido sobre &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><bold>Criterios exclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Concepto</p>
<p>Tipo</p>
<p>Disponibilidad</p>
<p>Tipo de estudio</p>
<p>A&#x00F1;o</p>
<p>Idioma</p>
<p>Contenido</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>No contiene &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; como tema en WoS Core Collection</p>
<p>Libros, cap&#x00ED;tulos de libros, comunicaciones&#x2026;</p>
<p>Texto parcial, o solo resumen</p>
<p>Revisi&#x00F3;n o metaan&#x00E1;lisis</p>
<p>Anterior a 2001</p>
<p>Otros que no sean idioma ingl&#x00E9;s</p>
<p>Solo contiene &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; en las palabras clave/t&#x00ED;tulo.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>La elegibilidad, la tercera fase en PRISMA, se realiza sobre los 63 trabajos obtenidos en la fase anterior, pero atendiendo a un an&#x00E1;lisis m&#x00E1;s profundo sobre el contenido a texto completo que discrimina entre el desarrollo del concepto &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; de forma expl&#x00ED;cita, es decir, el trabajo asume una definici&#x00F3;n y se esfuerza por caracterizar el mencionado concepto y los trabajos que desarrollan sus ideas sobre una noci&#x00F3;n de &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; de forma impl&#x00ED;cita, esto es, se usa el t&#x00E9;rmino, s&#x00ED;, pero sin proponer o asumir una definici&#x00F3;n clara o mostrar un posicionamiento palmario. Este proceso permiti&#x00F3; identificar dos grupos: 20 trabajos con definiciones explicitas sobre &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; y 43 trabajos que asumen una noci&#x00F3;n impl&#x00ED;cita &#x2013;a veces difusa- del concepto de &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;. Este estudio se basa en el grupo de trabajos que asumen una definici&#x00F3;n explicita sobre &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31721-ES">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31721-ES">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>iagrama de flujo hasta la obtenci&#x00F3;n de registros finales bajo el modelo prisma</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31721-ES.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31721-ES" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esultados</sc></bold></title>
<p>Las definiciones sobre pedagog&#x00ED;a digital se pueden agrupar en tres grupos: dos grupos n&#x00ED;tidos que poseen una claridad conceptual definida y un grupo heterog&#x00E9;neo de definiciones. A un lado, caben las definiciones orientadas desde una visi&#x00F3;n basada en la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica y, al otro, aqu&#x00E9;llas que asumen la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como metodolog&#x00ED;a docente. En el centro se encuentran una serie de definiciones que ampl&#x00ED;an, concretan o abren diversos aspectos no contemplados en los dos extremos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31721-ES">Figura 2</xref>). No obstante, todas estas agrupaciones, que es el campo sem&#x00E1;ntico donde se mueven las definiciones de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, suponen posicionamientos educativos diferentes respecto a la pedagog&#x00ED;a y a lo digital.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-31721-ES">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>efiniciones de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-31721-ES.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
    <p>El primer grupo de definiciones sobre Pedagog&#x00ED;a Digital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-31721-ES">Figura 3</xref>) entiende esta disciplina como metodolog&#x00ED;a de ense&#x00F1;anza con tecnolog&#x00ED;a. Esta generalidad es asumida por definiciones como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31721-ES">Naidoo (2020)</xref> que hace suya esta definici&#x00F3;n: &#x201C;La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, que es una estrategia de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje que utiliza plataformas digitales, se considera una t&#x00E9;cnica para evitar la propagaci&#x00F3;n del contagio por el virus COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31721-ES">Murgatrotd, 2020</xref>)&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31721-ES">Naidoo, 2020</xref>, p. 1).</p>
    <fig id="fig-3-31721-ES">
        <label>F<sc>igura</sc> 3</label>
        <caption><title>E<sc>nfoques y autores sobre pedagog&#x00ED;a digital</sc></title></caption>
        <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-31721-ES.jpg"/>
        <attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
    </fig>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31721-ES">Prestridge (2012)</xref> ofrece una definici&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s expl&#x00ED;cita y asume la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Las actividades centradas en el alumnado que utilizan recursos digitales pueden describirse como &#x2018;pedagog&#x00ED;as digitales&#x2019;: pr&#x00E1;cticas de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje que utilizan las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales. Se ha definido como ejemplares de integraci&#x00F3;n de las TIC de forma fluida a aquellos que las utilizan en entornos constructivistas centrados en el alumno, en contraposici&#x00F3;n a los entornos tradicionales dirigidos por el profesor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31721-ES">Ertmer <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31721-ES">Prestridge, 2012</xref>, p. 450).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31721-ES">Coovadia y Ackermann (2020)</xref> entienden que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital es un t&#x00E9;rmino amplio que abarca la forma en que la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje pueden tener lugar a trav&#x00E9;s de modos digitales de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31721-ES">Pink <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). Dos componentes importantes de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital son las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales y las plataformas digitales, que son fundamentales en este estudio (p. 2).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31721-ES">Loisy y Lameul (2017)</xref>, en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, asumen la comprensi&#x00F3;n de una pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Un campo de investigaci&#x00F3;n e intervenci&#x00F3;n que en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, tiene como objetivo hacer comprensibles situaciones de formaci&#x00F3;n utilizando el potencial de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales, considerando las diversas dimensiones que la caracterizan (incluyendo las dimensiones pol&#x00ED;ticas, culturales, de ingenier&#x00ED;a y t&#x00E9;cnicas) (p. 47; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31721-ES">2014</xref>, p. 200).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31721-ES">Khan (2021)</xref>, por su parte, habla de: &#x201C;La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital (PD) no est&#x00E1; exacta y &#x00FA;nicamente relacionada con el uso de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales (<italic>blended learning/e-learning</italic>), sino m&#x00E1;s bien con el enfoque y la utilizaci&#x00F3;n de esas herramientas en la perspectiva pedag&#x00F3;gica dada -la metodolog&#x00ED;a-&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31721-ES">Khan, 2021</xref>, p. 618).</p>
<p>Ahora bien, sin dejar de lado la noci&#x00F3;n de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital entendida como ense&#x00F1;anza con tecnolog&#x00ED;as, hay definiciones que centran su foco de atenci&#x00F3;n en aspectos puntuales en la ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31721-ES">Hardaker <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref>, a&#x00F1;aden como finalidad de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, la equidad como m&#x00E9;todo:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>a efectos de esta investigaci&#x00F3;n, la &#x201C;equidad de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x201D; indica m&#x00E9;todos de instrucci&#x00F3;n o un estilo de instrucci&#x00F3;n que utiliza tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales. El conocimiento y la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a basada en estilos se considera la base de la equidad pedag&#x00F3;gica. La equidad en la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital tambi&#x00E9;n puede entenderse como el uso correcto de las estrategias de ense&#x00F1;anza a trav&#x00E9;s de los medios digitales (p. 783).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n se apunta a una pedagog&#x00ED;a digital que atienda las necesidades y demandas de aprendizaje del alumnado, como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31721-ES">Ahuja y Yadav (2019)</xref>: &#x201C;La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital apoya esta idea de involucrar a profesores y estudiantes como iguales en compartir poder, donde las experiencias de aprendizaje se dise&#x00F1;an de acuerdo con las necesidades y demandas del alumno&#x201D; (p. 232).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31721-ES">Anderson (2020)</xref>, luego de se&#x00F1;alar que &#x201C;el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x201D; no debe confundirse con el despliegue de &#x201C;herramientas digitales&#x201D;, (p. 453), puntualiza que esa pedagog&#x00ED;a digital debe abriese a procesos de aprendizaje m&#x00E1;s amplios que el curricular de la siguiente forma:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>M&#x00E1;s bien, el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x2013;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital- se refiere a los valores centrados en el aprendizaje que tienen relevancia no s&#x00F3;lo para la educaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica de la materia, sino para los procesos personales y sociales, as&#x00ED; como las relaciones y sistemas intr&#x00ED;nsecos al proceso de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31721-ES">James y Pollard, 2011</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31721-ES">Anderson, 2020</xref>, p. 457).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El otro grupo, marcadamente singular y presente en los trabajos analizados, est&#x00E1; conformado por las definiciones que entienden la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital con una vocaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica. Esto es, no se trata de definiciones como sin&#x00F3;nimo de did&#x00E1;ctica o ligada a la b&#x00FA;squeda de eficacia de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en los procesos de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje, sino son definiciones ligadas a aspectos m&#x00E1;s amplios que abarcan los campos ideol&#x00F3;gicos, sociales o culturales desde perspectivas hol&#x00ED;sticas e interdisciplinares que ampl&#x00ED;an y complejizan el objeto de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital.</p>
<p>Es el caso de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31721-ES">Jeremic (2021)</xref> que entiende la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica tiene el potencial de empoderar a los usuarios digitales y utilizar las tecnolog&#x00ED;as a trav&#x00E9;s de una lente de justicia social&#x2026; En lugar de centrarse en los aspectos instrumentales o en los aspectos cr&#x00ED;ticos (de pensamiento) a la hora de educar, una pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica requiere un enfoque hol&#x00ED;stico que abarque ambos. Al desarrollar una pr&#x00E1;ctica digital cr&#x00ED;tica, propongo un enfoque hol&#x00ED;stico de dos vertientes que abarque tanto el pensamiento como la acci&#x00F3;n&#x2026; La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica abarca tanto el pensamiento como el an&#x00E1;lisis, el desarrollo de habilidades (tanto la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n digital cr&#x00ED;tica como las competencias en l&#x00ED;nea), la confianza en s&#x00ED; mismo y la agilidad en forma de una fluidez digital cr&#x00ED;tica (pp. 71-72).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Al mismo tiempo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31721-ES">Rod&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>. (2021)</xref> entienden que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La Pedagog&#x00ED;a Digital Cr&#x00ED;tica implica centrar la pr&#x00E1;ctica en la comunidad y la colaboraci&#x00F3;n, mantenerse abierta a la diversidad, creando di&#x00E1;logos para profesores y alumnos como agentes plenos, como m&#x00E9;todo de resistencia y humanizaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31721-ES">Morris y Stommel 2017</xref>). Un enfoque apropiado, soberano y cr&#x00ED;tico implica abordar la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n digital y la transformaci&#x00F3;n del curr&#x00ED;culo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31721-ES">Goodson 2005</xref>) como dimensiones clave de la Universidad Digital comprometida con la justicia social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31721-ES">Johnston <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Una perspectiva pedag&#x00F3;gica digital cr&#x00ED;tica constituye un elemento emancipador fundamental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31721-ES">Stommel y Morris, 2018</xref>). La Pedagog&#x00ED;a Digital Cr&#x00ED;tica requiere dise&#x00F1;ar tecnolog&#x00ED;as educativas de acuerdo con principios &#x00E9;ticos y formas de propiedad basadas en bienes comunes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31721-ES">Lazarus 2019</xref>). Esta perspectiva de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a Digital Cr&#x00ED;tica incluye el derecho al acceso, a la privacidad, a crear conocimiento p&#x00FA;blico, a poseer datos personales y de propiedad intelectual, a la transparencia financiera y pedag&#x00F3;gica, a ser cuidado, a tener buenos maestros y a ser maestros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31721-ES">Morris y Stommel 2013</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31721-ES">Rod&#x00E9;s <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>, p. 10).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31721-ES">Boczar y Jordan (2022)</xref>, sugieren que el m&#x00E9;todo es cr&#x00ED;tico en todos los sentidos, desde lo esencial a lo interpretativo, pasando por lo condenatorio y que asume que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2026; la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica es un m&#x00E9;todo de empoderamiento&#x201D; para los estudiantes, quienes pueden aprender m&#x00E1;s sobre s&#x00ED; mismos a trav&#x00E9;s del proceso de narraci&#x00F3;n digital. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31721-ES">Strommel (2014)</xref> sostiene que &#x201C;la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica es un enfoque de la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje basado en el fomento de la gesti&#x00F3;n y el empoderamiento de los estudiantes (impl&#x00ED;cita y expl&#x00ED;citamente criticando las estructuras de poder opresivas) (p. 231).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31721-ES">Fouche &#x0026; Andrews (2021)</xref>, recuperando los trabajos de la tradici&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica cr&#x00ED;tica, entienden que desde:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31721-ES">Freire (2005)</xref>, la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica tiene en cuenta que la educaci&#x00F3;n es pol&#x00ED;tica y que, por su naturaleza, puede perjudicar a determinados estudiantes. El prop&#x00F3;sito de la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n, en su opini&#x00F3;n, es desafiar y cambiar las desigualdades pol&#x00ED;ticas y sociales. La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica, por lo tanto, reconoce que cualquier artefacto o modo tecnol&#x00F3;gico utilizado con fines educativos tendr&#x00E1; limitaciones, y que aunque las herramientas digitales har&#x00E1;n visibles algunas estructuras de poder, es igual de probable que oscurezcan otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-31721-ES">Waddell y Clariza, 2018</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31721-ES">Fouche &#x0026; Andrews, 2021</xref>, p. 138).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31721-ES">Montelongo y William (2019)</xref>, se&#x00F1;alan que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica argumenta que la tecnolog&#x00ED;a no es neutral ni libre de valores y debe ser examinada a trav&#x00E9;s de c&#x00F3;mo las tecnolog&#x00ED;as perpet&#x00FA;an las desigualdades sociales en los patrones y (re)producir modos dominantes de relacionalidad (p. 34) (&#x2026;) la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica desaf&#x00ED;a nuestras suposiciones de que las opciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas, las herramientas o el conocimiento de contenido que se discuten son neutrales y libres de valor (p. 35).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Entre estos dos grandes grupos, la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como metodolog&#x00ED;a y la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital critica, hay sesgos singulares a tener en cuenta que ponen de relieve su dispersi&#x00F3;n conceptual y la complejidad que a&#x00F1;ade lo digital a la pedagog&#x00ED;a. Sin detrimento de ninguna de las definiciones, se puede identificar hasta siete sesgos en este heterog&#x00E9;neo grupo:</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31721-ES">Christie (2017)</xref>, plantea un sesgo muy importante al diferenciar aprendizaje CON y aprendizaje COMO tecnolog&#x00ED;a, sesgo que entra&#x00F1;a la visi&#x00F3;n de lo digital como entorno:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>En lugar de enmarcar la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como &#x201C;ense&#x00F1;anza con tecnolog&#x00ED;a&#x201D;, podr&#x00ED;a concebirse como &#x201C;ense&#x00F1;anza como tecnolog&#x00ED;a&#x201D;. De hecho, las separaciones f&#x00E1;ciles entre pedagog&#x00ED;a anal&#x00F3;gica y digital corren el riesgo de devaluar toda la complejidad de los compromisos epistemol&#x00F3;gicos con las herramientas de aprendizaje. La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital no opera en o a trav&#x00E9;s de una interfaz de aprendizaje, sino m&#x00E1;s bien en su superficie, donde confluye con el pensamiento, el habla, el sentimiento, las historias y la experiencia corporal de los individuos f&#x00ED;sicos que colaboran en un espacio de conocimiento compartido. Esta din&#x00E1;mica se desarrolla a trav&#x00E9;s de objetos f&#x00ED;sicos del aula, como libros de texto, manos, pizarras, ojos, teclados, bol&#x00ED;grafos, pupitres, papel y o&#x00ED;dos (p. 31).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n existe una visi&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital entendida como equivalente a modelos concretos, como el TPCK. Este sesgo lo asume <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31721-ES">Makokotlela (2020)</xref> al trabajar los portafolios electr&#x00F3;nicos como herramienta de evaluaci&#x00F3;n en la mejora de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital del profesorado, asumiendo que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31721-ES">Van Wyk (2017)</xref> afirma que, en la &#x00FA;ltima d&#x00E9;cada, los profesores han estado m&#x00E1;s expuestos a tecnolog&#x00ED;as que impactan en los entornos de aula, los m&#x00E9;todos de ense&#x00F1;anza, las estrategias y las t&#x00E9;cnicas, y que este cambio tecnol&#x00F3;gico requiere que los profesores tengan una comprensi&#x00F3;n profunda de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital o conocimiento t&#x00E9;cnico pedag&#x00F3;gico del contenido (TPCK) (p. 112) &#x2026; &#x2018;Un portafolio electr&#x00F3;nico deber&#x00ED;a, como menciona <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31721-ES">Van Wyk (2017)</xref>, proporcionar a los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n un conocimiento profundo de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital o TPCK.&#x2019; (p. 123). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31721-ES">Maor (2017)</xref> afirma que los e-portfolios se utilizan para crear pedagog&#x00ED;as digitales que mejoren la experiencia de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Es crucial que los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n desarrollen un portafolio electr&#x00F3;nico para mejorar su pedagog&#x00ED;a tecnol&#x00F3;gica, ya que el entorno actual de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje requiere dicha pedagog&#x00ED;a. Esto sugiere que la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital incluye la evaluaci&#x00F3;n digital en el contexto del aprendizaje electr&#x00F3;nico abierto y a distancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31721-ES">Makokotlela, 2020</xref>, p. 124).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n hay un sesgo puesto en la competencia docente. Aqu&#x00ED; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31721-ES">Ryht&#x00E4; <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> definen la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital del siguiente modo:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La utilizaci&#x00F3;n de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital, la digitalizaci&#x00F3;n de los entornos de aprendizaje y la creciente prevalencia del aprendizaje a distancia requieren que los educadores sean competentes en pedagog&#x00ED;a digital (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31721-ES">From, 2017</xref>) &#x2026; La competencia en pedagog&#x00ED;a digital combina la competencia digital y pedag&#x00F3;gica y es un requisito para la utilizaci&#x00F3;n significativa de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital en ense&#x00F1;anza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31721-ES">Cowling y Birt, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31721-ES">From, 2017</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31721-ES">Ryth&#x00E4;, 2020</xref>, p. 2).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Pedagog&#x00ED;a digital entendida como enfoque creativo. Esta idea es evidente en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31721-ES">Shiau (2020)</xref> que, en su trabajo art&#x00ED;stico con tecnolog&#x00ED;a, plantea la necesidad de una pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como elemento catalizador:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Este enfoque refleja la sugerencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31721-ES">Peppler (2010)</xref> de que la creaci&#x00F3;n art&#x00ED;stica digital es intr&#x00ED;nsecamente interdisciplinar. La pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, en este caso, se orienta a revisar c&#x00F3;mo estos paratextos relacionados a Chen &#x2013;tambi&#x00E9;n nuevas obras de arte por derecho propio- se nutren de diversos g&#x00E9;neros, como las artes visuales, el dise&#x00F1;o y la m&#x00FA;sica, para formar una &#x00FA;nica creaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31721-ES">Shiau, 2020</xref>, p. 56).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Pedagog&#x00ED;a digital con vocaci&#x00F3;n eudam&#x00F3;nica. Esta postura es sostenida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31721-ES">Walzer (2021)</xref> quien defiende que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo aboga por un modelo de pedagog&#x00ED;a eudaim&#x00F3;nica compasiva que d&#x00E9; prioridad a la curaci&#x00F3;n y el autocuidado de profesores y estudiantes y cultive un esp&#x00ED;ritu de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital cr&#x00ED;tica, que en s&#x00ED; misma es una forma de eudaimon&#x00ED;a&#x2026; (p. 1). [&#x2026;] Cultivar la pedagog&#x00ED;a eudaim&#x00F3;nica empieza por reconocer que los seres humanos tienen una necesidad fundamental de conectar con los dem&#x00E1;s (p. 3).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Pedagog&#x00ED;a digital entendida como garante de la calidad. Este es el caso de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31721-ES">Volkova <italic>et al</italic>. (2021)</xref>:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis de las m&#x00FA;ltiples interpretaciones del t&#x00E9;rmino nos permite concluir que la base de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital es la pedagog&#x00ED;a tradicional, que utiliza las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales modernas para lograr mejores resultados educativos. As&#x00ED; pues, la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital puede definirse como una pedagog&#x00ED;a que estudia y describe el proceso pedag&#x00F3;gico basado en las nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales utilizadas para garantizar la calidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n. El enfoque de la investigaci&#x00F3;n se desplaza hacia la calidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n y los problemas de la &#x2018;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x2019; (las dificultades que obstaculizan los logros del aprendizaje) (p. 5).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31721-ES">Kelley (2017)</xref> por su parte, reclama algo m&#x00E1;s a la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital y lo ve como un campo de estudio reflexivo m&#x00E1;s amplio que la ense&#x00F1;anza con tecnolog&#x00ED;a:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Como explican David Lewin y David Lundie, la &#x2018;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x2019; es un campo de estudio emergente que combina cuatro campos superpuestos: la filosof&#x00ED;a de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y la teor&#x00ED;a de la informaci&#x00F3;n, la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica y la filosof&#x00ED;a educativa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31721-ES">Lewin y Lundie 2016</xref>, p. 235] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31721-ES">Kelley, 2017</xref>, p. 5).</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31721-ES" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n y conclusiones</sc></bold></title>
<p>Retomando la pregunta que motiva este trabajo &#x201C;&#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; se entiende bajo el concepto de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital?&#x201D;. La respuesta que se puede dar aqu&#x00ED;, en lo que a la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica indexada en Web of Science (WoS) en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas respecta, es que no hay un desarrollo conceptual uniforme. Concretamente, la definici&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital gira en torno a tres campos sem&#x00E1;nticos: dos bien definidos y con mayor tradici&#x00F3;n, como son la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica y la pedagog&#x00ED;a entendida como metodolog&#x00ED;a de ense&#x00F1;anza, y a un tercer grupo conceptualmente heterog&#x00E9;neo con motivaciones y concreciones propias. Definir pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, por tanto, es en s&#x00ED; mismo un problema pedag&#x00F3;gico. Esta exigencia no es balad&#x00ED; ya que para la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa no ser&#x00E1; lo mismo enfocar un trabajo desde una pedagog&#x00ED;a digital entendida como sin&#x00F3;nimo de ense&#x00F1;anza y desde una pedagog&#x00ED;a digital entendida como cr&#x00ED;tica. Sin embargo, adem&#x00E1;s de estos dos campos sem&#x00E1;nticos donde es posible apreciar m&#x00E1;s consenso y consistencia, no hay que perder de vista el tercer grupo que de manera singular pueden poner a la vista problemas de investigaci&#x00F3;n no tradicionales o visible para dos marcos anteriores ya definen la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital destacando una particularidad del proceso educativo, alguna una tarea educativa singular o alguna exigencia te&#x00F3;rica propia.</p>
<p>Los desarrollos en torno a la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, m&#x00E1;s temprano que tarde, deben de encarar el reto de su definici&#x00F3;n. Saber qu&#x00E9; se entiende, qu&#x00E9; se hace cuando se hace pedagog&#x00ED;a, no es un tema nada f&#x00E1;cil de caracterizar, supone una complejidad epistemol&#x00F3;gica y es <italic>estricto sensu</italic>, una l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31721-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Soler, 2020</xref>). En este intento por conocer qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital en la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica, este trabajo pone de manifiesto la existencia de dos l&#x00ED;neas cl&#x00E1;sicas de comprensi&#x00F3;n. Por un lado, m&#x00E1;s com&#x00FA;n en el mundo anglosaj&#x00F3;n, que entiende &#x201C;pedagogy&#x201D; como sin&#x00F3;nimo de m&#x00E9;todos de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-31721-ES">Watkins y Mortimore, 1999</xref>) y la otra l&#x00ED;nea, la cr&#x00ED;tica, orientada a entender la educaci&#x00F3;n como un hecho pol&#x00ED;tico donde, adem&#x00E1;s de orientar el aprendizaje, es preciso esclarecer preguntas sobre el sentido de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31721-ES">Giroux, 1997</xref>). Esta escisi&#x00F3;n entre pedagog&#x00ED;a como metodolog&#x00ED;a y pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica permanece en los trabajos analizados sobre la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital. No obstante, como se puede observar en los resultados, entre ambas concepciones de pedagog&#x00ED;a hay una gama de matices que ponen de manifiesto un estadio de transici&#x00F3;n en el desarrollo de la disciplina. Esto es, respecto a la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital en la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica en dos d&#x00E9;cadas, hay dos visiones consolidadas junto con otras visiones emergentes.</p>
<p>No obstante, ya sea como visi&#x00F3;n consolidada o como visi&#x00F3;n emergente, cada enfoque influye en los problemas a los que se busca prestar atenci&#x00F3;n. Esto tambi&#x00E9;n tiene su correlato en la pr&#x00E1;ctica ya que de manera consistente o no, tanto el profesorado como los responsables de pol&#x00ED;tica educativa, priorizan diversas acciones desde una comprensi&#x00F3;n acerca de qu&#x00E9; es pedagog&#x00ED;a digital. Por ejemplo, desde un paraguas de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital tiene sentido pensar la eficacia de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, lo que funciona al momento de aprender, pero desde la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica, quiz&#x00E1; sea m&#x00E1;s relevante trabajar sobre sus dilemas de orden &#x00E9;tico que genera el uso de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en educaci&#x00F3;n. De ninguna forma, estos matices conceptuales son irrelevantes para el razonamiento y la pr&#x00E1;ctica de los docentes al usar tecnolog&#x00ED;a en su quehacer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31721-ES">Heitink, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>As&#x00ED;, no se puede hablar de una misma pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, ya que la definici&#x00F3;n de un concepto como &#x00E9;ste, ya sea en el marco te&#x00F3;rico donde se permiten identificar y analizar los problemas de investigaci&#x00F3;n y del que dependen las definiciones operativas con que se elaboran los instrumentos para recoger datos, hablar de una misma pedagog&#x00ED;a digital se hace difuso. No es posible equiparar, por tanto, los estudios sobre pedagog&#x00ED;a digital y hablar de un &#x00FA;nico desarrollo te&#x00F3;rico-emp&#x00ED;rico en una l&#x00ED;nea marcada como pedagog&#x00ED;a digital. Mientras que para una l&#x00ED;nea de trabajo como la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital como metodolog&#x00ED;a pueda ser plausible investigar sobre la eficacia did&#x00E1;ctica de un entorno virtual concreto para el trabajo en grupos cooperativos, la pedagog&#x00ED;a critica podr&#x00ED;a enfocar el problema del uso de datos en la mediaci&#x00F3;n cooperativa con esa misma plataforma, en ambos casos, bajo encuadres y metodolog&#x00ED;as de investigaci&#x00F3;n diferentes. Esto tiene consecuencias en el campo del desarrollo de la pedagog&#x00ED;a.</p>
<p>Los trabajos sobre pedagog&#x00ED;a digital centrados en ofrecer estrategias efectivas para la digitalizaci&#x00F3;n de las instituciones educativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31721-ES">Be&#x0107;irovi&#x0107;, 2023</xref>) junto con los trabajos que alientan la b&#x00FA;squeda del sentido y el valor educativo de la digitalizaci&#x00F3;n en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31721-ES">Stommel <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), tienen significados diversos que como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31721-ES">Pangrazio y Sefton-Green (2021)</xref> tienen su connotaci&#x00F3;n epistemol&#x00F3;gica y ontol&#x00F3;gica que influyen en el quehacer educativo y como no puede ser de otra forma, delimitan l&#x00ED;neas y programas de investigaci&#x00F3;n diferenciados. No es solo la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital, neutra e impoluta, la que forma parte de los procesos de aprendizaje, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n cuenta desde qu&#x00E9; noci&#x00F3;n se conciben. Por ello, es necesario esclarecer desde qu&#x00E9; paraguas conceptual hacer pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, incluso en su reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n post digital como apuntan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31721-ES">Jandric y Hayes (2022)</xref>, ya que seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31721-ES">Ornellas &#x0026; Sancho (2015)</xref> la educaci&#x00F3;n en las aulas se asienta sobre estos planteamientos pedag&#x00F3;gicos acerca de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a.</p>
<p>Ahora bien, la limitaci&#x00F3;n de este trabajo es clara; ya que solo se centra en el an&#x00E1;lisis de la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica. Por tanto, queda pendiente analizar lo que prescribe la normativa educativa al respecto, la formaci&#x00F3;n docente impartida, la asunci&#x00F3;n del concepto que hacen docentes y familias, lo que se dice en los medios de comunicaci&#x00F3;n y las redes sociales y lo que se&#x00F1;alan como prioritario los programas de postgrado al momento de lanzar sus l&#x00ED;neas de investigaci&#x00F3;n sobre pedagog&#x00ED;a digital. Toda esta narrativa es clave para entender la situaci&#x00F3;n en la que se encuentra la disciplina pedag&#x00F3;gica y qu&#x00E9; tareas son necesarias para entender la novedad tecnol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31721-ES">Brailovsky, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Lo anterior sugiere la necesidad de un marco pedag&#x00F3;gico para la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital. S&#x00ED;, pero &#x00BF;cu&#x00E1;l? Este trabajo destaca que esa pregunta no es banal y que remite a una gama de opciones con consecuencias reales para la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa y que, para la investigaci&#x00F3;n, se hace relevante porque desde ese marco se pueden enfocar nuevos problemas de investigaci&#x00F3;n. Definir la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital es un problema en s&#x00ED; mismo de la pedagog&#x00ED;a, la pol&#x00ED;tica y la gesti&#x00F3;n, as&#x00ED; como la investigaci&#x00F3;n y la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa requieren atender este problema. No basta la tecnolog&#x00ED;a para hablar de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, hace falta una visi&#x00F3;n conceptual que &#x201C;intente remontar tanto el manique&#x00ED;smo, el consumismo, la neutralidad, el tecnocentrismo, el determinismo o el solucionismo tecnol&#x00F3;gico apostando por una mirada profunda, interdisciplinar y &#x00E9;tica que nos recuerde siempre que lo digital va detr&#x00E1;s del proyecto m&#x00E1;s humanizador que lo justifica, la educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31721-ES">Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero, 2023</xref>, p. 11).</p>
<p>Sin un desarrollo conceptual, no es posible desarrollar una l&#x00ED;nea de trabajo consistente y de impacto en la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre el desarrollo digital. Eso s&#x00ED;, esa construcci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica sobre el futuro, como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31721-ES">Meirieu (2021)</xref>, no se hace a expensas de la tradici&#x00F3;n, de lo que ya est&#x00E1; desarrollado; al contrario, esto ser&#x00ED;a perder la perspectiva por la novedad digital. Por ello, es importante que la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital pueda valorar las aplicaciones tecnol&#x00F3;gicas que ofrecen nuevas formas de hacer, pero tambi&#x00E9;n de atender las ideas -definiciones, expectativas, mitos o dilemas-, desde donde se piensan. Este tipo de conocimiento es de un valor real para la praxis educativa porque cumple un papel significativo en la representaci&#x00F3;n de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la ense&#x00F1;anza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31721-ES">Blau <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Esto se consigue dando cabida a nuevos espacios y tiempos para el trabajo compartido, para el intercambio de experiencias y aprendizajes, con nuevas metodolog&#x00ED;as y actividades que den lugar a las narraciones de vivencias, el di&#x00E1;logo y la participaci&#x00F3;n horizontal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31721-ES">Ayuso del Puerto y Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Esteban, 2022</xref>). Donde la relaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica se construya desde, como ya se ha apuntado, el nosotros, con otros.</p>
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<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31721</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31721</article-id>
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<subject>Articles</subject>
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</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Digital Pedagogy. Systematic Review of the Concept</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a digital. Revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica del concepto</italic></trans-title>
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</title-group>
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<name>
<surname>Suárez-Guerrero</surname>
<given-names>Crist&#x00F3;bal</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
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<surname>Gutiérrez-Esteban</surname>
<given-names>Prudencia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
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<name>
<surname>Ayuso-Delpuerto</surname>
<given-names>Desir&#x00E9;e</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Extremadura. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Extremadura</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>cristobal.suarez@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>pruden@unex.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>deayusodelp@unex.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
    <fpage>157</fpage>
    <lpage>178</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
    <license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Pedagogy is essential to understanding the increasingly complex relationship between education and digital technology. But what is digital pedagogy? Far from being a nominal question, this issue is fundamental to identify from which position we build, intervene or problematise technology in education. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to know what is meant by the term &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D; in the scientific literature of the last two decades and to clarify the biases on which it is built, what it prioritises and what problems can be identified from its nuances. To this end, after analysing the presence of the concepts that could best illustrate the relationship between pedagogy and technology (&#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;online pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;virtual pedagogy&#x201D; and &#x201C;ICT pedagogy&#x201D;), a systematic review of the concept of &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D; present in the research indexed in Web of Science (WoS) over the last two decades (2001 to 2022) was carried out following the PRISMA protocol. The analysis of the selected works shows that the definition of digital pedagogy revolves around three semantic fields: two are well defined and have a greater tradition &#x2013; critical pedagogy and pedagogy understood as a didactic methodology &#x2013; and the third is conceptually heterogeneous, with its own motivations and concretions. Although the definition of digital pedagogy moves strongly in the two dominant semantic fields, we must not overlook that the third group may reveal non-traditional or visible research problems for the two previous frameworks. In general, the task of defining digital pedagogy is in itself a pedagogical problem, because each semantic field implies an educational positioning in relation to what is supposed to be the task of digital pedagogy.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>La pedagog&#x00ED;a es clave para comprender la cada vez m&#x00E1;s compleja relaci&#x00F3;n entre educaci&#x00F3;n y tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital. No obstante, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital? Este problema, lejos de ser un tema nominal, es fundamental para identificar desde qu&#x00E9; posicionamiento construimos, intervenimos o problematizamos la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en educaci&#x00F3;n. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, el objetivo del trabajo fue conocer qu&#x00E9; se entiende por pedagog&#x00ED;a digital en la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica generada en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas y esclarecer desde qu&#x00E9; sesgos se construye, qu&#x00E9; prioriza y qu&#x00E9; problemas se pueden identificar desde sus matices. Por ello, tras analizar la presencia de los conceptos que mejor podr&#x00ED;an evidenciar la relaci&#x00F3;n entre pedagog&#x00ED;a y tecnolog&#x00ED;a (&#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;online pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;virtual pedagogy&#x201D; y &#x201C;ict pedagogy&#x201D;), se realiz&#x00F3; una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA del concepto predominante, &#x201C;pedagog&#x00ED;a digital&#x201D;, presente en las investigaciones indexadas en Web of Science (WoS) en las dos &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas (2001 a 2022). Gracias al an&#x00E1;lisis de los trabajos que cumpl&#x00ED;an con los criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n e exclusi&#x00F3;n se puede se&#x00F1;alar que la definici&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a digital gira en torno a tres campos sem&#x00E1;nticos: dos bien definidos y con mayor tradici&#x00F3;n, como son la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica y la pedagog&#x00ED;a entendida como metodolog&#x00ED;a de ense&#x00F1;anza, y a un tercer grupo conceptualmente heterog&#x00E9;neo con motivaciones y concreciones propias. Aunque la definici&#x00F3;n de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital se mueva n&#x00ED;tidamente en los dos campos sem&#x00E1;nticos predominantes, no hay que perder de vista el tercer grupo que pueden poner a la vista problemas de investigaci&#x00F3;n no tradicionales o visibles para los dos marcos anteriores. En general, ya que cada campo sem&#x00E1;ntico supone posicionamientos educativos respecto a lo que se supone es la tarea de pedagog&#x00ED;a digital, la tarea de definir pedagog&#x00ED;a digital es en s&#x00ED; mismo un problema pedag&#x00F3;gico.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>digitization</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>educational technology</kwd>
<kwd>educational research</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>digitalizaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>tecnolog&#x00ED;a educacional</kwd>
<kwd>investigaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Department of Education and School Management, University of Valencia</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>The translation of the text was funded by the Department of Education and School Management, University of Valencia.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31721-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>Education and digital technology follow different paths, marked by their own priorities, methodologies, and dynamics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31721-EN">Loveless, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31721-EN">Ornellas and Sancho, 2015</xref>), but they are increasingly coming together when it comes to expanding the frontiers of education and educability through digitisation. This trend reached its peak when education, like other activities during the pandemic, opened up massively, globally and through trial and error to the search for a digital response to keep schools alive during the pandemic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31721-EN">Pokhrel and Chhetri, 2021</xref>). So much so that today we can now speak of the platforming of education as a distinctive feature of pandemic education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31721-EN">Rivas, 2021</xref>). But between education and digital technology, what is the role of pedagogy?</p>
<p>In general, educating is much more complex than using the most sophisticated technological application (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31721-EN">Goetz, 2020</xref>). Many studies warn of the need for a pedagogy that focuses on educational development with technology and not only on technological consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31721-EN">Selwyn et al., 2020</xref>); other studies highlight the need to develop pedagogy as a basic conceptual framework so that technology can really work and be meaningful for the classroom experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31721-EN">Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero et al., 2016</xref>); and other studies focus instead on the legitimate dilemmas that can arise from building an exclusive pedagogy for a single variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31721-EN">Meirieu, 2021</xref>). There are also those who assume that the role of pedagogy is to problematise the relationship with technology, in addition to prescribing solutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31721-EN">Bykov and Leshchenko, 2016</xref>). Nevertheless, pedagogy is key to thinking about and using technology in education, as there is no educational development without pedagogical discourse, approaches, problematisation or pedagogical knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31721-EN">Lewin and Lundie, 2016</xref>). As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31721-EN">Selwyn (2016)</xref> points out, there is a need to approach &#x201C;technology in education as something problematic. This is not to say that technology is a problem, but it does recognise the need to ask serious questions about the use of technology in education&#x201D; (p. 10).</p>
<p>Consequently, and this must be made abundantly clear, the pedagogical work and the pedagogical debate on technology are inevitably linked to the debate on the aims of education, on the model of humanity we wish to see. But there is an obstacle: technologies are not completely neutral, they also have their purposes. This is not unique to digital technologies, it just means that purpose is an intrinsic part of any technological system, as already pointed out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-77-31721-EN">Winner (1999)</xref>: artefacts are also political entities because they have a purpose. Therefore, in the pedagogical reflection on the digital, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31721-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo and Mart&#x00ED;n-Lucas (2021)</xref> point out, there is not only the debate on didactic effectiveness, but also the analysis of the teleological dimension. This is where digital pedagogy would be registered.</p>
<p>Not taking into account pedagogy, its tradition, sources or empirical basis &#x2013; as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31721-EN">Meirieu (2021)</xref> would put it, experiencing &#x201C;pedagogical amnesia&#x201D; &#x2013; leads technology developers to &#x201C;discover&#x201D; ideas that have already been raised, but more importantly, it can lead to the omission of a holistic vision of the human project into which technology fits and makes sense. Pedagogy &#x2013; the conceptual framework we use in practice to evaluate why, for what, what, how, with whom, when or where to educate &#x2013; becomes necessary and justified when technological splendour overshadows the educational project (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31721-EN">Gros and Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero, 2016</xref>). This means that, in addition to questions about the didactic effectiveness of technology in the teaching and learning process, pedagogy must address the anthropological-philosophical and ethical-political questions that are part of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31721-EN">Higgins, 2021</xref>). In general, pedagogy reminds us of the need to ask what the human project is, a question that precedes another: what to educate with. The use of technology after a pedagogical exercise is a necessary process that is not only consistent with education, but also ethical and meaningful for the human project to which it belongs.</p>
<p>However, and this is the main contribution of this paper, what do we mean by digital pedagogy? First of all, this is not just an academic exercise in search of a simple definition. We want to know from which position we construct, intervene and problematise the relationship between education and digital technology. Understanding the discourse, the world of meanings with which the world is learned, means, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-75-31721-EN">Wenger (2001)</xref> points out, understanding what to pay attention to, what problems to expect and what others to pay attention to. In this line, pedagogical approaches are key to understanding technological novelty in education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31721-EN">Brailovsky, 2018</xref>). From this perspective, understanding what we pay attention to when we talk about digital pedagogy &#x2013; a concept that has been around for more than two decades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31721-EN">Cuff, 2001</xref>), has seen significant developments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31721-EN">Lewin, and Lundie, 2016</xref>) and is not without its own problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31721-EN">Volkova et al., 2021</xref>) &#x2013; is key to designing better educational experiences with technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31721-EN">Williamson et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31721-EN">Doucet et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>This task of conceptual understanding is not trivial. Technology undoubtedly affects our lives, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31721-EN">Floridi (2015)</xref> points out, because information and communication technologies are not just tools, but increasingly affect &#x201C;1. our self-conception (who we are); 2. our interactions with each other (how we socialise); 3. our conception of reality (our metaphysics); and 4. our interactions with reality (our action)&#x201D; (p. 2). But this is not the end of the story. While it is true that there is a technological system that is not neutral, the idea with which it is represented skews its use. In the case of education, for example, using the internet with a vision and values based on a Google-based model is not the same as using it with a vision and values akin to those of Wikipedia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31721-EN">Ricaurte, 2016</xref>) or maker culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31721-EN">Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero and Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Esteban, 2018</xref>). From a social and cultural point of view, technology as a mediating tool allows for concrete action, but also for a form of representation that adds a purpose to its use. Therefore, there is a digital educational language that includes not only words, but extremely important frameworks of understanding, which, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31721-EN">Pangrazio and Sefton-Green (2021)</xref> point out, involve epistemological and ontological frameworks that allow us to theorise and act on how people learn in today&#x2019;s digital society. Since education today cannot be sustained without relying to a greater or lesser extent on digital technology, understanding the field of representation of educational action with - or in - digital support becomes a key issue for pedagogical reflection. This specific field is digital pedagogy.</p>
<p>In short, it is important to have access to digital technology in education, but it is also important to know what to do with it. This is where pedagogy comes in, both as a discipline and as an attitude, in order to understand the role, the limits and the possibilities of digital technology in education. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to know what the scientific literature generated over the last two decades understands by digital pedagogy, and to identify and clarify potential biases, priority areas and outstanding problems.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31721-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>ethodology</sc></bold></title>
<p>To achieve this aim, and bearing in mind that this work is part of a larger effort to review the concept in other sources and other methodologies, we set out to characterise the concept of digital pedagogy present in the research hosted in the Web of Science (WoS) database over the last two decades (2001 to 2022). Although there are overlaps between Scopus and WoS that would allow us to work with either of them, in this review we have chosen to carry out the search only in WoS because, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31721-EN">Codina (2022)</xref> points out, WoS is not exactly a database, but rather several databases made up of several sub-databases (indexes). WoS has a wide coverage of the social sciences and humanities and has a proven prestige earned through regular quality control mechanisms. The idea is to start with WoS and then see how the concept of digital pedagogy is represented, for example, in other regional databases or even in less structured sources such as social networks.</p>
<p>The central question of this study is: what do we mean by <italic>digital pedagogy</italic>? But first we need to ask another question: why digital pedagogy? In order to clear this first sieve, we considered which concept could best represent the relationship between pedagogy and current technology, as it is better to narrow down the object of study before undertaking a review. In order to clarify this issue, four concepts were selected that were recurrent in the literature available to researchers whose area of research is educational technology. In order to decide which concept could best represent the relationship between pedagogy and digital technology, the dynamics of the four concepts were first evaluated in WoS and compared with the trend in Google.</p>
<p>In order to identify this concept as an object of study, we first searched the WoS Core Collection for the terms that could best represent the relationship between pedagogy and digital technology in education (&#x2018;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x2019;, &#x2018;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x2019;, &#x2018;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x2019; and &#x2018;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x2019;), as follows:</p>
<p>At the end of December 2022, a WoS title search for the term &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; returned 55 results. The first two documents using this term date back to 2001. Of the total, 33 are scientific papers. From the 33 items developed by 17 research fields, we found that 22 works belong to the field of educational research, followed by 6 from the humanities, 5 from computer science, and the remaining 14 fields were represented by fewer than 4 documents.</p>
<p>Another search, carried out on the same date as the previous one, for the term &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; produced 29 results. The first document was registered in 2004. These 29 items were scientific papers from 16 fields of research. Of these, 23 were related to educational research, 7 to computer science and 14 disciplines were represented by fewer than three articles.</p>
<p>On the other hand, the oldest entry in the search for &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; dates from 2007. This search returned 4 documents, but only 2 of them were scientific papers related to 3 research areas. On the other hand, the first entry for &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; dates from 2005. This search yielded 7 entries, 5 of which were scientific papers related to 4 research fields. All these searches were carried out on the same date.</p>
<p>The quantitative presence of both &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; and &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; in WoS is very low, so they were excluded, at least from this review study. However, we decided to study the concept of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; not only for quantitative reasons (it had more publications than &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D;), but also because it is a relatively older concept, but still on an upward trend in terms of scientific production, whereas publications on &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; are irregular and on a downward trend. This situation, which favoured the decision to work on &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, was verified thanks to the WoS results analysis tool, which showed that in the last 5 years (2018&#x2013;2022) &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; registered 24 papers, with a peak in 2021 (with 10 papers), and &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; registered 10 papers in the same period, with a peak in 2019 (with 5 papers).</p>
<p>Secondly, in order to confirm the trend observed in WoS on the topicality of the concept of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;, we went on to find out whether this concept was commonly used, at least in Google searches. This was done using Google Trends. The terms had been searched in English, so we performed a global search in the field closest to pedagogy, which was &#x201C;employment and education&#x201D;, because the others were too far away from the topic in question. We searched for &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;online pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;ICT pedagogy&#x201D; and &#x201C;virtual pedagogy&#x201D;, limiting the results to the period 2004&#x2013;2022. We found that &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D; was a dominant term until 2008, but &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; stood out in 2009 and, although it did not have a big increase, it remained a constant and more frequent search than &#x201C;ONLINE PEDAGOGY&#x201D;. On the other hand, &#x201C;ICT PEDAGOGY&#x201D; disappeared, while &#x201C;VIRTUAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; remained, although with a very weak presence.</p>
<p>After clarifying and verifying the relevance of the concept &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; found in both processes (WoS and Google), we proceeded with the systematic review process based on the PRISMA checklist (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31721-EN">Moher et al., 2009</xref>), a systematic review process that has proven its effectiveness in analysing large amounts of scientific information in the social sciences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31721-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-Pe&#x00F1;alvo, 2022</xref>). Therefore, this study can be characterised as a PRISMA systematic review of the concept of digital pedagogy, with the aim of clarifying the definitions contained in the research papers indexed in the Web of Science Core multidisciplinary database.</p>
<p>At the same time, in order to go deeper into the concept of &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D;, we proceeded to retrieve as much information as possible in Web of Science Core by searching for &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;. The first phase in PRISMA, identification, yielded 197 results on &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; between 2001 and 2022, two decades of development analysed. In this first set of papers, the first publication dated from 2009, and 46 research fields were represented &#x2013; 71.21% of the articles were related to education, followed by 18.93% in computer science, 8.33% in arts, humanities and related fields, 8.33% in information sciences, and less than 4.54% in other disciplines.</p>
<p>Inclusion and exclusion criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31721-EN">Table 1</xref>) were applied during the review phase. These are not only crucial for a study of this type, but also necessary to ensure the reproducibility of the study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31721-EN">Gough et al., 2017</xref>). After filtering, 134 papers were excluded because they did not meet the criteria, e.g., they were conference papers, reviews, sources did not exist, they were published in other languages, or they only mentioned &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; in the keywords or title without any further presence or development in the body of the paper. This process resulted in 63 papers for the next stage.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31721-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>I<sc>nclusion and exclusion criteria for the</sc> &#x201C;<sc>digital pedagogy</sc>&#x201D; <sc>study</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31721-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Inclusion criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Concept</p>
<p>Type of document</p>
<p>Availability</p>
<p>Type of study</p>
<p>Year</p>
<p>Language</p>
<p>Content</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Contains &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; as subject in WoS Core Collection</p>
<p>Paper in peer-reviewed scientific journal</p>
<p>Open or restricted access to the full text</p>
<p>Empirical/essay</p>
<p>From 2001 to 2022</p>
<p>English</p>
<p>Includes content on &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Exclusion criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Concept</p>
<p>Type of document</p>
<p>Availability</p>
<p>Type of study</p>
<p>Year</p>
<p>Language</p>
<p>Content</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Does not contain &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; as a subject in WoS Core Collection</p>
<p>Books, book chapters, communications&#x2026;</p>
<p>Partial text, or abstract only</p>
<p>Review or meta-analysis</p>
<p>Before 2001</p>
<p>Other than English</p>
<p>Contains &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; only in the keywords/title.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Created by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Eligibility, the third phase in PRISMA, was carried out with the 63 papers obtained in the previous phase, but involved a more in-depth analysis of the full-text content, distinguishing between papers that developed the concept of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; explicitly, i.e., those papers that adopted a definition and made an effort to characterise the concept, and papers that developed their ideas around the notion of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; implicitly, i.e., those that used the term but did not propose or assume a clear definition, nor did they take a clear position. This process allowed us to identify two groups: 20 papers with explicit definitions of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; and 43 papers that assumed an implicit &#x2013; sometimes diffuse &#x2013; notion of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D;. This study is based on the group of papers that did provide an explicit definition of &#x201C;DIGITAL PEDAGOGY&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31721-EN">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31721-EN">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>F<sc>low chart of the final items recorded following the prisma model</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31721-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Created by the authors</attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31721-EN" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esults</sc></bold></title>
<p>Definitions of digital pedagogy can be divided into three groups: two clear groups with a defined conceptual clarity and a heterogeneous group of definitions. On the one hand, there are definitions that are oriented towards a vision based on critical digital pedagogy and, on the other hand, those that assume digital pedagogy as a teaching methodology. In the middle are a number of definitions that extend, specify, or open up various aspects not covered by the two polar ends (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31721-EN">Figure 2</xref>). However, all these groupings, which represent the semantic space in which the definitions of digital pedagogy move, imply different educational positions with regard to pedagogy and the digital transition.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-31721-EN">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>efinitions of digital pedagogy</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-31721-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Created by the authors</attrib>
</fig>
    <p>The first group of definitions of digital pedagogy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-31721-EN">Figure 3</xref>) understand the discipline as a teaching methodology that uses technology. This generality is assumed by definitions such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31721-EN">Naidoo (2020)</xref>, who supports the following definition: &#x201C;Digital pedagogy, which is a teaching and learning strategy using digital platforms, is seen as a technique to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus contagion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31721-EN">Murgatrotd, 2020</xref>)&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31721-EN">Naidoo, 2020</xref>, p. 1).</p>
    <fig id="fig-3-31721-EN">
        <label>F<sc>igure</sc> 3</label>
        <caption><title>A<sc>pproaches on digital pedagogy and their authors</sc></title></caption>
        <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-31721-EN.jpg"/>
        <attrib>Source: Created by the authors</attrib>
    </fig>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31721-EN">Prestridge (2012)</xref> offers a more explicit definition, suggesting that digital pedagogy is:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Student-centred activities that utilise digital resources can be described as &#x2018;Digital pedagogies&#x2019; &#x2013; teaching and learning practices that engage with digital technologies. Exemplary who embed ICT in a seamless fashion have been defined as those who use ICT in learner-centred constructivist environments as opposed to traditional teacher-directed environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31721-EN">Ertmer et al., 2007</xref>). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31721-EN">Prestridge, 2012</xref>, p. 450).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31721-EN">Coovadia and Ackermann (2020)</xref>, meanwhile, understand that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Digital pedagogy is a broad term which encompasses how teaching and learning can take place through digital modes of learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31721-EN">Pink et al., 2016</xref>). Two important com ponents of digital pedagogy are digital technologies and digital platforms, both of which are central in this study (p. 2).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31721-EN">Loisy and Lameul (2017)</xref>, in the context of higher education, understand digital pedagogy as:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Digital pedagogy in higher education&#x201D; has temporarily been defined as &#x201C;a field of research and intervention that, in higher education, aims to render understandable training situations using the potential of digital technologies, considering the various dimensions that partially characterize it (including the political, cultural, engineering and technical dimensions) (p. 47; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31721-EN">2014</xref>, p. 200).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31721-EN">Khan (2021)</xref>, on the other hand, speaks of: &#x201C;Digital pedagogy (DP) is not exactly and only related to the use of digital technologies (blended learning/e-learning), rather about approaching and utilizing those tools in the given pedagogical perspective&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31721-EN">Khan, 2021</xref>, p. 618).</p>
<p>However, still within the idea of digital pedagogy as teaching using technology, some definitions focus on specific aspects of teaching and learning.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31721-EN">Hardaker et al. (2010)</xref> mention equity as a method in digital pedagogy:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>For the purpose of this research &#x2018;digital pedagogy equity&#x2019; indicates methods of instruction, or a style of instruction using digital technologies. Having an awareness and understanding of styles-based pedagogy is viewed as the basis for equity in pedagogy. Digital pedagogy equity can also be referred to as the correct use of teaching strategies through digital media. (p. 783).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>They also point towards a digital pedagogy that responds to students&#x2019; learning needs and demands, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31721-EN">Ahuja and Yadav (2019)</xref> note: &#x201C;Digital pedagogy supports this idea of involving teachers and students as equal power sharers where learning experiences are designed according to the needs and demands of the learner&#x201D; (p. 232).</p>
<p>After pointing out that &#x201C;the term &#x2018;digital pedagogy&#x2019; should not be conflated with the deployment of &#x2018;digital tools&#x201D; (p. 453), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31721-EN">Anderson (2020)</xref> suggests that such digital pedagogy should be open to learning processes beyond the curriculum, as follows:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Here again, the term &#x2018;digital pedagogy&#x2019; should not be conflated with the deployment of &#x2018;digital tools&#x2019;. Rather, the term refers to learning-focused values that have relevance not just for subject-specific education, but to personal and social processes and relationships and systems intrinsic to the learning process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31721-EN">James &#x0026; Pollard 2011</xref>). (p. 457) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31721-EN">Anderson, 2020</xref>, p. 457).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The other group, which is very specific and quite present in the works analysed, consists of definitions that understand digital pedagogy as a critical vocation. That is, these definitions are not synonymous with didactics or linked to the search for technological efficacy in teaching and learning processes. Rather, they are linked to broader aspects that encompass ideological, social or cultural fields from holistic and interdisciplinary perspectives that broaden and make the object of digital pedagogy more complex.</p>
<p>This is the case of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31721-EN">Jeremic (2021)</xref>, who understands digital pedagogy as:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Critical digital pedagogy has the potential to empower digital users and use technologiesthrough a social justice lens. &#x2026; Rather than focus on instrumental aspects in educating or critical (thinking) aspects in educating, a critical digital pedagogy requires a holistic approach that encompasses both. When developing a critical digital practice, I propose a holistic two-pronged approach that encompasses both the thinking and the doing.&#x2026; Critical digital pedagogy encompasses both thinking and analysis, skill building (both critical digital literacy and online skills), self-confidence, and agility in the form of a critical digital fluency (pp. 71-72).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Meanwhile, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31721-EN">Rod&#x00E9;s et al. (2021)</xref> consider that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Critical Digital Pedagogy implies centering practice on community and collaboration, remaining open to diversity, creating dialogues for teachers and learners as full agents, as a method of resistance and humanization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31721-EN">Morris &#x0026; Stommel 2017</xref>). An appropriate, sovereign, and critical approach implies addressing digital literacy and the transformation of the curriculum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31721-EN">Goodson, 2005</xref>), as key dimensions of the Digital University committed to social justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31721-EN">Johnston, MacNeill &#x0026; Smyth 2018</xref>). A critical digital pedagogical perspective constitutes a central emancipatory element (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31721-EN">Stommel &#x0026; Morris, 2018</xref>). Critical Digital Pedagogy requires designing educational technologies in accordance with ethical principles and forms of property based on common goods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31721-EN">Lazarus 2019</xref>). This Critical Digital Pedagogy perspective includes the right to access, to privacy, to create public knowledge, to possess personal data and intellectual property, to financial and pedagogical transparency, to be cared for, to have great teachers and to be teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31721-EN">Morris &#x0026; Stommel 2013</xref>). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31721-EN">Rod&#x00E9;s <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>, p. 10).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31721-EN">Boczar and Jordan (2022)</xref> suggest that the method is critical in all senses, from essential to interpretive and condemnatory elements, and that it assumes that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2026;[c]ritical digital pedagogy is a method of empowerment&#x201D; for students, who can learn more about themselves through the digital storytelling process&#x2026; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31721-EN">Strommel (2014)</xref> argues that &#x201C;Critical Pedagogy is an approach to teaching and learning predicated on fostering agency and empowering learners (implicitly and explicitly critiquing oppressive power structures) (p. 231).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31721-EN">Fouche &#x0026; Andrews (2021)</xref>, recovering the work of the critical pedagogical tradition, understand that since:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31721-EN">Freire&#x2019;s (2005)</xref> view, critical pedagogy takes into consideration that education is political, and that by its nature, it can disadvantage certain students. The purpose of literacy education, in his view, is to challenge and overturn both political and social inequalities. Critical digital pedagogy, then, acknowledges that any technological artefact or mode used for education purposes will have limitations, and that though digital tools will make some power structures visible, they are just as likely to obscure others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-31721-EN">Waddell &#x0026; Clariza, 2018</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31721-EN">Fouche &#x0026; Andrews, 2021</xref>, p. 138).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31721-EN">Montelongo and William (2019)</xref> point out that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Critical digital pedagogy argues that technology is neither neutral nor value free and should be examined through how technologies perpetuate social inequities in patterning and (re)producing dominant modes of relationality (p. 34) (&#x2026;) critical digital pedagogy challenges our assumptions that pedagogical choices, tools or content knowledge being discussed are neutral and value free. (p. 35).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Between these two broad groups, digital pedagogy as methodology and critical digital pedagogy, there are unique conceptions to consider. Some of these highlight the conceptual dispersion of digital pedagogy and the complexity that the digital environment brings to the field. Without detracting from any of the definitions, up to seven perspectives can be identified in this heterogeneous group:</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31721-EN">Christie (2017)</xref> raises a very important point in the distinction between &#x201C;learning WITH technology&#x201D; and &#x201C;learning AS technology&#x201D;, which involves viewing the digital as an environment:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Rather than framing digital pedagogy as &#x201C;teaching with technology,&#x201D; it might instead be conceived to be &#x201C;teaching as technology.&#x201D; Indeed, facile separations between analog and digital pedagogy risk devaluing the full complexity of epistemological engagements with learning tools. Digital pedagogy does not operate in or through a learning interface, but rather at its surface, where it comingles with the thinking, talking, feeling, histories, and embodied experience of physical individuals collaborating in a shared knowledge space. These dynamics play out through physical classroom objects, including textbooks, hands, whiteboards, eyes, keyboards, pens, desks, paper, and ears. (p. 31).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>There is also a perspective on digital pedagogy that considers it equivalent to specific models such as TPCK. This bias is taken up by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31721-EN">Makokotlela (2020)</xref> when working with e-portfolios as an evaluation tool to improve teachers&#x2019; digital pedagogy, assuming that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31721-EN">Van Wyk (2017)</xref> states that, over the last decade, teachers have become more exposed to technologies that impact on classroom environments, teaching methods, strategies and techniques, and that this technological change requires teachers to have an in-depth understanding of digital pedagogy or technical pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) (p. 112) &#x2026; &#x201C;An e-portfolio should, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31721-EN">Van Wyk (2017)</xref> mentions, provide pre-service teachers with in-depth understanding of digital pedagogy or TPCK.&#x201D; (p. 123) &#x201C;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31721-EN">Van Wyk (2017)</xref> maintains that teachers are obliged to have a clear understanding of digital pedagogy due to technological changes in the teaching and learning environment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31721-EN">Maor (2017)</xref> states that e-portfolios are used to create digital pedagogies to enhance the students&#x2019; learning experience. It is crucial that an e-portfolio is developed by pre-service teachersto enhance their technological pedagogy since the current teaching and learning environment requires such pedagogy. This suggests that digital pedagogy includes digital assessment in the ODeL context; hence, the introduction of an e-portfolio as an alternative method of summative assessment.&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31721-EN">Makokotlela, 2020</xref>, p. 124).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>There is also a focus on teaching skills. For instance, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31721-EN">Ryht&#x00E4; et al. (2020)</xref> define digital pedagogy as follows:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The utilisation of digital technology, the digitalisation of learning environments and the increasing prevalence of distance learning require educators to be competent in digital pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31721-EN">From, 2017</xref>) &#x2026; Competence in digital pedagogy combines digital and pedagogical competence and is a requisite for the meaningful utilisation of digital technology in teaching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31721-EN">Cowling y Birt, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31721-EN">From, 2017</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31721-EN">Ryth&#x00E4;, 2020</xref>, p. 2).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The idea of digital pedagogy as a creative approach is evident in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31721-EN">Shiau (2020)</xref>, who emphasises the need for digital pedagogy as a catalytic element in his artistic work with technology:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>This approach reflects the suggestion of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31721-EN">Peppler (2010)</xref> that digital art making is inherently interdisciplinary. Digital pedagogy, in this case, is geared toward reviewing how these paratexts affiliated with Chen &#x2013; also new artworks in their own right &#x2013; pull from diverse genres, such as visual arts, design and music to form a single creation.&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31721-EN">Shiau, 2020</xref>, p. 56).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31721-EN">Walzer (2021)</xref> supports the idea of digital pedagogy with a eudaimonic vocation. He argues that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>This article advocates for a compassionate eudaimonic pedagogy model that prioritizes healing and self-care for teachers and students and cultivating an ethos of critical digital pedagogy&#x2014;itself a form of eudaimonia&#x2026; (p. 1). [&#x2026;] Cultivating eudaimonic pedagogy starts by acknowledging that human beings have a fundamental need to connect with others. This is much easier said than done (p. 3).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31721-EN">Volkova et al. (2021)</xref> discuss digital pedagogy understood as a guarantee of quality:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The analysis of multiple interpretations of the term allows us to conclude that the basis of digital pedagogy is traditional pedagogy, which uses modern digital technologies to achieve higher educational results. Thus, digital pedagogy can be defined as a pedagogy that studies and describes the pedagogical process based on new digital technologies used to ensure the education quality. The research focus shifts towards the quality of education and the problems of &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D; (the difficulties that hinder learning achievements) (p. 5).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31721-EN">Kelley (2017)</xref>, on the other hand, expects something more from digital pedagogy. She sees it as a field of reflective study that is broader than just teaching with technology:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>CAs David Lewin and David Lundie explain, &#x201C;digital pedagogy&#x201D; is an emerging field of study that combines four overlapping fields: the philosophy of technology and information theory, critical pedagogy, and educational philosophy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31721-EN">Lewin y Lundie 2016</xref>, p. 235] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31721-EN">Kelley, 2017</xref>, p. 5).</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31721-EN" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscussion and conclusions</sc></bold></title>
<p>Returning to the question that motivated this paper, &#x201C;What do we mean by <italic>digital pedagogy</italic>?&#x201D;, the answer we can give here, as far as the scientific literature indexed in Web of Science (WoS) over the last two decades is concerned, is that there is no uniform conceptual development. More specifically, the definition of digital pedagogy revolves around three semantic fields: two well-defined and with a longer tradition - this is the case of critical pedagogy and pedagogy understood as a teaching methodology - and a third consisting of a more conceptually heterogeneous group with different motivations and specificities. Defining digital pedagogy is therefore a pedagogical problem in itself. This requirement is not trivial, as approaching a work from a digital pedagogy, either as synonymous with teaching or through the lens of a critical digital pedagogy, will lead to different outcomes in educational research. However, in addition to these two semantic fields, where it is possible to appreciate more consensus and consistency, we must not lose sight of the third group, which has the potential to bring to light non-traditional or obvious research problems for the two previous frameworks that currently define digital pedagogy, by highlighting a specific element of the educational process, a singular educational task or a novel theoretical requirement.</p>
<p>Sooner rather than later, developments in digital pedagogy will have to face the challenge of definition. Knowing what we mean by pedagogy, what we do when we do pedagogy, is not easy to characterise. It is epistemologically complex and, strictly speaking, it is its own line of research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31721-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Soler, 2020</xref>). In this attempt to understand what the scientific literature means by digital pedagogy, this work highlights the existence of two classical lines of thought. The first, more common in the Anglo-Saxon world, understands &#x201C;pedagogy&#x201D; as a synonym for teaching and learning methods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-31721-EN">Watkins and Mortimore, 1999</xref>), and the second, more critical, aims to understand education as a political fact. In addition to guiding learning, it is expected to clarify questions about the meaning of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31721-EN">Giroux, 1997</xref>). This division between pedagogy as methodology and critical pedagogy remains in the works analysed on digital pedagogy. However, as can be seen from the results, there are a number of nuances between the two main conceptions of pedagogy that reveal a transitional stage in the development of the discipline. In other words, after two decades, there are two consolidated visions of digital pedagogy in the academic literature, but there are also other emerging visions.</p>
<p>However, whether as a consolidated or emerging vision, each approach influences the problems to which attention is directed. This is also reflected in practice, as both teachers and policy makers prioritise different actions, consistently or otherwise, based on their understanding of what digital pedagogy is and involves. For example, under the umbrella of digital pedagogy it makes sense to think about the effectiveness of technology, what works in learning. From the perspective of critical pedagogy, on the other hand, it may be more relevant to work on the ethical dilemmas raised by the use of technology in education. These conceptual nuances are by no means irrelevant to teachers&#x2019; reflections and practices when using technology in their work (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31721-EN">Heitink, et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Thus, it is not possible to speak of one single digital pedagogy, because the definition of such a concept, both in the theoretical framework in which the research problems are identified and analysed, and in the operational definitions on which the data collection tools are based, makes it difficult to identify a single definition of the term. It is therefore not possible to consider different studies on digital pedagogy as equivalent and to speak of a single theoretical-empirical evolution in a the research line labelled as digital pedagogy. While it may be plausible for a line of work such as <italic>digital pedagogy as a methodology</italic> to investigate the educational effectiveness of a particular virtual environment for cooperative group work, <italic>critical pedagogy</italic> might focus on the problem of the use of data in cooperative mediation within the same platform. However, these two cases fall under different research frameworks and methodologies, and this has implications for pedagogical development.</p>
<p>The work on digital pedagogy that focuses on providing effective strategies for the digitisation of educational institutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31721-EN">Be&#x0107;irovi&#x0107;, 2023</xref>) and the work that encourages the search for the meaning and educational value of such digitisation in the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31721-EN">Stommel et al., 2020</xref>) have different meanings. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31721-EN">Pangrazio and Sefton-Green (2021)</xref> point out, these meanings have epistemological and ontological connotations that influence pedagogical work and, of course, demarcate differentiated lines of research and programmes. Neutral and uncontaminated digital technology is not only part of the learning process, but also the idea from which it is conceived. For this reason, it is necessary to clarify the conceptual umbrella under which digital pedagogy is carried out, even in its post-digital reconfiguration, as pointed out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31721-EN">Jandric and Hayes (2022)</xref>, because, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31721-EN">Ornellas and Sancho (2015)</xref>, teaching in the classroom is based on these pedagogical approaches to technology.</p>
<p>However, the limitations of this work are obvious, as it focuses only on the analysis of scientific literature. Therefore, future lines of inquiry include educational regulations, teacher training, adoption of the concept by teachers and families, related commentary in the media and social networks, and the priority given to research on digital pedagogy in postgraduate programmes. This whole narrative is the key to understanding the situation in which pedagogy as a discipline finds itself, and what tasks are necessary to understand the technological novelty (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31721-EN">Brailovsky, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>This suggests the need to develop a pedagogical framework for digital technology. Indeed, but under which criteria? This paper shows that this question is not trivial and that the potential range of options can have significant implications for educational practice and for research, which will have to deal with new problems. For pedagogy, as well as for educational policy and management, defining digital pedagogy is itself a problem that needs to be addressed in both educational research and practice. Technology is not enough to define digital pedagogy, we need a conceptual vision that &#x201C;tries to overcome Manichaeism, consumerism, neutrality, technocentrism, determinism or technological solutionism, and to opt for a profound, interdisciplinary and ethical view that always reminds us that the digital is behind the most humanising project that justifies it, education&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31721-EN">Su&#x00E1;rez-Guerrero, 2023</xref>, p. 11).</p>
<p>Without a conceptual framework, it is not possible to develop a coherent and effective pedagogical approach to digitisation. However, this pedagogical construction of the future, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31721-EN">Meirieu (2021)</xref> points out, should not come at the expense of tradition, of what has already been developed; on the contrary, that would mean losing perspective due to digital novelty. It is therefore important for digital pedagogy to be able to value the technological applications that offer new ways of doing things, but also to pay attention to the ideas &#x2013; definitions, expectations, myths or dilemmas &#x2013; from which they are conceived. This kind of knowledge is of real value for educational practice, as it plays an important role in the representation of technology in education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31721-EN">Blau et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>This can be achieved by making room for new spaces and times for working together, sharing experiences and learning, with new methodologies and activities that generate narratives of experience, dialogue and horizontal participation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31721-EN">Ayuso del Puerto and Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Esteban, 2022</xref>). We need a context in which the pedagogical relationship, as we have said, is built from &#x201C;us&#x201D;, from our relationship with others.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title><bold>A<sc>cknowledgements</sc></bold></title>
<p>The translation of the text was funded by the Department of Education and School Management, University of Valencia.</p>
</ack>
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