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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31397</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31397</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>La conexión con la naturaleza como factor clave en la formación de las identidades infantiles: una revisión sistemática <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1_Esp"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Connection with Nature as a Key Factor in the Formation of Childhood Identities: A Systematic Review</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-3225</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>GUTI&#x00C9;RREZ-P&#x00C9;REZ</surname>
<given-names>B&#x00E1;rbara Mariana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-1568</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RUEDAS-CALETRIO</surname>
<given-names>Jes&#x00FA;s</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4954-6795</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>CABALLERO FRANCO</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4351-9307</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MURCIANO-HUESO</surname>
<given-names>Alicia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_Esp">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Salamanca. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Esp"><email>barbaragutierrez@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_Esp"><email>ruedasjc@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3_Esp"><email>caballero@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4_Esp"><email>aliciaamh@usal.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024361</issue-id>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>27</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>

<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
    <license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El acelerado desarrollo urban&#x00ED;stico y tecnol&#x00F3;gico ha impulsado al ser humano hacia din&#x00E1;micas sociales y culturales marcadas por el d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza en sus h&#x00E1;bitos y rutinas. Los efectos producidos por la separaci&#x00F3;n del sujeto de los espacios naturales han sido estudiados desde diferentes perspectivas en investigaciones previas, destacando desde diferentes perspectivas los beneficios y la importancia de establecer una mayor conexi&#x00F3;n entre las personas y estos espacios. El objetivo del presente estudio consisti&#x00F3; en conocer las implicaciones que la naturaleza tiene sobre determinados atributos internos como valores, comportamientos, emociones y competencias sociales que configuran la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria del individuo, especialmente durante la infancia. Para ello, a partir de una b&#x00FA;squeda bibliogr&#x00E1;fica en las bases de datos <italic>Web of Science</italic> y Scopus, se llev&#x00F3; a cabo una Revisi&#x00F3;n Sistem&#x00E1;tica de Literatura mediante el marco SALSA. La selecci&#x00F3;n de la literatura se limit&#x00F3; a los estudios publicados entre 2012 y 2022, tras la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de criterios preestablecidos, se seleccionaron un total de 10 art&#x00ED;culos para su an&#x00E1;lisis. La mayor&#x00ED;a de los resultados encontrados indicaron que la interacci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza genera efectos positivos en el desarrollo emocional, comportamental y social de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as, ofreciendo un mayor conocimiento de s&#x00ED; mismos, v&#x00ED;nculos positivos con sus iguales, una conexi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s profunda con el entorno y, en definitiva, un proceso de desarrollo personal que genera una construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria saludable a trav&#x00E9;s de la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza. Como conclusi&#x00F3;n, se constata la importancia de aumentar las investigaciones respecto a la influencia de los entornos naturales en el desarrollo identitario desde edades tempranas, abordando perspectivas pedag&#x00F3;gicas y humanistas.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Rapid urban and technological development has driven humans towards social and cultural dynamics marked by a nature-deficit in their habits and routines. The effects produced by the separation of the human have been analysed different perspectives in previous research, highlighting the benefits and importance of establishing a greater connection between the two. The aim of this study was to find out the impact of nature on humans&#x2019; internal attributes; specifically, values, behaviours, emotions and social skills that shape the individual identity construction, especially during childhood. For this, based on a bibliographic search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, a Systematic Literature Review was carried out using the SALSA framework. The literature selected was limited to studies published between 2012 and 2022, after applying pre-established criteria, a total of 10 articles were selected for analysis. Most of the results showed that interaction with nature generates positive effects on the emotional, behavioural, and social development of boys and girls, offering a greater knowledge of themselves, positive bonds with their peers, a deeper connection with the environment and, ultimately, a process of personal development that generates a healthy identity construction through connection with nature. In conclusion, it is important to increase research into the impact of natural environments on the construction of identity from an early age, from pedagogical and humanist perspectives.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>infancia</kwd>
<kwd>medio ambiente natural</kwd>
<kwd>identidad</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo humano</kwd>
<kwd>estudio bibliogr&#x00E1;fico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>childhood</kwd>
<kwd>natural environment</kwd>
<kwd>identity</kwd>
<kwd>human development</kwd>
<kwd>literature review</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Ayuda Proyecto NATEC-ID</institution>
<institution>MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/</institution>
<institution>FEDER</institution>
<institution>Uni&#x00F3;n Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID 2021-122993NB-100</award-id>
<award-id>TED2021-130300A-C22</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Esta investigaci&#x00F3;n ha sido financiada con la Ayuda Proyecto NATEC-ID. An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re)conexi&#x00F3;n con la NATuraleza y la TECnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la IDentidad del ni&#x00F1;o -PID 2021-122993NB-100- financiado por MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ y por FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa y con la Ayuda Proyecto Tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como catalizadora de la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica desde la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Estudio y dise&#x00F1;o de soluciones tecnoeducativas desde NATUR-TEC Kids LivingLab -TED2021-130300A-C22- financiado por MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 y por la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea NextGenerationEU/ PRTR</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31397_Esp" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>El desarrollo de las sociedades actuales en los &#x00FA;ltimos tiempos se ha caracterizado por una planificaci&#x00F3;n urbana expansiva que ha supuesto la reducci&#x00F3;n y la degradaci&#x00F3;n de los espacios naturales, dando como resultado entornos cada vez m&#x00E1;s urbanizados donde la relaci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza se vuelve m&#x00E1;s compleja y distante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31397_Esp">Puig y Casas, 2017</xref>). A este modelo de ciudades hiperurbanizadas se a&#x00F1;ade la presencia de otro espacio: el virtual, cuya expansi&#x00F3;n ha alterado significativamente la manera de relacionarnos con el entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31397_Esp">Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez Ayuso <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). La convergencia de ambos fen&#x00F3;menos, es decir, la urbanizaci&#x00F3;n expansiva y el super&#x00E1;vit de tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital, refuerza lo que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31397_Esp">Louv (2005)</xref> denomina &#x201C;d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza&#x201D;, sustentado por din&#x00E1;micas sociales mediadas cada vez m&#x00E1;s por las tecnolog&#x00ED;as y producidas, en su gran mayor&#x00ED;a, en entornos urbanos. Como resultado, las experiencias, rutinas y h&#x00E1;bitos de los sujetos se ven afectados por una exposici&#x00F3;n significativa a la virtualidad y a entornos artificiales, suponiendo importantes implicaciones en el comportamiento de las personas y, en consecuencia, en los procesos educativos b&#x00E1;sicos que configuran el &#x201C;ser&#x201D; de estas.</p>
<p>La realidad de este contexto desnaturalizado discrepa de los resultados obtenidos en estudios realizados por diferentes autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31397_Esp">Barrera-Hern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31397_Esp">Rosa y Collado, 2019</xref>), quienes sostienen que los entornos naturales no solo constituyen un factor determinante para el bienestar del sujeto, sino que adem&#x00E1;s la dependencia e interacci&#x00F3;n del ser humano con su ecosistema resulta fundamental para una educaci&#x00F3;n integral y para comprender la identidad humana y su papel en la sociedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31397_Esp">Puig <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Por ejemplo, se observa que la naturaleza es un aliciente para la mejora del bienestar f&#x00ED;sico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31397_Esp">Nyarku <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31397_Esp">Squillacioti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>) y psicol&#x00F3;gico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31397_Esp">Holt <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31397_Esp">Xia Dong, 2023</xref>). De la misma manera, para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31397_Esp">Cudworth y Lumber (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31397_Esp">Dopko <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31397_Esp">Mu&#x00F1;oz (2009)</xref> la conexi&#x00F3;n directa con espacios verdes promueve la reducci&#x00F3;n de problemas tanto emocionales como comportamentales y proporciona al sujeto un contexto id&#x00F3;neo para el desarrollo de su independencia, autonom&#x00ED;a y confianza. Asimismo, desde el enfoque social, se advierte que la naturaleza proporciona a la persona espacios para la socializaci&#x00F3;n y el establecimiento de v&#x00ED;nculos entre sus iguales y con el entorno que le rodea, destacando el desarrollo de valores y conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31397_Esp">Evans <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31397_Esp">Humphreys y Blenkinsop, 2018</xref>). En definitiva, los h&#x00E1;bitos y v&#x00ED;nculos con la naturaleza influyen en distintos &#x00E1;mbitos del aprendizaje de la persona y, por consiguiente, en la construcci&#x00F3;n de diferentes concepciones de su identidad, tales como la individual, la social y la ecol&#x00F3;gica. Como resultado, para autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31397_Esp">Green (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31397_Esp">Pelo (2018)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31397_Esp">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez (2022)</xref>, la conexi&#x00F3;n entre ser humano y naturaleza tiene un efecto significativo en la redefinici&#x00F3;n identitaria del individuo.</p>
<sec id="sec-2-31397_Esp">
<label>1.1.</label>
<title><italic>Construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria y naturaleza</italic></title>
<p>La construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad humana ha sido estudiada desde diversas perspectivas y dimensiones te&#x00F3;ricas debido a su complejidad conceptual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Esp">Quiroga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31397_Esp">Sep&#x00FA;lveda, 2020</xref>). Dentro de los diferentes planteamientos propuestos desde la literatura, se consensua que este proceso de construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria no es est&#x00E1;tico ni homog&#x00E9;neo, sino que se desarrolla durante las diferentes etapas de la vida de los sujetos, ahora bien, es durante la infancia cuando el proceso de construcci&#x00F3;n del sentido del &#x201C;yo&#x201D; presenta su per&#x00ED;odo m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31397_Esp">Erg&#x00FC;n, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31397_Esp">Vega Granda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Sobre la base de una perspectiva integral, y atendiendo a la multidimensionalidad atribuida a la identidad de la persona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Esp">Quiroga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>), el sentido identitario se conforma mediante la convergencia y organizaci&#x00F3;n de la identidad individual o personal, su integraci&#x00F3;n en el propio sujeto y con los otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31397_Esp">S&#x00E1;nchez Calleja y Garc&#x00ED;a Jim&#x00E9;nez, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31397_Esp">Vignoles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). As&#x00ED;, la identidad individual corresponde al contenido identitario que es propio de la persona, centr&#x00E1;ndose, por un lado, en los procesos individuales de descubrimiento y diferenciaci&#x00F3;n de la propia identidad y, por otro, refiri&#x00E9;ndose a atributos internos del sujeto como son metas, valores, normas de comportamiento, deseos, emociones y creencias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31397_Esp">Camelo, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31397_Esp">Waterman, 2012</xref>). Por otra parte, la integraci&#x00F3;n identitaria corresponde a la identidad relacional que supone la acomodaci&#x00F3;n de las experiencias pasadas, presentes y futuras del sujeto, constituyendo la continuidad de su &#x201C;yo&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31397_Esp">Erikson, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Esp">Quiroga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). Del mismo modo, esta integraci&#x00F3;n se realiza mediante procesos de asimilaci&#x00F3;n y adopci&#x00F3;n de los roles que el sujeto desempe&#x00F1;a dentro de la sociedad, ampliando as&#x00ED; las posibilidades experienciales de la persona a trav&#x00E9;s del cumplimiento de distintas acciones y comportamientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31397_Esp">Sep&#x00FA;lveda, 2020</xref>). Finalmente, la integraci&#x00F3;n con otros se refiere a la identidad colectiva, es decir, a la identificaci&#x00F3;n del sujeto con otros grupos y al sentido de pertenencia a estos. Desde esta perspectiva, se entiende que la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad se encuentra ligada a procesos sociales y colectivos, abarcando atributos internos como sentimientos, creencias y comportamientos que se producen mediante la identificaci&#x00F3;n con los dem&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31397_Esp">Fl&#x00F3;rez Var&#x00F3;n y C&#x00E1;rdenas-T&#x00E1;mara, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31397_Esp">Subero Tom&#x00E1;s y Esteban-Guitart, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Ante estas dimensiones, otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31397_Esp">Cheung y Hui, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31397_Esp">Vignoles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>) establecen que la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria tambi&#x00E9;n se encuentra vinculada a una identidad material y de lugar, constituida mediante sentimientos de pertenencia a entornos que resultan significativos para los sujetos. A tal efecto, y teniendo en cuenta la continuidad del sentido del &#x201C;yo&#x201D;, los entornos naturales suponen un campo potencial para la vivencia de experiencias personales y colectivas. Los resultados de dichas vivencias se reflejan en el desarrollo de valores, creencias, sentimientos, socializaci&#x00F3;n y comportamientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31397_Esp">Dewey, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31397_Esp">Green, 2017</xref>). El efecto de estos factores en el desarrollo identitario de la persona queda evidenciado en la coincidencia entre estos factores influenciados por los espacios naturales y los atributos internos de la persona que conforman la identidad del sujeto.</p>
<p>Si bien la influencia de los espacios naturales en el bienestar y en el desarrollo del sujeto est&#x00E1; te&#x00F3;rica y emp&#x00ED;ricamente fundamentada en diversas investigaciones, el n&#x00FA;mero de estudios orientados al an&#x00E1;lisis del efecto de estos espacios en los atributos que conforman su identidad se encuentra actualmente limitado. En consecuencia, a partir de los proyectos NATEC-ID y NATUR-TEC Kids LivingLab, en este estudio se busca ofrecer una panor&#x00E1;mica general acerca de las implicaciones de los espacios naturales respecto a la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria del sujeto durante un periodo cr&#x00ED;tico de su desarrollo, centrando la investigaci&#x00F3;n en la poblaci&#x00F3;n infantil. Concretamente, se pretende identificar c&#x00F3;mo y en qu&#x00E9; medida la naturaleza influye en la adquisici&#x00F3;n de valores, sentimientos, procesos de socializaci&#x00F3;n y comportamientos de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as que, posteriormente, influir&#x00E1;n en su sentido del &#x201C;yo&#x201D;. A tal efecto, para la consecuci&#x00F3;n del objetivo planteado, se presenta una Revisi&#x00F3;n Sistem&#x00E1;tica de Literatura seleccionando estudios publicados en los &#x00FA;ltimos 10 a&#x00F1;os que permitan dar respuesta a los siguientes interrogantes clave: &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; objetivos de investigaci&#x00F3;n son planteados en la literatura analizada? &#x00BF;c&#x00F3;mo influye la naturaleza en los atributos internos del infante planteados para esta investigaci&#x00F3;n? y &#x00BF;cu&#x00E1;les son los principales resultados obtenidos acerca de la influencia del entorno natural en el desarrollo de dichos atributos?</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31397_Esp" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>etodolog&#x00ED;a</sc></bold></title>
<p>Para garantizar la calidad y validez cient&#x00ED;fica de esta investigaci&#x00F3;n se implement&#x00F3; el Marco SALSA (<italic>Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis framework</italic>), constituido por cuatro fases secuenciales que engloban la b&#x00FA;squeda de literatura, la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de las fuentes, el proceso de s&#x00ED;ntesis de la informaci&#x00F3;n y, finalmente, el an&#x00E1;lisis del contenido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31397_Esp">Grant y Booth, 2009</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-4-31397_Esp">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Bases de datos, algoritmos y estrategias de b&#x00FA;squeda</italic></title>
<p>Para dar respuesta a la primera fase se seleccionaron las bases de datos de <italic>Web of Sciences</italic> (WoS) y Scopus debido al car&#x00E1;cter multidisciplinar y al factor de impacto de ambos repositorios en las diferentes &#x00E1;reas de conocimiento.</p>
<p>A partir de la literatura previamente revisada, se identificaron una serie de palabras clave o descriptores recogidos en los siguientes 3 algoritmos: a) Algoritmo 1: <italic>child*</italic> AND <italic>natur*</italic> AND <italic>environment</italic> AND (<italic>deficit</italic> OR <italic>exposure</italic> OR <italic>relatedness</italic>), b) Algoritmo 2: <italic>child*</italic> AND <italic>school</italic> AND (<italic>gardens</italic> OR <italic>green space*</italic>) y c) Algoritmo 3: <italic>child*</italic> AND <italic>green space*</italic> AND (<italic>urban</italic> OR <italic>cit*</italic>). Estos algoritmos incluyen, en primer lugar, la muestra de estudio delimitada en esta investigaci&#x00F3;n y, en segundo lugar, conceptos gen&#x00E9;ricos o relacionados con el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;naturaleza&#x201D;. As&#x00ED; pues, atendiendo a este &#x00FA;ltimo concepto, para esta investigaci&#x00F3;n se aceptaron como entornos naturales los espacios silvestres, las zonas azules (r&#x00ED;os, playas, lagunas, etc.) y los espacios verdes ubicados en cascos urbanos (jardines, huertos, parques arbolados y zonas al aire libre con vegetaci&#x00F3;n). Respecto al factor de identidad, se establecieron una serie de variables o atributos internos que influyen en la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria de los menores: experiencias, componente emocional, creencias, comportamientos, sociabilidad, establecimiento de v&#x00ED;nculos, y valores. Con la finalidad de abarcar un n&#x00FA;mero amplio de investigaciones, estos atributos no se incluyeron en los algoritmos de b&#x00FA;squeda. No obstante, la presencia de estas variables se recogi&#x00F3; como criterio de elegibilidad en la fase de evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la literatura.</p>
<p>La b&#x00FA;squeda en la base de datos WoS se ejecut&#x00F3; dentro de la categor&#x00ED;a <italic>Education and Educational Research</italic>, aplicando los algoritmos a los campos de T&#x00ED;tulo y <italic>Abstrac</italic> (TI-AB), mientras que, en la base de datos Scopus, los algoritmos se aplicaron a las etiquetas de campo correspondientes a T&#x00ED;tulo, <italic>Abstrac</italic> y <italic>Keywords</italic> (TITLE-ABS-KEY), ejecutando la b&#x00FA;squeda en todas las categor&#x00ED;as. Estas revisiones se desarrollaron durante el mes de enero del 2023.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31397_Esp">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>Evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la literatura y criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n y exclusi&#x00F3;n</italic></title>
<p>La evaluaci&#x00F3;n de las fuentes se llev&#x00F3; a cabo mediante la delimitaci&#x00F3;n de criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n y exclusi&#x00F3;n desde dos perspectivas: la primera abarc&#x00F3; una serie de criterios relacionados con los filtros aplicados durante el proceso de b&#x00FA;squeda en las bases de datos y, la segunda, se centr&#x00F3; en criterios de elegibilidad aplicados tras una revisi&#x00F3;n en profundidad de las investigaciones preseleccionadas. En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31397_Esp">Figura 1</xref> se presentan los criterios establecidos desde ambas perspectivas.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31397_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>riterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n y exclusi&#x00F3;n</sc></title></caption>
<table-wrap>
<caption><title>&#x00A0;</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2"><p><bold>Criterio filtros de b&#x00FA;squeda</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Publicaciones de acceso abierto</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publicaciones entre 2012 y 2022</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Publicaciones como art&#x00ED;culos de revista</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(d)</label> <p>Publicaciones en ingl&#x00E9;s o espa&#x00F1;ol</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Criterio de exclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Publicaciones de acceso restringido</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publicaciones fuera del rango establecido</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Publicaciones como libros, cap&#x00ED;tulos de libros, rese&#x00F1;as, actas de congreso, tesis.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(d)</label> <p>Publicaciones en idiomas que no sean ingl&#x00E9;s o espa&#x00F1;ol</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2"><p><bold>Criterio de elegibilidad</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Criterio de inclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Publicaciones en las que los espacios verdes sean analizados como una variable</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publicaciones en las que se analicen atributos internos que influyen en la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria de los participantes</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Investigaciones cuya muestra est&#x00E9; compuesta por participantes de hasta 16 a&#x00F1;os</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Criterio de exclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Publicaciones en las que los espacios verdes sean analizados como un factor de contexto o como un medio</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publicaciones en las que se analicen atributos o variables que no influyen en la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria de los participantes</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Investigaciones cuya muestra est&#x00E9; compuesta por participantes que tengan m&#x00E1;s de 16 a&#x00F1;os</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31397_Esp">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title><italic>Selecci&#x00F3;n de literatura y proceso de s&#x00ED;ntesis de la informaci&#x00F3;n</italic></title>
<p>Como resultado de la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de los criterios correspondientes a los filtros de b&#x00FA;squeda, se preseleccionaron un N total de 409 estudios resultantes del primer algoritmo (WoS n = 179; Scopus n = 230), 271 art&#x00ED;culos extra&#x00ED;dos de la aplicaci&#x00F3;n del segundo (WoS n = 4; Scopus n= 267) y, finalmente, 188 investigaciones identificadas mediante tercer algoritmo (WoS n = 11; Scopus n = 177). Posteriormente, se llev&#x00F3; a cabo una revisi&#x00F3;n en profundidad de los estudios preseleccionados para aplicar los criterios de elegibilidad. Tras esta evaluaci&#x00F3;n exhaustiva se seleccionaron 2 investigaciones vinculadas al primer algoritmo de b&#x00FA;squeda, 7 resultantes del segundo algoritmo y 1 identificada mediante el tercero. La comprobaci&#x00F3;n de duplicidad de art&#x00ED;culos se realiz&#x00F3; con posterioridad con el prop&#x00F3;sito de comprobar la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de los mismos criterios de evaluaci&#x00F3;n por parte de los investigadores participantes. Como resultado, se comprob&#x00F3; que no se hab&#x00ED;an seleccionado art&#x00ED;culos id&#x00E9;nticos en las distintas bases de datos. Finalmente, para esta investigaci&#x00F3;n se seleccionaron un N total de 10 art&#x00ED;culos para su an&#x00E1;lisis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31397_Esp">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-2-31397_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>roceso de selecci&#x00F3;n de la literatura</sc></title></caption>
<table-wrap>
<caption><title>&#x00A0;</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="35%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="35%"/>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>IDENTIFICACI&#x00D3;N (Campos TI-AB y TITLE-ABS-KEY)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 636</p>
<p>Scopus n = 1,075</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 2</p>
<p>WOS n = 23</p>
<p>Scopus n = 894</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 3</p>
<p>WOS n = 19</p>
<p>Scopus n = 444</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>CRITERIOS FILTROS DE B&#x00DA;SQUEDA</bold></p>
<p><bold>Criterio inclusi&#x00F3;n / exclusi&#x00F3;n (a)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 222</p>
<p>Scopus n = 324</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 2</p>
<p>WOS n = 5</p>
<p>Scopus n = 365</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 3</p>
<p>WOS n = 12</p>
<p>Scopus n = 224</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>Criterio inclusi&#x00F3;n / exclusi&#x00F3;n (b)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 193</p>
<p>Scopus n = 278</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 2</p>
<p>WOS n = 5</p>
<p>Scopus n = 304</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 3</p>
<p>WOS n = 12</p>
<p>Scopus n = 209</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>Criterio inclusi&#x00F3;n / exclusi&#x00F3;n (c)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 180</p>
<p>Scopus n = 231</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 2</p>
<p>WOS n = 4</p>
<p>Scopus n = 272</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 3</p>
<p>WOS n = 11</p>
<p>Scopus n = 177</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>Criterio inclusi&#x00F3;n / exclusi&#x00F3;n (d)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 179</p>
<p>Scopus n = 230</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 2</p>
<p>WOS n = 4</p>
<p>Scopus n = 267</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 3</p>
<p>WOS n = 11</p>
<p>Scopus n = 177</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>CRITERIOS ELEGIBILIDAD (a), (b) y (c)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 0</p>
<p>Scopus n = 2</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 2</p>
<p>WOS n = 0</p>
<p>Scopus n = 7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algoritmo 3</p>
<p>WOS n = 0</p>
<p>Scopus n = 1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>N total investigaciones seleccionadas = 10</bold></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</fig>
<p>Con la finalidad de operativizar el proceso de s&#x00ED;ntesis de la informaci&#x00F3;n, se dise&#x00F1;&#x00F3; una matriz de datos como m&#x00E9;todo de documentaci&#x00F3;n. Esta matriz registr&#x00F3; las siguientes variables: a) autor/es, b) a&#x00F1;o de publicaci&#x00F3;n, c) dise&#x00F1;o de investigaci&#x00F3;n, d) corte de la investigaci&#x00F3;n, e) m&#x00E9;todo de investigaci&#x00F3;n, f) muestra, g) objetivo de investigaci&#x00F3;n, h) variables analizadas y, por &#x00FA;ltimo, i) resultados relevantes de la investigaci&#x00F3;n. Los resultados obtenidos de las variables relacionadas con los dise&#x00F1;os de investigaci&#x00F3;n (dise&#x00F1;o, corte y m&#x00E9;todo) se evaluaron cuantitativamente, mientras que, para las &#x00FA;ltimas 3 variables se aplic&#x00F3; un enfoque cualitativo mediante un an&#x00E1;lisis narrativo de las unidades de contenido proporcionadas en las investigaciones.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31397_Esp" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esultados</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-8-31397_Esp">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Caracterizaci&#x00F3;n de los estudios seleccionados</italic></title>
<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31397_Esp">Tabla 1</xref> se recogen, en forma de s&#x00ED;ntesis, los principales datos sobre las investigaciones sometidas a an&#x00E1;lisis en cuanto a su a&#x00F1;o de publicaci&#x00F3;n, m&#x00E9;todo, dise&#x00F1;o y corte de la investigaci&#x00F3;n, as&#x00ED; como la muestra participante y el contexto de investigaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31397_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1.</label>
<caption><title>E<sc>studios seleccionados para el an&#x00E1;lisis</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31397_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="16%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Autor/es</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>A&#x00F1;o</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>M&#x00E9;todo</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dise&#x00F1;o</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Corte</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Muestra</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Contexto</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adams y Beauchamp</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">2021</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cualitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>91</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Gales</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Amoly <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">2014</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cualitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2111</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Espa&#x00F1;a</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Askerlund y Almers</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">2016</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mixto</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>27</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Suecia</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">2018</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mixto</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cuasi-experimental</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>36</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inglaterra</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">2022</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cualitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Chile</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Huynh <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">2013</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cuantitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>17249</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Canad&#x00E1;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">2022</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cuantitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>27539</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Canad&#x00E1;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">2020</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cuantitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>132</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Portugal</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mycock</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">2018</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cualitativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inglaterra</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">2021</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mixto</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cuasi-experimental</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>53</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>-</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Estos datos indican que la investigaci&#x00F3;n sobre la influencia de la naturaleza en el desarrollo de atributos internos en ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as ha sido abordada de manera puntual y transversal a lo largo de varios a&#x00F1;os. Sin embargo, es en el &#x00FA;ltimo bienio (2021 y 2022) donde se observa un aumento gradual en las publicaciones que se enfocan en esta l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n. Al examinar las caracter&#x00ED;sticas metodol&#x00F3;gicas de los 10 estudios seleccionados, se observa que predominan las investigaciones con enfoque cualitativo (ver, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock, 2018</xref>). Del mismo modo, se destaca que gran parte de los estudios adoptan un enfoque observacional anal&#x00ED;tico (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock, 2018</xref>, entre otros). Y, finalmente, se evidencia una tendencia mayoritaria hacia investigaciones de tipo transversal (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>, entre otros).</p>
<p>En relaci&#x00F3;n con el tama&#x00F1;o de la muestra en los estudios seleccionados, se observ&#x00F3; una notable disparidad en cuanto al n&#x00FA;mero de participantes. El estudio con la muestra m&#x00E1;s peque&#x00F1;a incluy&#x00F3; a 10 ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>), mientras que la investigaci&#x00F3;n con la mayor muestra incluy&#x00F3; a un total de 27.539 infantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">Jarvis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). En cuanto a las edades de los participantes, estas variaron entre los 3 y 16 a&#x00F1;os, abarcando desde la primera infancia hasta la adolescencia. Entre los estudios seleccionados se identific&#x00F3; que tres investigaciones coincidieron en la edad m&#x00ED;nima de los participantes. En concreto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers (2016)</xref> tuvieron una muestra de entre 7 y 8 a&#x00F1;os, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> trabajaron con infantes de 7 a 10 a&#x00F1;os y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp (2021)</xref> incluyeron en su estudio a ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as de 7 a 11 a&#x00F1;os. Por otra parte, dos estudios compartieron edades m&#x00E1;ximas en sus muestras. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> llevaron a cabo su investigaci&#x00F3;n con una muestra de 6 a 12 a&#x00F1;os, mientras <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref> trabajaron con infantes de 11 a 12 a&#x00F1;os. Asimismo, los estudios realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> presentaron muestras con una edad m&#x00E1;xima de 14 a&#x00F1;os, concretamente, con un rango de 9 a 14 a&#x00F1;os en el primer estudio y de 8 a 14 a&#x00F1;os en el segundo. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> trabajaron con la muestra de mayor edad, abarcando un rango de 10 a 16 a&#x00F1;os.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> no especificaron en su estudio el rango de edad de la muestra, ahora bien, se indic&#x00F3; que la edad media de esta correspond&#x00ED;a a 5,6 a&#x00F1;os. En cuanto al g&#x00E9;nero de la muestra, result&#x00F3; llamativo que en 4 de los trabajos no se mencionara este dato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). Entre las investigaciones que s&#x00ED; proporcionaron esta informaci&#x00F3;n, se observ&#x00F3; que en su mayor&#x00ED;a se mantuvo la paridad de g&#x00E9;nero, con la excepci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref> donde las ni&#x00F1;as tuvieron una representaci&#x00F3;n mayor.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-31397_Esp">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Influencia de la naturaleza en el desarrollo emocional y social de los infantes</italic></title>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp (2021)</xref> destacan la necesaria interacci&#x00F3;n entre el ser humano y la naturaleza. Estos investigadores llevan a cabo su estudio mediante la implementaci&#x00F3;n de una serie de actividades experienciales que se desarrollaron en reservas naturales, con el objetivo de conocer las percepciones, sentimientos y sensaciones producidas por el contacto directo entre los infantes y estos entornos. Los hallazgos obtenidos indican que estos experimentaron sentimientos de calma, plenitud, libertad y relajaci&#x00F3;n, destacando la oportunidad que brindan los espacios naturales para llevar a cabo ejercicios reflexivos de introspecci&#x00F3;n. Estas percepciones tambi&#x00E9;n influyeron en su conciencia temporal, demostrando el matiz liberador de la naturaleza. En definitiva, las experiencias biof&#x00ED;licas vividas por los infantes dieron como resultado una percepci&#x00F3;n mejorada de la naturaleza, una mayor conexi&#x00F3;n con estos entornos y un mayor sentido y conocimiento de s&#x00ED; mismos.</p>
<p>En esta l&#x00ED;nea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> presentan los resultados obtenidos de una intervenci&#x00F3;n piloto de Horticultura Social y Terap&#x00E9;utica (HST) denominada <italic>Haven of Green Space</italic>. Los autores se fundamentan en las investigaciones desarrolladas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31397_Esp">Sempik <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> para definir lo que se entiende por HST, conceptualiz&#x00E1;ndola como intervenciones terap&#x00E9;uticas basadas en espacio verdes para mejorar el bienestar de los participantes. Del mismo modo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> parten del marco de las &#x201C;Cinco v&#x00ED;as para el bienestar&#x201D;, cuyo planteamiento busca promover el cambio de comportamiento de los sujetos hacia el desarrollo de relaciones positivas, autonom&#x00ED;a, competencia y seguridad. En consecuencia, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> trasladan dichos planteamientos a la pr&#x00E1;ctica terap&#x00E9;utica con infantes mediante las siguientes cinco acciones: a) conectar con los dem&#x00E1;s y con la naturaleza, b) desarrollar actividades f&#x00ED;sicas, c) percibir el entorno y los sentimientos propios, d) generar autoconfianza y, e) establecer relaciones rec&#x00ED;procas con las otras personas. Los hallazgos extra&#x00ED;dos indican que las intervenciones realizadas mediante HST beneficiaron la salud mental y el bienestar de los infantes con dificultades de comportamiento, emocionales y sociales participantes en el proyecto. Estos resultados respaldan la capacidad influyente de la naturaleza sobre atributos internos como el bienestar emocional, la autoestima, el sentido de pertenencia y la creaci&#x00F3;n de redes sociales y relacionales.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza se define como un sentimiento afectivo y experiencial de pertenencia al mundo natural, relacion&#x00E1;ndose con comportamientos proambientales y prosociales, niveles positivos de felicidad, satisfacci&#x00F3;n y resiliencia. En este estudio, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> plantean como objetivo analizar las experiencias y percepciones de relaci&#x00F3;n entre sujeto y naturaleza que influyen en el bienestar de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as que residen cerca de ambientes naturales y en aquellos que habitan lejos de dichos ambientes. Los investigadores parten de una interpretaci&#x00F3;n del bienestar construida por tres dimensiones: f&#x00ED;sica, psicol&#x00F3;gica, englobando el bienestar cognitivo y emocional, y social. Respecto a los hallazgos vinculados con los atributos internos que constituyen la identidad de los infantes, se destacan las percepciones positivas que manifiestan en cuanto a la influencia de la naturaleza en su bienestar. En concreto, reflejan que su relaci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza gener&#x00F3; sentimientos de alegr&#x00ED;a y autosatisfacci&#x00F3;n, adem&#x00E1;s de crear v&#x00ED;nculos sociales sin presentarse ninguna diferencia significativa en funci&#x00F3;n de la distancia entre el entorno natural y su lugar de residencia. Sin embargo, se identificaron diferencias en la percepci&#x00F3;n de los participantes en relaci&#x00F3;n a c&#x00F3;mo influye la naturaleza en su bienestar. De este modo, los infantes residentes cerca de entornos naturales percibieron una mejora en su bienestar f&#x00ED;sico, mientras que los que residen a una mayor distancia la percibieron en el psicol&#x00F3;gico (cognitivo y emocional).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> investigan la asociaci&#x00F3;n entre la exposici&#x00F3;n temprana a la vegetaci&#x00F3;n y el desarrollo infantil. Para evaluar el desarrollo aplicaron el &#x201C;Instrumento de Desarrollo Temprano&#x201D; (EDI), dirigido a medir la capacidad del infante para cumplir con las expectativas de desarrollo estipuladas para su edad, abarcando los siguientes dominios: salud f&#x00ED;sica y bienestar, competencia social, madurez emocional, lenguaje y desarrollo cognitivo y habilidades de comunicaci&#x00F3;n y conocimientos. Respecto a la exposici&#x00F3;n a la naturaleza, se establecen tres entornos diferentes, variando en cada uno de ellos la tipolog&#x00ED;a y el volumen de vegetaci&#x00F3;n, recurriendo as&#x00ED; a zonas silvestres, arboladas y suelos cubiertos con c&#x00E9;sped. Los hallazgos obtenidos no solo indican que las superficies verdes influyeron positivamente en las cinco dimensiones del desarrollo infantil, sino que, adem&#x00E1;s, demostraron que estos efectos incrementan o disminuyen en funci&#x00F3;n del tipo y volumen de cobertura natural. Por ejemplo, en comparaci&#x00F3;n con las zonas cubiertas de c&#x00E9;sped, las &#x00E1;reas arb&#x00F3;reas tuvieron una mayor influencia positiva en el desarrollo infantil. Ahora bien, estos resultados que relacionan el bienestar con el tipo y volumen de vegetaci&#x00F3;n no son coincidentes con los obtenidos en otras investigaciones.</p>
<p>As&#x00ED; pues, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, plantean como objetivo de su investigaci&#x00F3;n evaluar la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el bienestar emocional y la exposici&#x00F3;n de infantes y adolescentes a la naturaleza. Los hallazgos obtenidos indican que, si bien los efectos positivos de la naturaleza en el bienestar de las personas ya se encuentran s&#x00F3;lidamente fundamentados, en el contexto de esta investigaci&#x00F3;n no fueron significativos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> determinan que las posibles causas del d&#x00E9;bil efecto de la naturaleza sobre el bienestar de los menores puede ser consecuencia de: variables contextuales y personales; la composici&#x00F3;n o tipo del espacio natural; la variaci&#x00F3;n de la percepci&#x00F3;n, el uso y la interacci&#x00F3;n con el espacio natural; la toma de decisiones respecto al tipo de contacto con la naturaleza, as&#x00ED; como las variaciones geogr&#x00E1;ficas y acceso a estos entornos.</p>
<p>Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> hacen referencia a que la progresiva desconexi&#x00F3;n de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as con la naturaleza puede verse combatida por la potencialidad de las escuelas para recuperar este v&#x00ED;nculo a trav&#x00E9;s de los patios escolares. Y es que, si la escuela es donde los infantes pasan gran parte de su tiempo, estos entornos pueden ser potenciados mediante dise&#x00F1;os de espacios cada vez m&#x00E1;s verdes que refuercen el v&#x00ED;nculo entre estudiantes y entornos naturales. En consecuencia, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> proponen explorar y comparar los efectos de los patios escolares verdes en tres centros educativos donde la presencia de elementos naturales var&#x00ED;a (patio de cemento con poca vegetaci&#x00F3;n, patio con &#x00E1;reas verdes y patio de tierra con huerto). Concretamente, las autoras se enfocan, por un lado, en los efectos inmediatos de estos entornos en la experiencia restauradora y, por otro, en los efectos a largo plazo sobre las actitudes y conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza, as&#x00ED; como en las competencias sociales. Los hallazgos indicaron que el contacto con los patios verdes contribuy&#x00F3; positivamente en las experiencias restaurativas de los estudiantes, mostrando actitudes m&#x00E1;s positivas hacia los entornos naturales y una mayor conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza.</p>
<p>Ahora bien, los hallazgos obtenidos por estas autoras respecto a la influencia de la naturaleza sobre las competencias sociales no resultaron significativos, coincidiendo con los resultados obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>. En particular, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> establecen que la d&#x00E9;bil relaci&#x00F3;n entre naturaleza y competencias sociales puede deberse al instrumento empleado para evaluar las competencias sociales o al efecto de diversas variables que intervienen en la interacci&#x00F3;n social en los centros educativos: n&#x00FA;mero de ni&#x00F1;os, heterogeneidad en intereses, motivaciones y personalidad, entre otras. Ante estos resultados, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, defienden la ampliaci&#x00F3;n y profundizaci&#x00F3;n de esta l&#x00ED;nea de estudio, encontrando la investigaci&#x00F3;n realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref>. Para estas autoras, los huertos escolares destacan como espacios verdes que influyen positivamente en el desarrollo integral de los infantes.</p>
    <p>A tal efecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref> realizan un estudio exploratorio para examinar hasta qu&#x00E9; punto las intervenciones educativas implementadas en un huerto escolar influyen en el desarrollo del comportamiento social y emocional de los infantes. Los resultados evidencian que las lecciones educativas apoyadas por entornos naturales aumentaron la manifestaci&#x00F3;n de emociones positivas, especialmente felicidad y asombro, promoviendo la creaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos positivos con experiencias ocurridas en el contacto directo con la naturaleza. A diferencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, estas autoras destacan en su investigaci&#x00F3;n c&#x00F3;mo las competencias y oportunidades sociales resultan beneficiadas, reflej&#x00E1;ndose en el comportamiento cooperativo entre los infantes. En definitiva, las interacciones con entornos naturales durante el desarrollo de actividades educativas pueden ser valiosas para un desarrollo emocional, social y de otros atributos internos como la autoestima.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31397_Esp">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title><italic>Influencia de la naturaleza en la formaci&#x00F3;n de valores y en el comportamiento de los infantes</italic></title>
<p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> parte del Proyecto BREATHE (<italic>BRain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in scHool childrEn</italic>). Dentro de las variables analizadas, los autores evaluaron la influencia que ejerc&#x00ED;a: a) el tiempo dedicado a jugar en espacios verdes, b) el verdor del entorno residencial, c) la proximidad de sus residencias a espacios verdes significativos y d) el contacto con espacios azules (playas), sobre atributos emocionales, comportamentales, relacionales y prosociales en infantes. Los resultados obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> destacaron que el juego en espacios verdes, as&#x00ED; como el contacto y la permanencia tanto en estos como en los entornos azules, generaron un efecto positivo en el desarrollo del comportamiento de los infantes. En consecuencia, estos efectos tambi&#x00E9;n se reflejaron en atributos emocionales y prosociales, permiti&#x00E9;ndoles establecer v&#x00ED;nculos positivos con sus iguales y con el entorno que les rodea.</p>
<p>En esta l&#x00ED;nea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers (2016)</xref> presentan su investigaci&#x00F3;n vinculada al proyecto B&#x00C4;RFIS. Mediante este marco, se ofrece a los centros educativos el acceso y la participaci&#x00F3;n en un jard&#x00ED;n forestal modelo. La relevancia de estos entornos naturales viene determinada por su potencialidad para generar y desarrollar en ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as valores, creencias y perspectivas morales. Para este estudio, los autores plantean como objetivo, por un lado, investigar el razonamiento de los infantes respecto a la dependencia y relaciones establecidas entre los distintos organismos, incluidos ellos mismos y, por otro, analizar c&#x00F3;mo describen sus relaciones con el entorno, identificando, igualmente, qu&#x00E9; valores de la naturaleza expresan. Respecto a la dependencia y relaciones entre los diferentes organismos, se establece que, tras el contacto directo con la naturaleza, los infantes identificaron la existencia de determinadas relaciones creadas en el entorno, por ejemplo, relaciones unidireccionales de ellos hacia los animales basadas en comportamientos de cuidado que fomentan su inter&#x00E9;s hacia el bienestar ecol&#x00F3;gico. Ahora bien, la relaci&#x00F3;n entre infante y vegetaci&#x00F3;n era bidireccional, destacando la dependencia mutua entre el sujeto y el entorno natural, as&#x00ED; como el desarrollo de la conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica en los participantes. En lo que ata&#x00F1;e a los valores que pueden ser fomentados en la naturaleza, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers (2016)</xref>, llevan a cabo su estudio sobre la base de los valores presentados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31397_Esp">Kellert (2002)</xref>: est&#x00E9;tico, dominionista, humanista, moralizador, naturalista, negativista, cient&#x00ED;fico, simb&#x00F3;lico y utilitario. En los resultados de esta investigaci&#x00F3;n se comprueba que los valores m&#x00E1;s com&#x00FA;nmente expresados por los infantes correspondieron con los cient&#x00ED;ficos o ecol&#x00F3;gicos, human&#x00ED;sticos, est&#x00E9;ticos y naturalistas. As&#x00ED; pues, el desarrollo de los primeros favorece las capacidades cognitivas e intelectuales, la resoluci&#x00F3;n de problemas, el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, respeto y apreciaci&#x00F3;n hacia la naturaleza. Los human&#x00ED;sticos promueven capacidades para recibir y proporcionar afecto, la formaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos de apego con el entorno, as&#x00ED; como comportamientos cooperativos. Los valores est&#x00E9;ticos, seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers (2016)</xref>, promueven curiosidad, imaginaci&#x00F3;n, creatividad, autoconfianza y autoestima. Y, por &#x00FA;ltimo, los naturalistas generan sentimientos de respeto de los infantes hacia la naturaleza, as&#x00ED; como el reconocimiento del valor intr&#x00ED;nseco del entorno que los rodea. Estos planteamientos morales coinciden con la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad de las personas, en concreto, con la identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica.</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, el estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref> investiga c&#x00F3;mo el juego en contacto directo con la naturaleza, concretamente el barro, puede influir en la percepci&#x00F3;n y gesti&#x00F3;n de la identidad de g&#x00E9;nero de los estudiantes de dos escuelas forestales y una escuela verde. La investigaci&#x00F3;n parte de los planteamientos propios de la educaci&#x00F3;n al aire libre y la b&#x00FA;squeda de una reconexi&#x00F3;n por parte de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as con los entornos naturales. Estos entornos, adem&#x00E1;s de constituir espacios neutros en relaci&#x00F3;n con los roles de g&#x00E9;nero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31397_Esp">&#x00C4;ngg&#x00E5;rd, 2016</xref>), tambi&#x00E9;n fomentan el juego abierto y espont&#x00E1;neo a la par que los infantes exploran su entorno m&#x00E1;s inmediato de forma creativa e imaginativa. Estos condicionantes son aprovechados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref>, quien para su investigaci&#x00F3;n redise&#x00F1;&#x00F3; un espacio que denomin&#x00F3; &#x201C;cocina de barro&#x201D;, dise&#x00F1;ado desde una perspectiva neutral, sin connotaciones de g&#x00E9;nero, pero con utensilios familiares para los infantes. La configuraci&#x00F3;n de este espacio ofreci&#x00F3; la oportunidad de relacionarse mediante interacciones libres y espont&#x00E1;neas dentro del entorno natural, lo que, a su vez, les permiti&#x00F3; renegociar los l&#x00ED;mites estereotipados de g&#x00E9;nero, practicando identidades m&#x00E1;s flexibles y desarrollando valores vinculados al respeto, tolerancia y empat&#x00ED;a. Por otro lado, la autora destaca la reconceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de &#x201C;limpieza&#x201D; mitigando la perspectiva idealizada de este estado, aludiendo a que un infante libre, saludable y feliz se ensucia jugando en entornos naturales, permiti&#x00E9;ndole volver a conectar con &#x00E9;l mismo, con su propia naturaleza y con lo que le rodea. En definitiva, la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza y jugar libremente en &#x00E1;reas abiertas en per&#x00ED;odos de infancia, fomentan las competencias sociales que influir&#x00E1;n en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as desde una perspectiva multifac&#x00E9;tica, convirti&#x00E9;ndose en adultos m&#x00E1;s responsables y con s&#x00F3;lidos v&#x00ED;nculos sociales y afectivos con su entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31397_Esp">Pyle, 1993</xref>).</p>
<p>Si bien los objetivos de las investigaciones seleccionadas no se plantean concretamente para el an&#x00E1;lisis de la construcci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles, todos ellos examinan atributos directamente relacionados con diversas concepciones identitarias. Se observa que la influencia de la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad individual se analiza a trav&#x00E9;s de la introspecci&#x00F3;n de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as, su autoconocimiento, la satisfacci&#x00F3;n personal, las percepciones, adopci&#x00F3;n de valores, y los aprendizajes de comportamientos, tal como se plantea en las investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref>. Asimismo, el atributo emocional que interviene en la conformaci&#x00F3;n de la identidad destaca en la mayor&#x00ED;a de los estudios seleccionados (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">Jarvis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref> o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>). El aspecto interactivo, relacional y la socializaci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n se analizan en gran parte de las investigaciones, lo cual coincide con la concepci&#x00F3;n colectiva de la identidad, particularmente en t&#x00E9;rminos de identificaci&#x00F3;n con otros, por un lado, y en el sentido de pertenencia tanto a un grupo social como al entorno natural cercano, por otro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">Jarvis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>). En cuanto a la identidad relacional, esta se analiza de manera destacada en la investigaci&#x00F3;n realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref>, quien estudia la adopci&#x00F3;n de diferentes roles por parte de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as en las experiencias desarrolladas en entornos naturales. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, la concepci&#x00F3;n de la identidad de lugar se analiza transversalmente en los 10 estudios seleccionados, al promover y analizar la creaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos, conexiones y relaciones con el entorno natural no humano que les rodea. En definitiva, estos hallazgos reflejan el car&#x00E1;cter multidimensional de la identidad humana y la continuidad tanto de su construcci&#x00F3;n a edades tempranas como en la redefinici&#x00F3;n del sentido del &#x201C;yo&#x201D;.</p>
<p>La conexi&#x00F3;n entre los ni&#x00F1;os y las ni&#x00F1;as y la naturaleza se abord&#x00F3; de diversas maneras en los estudios seleccionados. Por ejemplo, los estudios realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Esp">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> se basaron en las experiencias previas de los infantes en relaci&#x00F3;n con su contacto con la naturaleza. Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref> se centraron en las actividades interaccionales y juegos espont&#x00E1;neos de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Esp">Adams y Beauchamp (2021)</xref> tambi&#x00E9;n analizaron la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza a trav&#x00E9;s de juegos espont&#x00E1;neos, juegos planificados y experiencias sensoriales de relajaci&#x00F3;n desarrolladas por los infantes en reservas naturales. Los hallazgos de los dem&#x00E1;s estudios se obtuvieron a trav&#x00E9;s de experiencias mediadas por diferentes situaciones de aprendizaje en contacto directo con la naturaleza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>). Otro aspecto destacado es el papel que desempe&#x00F1;an los centros educativos en la mitad de las investigaciones. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> exploraron los patios escolares verdes como medio para fomentar la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza, mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref> investigaron los efectos de las intervenciones educativas a partir de un huerto escolar. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock (2018)</xref> llev&#x00F3; a cabo su estudio en dos escuelas forestales y una escuela verde, donde la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza era inherente al entorno educativo. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers (2016)</xref> resaltaron la capacidad de las escuelas para acercar a los estudiantes a los entornos naturales, ya sea mediante el tiempo de juego en espacios naturales cercanos al centro educativo, como se observa en el primer estudio, o mediante la participaci&#x00F3;n en un proyecto que permit&#x00ED;a el acceso a un jard&#x00ED;n forestal, como se evidencia en el segundo.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, en la mayor&#x00ED;a de las investigaciones, se observa un efecto positivo en los atributos analizados. La conexi&#x00F3;n de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as con entornos naturales genera beneficios en el desarrollo y bienestar emocional y social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Esp">Chiumento <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Esp">Pollin y Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>), as&#x00ED; como en el desarrollo de valores y la adecuaci&#x00F3;n de comportamientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Esp">Amoly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Esp">Askerlund y Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Esp">Mycock, 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, se evidencia tambi&#x00E9;n que estudios como los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> no concuerdan con algunos de estos resultados. En la primera investigaci&#x00F3;n, la mejora reflejada en el bienestar emocional de los infantes fue valorada como d&#x00E9;bil, mientras que, en la segunda, esta influencia no significativa se refleja en el desarrollo de las competencias sociales. En ambos casos los autores destacan el n&#x00FA;mero limitado y escaso de investigaciones previas que expliquen estos resultados, as&#x00ED; pues, hacen referencia a lo que ellos consideran como posibles causas de sus hallazgos, coincidiendo en que estos pueden ser debidos a la heterogeneidad de variables interpersonales, intrapersonales y contextuales; a la variabilidad de la percepci&#x00F3;n o valoraci&#x00F3;n que hacen los infantes de la naturaleza, as&#x00ED; como los h&#x00E1;bitos y rutinas de contacto y conexi&#x00F3;n con esta o bien, tal y como afirman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, a las propias caracter&#x00ED;sticas geogr&#x00E1;ficas o de accesibilidad a estos entornos que en ocasiones se encuentran distanciados del lugar de residencia de los infantes.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-31397_Esp" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n y conclusiones</sc></bold></title>
<p>El objetivo principal de este estudio se centr&#x00F3; en identificar la influencia que la naturaleza tiene en el desarrollo de atributos implicados en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad durante la infancia. Para ello, se realiz&#x00F3; una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de los &#x00FA;ltimos 10 a&#x00F1;os, analizando un total de 10 art&#x00ED;culos. Esta investigaci&#x00F3;n ha permitido concluir que la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad es un proceso complejo y no homog&#x00E9;neo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31397_Esp">Bernal, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Esp">Quiroga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>), se caracteriza por ser continuo, diverso y distribuido. Resultado de las situaciones experimentadas por el sujeto en un contexto relacional con su entorno y con los dem&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31397_Esp">Trianes Torres y Amezcua Membrilla, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31397_Esp">Vera y Valenzuela, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>En la formaci&#x00F3;n de las diferentes concepciones identitarias intervienen factores intrapersonales e interpersonales. Los primeros est&#x00E1;n relacionados con el autodescubrimiento, la autoconfirmaci&#x00F3;n del &#x201C;yo&#x201D; individual, el desarrollo emocional, los valores y percepciones, entre otros, mientras que los segundos se vinculan a la interacci&#x00F3;n social, el sentido de pertenencia a un grupo o a las influencias sociales y culturales. En otras palabras, el sentido identitario se construye mediante las vivencias y experiencias de cada persona y su interacci&#x00F3;n con los dem&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31397_Esp">Camelo, 2023</xref>). Por otra parte, y desde una concepci&#x00F3;n relacional y de identidad de lugar, el entorno brinda a las personas un espacio para el aprendizaje de comportamientos, la creaci&#x00F3;n de ideas y creencias, y la adopci&#x00F3;n de roles dirigidos a la conexi&#x00F3;n y el cuidado de dicho entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31397_Esp">Fl&#x00F3;rez Var&#x00F3;n y C&#x00E1;rdenas-T&#x00E1;mara, 2022</xref>).</p>
    <p>Los hallazgos obtenidos en este estudio han permitido comprobar que diferentes factores o atributos internos implicados en la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria de los infantes se ven influenciados de manera positiva por la conexi&#x00F3;n establecida entre ellos y los espacios naturales. Estos resultados coinciden con otras investigaciones que tambi&#x00E9;n han demostrado una serie de beneficios relacionados con estos atributos y el contacto con entornos naturales. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31397_Esp">Bikomeye <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31397_Esp">Mygind <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> han encontrado un efecto positivo de la naturaleza en el desarrollo socioemocional de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as. Adem&#x00E1;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31397_Esp">Fretwell y Greig (2019)</xref> destacan el beneficio del contacto con la naturaleza en el bienestar personal de este grupo de edad. Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31397_Esp">Liao <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> han evidenciado mejoras en el comportamiento, mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31397_Esp">Dewey (2021)</xref> ha enfatizado, concretamente, en la mejora del comportamiento ambiental y la construcci&#x00F3;n de la conciencia e identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica. Por otro lado, aunque la mayor&#x00ED;a de los estudios seleccionados han demostrado efectos positivos en la conexi&#x00F3;n entre naturaleza y la identidad, se observ&#x00F3; que los trabajos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Esp">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> no se alinean con esta tendencia positiva. En el primer estudio, se encontr&#x00F3; un d&#x00E9;bil efecto de la naturaleza en el bienestar emocional de los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as, mientras que, en el segundo, no se encontr&#x00F3; una influencia significativa en el desarrollo de las competencias sociales. Estos hallazgos pueden atribuirse a lo que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31397_Esp">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> denomina &#x201C;d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza objetivo&#x201D; y &#x201C;d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza subjetivo&#x201D;. El d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza objetivo se refiere a la falta de conocimiento y contacto con la naturaleza, mientras que el d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza subjetivo se relaciona con aspectos como la falta de empat&#x00ED;a hacia el entorno, la escasa identificaci&#x00F3;n con los seres vivos naturales o la falta de satisfacci&#x00F3;n con los atributos de la naturaleza. Concretamente en el trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Esp">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, se valora la falta de acceso a entornos naturales como uno de los motivos de la d&#x00E9;bil influencia de estos sobre los atributos internos de los participantes del estudio, lo que coincide con el d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza objetivo. Este planteamiento tambi&#x00E9;n se analiza en otras investigaciones (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31397_Esp">Addas, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31397_Esp">Martori <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31397_Esp">P&#x00E9;rez-del-Pulgar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>) donde la falta de accesibilidad a los entornos naturales, ya sean &#x00E1;reas silvestres o espacios verdes urbanos, fue identificada como una de las causas de la desconexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza. As&#x00ED; pues, considerando los efectos positivos de la interacci&#x00F3;n con espacios naturales en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad durante la infancia, resulta importante orientar los procesos educativos a la reducci&#x00F3;n del d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza, tanto el objetivo como el subjetivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31397_Esp">Louv, 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31397_Esp">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>) y, por ende, promover la formaci&#x00F3;n de una identidad saludable en los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as, partiendo de procesos de humanizaci&#x00F3;n y de reconexi&#x00F3;n con el entorno natural.</p>
<p>En definitiva, la presente investigaci&#x00F3;n pone de manifiesto que los estudios orientados al an&#x00E1;lisis de la influencia de la naturaleza sobre los atributos internos que influyen y determinan la identidad de los infantes es limitada, siendo necesaria la profundizaci&#x00F3;n en esta l&#x00ED;nea de estudio. Esta conclusi&#x00F3;n se apoya en la importancia de atender, promover y estudiar la relaci&#x00F3;n del infante con la naturaleza desde una perspectiva experiencial, situacional, social y cultural, teniendo en cuenta que la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria es fruto de la interacci&#x00F3;n del sujeto con su entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31397_Esp">Erikson, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31397_Esp">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31397_Esp">Sep&#x00FA;lveda, 2020</xref>). No obstante, a partir de las tendencias sociales actuales, hay una realidad que no puede ser ignorada, y es que las tecnolog&#x00ED;as constituyen un factor significativo y determinante en los h&#x00E1;bitos y rutinas de la sociedad. En consecuencia, resulta necesario no solo identificar el punto en el que tecnolog&#x00ED;a y naturaleza convergen y se complementan, sino tambi&#x00E9;n analizar los efectos que produce la interrelaci&#x00F3;n de espacios naturales y virtuales en el desarrollo de los sujetos y, en consecuencia, en su desarrollo identitario. A tal efecto, entendiendo que naturaleza y tecnolog&#x00ED;a no pueden disociarse del desarrollo del ser humano, desde la Pedagog&#x00ED;a se requiere trabajar a favor de una educaci&#x00F3;n que entrelace dichos espacios, aprovechando las potencialidades inherentes de ambos contextos en el desarrollo de la persona, sin perder de vista los per&#x00ED;odos cr&#x00ED;ticos del desarrollo, como es la infancia.</p>
<sec id="sec-12-31397_Esp">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title><italic>Limitaciones y l&#x00ED;neas futuras de investigaci&#x00F3;n</italic></title>
<p>Si bien esta investigaci&#x00F3;n parte de una metodolog&#x00ED;a que otorga rigor y calidad cient&#x00ED;fica a los resultados obtenidos, el limitado n&#x00FA;mero de estudios disponibles y, por lo tanto, seleccionados para su an&#x00E1;lisis suponen una limitaci&#x00F3;n respecto a la generalizaci&#x00F3;n de los hallazgos. Por otro lado, aunque se delimitaron criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n claros y expl&#x00ED;citos, el sesgo de evaluaci&#x00F3;n por parte de los investigadores respecto a la selecci&#x00F3;n de los estudios es una variable que no se puede obviar. Los hallazgos obtenidos en la revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica permitieron identificar y contextualizar determinadas variables que la literatura relaciona con el desarrollo de la identidad de los infantes y que se ven influenciadas por la relaci&#x00F3;n entre este grupo de edad y la naturaleza. Estas variables pueden contribuir a establecer las bases te&#x00F3;ricas de partida que permitan ampliar el conocimiento en cuanto a la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad en conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza, y mediante experiencias desarrolladas dentro de estos entornos utilizando las tecnolog&#x00ED;as como factor interviniente en el desarrollo del apego hacia estos espacios. Con el objetivo de profundizar en este campo, a partir de los proyectos de investigaci&#x00F3;n previamente citados, se propone como futura l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n explorar y analizar las v&#x00ED;as por la que los infantes construyen su identidad mediante la conexi&#x00F3;n y el v&#x00ED;nculo con entornos naturales, desarrollando experiencias sociales y culturales basadas en estudios contextualizados en las din&#x00E1;micas sociales y culturales actuales que permitan dar respuesta a nuevos retos educativos.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1_Esp" fn-type="financial-disclosure"><label>1.</label> <p>Esta investigaci&#x00F3;n ha sido financiada con la Ayuda Proyecto NATEC-ID. An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re)conexi&#x00F3;n con la NATuraleza y la TECnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la IDentidad del ni&#x00F1;o -PID 2021-122993NB-100- financiado por MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ y por FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa y con la Ayuda Proyecto Tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como catalizadora de la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica desde la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Estudio y dise&#x00F1;o de soluciones tecnoeducativas desde NATUR-TEC Kids LivingLab -TED2021-130300A-C22- financiado por MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 y por la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea NextGenerationEU/ PRTR</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31397</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31397</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Connection with Nature as a Key Factor in the Formation of Childhood Identities: A Systematic Review<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1_Eng"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>La conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza como factor clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles: una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-3225</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>GUTI&#x00C9;RREZ-P&#x00C9;REZ</surname>
<given-names>B&#x00E1;rbara Mariana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-1568</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RUEDAS-CALETRIO</surname>
<given-names>Jes&#x00FA;s</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4954-6795</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>CABALLERO FRANCO</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4351-9307</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MURCIANO-HUESO</surname>
<given-names>Alicia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_Eng">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Salamanca. Spain</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Eng"><email>barbaragutierrez@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_Eng"><email>ruedasjc@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3_Eng"><email>caballero@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4_Eng"><email>aliciaamh@usal.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024361</issue-id>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>27</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>

<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Rapid urban and technological development has driven humans towards social and cultural dynamics marked by a nature deficit in their habits and routines. Previous research has analysed the effects of separating humans from natural spaces from a variety of perspectives, highlighting the benefits and importance of establishing a stronger connection between people and nature. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of nature on particular internal attributes such as values, behaviours, emotions and social skills that shape the identity construction of the individual, especially during childhood. To do so, a systematic literature review was carried out following the SALSA framework based on a bibliographic search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The literature selection was limited to studies published between 2012 and 2022. After applying pre-established criteria, a total of 10 articles were selected for analysis. Most of the results showed that interaction with nature has positive effects on children&#x2019;s emotional, behavioural, and social development, offering greater self-knowledge, positive bonds with peers, a deeper connection with the environment and, ultimately, a process of personal development that generates a healthy identity construction through connection with nature. In conclusion, it is important to increase research into the impact of natural environments on identity construction from an early age, from pedagogical and humanist perspectives.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El acelerado desarrollo urban&#x00ED;stico y tecnol&#x00F3;gico ha impulsado al ser humano hacia din&#x00E1;micas sociales y culturales marcadas por el d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza en sus h&#x00E1;bitos y rutinas. Los efectos producidos por la separaci&#x00F3;n del sujeto de los espacios naturales han sido estudiados desde diferentes perspectivas en investigaciones previas, destacando desde diferentes perspectivas los beneficios y la importancia de establecer una mayor conexi&#x00F3;n entre las personas y estos espacios. El objetivo del presente estudio consisti&#x00F3; en conocer las implicaciones que la naturaleza tiene sobre determinados atributos internos como valores, comportamientos, emociones y competencias sociales que configuran la construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria del individuo, especialmente durante la infancia. Para ello, a partir de una b&#x00FA;squeda bibliogr&#x00E1;fica en las bases de datos <italic>Web of Science</italic> y Scopus, se llev&#x00F3; a cabo una Revisi&#x00F3;n Sistem&#x00E1;tica de Literatura mediante el marco SALSA. La selecci&#x00F3;n de la literatura se limit&#x00F3; a los estudios publicados entre 2012 y 2022, tras la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de criterios preestablecidos, se seleccionaron un total de 10 art&#x00ED;culos para su an&#x00E1;lisis. La mayor&#x00ED;a de los resultados encontrados indicaron que la interacci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza genera efectos positivos en el desarrollo emocional, comportamental y social de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as, ofreciendo un mayor conocimiento de s&#x00ED; mismos, v&#x00ED;nculos positivos con sus iguales, una conexi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s profunda con el entorno y, en definitiva, un proceso de desarrollo personal que genera una construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria saludable a trav&#x00E9;s de la conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza. Como conclusi&#x00F3;n, se constata la importancia de aumentar las investigaciones respecto a la influencia de los entornos naturales en el desarrollo identitario desde edades tempranas, abordando perspectivas pedag&#x00F3;gicas y humanistas.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>childhood</kwd>
<kwd>natural environment</kwd>
<kwd>identity</kwd>
<kwd>human development</kwd>
<kwd>literature review</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>infancia</kwd>
<kwd>medio ambiente natural</kwd>
<kwd>identidad</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo humano</kwd>
<kwd>estudio bibliogr&#x00E1;fico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Grant Proyecto NATEC-ID</institution>
<institution>MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/</institution>
<institution>ERDF</institution>
<institution>European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID 2021-122993NB-100</award-id>
<award-id>TED2021-130300A-C22</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This research was funded by the Grant Proyecto NATEC-ID. An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re)conexi&#x00F3;n con la NATuraleza y la TECnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la IDentidad del ni&#x00F1;o -PID 2021-122993NB-100- funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ and by ERDF A way of making Europe and Grant Proyecto Tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como catalizadora de la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica desde la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Estudio y dise&#x00F1;o de soluciones tecnoeducativas desde NATUR-TEC Kids LivingLab -TED2021-130300A-C22- funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/ PRTR.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31397_Eng" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>Recent development in contemporary societies has been characterised by expansive urban construction that has involved the shrinking and degradation of natural spaces, resulting in increasingly built-up environments where the relationship with nature becomes ever more complex and distant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31397_Eng">Puig &#x0026; Casas, 2017</xref>). In addition to this hyper-urban model of cities, there is the presence of the virtual space, the expansion of which has caused significant changes to how we relate to our environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31397_Eng">Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez Ayuso <italic>et al.</italic> 2023</xref>) The convergence of both phenomena, that is to say, expansive urban construction and the abundance of digital technology, reinforces what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31397_Eng">Louv (2005)</xref> calls &#x201C;nature deficit&#x201D;, sustained by social dynamics that are increasingly mediated by technologies and which overwhelmingly happen in urban environments. As a result, people&#x2019;s experiences, routines and habits are affected by a significant exposure to virtual and artificial environments, with significant implications for their behaviour and, consequently, for the basic educational processes that comprise their &#x201C;being&#x201D;.</p>
<p>The reality of this denatured situation differs from the results of studies carried out by different authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31397_Eng">Barrera-Hern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31397_Eng">Rosa &#x0026; Collado, 2019</xref>), which hold that natural environments are not just a factor that determines the well-being of the subject, but that in addition human beings&#x2019; dependence on and interaction with their ecosystem is fundamental for an integral education and to comprehend human identity and its role in society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31397_Eng">Puig <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). For example, it can be seen that nature is a stimulus for improving physical well-being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31397_Eng">Nyarku <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31397_Eng">Squillacioti <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>) and psychological well-being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31397_Eng">Holt <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31397_Eng">Xia Dong, 2023</xref>). Likewise, for <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31397_Eng">Cudworth and Lumber (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31397_Eng">Dopko <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31397_Eng">Mu&#x00F1;oz (2009)</xref>, direct connection with green spaces helps reduce emotional and behavioural problems and provides the subject with an ideal context to develop independence, autonomy and confidence. Likewise, the social focus notes that nature provides people with spaces for socialisation and for establishing bonds among peers and with the environment that surrounds them, emphasising the development of ecological values and conscience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31397_Eng">Evans <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31397_Eng">Humphreys &#x0026; Blenkinsop, 2018</xref>). Ultimately, habits and bonds with nature influence different areas of people&#x2019;s learning and, as a result, the construction of different conceptions in their identity, such as the individual, the social and the ecological. Consequently, for authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31397_Eng">Green (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31397_Eng">Pelo (2018)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31397_Eng">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez (2022)</xref>, the connection between human beings and nature has a meaningful effect on the redefinition of the identity of the individual.</p>
<sec id="sec-2-31397_Eng">
<label>1.1.</label>
<title><italic>Identity construction and nature</italic></title>
<p>The construction of human identity construction has been studied from a range of perspectives and theoretical dimensions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Eng">Quiroga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31397_Eng">Sep&#x00FA;lveda, 2020</xref>) owing to its conceptual complexity. The different approaches used in the literature agree that this process of identity construction is neither static nor homogeneous, but rather occurs during the different stages of people&#x2019;s lives. However, the process of construction of the sense of the &#x201C;self&#x201D; has its most critical period during early childhood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31397_Eng">Erg&#x00FC;n, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31397_Eng">Vega Granda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Based on an integrated approach, and taking into account the multidimensionality attributed to the identity of the person (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Eng">Quiroga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), the sense of identity is shaped through the convergence and organisation of individual or personal identity and its integration in the subject itself and with others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31397_Eng">S&#x00E1;nchez Calleja &#x0026; Garc&#x00ED;a Jim&#x00E9;nez, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31397_Eng">Vignoles <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). So, individual identity corresponds to identity content that pertains to the person, on the one hand, centring on the individual processes of discovery and differentiation of the subject&#x2019;s own identity and, on the other, referring to internal attributes of the subject such as goals, values, behavioural norms, desires, emotions and beliefs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31397_Eng">Camelo, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31397_Eng">Waterman, 2012</xref>). On the other hand, identity integration corresponds to relational identity, which involves accommodating the subject&#x2019;s past, present and future experiences, establishing the continuity of its &#x201C;self&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31397_Eng">Erikson, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Eng">Quiroga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Similarly, this integration occurs through processes of assimilation and adoption of the roles that the subject carries out within society, thus expanding the person&#x2019;s experiential possibilities by doing different actions and behaviours (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31397_Eng">Sep&#x00FA;lveda, 2020</xref>). Finally, integration with others refers to collective identity, in other words, to the identification of the subject with other groups and to the sense of belonging to them. From this perspective, identity construction is understood to be linked to social and collective processes, encompassing internal attributes such as feelings, beliefs and behaviours that are produced through identification with others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31397_Eng">Fl&#x00F3;rez Var&#x00F3;n &#x0026; C&#x00E1;rdenas-T&#x00E1;mara, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31397_Eng">Subero Tom&#x00E1;s &#x0026; Esteban-Guitart, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>In view of these dimensions, other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31397_Eng">Cheung &#x0026; Hui, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31397_Eng">Vignoles <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) establish that identity construction is also linked to material identity and identity of place, shaped through feelings of belonging to environments that are meaningful for the subjects. To that effect, and taking into account the continuity of the meaning of the &#x201C;self&#x201D;, natural environments are a potential field for personal and collective experiences. The results of these experiences are reflected in the development of values, beliefs, socialisation and behaviour (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31397_Eng">Dewey, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31397_Eng">Green, 2017</xref>). The effects of these factors on the individual&#x2019;s identity development are evidenced in the coincidence between these factors that are influenced by natural spaces and the internal attributes of the person that comprise the identity of the subject.</p>
<p>Although the influence of natural spaces on the well-being and development of the subject is theoretically and empirically based on various studies, the number of studies that aim to analyse the effect of these spaces on the attributes that comprise the subject&#x2019;s identity is currently limited. Consequently, based on the NATEC-ID and NATUR-TEC Kids LivingLab projects, this study seeks to provide an overview of the effects of natural spaces on the subject&#x2019;s identity construction during a critical period of development, centring the research on the child population. Specifically, it seeks to identify how and to what extent nature influences children&#x2019;s acquisition of values, feelings, socialisation processes and behaviour, which will subsequently influence their meaning of the &#x201C;self&#x201D;. To this end, to achieve the objective set, we present a systematic literature review, selecting studies published in the last 10 years that make it possible to answer the following key questions: What research objectives are proposed in the literature analysed? How does nature influence the internal attributes of the child considered in this research? And, what are the principal results obtained regarding the influence of the natural environment on the development of these attributes?</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31397_Eng" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>ethodology</sc></bold></title>
<p>To ensure the quality and scientific validity of this research, we used the SALSA (Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis) framework. This comprises four sequential phases: literature searching; source evaluation; synthesising information; and content analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31397_Eng">Grant &#x0026; Booth, 2009</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-4-31397_Eng">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Databases, algorithms and search strategies</italic></title>
<p>We used the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases the first phase owing to the multidisciplinary character and impact factor of both repositories in the different areas of knowledge.</p>
<p>Based on the previously reviewed literature, we identified a series of keywords or descriptors and included them in the following 3 algorithms: a) Algorithm 1: <italic>child*</italic> AND <italic>natur*</italic> AND <italic>environment</italic> AND (<italic>deficit</italic> OR <italic>exposure</italic> OR <italic>relatedness</italic>); b) Algorithm 2: <italic>child*</italic> AND <italic>school</italic> AND (<italic>gardens</italic> OR <italic>green space*</italic>); and c) Algorithm 3: <italic>child*</italic> AND <italic>green space*</italic> AND (<italic>urban</italic> OR <italic>cit*</italic>). These algorithms include the study sample delimited in this research as well as generic concepts or concepts related to the term &#x201C;nature&#x201D;. Therefore, considering this latter concept, for this research we accepted wild spaces, blue areas (rivers, beaches, lakes, etc.) and green spaces located in urban areas (gardens, vegetable gardens, parks with trees and areas in the open air with vegetation) as natural environments. Regarding the identity factor, we established a series of variables or internal attributes that influence children&#x2019;s identity construction: experiences, emotional component, beliefs, behaviours, sociability, establishing bonds, and values. In order to include a large number of pieces of research, these attributes were not included in the search algorithms. However, the presence of these variables was used as an eligibility criterion in the literature evaluation phase.</p>
<p>In WoS, we searched the <italic>Education and Educational Research</italic> category, applying the algorithms to the Title and Abstract fields (TI-AB), while in Scopus, the algorithms were applied to field tags corresponding to Title, Abstract and Keywords (TITLE-ABS-KEY), executing the search in all of the categories. These searches took place during January 2023.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31397_Eng">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>Literature evaluation and inclusion and exclusion criteria</italic></title>
<p>We evaluated the sources by establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria from two perspectives: the first encompassed a series of criteria relating to the filters applied during the database search process and the second centred on eligibility criteria applied following an in-depth review of the preselected research works. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31397_Eng">Figure 1</xref> shows the criteria set in both perspectives.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31397_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>I<sc>nclusion and exclusion criteria</sc></title></caption>
<table-wrap>
<caption><title>&#x00A0;</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2"><p><bold>Search filter criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Inclusion criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Open-access publications</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publications from between 2012 and 2022</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Publications as journal articles</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(d)</label> <p>Publications in English or Spanish</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Exclusion criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Restricted-access publications</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publications from outside the established range</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Publications as books, book chapters, reviews, conference proceedings, theses</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(d)</label> <p>Publications in languages other than English or Spanish</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2"><p><bold>Eligibility criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Inclusion criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Publications that analyse green spaces as a variable</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publications that analyse internal attributes that influence participants&#x2019; identity construction</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Research with samples comprising participants aged up to 16 years</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Exclusion criteria</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(a)</label> <p>Publications that analyse green spaces as a contextual factor or a medium</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(b)</label> <p>Publications that analyse attributes or variables that do not influence participants&#x2019; identity construction</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(c)</label> <p>Research with samples comprising participants aged over 16 years</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31397_Eng">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title><italic>Literature selection and information synthesis process</italic></title>
<p>After applying the search filter criteria, a total <italic>N</italic> of 409 articles were preselected using the first algorithm (WoS <italic>n</italic> = 179; Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 230), 271 articles were found with the second (WoS <italic>n</italic> = 4; Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 267) and 188 were identified by the third (WoS <italic>n</italic> = 11; Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 177). An in-depth review of the preselected studies was then performed, applying the eligibility criteria. Following this exhaustive evaluation, 2 studies from the first search algorithm were selected, 7 from the second algorithm and 1 from the third. A check for duplicated articles was then performed to ensure that the participating researchers had applied the same evaluation criteria. This showed that no identical articles had been selected from the different databases. A total of 10 articles were ultimately selected for analysis in this research (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31397_Eng">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-2-31397_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>L<sc>iterature selection process</sc></title></caption>
<table-wrap>
<caption><title>&#x00A0;</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="35%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="35%"/>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>IDENTIFICATION (Fields TI-AB and TITLE-ABS-KEY)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 1</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 636</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 1,075</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 2</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 23</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 894</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 3</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 19</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 444</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>SEARCH FLITER CRITERIA</bold></p>
<p><bold>Inclusion/exclusion criteria (a)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 1</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 222</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 324</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 2</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 5</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 365</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 3</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 12</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 224</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>Inclusion/exclusion criteria (b)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 1</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 193</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 278</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 2</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 5</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 304</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 3</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 12</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 209</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>Inclusion/exclusion criteria (c)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 1</p>
<p>WOS n = 180</p>
<p>Scopus n = 231</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 2</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 4</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 272</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 3</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 11</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 177</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>Inclusion/exclusion criteria (d)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 1</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 179</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 230</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 2</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 4</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 267</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 3</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 11</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 177</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p><bold>ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA (a), (b) and (c)</bold></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 1</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 0</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 2</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 2</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 0</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Algorithm 3</p>
<p>WOS <italic>n</italic> = 0</p>
<p>Scopus <italic>n</italic> = 1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center" colspan="3"><p>Total <italic>N</italic> of articles selected = 10</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</fig>
<p>A data table was designed as a method for documenting the information synthesis process. This table records the following variables: a) author(s), b) year of publication, c) research design, d) type of research, e) research method, f) sample, g) research aim, h) variables analysed and i) relevant results of the research. The results obtained from the variables relating to research designs (design, type and method) were evaluated quantitatively, while for the last three variables, a quantitative focus was applied through a narrative analysis of the units of content provided in the pieces of research.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31397_Eng" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esults</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-8-31397_Eng">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Description of the selected studies</italic></title>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31397_Eng">Table 1</xref> synthesises the principal data about the research subjected to analysis with regard to year of publication, method, research design and type, as well as the sample participating and the context of the research.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31397_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1.</label>
<caption><title>S<sc>tudies selected for analysis</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31397_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="16%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<col width="14%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Author(s)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Year</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Method</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Design</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Type</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Sample</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Context</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adams &#x0026; Beauchamp</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">2021</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Qualitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>91</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Wales</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Amoly <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">2014</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Qualitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2111</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Spain</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Askerlund &#x0026; Almers</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">2016</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mixed</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>27</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sweden</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">2018</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mixed</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Quasi-experimental</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>36</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>England</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">2022</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Qualitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Chile</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Huynh <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">2013</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Quantitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>17249</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Canada</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">2022</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Quantitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>27539</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Canada</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">2020</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Quantitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transversal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>132</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Portugal</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mycock</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">2018</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Qualitative</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Observational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>England</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Pollin &#x0026; Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">2021</xref></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Mixed</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Quasi-experimental</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Longitudinal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>53</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>-</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>These data indicate that research on the influence of nature on the development of internal attributes in children has been done on an occasional and transversal basis over a number of years. However, there was a gradual increase in publications focussing on this line of research in the most recent two-year period (2021 and 2022). When examining the methodological characteristics of the 10 studies selected, it is apparent that qualitative research is more common (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams &#x0026; Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock, 2018</xref>). Similarly, it is notable that many of the studies adopt an observational analytical focus (for example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams &#x0026; Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock, 2018</xref>, among others). Finally, a predominance of transversal research is apparent (for example <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams &#x0026; Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund &#x0026; Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>, among others).</p>
<p>There is a notable disparity in the number of participants in the samples of the studies selected. The study with the smallest sample featured 10 children (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>), while the research with the largest sample included a total of 27,539 children (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Participants&#x2019; ages ranged from 3 to 16, covering everything from early childhood to adolescence. Three of the studies selected had the same minimum age of participants: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund and Almers (2016)</xref> had a sample aged between 7 and 8, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> worked with children aged from 7 to 10 and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams and Beauchamp (2021)</xref> included children aged from 7 to 11 in their study. Furthermore, two studies shared maximum ages in their samples. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> carried out their research with a sample aged between 6 and 12, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin &#x0026; Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref> worked with children aged between 11 and 12. Similarly, the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> featured samples with a maximum age of 14, specifically, with a range of 9 to 14 in the former and 8 to 14 in the latter. Finally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> worked with the oldest sample, covering a range of 10 to 16 years.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> did not specify the age range of their study sample, although they did note that the mean age was 5.6 years. Regarding the gender of the sample, it was striking that four works did not provide this information (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams &#x0026; Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund &#x0026; Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Most of the works that did provide this information maintained parity between genders, with the exception of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref> where there were more girls.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-31397_Eng">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>The influence of nature on children&#x2019;s emotional and social development</italic></title>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams and Beauchamp (2021)</xref> underline the necessary interaction between human beings and nature. These researchers implemented a series of experiential activities in their study that were carried out in nature reserves with the objective of understanding the perceptions, feelings and sensations produced by direct contact between children and these environments. Their findings indicate that the children experienced feelings of calm, plenitude, freedom and relaxation, underlining the opportunity natural spaces provide to carry out reflexive exercises of introspection. These perceptions also influenced their temporal conscience, demonstrating the liberating aspect of nature. Ultimately, the children&#x2019;s biophilic experiences resulted in an improved perception of nature, a greater connection with these environments and a better sense of self and self knowledge.</p>
<p>On this line, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> present the results of a pilot Social and Therapeutic Horticulture (STH) intervention called <italic>Haven of Green Space</italic>. The authors draw on the research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31397_Eng">Sempik <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> to define STH, conceptualising it as therapeutic interventions based in green spaces to improve participants&#x2019; well-being. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> start from the framework of the &#x201C;Five Ways to Well-Being&#x201D;, an approach that seeks to promote behavioural change in subjects towards the development of positive relations, autonomy, competence and security. Consequently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> transfer these approaches to therapeutic practice with children through the following five actions: a) connecting with others and with nature, b) doing physical activity, c) perceiving the environment and one&#x2019;s own feelings, d) generating self-confidence, and e) establishing reciprocal relations with other people. The findings extracted indicate that the interventions using STH benefited the mental health and well-being of children with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties who participated in the project. These results endorse nature&#x2019;s capacity to influence internal attributes such as emotional well-being, self-esteem, the sense of belonging and the creation of social and relational networks.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> define the connection with nature as an affective and experiential sense of belonging to the natural world that relates to pro-environmental and prosocial behaviour, positive levels of happiness, satisfaction and resilience. In this study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> set the objective of analysing the experiences and perceptions of relationship between subject and nature that influence the well-being of children who live close to natural environments and that of children who live far from them. The researchers start from an interpretation of well-being constructed using three dimensions: physical; psychological, encompassing cognitive and emotional well-being; and social. The positive perceptions that children report of nature&#x2019;s influence on their well-being stand out in regard to the findings linked to the internal attributes that comprise their identities. In particular, these findings show that the children&#x2019;s relationship with nature generated feelings of happiness and self-satisfaction, as well as creating social bonds without any significant difference being presented according to the distance between the natural environment and where they live. Nonetheless, differences in participants&#x2019; perceptions relating to how nature influences their well-being were identified. Accordingly, children who live close to natural environments perceived an improvement in their physical well-being, while those who live further away perceived an improvement in their psychological well-being (cognitive and emotional).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> investigate the association between early exposure to vegetation and childhood development. They evaluated it using the &#x201C;Early Development Instrument&#x201D; (EDI). This is intended to measure children&#x2019;s capacity to meet the developmental milestones for their age, including the following domains: physical health and well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive development, and communication skills and knowledge. Regarding exposure to nature, three different environments are established, with the type and volume of vegetation varying in each of them: total vegetation, tree cover and grass cover. The findings not only indicate that green spaces had a positive influence on the five dimensions of childhood development, but they also demonstrated that these effects increase or decrease depending on the type and volume of natural cover. For example, tree-covered areas had a stronger positive influence on children&#x2019;s development than grass-covered ones. However, these results, which link well-being with the type and volume of vegetation do not match the results of other studies.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> set out to evaluate the relationship between emotional well-being and the exposure to nature of children and adolescents. Their findings indicate that, while nature&#x2019;s positive effects on people&#x2019;s well-being are already well-founded, they were not significant in the context of their research. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> determine that the possible causes of the weak effect of nature on children and adolescents&#x2019; well-being could be: contextual and personal variables; the composition or type of natural space; the variation of the perception, use and interaction with the natural space; the taking of decisions regarding the type of contact with nature, as well as the variations in the geography of and access to these environments.</p>
<p>For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> refer to how children&#x2019;s growing disconnect with nature can be combated by the potential for schools to recover this bond through their playgrounds. The fact is that if school is somewhere where children spend much of their time, their environments can be enhanced through ever greener designs of spaces that reinforce the bond between students and natural environments. Consequently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> suggest examining and comparing the effects of green playgrounds in three educational centres where the presence of natural elements varies (paved playground with little vegetation, playground with green areas and an earth playground with a vegetable garden). In particular, the authors on the one hand focus on the immediate effects of these environments on the restorative experience and, on the other hand, on the long-term effects on attitudes towards and connections with nature, as well as on social competences. Their findings indicate that contact with green playgrounds made a positive contribution to students&#x2019; restorative experiences, with them displaying more positive attitudes towards natural settings and a greater connection with nature.</p>
<p>However, the findings of these three authors regarding the influence of nature on social competences were not significant, matching the results obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>. In particular, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> establish that the weak relationship between nature and social competences might be because of the instrument used to evaluate social competences or the effect of a range of variables at play in social interaction in educational centres: number of children, heterogeneous interests, motivations and personality among others. In view of these results, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> argue for this line of study to be expanded and tackled in greater depth, something later done in the work by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin and Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref>. For these authors, school vegetable gardens stand out as green spaces that have a positive influence on the children&#x2019;s integral development.</p>
    <p>To that effect, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin and Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref> carried out an exploratory study to examine how much educational interventions implemented in a school vegetable garden influence the development of children&#x2019;s social and emotional behaviour. The results show that lessons supported by natural environments increased the manifestation of positive emotions, in particular happiness and wonder, promoting the creation of positive bonds with experiences that occurred in direct contact with nature. Unlike <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, these authors emphasise in their research how social competences and opportunities are benefited, something that is reflected in cooperative behaviour between the children. Ultimately, interactions with natural environments while carrying out educational activities can be of value for emotional and social development and the development of other internal attributes such as self-esteem.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31397_Eng">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title><italic>The influence of nature on the formation of values and the behaviour of young children</italic></title>
<p>The research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> is part of the BREATHE Project (<italic>BRain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in scHool childrEn</italic>). Among the variables analysed, the authors evaluated the influence on emotional, behavioural, relational and prosocial attributes in children of: a) time spent playing in green spaces; b) how green the children&#x2019;s home environments are; c) the proximity of their homes to significant green spaces; and d) contact with blue spaces (beaches). The results <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> obtained underlined how playing in green spaces, as well as contact and time spent in them and in blue environments had a positive effect on the development of children&#x2019;s behaviour. These effects were also reflected in emotional and prosocial attributes, allowing children to establish positive bonds with their peers and with the environment around them.</p>
<p>On this line, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund and Almers (2016)</xref> present their research linked to the B&#x00C4;RFIS project. In this framework, educational centres are offered access to and participation in a model forest garden. The importance of these natural settings is determined by their potentiality to generate and develop moral values, beliefs and perspectives in children. For this study, the authors propose as their objective, on the one hand, investigating children&#x2019;s reasoning ds to the dependence and relations established between different organisms, including them, and on the other, analysing how to describe their relations with the setting, also identifying which values of nature they express. Regarding the dependence and relations between the different organisms, it is established that, after direct contact with nature, the children identified the existence of certain relationships created in the setting, for example, unidirectional relationships with the animals based on caring behaviour, that foster their interest in ecological well-being. However, the child&#x2013;vegetation relationship was bidirectional, with mutual dependence between the subject and the natural setting standing out, as did the development of ecological conscience in the participants. With regard to the values that might be fostered in nature, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund and Almers (2016)</xref> carried out a study based on the values presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31397_Eng">Kellert (2002)</xref>: aesthetic, dominionistic, humanistic, moralistic, naturalistic, negativistic, scientific, symbolic and utilitarian. The results of this research show that the values most commonly expressed by the children are scientific or ecological, humanistic, aesthetic and naturalistic. So, the development of the former favours cognitive and intellectual capacities, problem solving, critical thinking, respect and appreciation for nature. Humanistic ones promote the capacity to receive and provide affection, forming bonds of attachment with the environment and cooperative behaviour. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund and Almers (2016)</xref>, promote curiosity, imagination, creativity, self-confidence and self-esteem. And finally, naturalistic ones generate feelings of respect for nature in children, as well as recognition of the intrinsic value of the environment surrounding them. These moral approaches agree with people&#x2019;s identity construction, specifically ecological identity.</p>
<p>Finally, a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref> investigates how play in direct contact with nature, specifically mud, can influence the perception and management of students&#x2019; gender identity in two forest schools and a school garden. This research starts from the approaches of open air schools and children&#x2019;s search for a connection with natural settings. As well as building neutral spaces in relation to gender roles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31397_Eng">&#x00C4;ngg&#x00E5;rd, 2016</xref>), these environments also foster open-ended and spontaneous play while at the same time children creatively and imaginatively explore their most immediate environment. These determinants are used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref>, who for her research redesigned a space that she called a &#x201C;mud kitchen&#x201D;, designed from a neutral perspective, without gender connotations, but with familiar utensils for the children. The configuration of this space offered the opportunity to relate through free and spontaneous interactions within the natural environment, in turn enabling children to renegotiate stereotyped gender limits, practising more flexible identities and developing values linked to respect, tolerance and empathy. Moreover, the author underlines the reconceptualisation of &#x201C;cleanliness&#x201D;, mitigating the idealised perspective of this state, alluding to the fact a free, healthy and happy child gets dirty while playing in natural environments, enabling it to reconnect with itself, with its own nature and with what surrounds it. Ultimately, connection with nature and playing freely in open areas in childhood foster the social competences that will influence the construction of children&#x2019;s identity from a multifaceted perspective, making them more responsible adults with solid social and affective bonds with their environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31397_Eng">Pyle, 1993</xref>).</p>
<p>Although the selected studies do not specifically aim to analyse the construction of childhood identities, they all examine attributes that are directly related to diverse conceptions of identity. It is apparent that the influence of the connection with nature on the construction of individual identity is analysed through the children&#x2019;s introspection, their self-knowledge, personal satisfaction, perceptions, adoption of values, and learning of behaviour, as proposed in the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams and Beauchamp (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund and Almers (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref>. Likewise, the emotional attribute at play in the formation of identity stands out in most of the studies selected (for example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams &#x0026; Beauchamp, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund &#x0026; Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin &#x0026; Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>). Many of these works also study the interactive and relational aspects and socialisation, something that, on the one hand, coincides with the collective conception of identity, particularly in terms of identification with others, and, on the other hand, with the sense of belonging both to a social group and to the surrounding natural environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund &#x0026; Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin &#x0026; Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>). As for relational identity, this is most notably analysed in the research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref>, who studies the adoption of different roles by children in the experiences done in natural environments. Finally, the 10 studies selected analyse the conception of identity of place transversally by promoting and analysing the creation of bonds, connections and relationships with the non-human natural environment that surrounds the children. In essence, these findings reflect the multidimensional character of human identity and the continuity both of its construction at early ages and in the redefinition of the meaning of the &#x201C;self&#x201D;.</p>
<p>The connection between children and nature has been approached in a variety of ways in the studies selected. For example, the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31397_Eng">Jarvis <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> drew on children&#x2019;s prior experiences in relation to their contact with nature. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref> centred on the children&#x2019;s interactional activities and spontaneous games. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31397_Eng">Adams and Beauchamp (2021)</xref> also analysed the connection with nature through spontaneous play, planned play and sensory relaxation experiences done by children in nature reserves. The findings of the other studies were obtained through experiences mediated by different learning situations in direct contact with nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund &#x0026; Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin &#x0026; Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>). Another notable aspect is the role played by educational centres in the research. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> explored green school playgrounds as a way of fostering a connection with nature, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin and Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst (2021)</xref> researched the effects of educational interventions based on a school garden. For her part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock (2018)</xref> did her study in two forest schools and a green school, where the connection with nature was inherent in the educational setting. Finally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund and Almers (2016)</xref> underlined schools&#x2019; capacity to bring students closer to natural settings, whether through time for playing in natural spaces close to the educational centre, as observed in the first study, or through participation in a project that allowed access to a forest garden, as shown in the second.</p>
    <p>Most pieces of research found a positive effect in the attributes analysed. Children&#x2019;s connection to natural settings creates benefits in their emotional and social development and well-being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31397_Eng">Chiumento <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31397_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31397_Eng">Pollin &#x0026; Retzlaff-F&#x00FC;rst, 2021</xref>), as well as in their development of values and the appropriateness of behaviour (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31397_Eng">Amoly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31397_Eng">Askerlund &#x0026; Almers, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31397_Eng">Mycock, 2018</xref>). Nonetheless, we also found that studies such as those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> do not agree with some of these results. The first of these studies found the improvement in the emotional well-being of young children to be weak, while in the second, this non-significant influence is reflected in the development of social competences. In both cases, the authors underline the small number of earlier studies that explain these results, and so they refer to what they regard as possible causes for their findings, agreeing that these could be due to the heterogeneity of interpersonal, intrapersonal and contextual variables; to the variability of the children&#x2019;s perceptions or valuations of nature, as well as the habits and routines of contact and connection with it or, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> state, the geographical or accessibility characteristics of these settings, which are sometimes some distance from where the children live.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-31397_Eng" sec-type="discussion|conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscussion and conclusions</sc></bold></title>
<p>The main aim of this study centred on identifying how nature influences the development of attributes involved in the construction of identity during early childhood. To do so, we performed a systematic review of the last 10 years, analysing a total of 10 articles. This research has allowed us to conclude that identity construction is a complex and non-homogeneous process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31397_Eng">Bernal, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31397_Eng">Quiroga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), characterised by its continuous, diverse and distributed nature. This is the result of the situations experienced by subjects in a relational context with their environment and with others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31397_Eng">Trianes Torres &#x0026; Amezcua Membrilla, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31397_Eng">Vera &#x0026; Valenzuela, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Intrapersonal and interpersonal factors are at play in the formation of the different identity constructs. The former relate to self-discovery, self-confirmation of the individual &#x201C;self&#x201D;, emotional development, values and perceptions, among others, while the latter are linked to social interaction, the sense of belonging to a group or to social and cultural influences. In other words, the identity feeling is built through the lived experiences of each person and her interaction with others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31397_Eng">Camelo, 2023</xref>). Moreover, and from a relational and identitarian concept of place, the environment provides a space for learning behaviour, creating ideas and beliefs, and adopting roles aimed at connecting with and caring for this environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31397_Eng">Fl&#x00F3;rez Var&#x00F3;n &#x0026; C&#x00E1;rdenas-T&#x00E1;mara, 2022</xref>).</p>
    <p>The findings of this study make it possible to establish that different internal factors or attributes involved in the identity construction of children are positively influenced by the connections established between the children and natural spaces. These results agree with other studies that have also shown a series of benefits relating to these attributes and contact with natural settings. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31397_Eng">Bikomeye <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31397_Eng">Mygind <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> found that nature has a positive effect on the socio-emotional development of boys and girls. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31397_Eng">Fretwell and Greig (2019)</xref> underline the benefit of contact with nature on the personal well-being of this age group. Furthermore, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31397_Eng">Liao <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> have shown behavioural improvements, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31397_Eng">Dewey (2021)</xref> specifically emphasised environmental improvement and the construction of ecological conscience and identity. In contrast, while the majority of the studies selected have shown positive effects on the connection between nature and identity, the works by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31397_Eng">Lu&#x00ED;s <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> did not align with this positive trend. The first of these studies found a weak effect of nature on children&#x2019;s emotional well-being, while the second did not find a significant influence on the development of social competences. These findings can be attributed to what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31397_Eng">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> call &#x201C;objective nature deficit&#x201D; and &#x201C;subjective nature deficit&#x201D;. Objective nature deficit relates to a lack of knowledge of and contact with nature, while subjective nature deficit relates to aspects such as a lack of empathy for the environment, limited identification with natural living beings and a lack of satisfaction with the attributes of nature. Specifically, the work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31397_Eng">Huynh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> considers a lack of access to natural settings as one of the reasons for their weak influence on study participants&#x2019; internal attributes, something that is in agreement with objective nature deficit. This position is also analysed in other research (for example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31397_Eng">Addas, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31397_Eng">Martori <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31397_Eng">P&#x00E9;rez-del-Pulgar <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>) where the lack of accessibility of natural settings, whether these be wild areas or urban green spaces, was identified as one of the causes of the disconnection with nature. Therefore, considering the positive effects of interaction with natural spaces on the construction of identity during early childhood, it is important to direct educational processes towards reducing nature deficit, both objective and subjective (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31397_Eng">Louv, 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31397_Eng">Wang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>) and, by extension, promoting the formation of a healthy identity in children, starting from processes of humanisation and reconnection with the natural environment.</p>
<p>In short, the present work highlights how research aimed at analysing the influence of nature on the internal attributes that influence and determine the identity of children is limited, and how more depth in this line of study is needed. This conclusion is based on the importance of attending to, promoting and studying the child&#x2019;s relationship with nature from an experiential, situational, social and cultural perspective, taking into account that identity construction is the fruit of the subject&#x2019;s interaction with its surroundings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31397_Eng">Erikson, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31397_Eng">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31397_Eng">Sep&#x00FA;lveda, 2020</xref>). Nonetheless, based on current social trends, there is one situation that cannot be ignored, namely that technology is a significant and decisive factor in society&#x2019;s habits and routines. Consequently, it is not only necessary to identify the point at which technology and nature converge and complement one another, but also to analyse the effects of the interrelation of natural and virtual spaces on the development of subjects and, consequently, on their identity development. To this end, while accepting that nature and technology cannot be disassociated from the development of the human being, pedagogy must work in favour of an education that interlinks these spaces, taking advantage of the inherent potentialities of both contexts in the development of the person, without losing sight of critical periods in development, such as childhood.</p>
<sec id="sec-12-31397_Eng">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title><italic>Limitations and future research</italic></title>
<p>Although this research is based on a methodology that ensures its results have rigour and scientific quality, the limited number of studies available and selected for analysis is a limitation when generalising the findings. Furthermore, although clear and explicit inclusion criteria were set, evaluation bias by the researchers when selecting the studies is a variable that cannot be ignored. The findings of the systematic review made it possible to identify and contextualise particular variables that the literature links to the children&#x2019;s development of identity and which are influenced by this age group&#x2019;s relationship with nature. These variables can contribute to establishing the theoretical starting points that make it possible to broaden knowledge regarding identity construction in connection with nature and through experiences developed within these environments using technology as a factor involved in the development of attachment to these spaces. With the aim of considering this field in greater depth, starting from the previously cited research projects, one suggested future line of research would be to explore and analyse the ways in which children construct their identity through their connection and bond with natural environments, carrying out social and cultural experiences based on studies contextualised in the current social and cultural dynamics that make it possible to respond to new educational challenges.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1_Eng" fn-type="financial-disclosure"><label>1.</label> <p>This research was funded by the Grant Proyecto NATEC-ID. An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re)conexi&#x00F3;n con la NATuraleza y la TECnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la IDentidad del ni&#x00F1;o -PID 2021-122993NB-100- funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ and by ERDF A way of making Europe and Grant Proyecto Tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como catalizadora de la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica desde la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Estudio y dise&#x00F1;o de soluciones tecnoeducativas desde NATUR-TEC Kids LivingLab -TED2021-130300A-C22- funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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