Identidad de género y orientación sexual de las personas con Trastorno del Espectro del Autismo: una revisión sistemática
Resumen
En los últimos años ha surgido un creciente interés en relación con la identidad de género y la orientación sexual de las personas con trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA). La presente revisión sistemática analiza un total de 18 estudios, publicados a partir de 2016, con la finalidad de obtener evidencias acerca de la identidad y disforia de género, y la orientación sexual en la población con TEA. Los resultados indicaron que existe una mayor prevalencia de identidad de género no conforme y de disforia de género en la población con TEA. Se encontró una mayor prevalencia de orientación no heterosexual en las personas con TEA en comparación con la población sin TEA. Estos resultados se encuentran preferentemente en las mujeres con TEA. No obstante, es necesario disponer de más y mejores evidencias sobre esta temática, especialmente en mujeres, y en las etapas de la niñez y la adolescencia, con el fin de implementar apoyos y recursos adecuados para dar respuesta a las necesidades de estas personas.
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AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5.ª ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. (2012). Answers to your questions: for a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/answers-questions-so-spanish.pdf
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist, 70(9), 832-864. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039906
AUYEUNG, B., BARON-COHEN, S., ASHWIN, E., KNICKMEYER, R., TAYLOR, K. and HACKETT, G. (2009). Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712608X311731
BARON-COHEN, S. (2009). Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 68-80.
BEDDOWS, N. and BROOKS, R. (2016). Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10(4), 282-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12265
BEJEROT, S. and ERIKSON, J. F. (2014). Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case control study. PLoS One, 9(1), e87961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087961
BUSH, M. M. (2019). Dimensions of sexuality among young women, with and without autism, with predominantly sexual minority identities. Sexuality and Disability, 37(2), 275-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-018-9532-1
BUSH, M. M., WILLIAMS, L. W. and MENDES, E. (2020). Brief report: asexuality and young women on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(2), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04565-6
COOPER, K., MANDY, W., BUTLER, C. and RUSSELL, A. (2021). The lived experience of gender dysphoria in autistic adults: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Autism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211039113
COOPER, K., SMITH, L. G. E. and RUSSELL, A. J. (2018). Gender identity in autism: sex differences in social affiliation with gender groups. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(12), 3995-4006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3590-1
DEWINTER, J., DE GRAAF, M. and BEGEER, S. (2017). Sexual orientation, gender identity, and romantic relationships in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2927-2934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3199-9
FERNANDES, L. C., GILLBERG, C. L., CEDERLUND, F., HAGBERG, B., GILLBERG, C. and BILLSTEDT, E. (2016). Aspects of sexuality in adolescents and adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 3155-3165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2855-9
GEORGE, R. and STOKES, F. A. (2018a). A quantitative analysis of mental health among sexual and gender minority groups in ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 2052-2063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3469-1
GEORGE, R. and STOKES, F. A. (2018b). Sexual orientation in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 11(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1892
GLIDDEN, D., BOUMAN, W. P., JONES, B. A. and ARCELUS, J. (2016). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 4(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003
HANNAH, L. A. and STAGG, S. D. (2016). Experiences of sex education and sexual awareness in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(12), 3678-3687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2906-2
HERRERA, S. P. (2000). Rol de género y funcionamiento familiar. Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral, 16(6), 568-573. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S086421252000000600008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt
HERVAS, A. and PONT, C. (2020). Desarrollo afectivo-sexual en las personas con trastorno del espectro autista. Medicina, 80(2), 7-11. https://www.medicinabuenosaires.com/indices-de-2020/volumen-80-ano-2020-s-2-indice/de
HILLIER, A., GALLOP, N., MENDES, E., TELLEZ, D., BUCKINGHAM, A., NIZAMI, A. and O’TOOLE, D. (2020). LGBTQ+ and autism spectrum disorder: Experiences and challenges. International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(1), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1594484
HURST, M. (2016). Self-reported sexuality among women with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). [Tesis de Máster, Universidad de Massachusetts]. https://scholarworks.umb.edu/doctoral_dissertations/243
HURTADO-MURILLO, F. (2015). Disforia de género en infancia y adolescencia: guía de práctica clínica. Revista Española Endocrinología Pediátrica, 6(1), 45-52. https://doi.10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2015.Apr.283
KALLITSOUNAKI, A. and WILLIAMS, D. (2020). Mentalising moderates the link between autism traits and current gender dysphoria features in primarily non-autistic, cisgender individuals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 4148- 4157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04478-4
KALLITSOUNAKI, A., WILLIAMS, D. F. and LIND, S. E. (2020). Links between autistic traits, feelings of gender dysphoria and mentalising ability: replication and extension of previous findings from the general population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 1458-1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04626-w
KELLAHER, D. C. (2015). Sexual behaviour and autism spectrum disorders: an update and discussion. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(4), 562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0562-4
LEGATE, N. and ROGE, R. D. (2019). Identifying basic classes of sexual orientation with latent profile analysis: developing the multivariate sexual orientation classification system. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 48, 1403-1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1336-y
LÓPEZ, F. (2018). Disforia de género en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Adolescere, 6(2), 15-25.
MAHFOUDA, S., PANOS, C., WHITEHOUSE, A. J. O., THOMAS, C. S., MAYBERY, F., STRAUSS, P., ZEPF, F. D., O’DONOVAN, A., VAN HALL, M. W., SAUNDERS, L. A., MOORE, J. K. and LIN, A. (2019). Mental health correlates of autism spectrum disorder in gender diverse young people: evidence from a specialised child and adolescent gender clinic in Australia. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(10), 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101503
MARTÍNEZ, N., BALLESTER, R., GIMÉNEZ, C., RUIZ, E. and NEBOT, J. E. (2020). Preocupación asociada al descubrimiento de la orientación sexual. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(1), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2020.n1.v1.1804
MAY, T., PANG, K. C. and WILLIAMS, K. (2017). Brief report: sexual attraction and relationships in adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1910-1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3092-6
PAGE, F. J., MCKENZIE, J. E., BOSSUYT, P. F., BOUTRON, I., HOFFMANN, T. C., MULROW, C. D., SHAMSEER, L., TETZLAFF, J. F., AKL, E. A., BRENNAN, S. E., CHOU, R., GLANVILLE, J., GRIMSHAW, J. F., HRÓBJARTSSON, A., LALU, F. F., LI, T., LODER, W., MAYO, E., MCDONALD, S., MCGUINESS, L. A., STEWART, L. A., THOMAS, J., TRICCO, A. C., WELCH, V. A., WHITING, P. and MOHER, D. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología, 74(9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016
PECORA, L. A., HANCOCK, G. I., HOOLEY, F., DEMMER, D. M., ATTWOOD, T., MESIBOV, G. B. and STOKES, F. A. (2020). Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females. Molecular Autism, 11(57), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00363-0
QUALLS, L. R., HARTMAN, K. and PAULSON, J. F. (2018). Broad autism phenotypic traits and the relationship to sexual orientation and sexual behaviour. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 3974-3983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3556-3
RONIS, S.T., BYERS, E. S., BROTTO, L. A. and NICHOLS, S. (2021). Beyond the label: asexual identity among individuals on the high-functioning autism spectrum. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50, 3831-3842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01969-y
STAGG, S. D. and VINCENT, J. (2019). Autistic traits in individuals self-defining as transgender or nonbinary. European Psychiatry, 61, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.003
STRANG, J. F., MEAGHER, M., KENWORTHY, L., De VRIES, A. L., MENVIELLE, E., LEIBOWITZ, S., JANSSEN, A., COHEN-KETTENIS, P., SHUMER, D. E., EDWARDS-LEEPER, L., PLEAK, R. R., SPACK, N., KARASIC, D. M., SCHEREIER, M., BALLEUR, A., TISHELMAN, A., EHRENSAFT, D., RODNAN, L., KUSCHNER, E. S., MANDEL, F., CARETTO, A., LEWIS, M. C. and ANTHONY, L. G. (2018). Initial clinical guidelines for co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria or incongruence in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1228462
TANWEER, T., RATHBONE, C. J. and SOUCHAY, C. (2010). Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and identity in Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 48(4), 900-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.007
URIBE ORTIZ, D. S., GÓMEZ BOTERO, M. and ARANGO TOBÓN, O. E. (2010). Teoría de la mente: una revisión acerca del desarrollo del concepto. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, 1(1), 28-37.
VAN DER MIESEN, A. I. R., HURLEY, M., BAL, A. F. and DE VRIES, A. L. C. (2018). Prevalence of the wish to be the opposite gender in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 48(8), 2307-2317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1218-3
WALSH, R. J., KRABBENDAM, L., DEWINTER, J. and BEGEER, S. (2018). Gender identity differences in autistic adults: associations with perceptual and socio-cognitive profiles. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4070-4078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3702-y
WEIR, E., ALLISON, C. and BARON-COHEN, S. (2021). The sexual health, orientation, and activity of autistic adolescents and adults. Autism Research, 14(11), 2342-2354. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2604
XIONG, M., PETERSONB, J. B. and SCOTTA, S. (2020). Amniotic testosterone and psychological sex differences: a systematic review of the extreme male brain theory. Developmental Review, 57, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100922
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. (2012). Answers to your questions: for a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/answers-questions-so-spanish.pdf
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist, 70(9), 832-864. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039906
AUYEUNG, B., BARON-COHEN, S., ASHWIN, E., KNICKMEYER, R., TAYLOR, K. and HACKETT, G. (2009). Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712608X311731
BARON-COHEN, S. (2009). Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 68-80.
BEDDOWS, N. and BROOKS, R. (2016). Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10(4), 282-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12265
BEJEROT, S. and ERIKSON, J. F. (2014). Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case control study. PLoS One, 9(1), e87961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087961
BUSH, M. M. (2019). Dimensions of sexuality among young women, with and without autism, with predominantly sexual minority identities. Sexuality and Disability, 37(2), 275-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-018-9532-1
BUSH, M. M., WILLIAMS, L. W. and MENDES, E. (2020). Brief report: asexuality and young women on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(2), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04565-6
COOPER, K., MANDY, W., BUTLER, C. and RUSSELL, A. (2021). The lived experience of gender dysphoria in autistic adults: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Autism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211039113
COOPER, K., SMITH, L. G. E. and RUSSELL, A. J. (2018). Gender identity in autism: sex differences in social affiliation with gender groups. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(12), 3995-4006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3590-1
DEWINTER, J., DE GRAAF, M. and BEGEER, S. (2017). Sexual orientation, gender identity, and romantic relationships in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2927-2934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3199-9
FERNANDES, L. C., GILLBERG, C. L., CEDERLUND, F., HAGBERG, B., GILLBERG, C. and BILLSTEDT, E. (2016). Aspects of sexuality in adolescents and adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 3155-3165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2855-9
GEORGE, R. and STOKES, F. A. (2018a). A quantitative analysis of mental health among sexual and gender minority groups in ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 2052-2063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3469-1
GEORGE, R. and STOKES, F. A. (2018b). Sexual orientation in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 11(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1892
GLIDDEN, D., BOUMAN, W. P., JONES, B. A. and ARCELUS, J. (2016). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 4(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003
HANNAH, L. A. and STAGG, S. D. (2016). Experiences of sex education and sexual awareness in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(12), 3678-3687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2906-2
HERRERA, S. P. (2000). Rol de género y funcionamiento familiar. Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral, 16(6), 568-573. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S086421252000000600008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt
HERVAS, A. and PONT, C. (2020). Desarrollo afectivo-sexual en las personas con trastorno del espectro autista. Medicina, 80(2), 7-11. https://www.medicinabuenosaires.com/indices-de-2020/volumen-80-ano-2020-s-2-indice/de
HILLIER, A., GALLOP, N., MENDES, E., TELLEZ, D., BUCKINGHAM, A., NIZAMI, A. and O’TOOLE, D. (2020). LGBTQ+ and autism spectrum disorder: Experiences and challenges. International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(1), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1594484
HURST, M. (2016). Self-reported sexuality among women with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). [Tesis de Máster, Universidad de Massachusetts]. https://scholarworks.umb.edu/doctoral_dissertations/243
HURTADO-MURILLO, F. (2015). Disforia de género en infancia y adolescencia: guía de práctica clínica. Revista Española Endocrinología Pediátrica, 6(1), 45-52. https://doi.10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2015.Apr.283
KALLITSOUNAKI, A. and WILLIAMS, D. (2020). Mentalising moderates the link between autism traits and current gender dysphoria features in primarily non-autistic, cisgender individuals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 4148- 4157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04478-4
KALLITSOUNAKI, A., WILLIAMS, D. F. and LIND, S. E. (2020). Links between autistic traits, feelings of gender dysphoria and mentalising ability: replication and extension of previous findings from the general population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 1458-1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04626-w
KELLAHER, D. C. (2015). Sexual behaviour and autism spectrum disorders: an update and discussion. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(4), 562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0562-4
LEGATE, N. and ROGE, R. D. (2019). Identifying basic classes of sexual orientation with latent profile analysis: developing the multivariate sexual orientation classification system. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 48, 1403-1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1336-y
LÓPEZ, F. (2018). Disforia de género en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Adolescere, 6(2), 15-25.
MAHFOUDA, S., PANOS, C., WHITEHOUSE, A. J. O., THOMAS, C. S., MAYBERY, F., STRAUSS, P., ZEPF, F. D., O’DONOVAN, A., VAN HALL, M. W., SAUNDERS, L. A., MOORE, J. K. and LIN, A. (2019). Mental health correlates of autism spectrum disorder in gender diverse young people: evidence from a specialised child and adolescent gender clinic in Australia. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(10), 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101503
MARTÍNEZ, N., BALLESTER, R., GIMÉNEZ, C., RUIZ, E. and NEBOT, J. E. (2020). Preocupación asociada al descubrimiento de la orientación sexual. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(1), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2020.n1.v1.1804
MAY, T., PANG, K. C. and WILLIAMS, K. (2017). Brief report: sexual attraction and relationships in adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1910-1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3092-6
PAGE, F. J., MCKENZIE, J. E., BOSSUYT, P. F., BOUTRON, I., HOFFMANN, T. C., MULROW, C. D., SHAMSEER, L., TETZLAFF, J. F., AKL, E. A., BRENNAN, S. E., CHOU, R., GLANVILLE, J., GRIMSHAW, J. F., HRÓBJARTSSON, A., LALU, F. F., LI, T., LODER, W., MAYO, E., MCDONALD, S., MCGUINESS, L. A., STEWART, L. A., THOMAS, J., TRICCO, A. C., WELCH, V. A., WHITING, P. and MOHER, D. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología, 74(9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016
PECORA, L. A., HANCOCK, G. I., HOOLEY, F., DEMMER, D. M., ATTWOOD, T., MESIBOV, G. B. and STOKES, F. A. (2020). Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females. Molecular Autism, 11(57), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00363-0
QUALLS, L. R., HARTMAN, K. and PAULSON, J. F. (2018). Broad autism phenotypic traits and the relationship to sexual orientation and sexual behaviour. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 3974-3983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3556-3
RONIS, S.T., BYERS, E. S., BROTTO, L. A. and NICHOLS, S. (2021). Beyond the label: asexual identity among individuals on the high-functioning autism spectrum. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50, 3831-3842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01969-y
STAGG, S. D. and VINCENT, J. (2019). Autistic traits in individuals self-defining as transgender or nonbinary. European Psychiatry, 61, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.003
STRANG, J. F., MEAGHER, M., KENWORTHY, L., De VRIES, A. L., MENVIELLE, E., LEIBOWITZ, S., JANSSEN, A., COHEN-KETTENIS, P., SHUMER, D. E., EDWARDS-LEEPER, L., PLEAK, R. R., SPACK, N., KARASIC, D. M., SCHEREIER, M., BALLEUR, A., TISHELMAN, A., EHRENSAFT, D., RODNAN, L., KUSCHNER, E. S., MANDEL, F., CARETTO, A., LEWIS, M. C. and ANTHONY, L. G. (2018). Initial clinical guidelines for co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria or incongruence in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1228462
TANWEER, T., RATHBONE, C. J. and SOUCHAY, C. (2010). Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and identity in Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 48(4), 900-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.007
URIBE ORTIZ, D. S., GÓMEZ BOTERO, M. and ARANGO TOBÓN, O. E. (2010). Teoría de la mente: una revisión acerca del desarrollo del concepto. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, 1(1), 28-37.
VAN DER MIESEN, A. I. R., HURLEY, M., BAL, A. F. and DE VRIES, A. L. C. (2018). Prevalence of the wish to be the opposite gender in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 48(8), 2307-2317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1218-3
WALSH, R. J., KRABBENDAM, L., DEWINTER, J. and BEGEER, S. (2018). Gender identity differences in autistic adults: associations with perceptual and socio-cognitive profiles. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4070-4078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3702-y
WEIR, E., ALLISON, C. and BARON-COHEN, S. (2021). The sexual health, orientation, and activity of autistic adolescents and adults. Autism Research, 14(11), 2342-2354. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2604
XIONG, M., PETERSONB, J. B. and SCOTTA, S. (2020). Amniotic testosterone and psychological sex differences: a systematic review of the extreme male brain theory. Developmental Review, 57, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100922
González-García, S., Solís-García, P., Morán-Suárez, L., Monsalve-González, A., Gómez-Sánchez, L. E., & Alcedo-Rodríguez, Ángeles. (2023). Identidad de género y orientación sexual de las personas con Trastorno del Espectro del Autismo: una revisión sistemática. Siglo Cero, 54(2), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero202354228880
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