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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">scero</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Siglo Cero Revista Espa&#x00F1;ola sobre Discapacidad Intelectual</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">scero</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0210-1696</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2530-0350</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">scero202354227894</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/scero202354227894</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>ART&#x00CD;CULOS Y EXPERIENCIAS</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>REHABILITACI&#x00D3;N NEUROPSICOL&#x00D3;GICA HOL&#x00CD;STICA: EVOLUCI&#x00D3;N COGNITIVA Y CALIDAD DE VIDA DE PACIENTES CON DA&#x00D1;O CEREBRAL ADQUIRIDO</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Holistic Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: Cognitive Outcome and Quality of Life in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>G&#x00F3;mez Pulido</surname>
<given-names>M.&#x00AA; Almudena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Internacional de La Rioja y Universidad Isabel I de Castilla. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Internacional de La Rioja</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Isabel I de Castilla</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><email>almudena.gomezp@unir.net</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>14</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>114</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>13</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">

<license-p>Este obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia de Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>R<sc>esumen</sc>:</title>
<p>El da&#x00F1;o cerebral adquirido (DCA) puede provocar secuelas f&#x00ED;sicas, motrices, neuropsicol&#x00F3;gicas y generar una discapacidad en las personas afectadas. La rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica trata de reducir las secuelas cognitivas, conductuales, emocionales y sociales. El abordaje hol&#x00ED;stico plantea un trabajo que combine intervenciones individuales, grupales, la pr&#x00E1;ctica en entornos lo m&#x00E1;s reales posible, as&#x00ED; como la intervenci&#x00F3;n familiar y vocacional. Este tipo de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n busca generalizar los resultados alcanzados a la vida cotidiana, para incrementar la funcionalidad, autonom&#x00ED;a y calidad de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar y comparar el rendimiento cognitivo y la calidad de vida percibida, antes y despu&#x00E9;s de realizar un programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica con actividades en entornos reales. Se analiz&#x00F3; una muestra de 20 personas con DCA. Se administraron pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica de atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria, funciones ejecutivas y calidad de vida. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en el rendimiento de atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria de trabajo, funciones ejecutivas y calidad de vida. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica, que englobe el trabajo en entornos reales, podr&#x00ED;a contribuir a alcanzar posibles mejoras en la generalizaci&#x00F3;n de la evoluci&#x00F3;n cognitiva a la vida cotidiana y ayudar a incrementar la calidad de vida de las personas con DCA.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>A<sc>bstract</sc>:</title>
<p>Acquired brain injury (ABI) could cause physical, motor, neuropsychological, and generate a disability on affected people. The holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation attemps to reduce cognitive, behavioural, emotional and social sequels. Holistic approach propose a combined work of individual and grupal interventions, training in environments the most real as possible, as well as the family and vocational interventions. The goal of this rehabilitation is to generalise the achieved results to the patient&#x2019;s daily life to increase their functional, autonomy and their quality of life. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the cognitive performance, and quality of life, before and after to follow a holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation program that included activities on real environment. A sample of 20 persons with ABI was studied. Neuropsychological assessment tests of attention, memory, executive funcions and quality of life were apply. Results showed statistically significant differences on attention, memory and executive functions performance and in quality of life. These findings suggest that holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation, that included the work on real environments, could contribute to generalizing the cognitive outcome to daily life and help to increase quality of life of ABI persons.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>P<sc>alabras clave</sc>:</title>
<kwd>Rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>enfoque hol&#x00ED;stico</kwd>
<kwd>calidad de vida</kwd>
<kwd>da&#x00F1;o cerebral adquirido</kwd>
<kwd>evoluci&#x00F3;n cognitiva</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>K<sc>eywords</sc>:</title>
<kwd>Neuropsychological rehabilitation</kwd>
<kwd>holistic approach</kwd>
<kwd>quality of life</kwd>
<kwd>acquired brain injury</kwd>
<kwd>cognitive outcome</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27894" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>Introducci&#x00F3;n</bold></title>
<p>El da&#x00F1;o cerebral adquirido (DCA) hace referencia a aquellas lesiones sufridas en el cerebro producidas tras el nacimiento. La etiolog&#x00ED;a del DCA puede ser traum&#x00E1;tica (accidentes de tr&#x00E1;fico, ca&#x00ED;das, golpes, etc.) o no traum&#x00E1;tica (accidentes cerebrovasculares, tumores, infecciones, hipoxias, etc.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-27894">Mu&#x00F1;oz <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-27894">Van Heugten <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Actualmente el DCA constituye una importante patolog&#x00ED;a en nuestra sociedad. Se estima que alrededor de unos 57 millones de personas han sido hospitalizadas en el mundo debido a un traumatismo craneoencef&#x00E1;lico, pero no se conoce con exactitud el n&#x00FA;mero que presenta graves secuelas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-27894">Langlois <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). La incidencia aproximada de las lesiones tras DCA es de 1/500 individuos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-27894">Grace <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Los &#x00FA;ltimos datos a nivel nacional informan de la existencia de unas 420.064 personas con DCA en nuestro pa&#x00ED;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27894">FEDACE, 2021</xref>). Cada a&#x00F1;o se producen en Espa&#x00F1;a 104.701 nuevos casos. De estos un 78 % son debidos a accidentes cerebrovasculares y un 22 % a traumatismos craneoencef&#x00E1;licos (TCE) y a otras causas. M&#x00E1;s de la mitad de los afectados (65 %) tienen m&#x00E1;s de 65 a&#x00F1;os y de estos el 52 % son mujeres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27894">FEDACE, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de dichas lesiones cerebrales estas personas pueden sufrir una serie de secuelas f&#x00ED;sicas y/o neuropsicol&#x00F3;gicas. Las secuelas neuropsicol&#x00F3;gicas engloban las alteraciones cognitivas (d&#x00E9;ficits de atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria y funciones ejecutivas), conductuales, sociales y emocionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-27894">Mu&#x00F1;oz <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Una de las secuelas m&#x00E1;s relevantes tras un DCA es la falta de conciencia o anosognosia, ya que es la responsable de gran parte de los problemas resistentes a nivel cognitivo y del impacto que ejercen sobre el resto de las &#x00E1;reas de la neurorrehabilitaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27894">Bonilla <italic>et. al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-27894">Prigatano y Altman, 1990</xref>). Todas estas secuelas dificultan en gran medida el funcionamiento en el &#x00E1;mbito familiar y social alterando su calidad de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27894">Cao <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-27894">Colantonio <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27894">Dijkers, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>La rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica se centra en la recuperaci&#x00F3;n de las habilidades cognitivas, conductuales, sociales y emocionales para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con DCA y la de sus familias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27894">Ben-Yishay y Diller, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27894">Cicerone <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27894">Cicerone <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-27894">Prigatano, 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-27894">1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-83-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-84-27894">Winson <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-86-27894">Ylvisaker, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-87-27894">Ylvisaker <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). La rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica se fundamenta en la capacidad de adaptaci&#x00F3;n o plasticidad cerebral, mediante mecanismos de recuperaci&#x00F3;n y reparaci&#x00F3;n funcional de la zona afectada y las circundantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-27894">Lubrini <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Los principios b&#x00E1;sicos sobre los que se sustenta son la restituci&#x00F3;n, la sustituci&#x00F3;n o la compensaci&#x00F3;n de los d&#x00E9;ficits.</p>
<p>Dentro de la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica podemos destacar diversos enfoques, entre ellos la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n de la funci&#x00F3;n cognitiva, basada en la neuropsicolog&#x00ED;a cognitiva. Este enfoque ha impactado de forma importante en la comprensi&#x00F3;n y evaluaci&#x00F3;n de las alteraciones cognitivas. Durante las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas se ha incorporado el uso del ordenador como buena herramienta coste-beneficio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-27894">Lynch, 2002</xref>), as&#x00ED; como el uso de plataformas de telerrehabilitaci&#x00F3;n cognitiva y de realidad virtual. Sin embargo, resulta imprescindible la participaci&#x00F3;n activa del neuropsic&#x00F3;logo durante todo el proceso de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27894">Garc&#x00ED;a-Molina <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27894">Garc&#x00ED;a-Molina, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-27894">G&#x00F3;mez-Pulido, 2012</xref>). A pesar de la gran utilidad de este enfoque sabemos que, por s&#x00ED; solo, resulta insuficiente, dado que los problemas emocionales y el impacto a nivel de funcionalidad en la vida diaria deben ser tambi&#x00E9;n objeto de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n para poder generalizar al m&#x00E1;ximo los avances alcanzados en las sesiones de trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-81-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-84-27894">Winson <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Otro enfoque es el basado en el aprendizaje y la modificaci&#x00F3;n de conducta, muy empleado para reducir y compensar problemas cognitivos y conductuales. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n que engloba el abordaje emocional mediante la psicoterapia cognitivo-conductual puede alcanzar mejores beneficios y resultados de &#x00E9;xito que este enfoque por s&#x00ED; solo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-83-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Otros modelos abordan la identidad donde se trabajan factores biol&#x00F3;gicos, psicol&#x00F3;gicos y sociales como variables que pueden impactar en las consecuencias sufridas por personas con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-27894">Ownsworth, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-82-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-83-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
    <p>Finalmente, destacamos la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica que engloba el abordaje de las alteraciones cognitivas, conductuales, emocionales y/o sociales. Su origen se remonta a los a&#x00F1;os posteriores a la Primera Guerra Mundial con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27894">Kurt Goldstein (1963)</xref>. Sus objetivos principales son la mejora del desempe&#x00F1;o de actividades y la participaci&#x00F3;n del paciente, incluyendo la toma de conciencia sobre su estado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27894">Ben-Yishay, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-27894">Prigatano, 1999</xref>). Este enfoque engloba el trabajo a nivel familiar y vocacional y resalta la necesidad de trabajar en entornos terap&#x00E9;uticos personalizados, lo m&#x00E1;s similares a la vida real del paciente, para poder generalizar los avances y promover una mayor funcionalidad, autonom&#x00ED;a y calidad de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-27894">Prigatano, 2013</xref>). Diversos autores contempor&#x00E1;neos continuaron el uso generalizado de este enfoque hol&#x00ED;stico en la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica demostrando buenos resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27894">Ben-Yishay, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27894">Christensen, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-27894">Prigatano, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-27894">TABIN, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-80-27894">Wilson y Evans, 2003</xref>). La evidencia cient&#x00ED;fica sobre su eficacia resalta la mejora a nivel de dependencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27894">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 1996</xref>) o de reincorporaci&#x00F3;n laboral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-27894">Malec y Basford, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-27894">Prigatano <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>). As&#x00ED; mismo, debemos destacar que la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica presenta ciertas limitaciones, una de ellas es el elevado coste dado el n&#x00FA;mero de profesionales que deben participar por cada grupo reducido de pacientes. Sin embargo, se han demostrado importantes ventajas como el ahorro sanitario que puede generar a posteriori, especialmente a nivel de recursos sociosanitarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-27894">Cope <italic>et al</italic>., 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-27894">Hodgkinson <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>).</p>
    <p>Actualmente se plantea la combinaci&#x00F3;n de modelos y enfoques de intervenci&#x00F3;n, pues las personas con lesiones cerebrales suelen presentar diversos problemas, ya sean cognitivos, conductuales, emocionales o sociales. De modo que la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica exige el manejo de una base te&#x00F3;rica amplia para desarrollar programas de trabajo que impliquen una buena pr&#x00E1;ctica cl&#x00ED;nica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-83-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Partiendo del &#x00E1;mbito de la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica, como enfoque de intervenci&#x00F3;n en DCA, debemos resaltar la importancia del concepto de calidad de vida. Este concepto presenta un car&#x00E1;cter multidimensional y hace referencia a un estado deseable de bienestar personal que se compone de varias dimensiones relacionadas con el &#x00E1;rea personal y del entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-27894">Schalock <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-27894">Schalock y Verdugo, 2007</xref>). El modelo de calidad de vida m&#x00E1;s empleado en poblaci&#x00F3;n con da&#x00F1;o cerebral se centra en la salud (f&#x00ED;sica, funcional y emocional), la enfermedad y su tratamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-27894">Nichol <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). La aplicaci&#x00F3;n del concepto de calidad de vida a la poblaci&#x00F3;n con DCA ha resultado esencial por la valiosa informaci&#x00F3;n que aporta para orientar y valorar los avances y cambios experimentados a lo largo del proceso rehabilitador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-27894">Grauwmeijer <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-27894">Soberg <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Diversos estudios han analizado las relaciones entre la calidad de vida y las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de las personas con da&#x00F1;o cerebral. Las investigaciones sobre el g&#x00E9;nero y su relaci&#x00F3;n con la calidad de vida muestran resultados contradictorios, ya que ciertos estudios destacan una peor calidad de vida en mujeres con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-27894">Schindel <italic>et. al</italic>., 2019</xref>) frente a otros trabajos que se&#x00F1;alan lo contrario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-27894">Tsyben <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Si nos centramos en la edad de las personas con DCA la mayor&#x00ED;a de estudios indican que a mayor edad peor calidad de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-27894">Tsyben <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), pero tambi&#x00E9;n existen ciertas investigaciones que han se&#x00F1;alado lo opuesto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-77-27894">Weber <italic>et. al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Por el contrario, existe un gran consenso sobre la presencia de mejores niveles de calidad de vida cuando existe una disponibilidad de empleo tras un DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27894">Butsing <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-27894">Ghoshchi <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-27894">Pucciarelli <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Lo mismo sucede con el estado civil, pues el apoyo social disponible por una pareja se relaciona con una mejor calidad de vida de la persona con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27894">Haley <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de las personas con DCA, especialmente las relacionadas con la enfermedad como la severidad, el nivel de dependencia o la comorbilidad, se han vinculado con peores niveles de calidad de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-27894">Rauen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-27894">Schindel <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-27894">Vu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). Por &#x00FA;ltimo, un importante factor a considerar es el tiempo de evoluci&#x00F3;n de la lesi&#x00F3;n cerebral. Sabemos que la evoluci&#x00F3;n cognitiva ser&#x00E1; esencial siempre y cuando se vincule con una mejora en la funcionalidad de la persona con da&#x00F1;o cerebral, puesto que ser&#x00E1; lo que impacte directamente sobre su calidad de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27894">Eslinger, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-27894">Stocchetti y Zanier, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-83-27894">Wilson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Las investigaciones que relacionan el tiempo de evoluci&#x00F3;n del DCA y la calidad de vida ponen de manifiesto resultados contradictorios, pues se han encontrado evidencias que se&#x00F1;alan que con el paso del tiempo la calidad de vida de los pacientes con DCA empeora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-27894">Schindel <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) y tambi&#x00E9;n lo contrario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27894">Gould y Ponsford, 2015</xref>).</p>
    <p>Muchos de los trabajos de investigaci&#x00F3;n realizados en el campo de la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica se centran en las alteraciones cognitivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27894">Jak <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-27894">Tirapu-Ust&#x00E1;rroz <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-27894">Twamley <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-27894">Van Heugten <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), pero escasas investigaciones se han realizado sobre c&#x00F3;mo la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n de estos d&#x00E9;ficits se relaciona con la calidad de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-27894">Oral, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-88-27894">Yosef <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-89-27894">Fernández, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-27894">Verdugo <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-27894">Verdugo <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Por tanto, resulta necesario desarrollar nuevos trabajos de investigaci&#x00F3;n cl&#x00ED;nica que ayuden a avanzar en el conocimiento de las &#x00E1;reas clave para trabajar y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y las familias con DCA.</p>
    <p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar y comparar el perfil cognitivo y la calidad de vida percibida por los pacientes con DCA, al inicio y final de un programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica con actividades de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n en contextos reales. La hip&#x00F3;tesis de investigaci&#x00F3;n buscaba confirmar la existencia de diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre el rendimiento cognitivo y la percepci&#x00F3;n de la calidad de vida antes y despu&#x00E9;s de aplicarse un programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica. Se esperaba que dichas diferencias indicasen un mejor desempe&#x00F1;o cognitivo y una mejor percepci&#x00F3;n de calidad de vida tras realizar el programa de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n hol&#x00ED;stico. La hip&#x00F3;tesis planteada se formul&#x00F3; seg&#x00FA;n los hallazgos destacados en diversas investigaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27894">Caracuel <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27894">Caracuel, 2010</xref>). Para la comprobaci&#x00F3;n de dicha hip&#x00F3;tesis se desarroll&#x00F3; un plan de trabajo que contaba con la evaluaci&#x00F3;n de las funciones cognitivas con pruebas estandarizadas de utilidad cl&#x00ED;nica evidenciada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-27894">Tirapu-Ust&#x00E1;rroz, 2007</xref>), as&#x00ED; como el an&#x00E1;lisis de la calidad de vida percibida siguiendo la evidencia sobre su utilidad en poblaciones especiales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27894">Chiu <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-27894">Lucas-Carrasco <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Posteriormente, se aplic&#x00F3; un programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica durante nueve meses, siguiendo los principios generales de la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-27894">Prigatano, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-27894">2013</xref>). Una vez finalizada la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n se administr&#x00F3; el mismo protocolo de evaluaci&#x00F3;n inicial (cognitivo y de calidad de vida), para poder comparar los resultados en ambos momentos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27894" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold></label>
<title><bold>M&#x00E9;todo</bold></title>
<sec id="sec-3-27894">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Participantes</italic></title>
<p>Todos los participantes del estudio realizaron tratamiento neurorrehabilitador en la Unidad de Estimulaci&#x00F3;n Neurol&#x00F3;gica (UEN) de Barcelona. La muestra total estaba compuesta por 20 sujetos con DCA, concretamente con 9 pacientes con traumatismo craneoencef&#x00E1;lico (TCE) y 11 accidente cerebrovascular (AVC). La distribuci&#x00F3;n por g&#x00E9;nero fue de 13 hombres y 7 mujeres. El nivel educativo de la muestra fue de 11 con estudios primarios, 4 con estudios medios y 5 con estudios superiores. La selecci&#x00F3;n de la muestra fue no probabil&#x00ED;stica, del conjunto de poblaci&#x00F3;n con da&#x00F1;o cerebral atendida se seleccionaron aquellos pacientes que cumpl&#x00ED;an los requisitos para ser candidatos a la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n hol&#x00ED;stica siguiendo los propuestos por autores de referencia en este &#x00E1;mbito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27894">Caetano y Christensen, 2000</xref>). En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-27894">Tabla 1</xref> se pueden consultar los criterios en detalle y en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-27894">Tabla 2</xref> se presentan las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de los participantes de la muestra de estudio.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 1.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n y exclusi&#x00F3;n del programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="50%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Criterios de exclusi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Ser mayor de edad (18 a&#x00F1;os)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Da&#x00F1;o cerebral por etiolog&#x00ED;a conocida</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Capacidad de comunicaci&#x00F3;n preservada</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Relativa independencia f&#x00ED;sica en transporte e higiene</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Habilidades para potenciar la calidad de vida</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Alteraci&#x00F3;n cognitiva previa a la lesi&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label> <p>Afectaci&#x00F3;n ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stica, sensorial o motriz que pudiera alterar la administraci&#x00F3;n de las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
</list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 2.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Edad de la muestra</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center"><p><bold>Variables</bold></p></th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="4"><p><bold>Puntuaciones</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Media</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Desviaci&#x00F3;n t&#x00ED;pica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>M&#x00E1;x.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>M&#x00ED;n.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Edad (a&#x00F1;os)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>59.75</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>15.74</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>78</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>26</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Evoluci&#x00F3;n (meses)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>16.26</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>8.19</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>28</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>9</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Todos los participantes firmaron el consentimiento informado para participar en la investigaci&#x00F3;n de los participantes, tutores legales o familiares responsables, en los casos necesarios. Dicho documento fue elaborado seg&#x00FA;n la declaraci&#x00F3;n de Helsinki (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-85-27894">World Medical Association, 2013</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-27894">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>Instrumentos</italic></title>
<sec id="sec-5-27894">
<label>2.2.1.</label>
    <title>Protocolo de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica</title>
<p>La totalidad de la muestra de participantes realizaron el mismo protocolo de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-27894">Tabla 3</xref>), que fue elaborado mediante la selecci&#x00F3;n de instrumentos que han demostrado una adecuada utilidad cl&#x00ED;nica para valorar las funciones cognitivas analizadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-27894">Tirapu-Ust&#x00E1;rroz, 2007</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 3.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Funciones cognitivas</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Subfunci&#x00F3;n</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Prueba</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>Atenci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>Atenci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Figuras incompletas (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>D&#x00ED;gitos (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Clave de n&#x00FA;meros (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>Memoria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Memoria de trabajo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Letras y n&#x00FA;meros (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Memoria verbal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Textos I (WMS-III)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Textos II (WMS-III)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="4"><p>Funciones ejecutivas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Razonamiento</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Matrices (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2"><p>Planificaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cubos (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Torre de Londres (ToL)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Categorizaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Test de Clasificaci&#x00F3;n de Tarjetas de Wisconsin (WCST)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p><italic>Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler</italic> (WAIS-IV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-79-27894">Wechsler, 2012</xref>). Es una bater&#x00ED;a de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica compuesta por diversos subtests que valoran las habilidades cognitivas. Para evaluar la capacidad de atenci&#x00F3;n se emplearon los subtests de <italic>D&#x00ED;gitos, Figuras incompletas y Clave de n&#x00FA;meros.</italic> Para evaluar la memoria de trabajo el subtest de <italic>Letras y n&#x00FA;meros.</italic> Los componentes ejecutivos (razonamiento y la planificaci&#x00F3;n) fueron estudiados con los subtests de <italic>Matrices y Cubos</italic>. Esta prueba has sido escogida para la elaboraci&#x00F3;n del protocolo de evaluaci&#x00F3;n dada la utilidad en el &#x00E1;mbito cl&#x00ED;nico y de la salud demostrada por dicho instrumento en poblaci&#x00F3;n con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27894">Amador, 2013</xref>). Podemos resaltar unos &#x00ED;ndices promedio de fiabilidad entre buenos y excelentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-27894">Haertel, 2006</xref>). La validez de la escala ha mostrado correlaciones con un rango medio entre las diferentes pruebas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27894">Amador, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-27894">Field, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>Para explorar otros aspectos de la memoria se emple&#x00F3; la <italic>Escala de Memoria de Wechsler</italic> (WMS-III) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-78-27894">Wechsler, 2004</xref>). Esta escala est&#x00E1; compuesta por diferentes subtests que analizan las distintas modalidades de la memoria verbal y visual. En este caso se emplearon pruebas para conocer el nivel de memoria verbal inmediato y a corto plazo a trav&#x00E9;s de los subtests de <italic>Textos I y Textos II</italic>. Esta prueba ha demostrado buena capacidad de identificar el tipo, la naturaleza y la intensidad de los problemas de memoria en personas con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-27894">Luna-Lario <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Otro de los instrumentos utilizados fue la <italic>Torre de Londres (ToL)</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-27894">Rognoni <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) como medida de funcionamiento ejecutivo, concretamente de planificaci&#x00F3;n. Esta prueba plantea la planificaci&#x00F3;n de los movimientos necesarios de las piezas que componen la torre seg&#x00FA;n cada modelo. Se utiliz&#x00F3; la puntuaci&#x00F3;n del n&#x00FA;mero de movimientos totales de la prueba. Dicha prueba ha mostrado utilidad para valorar las alteraciones del funcionamiento ejecutivo con poblaci&#x00F3;n con da&#x00F1;o cerebral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27894">Anderson <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-27894">Levin <italic>et al</italic>., 1996</xref>). Por &#x00FA;ltimo, para conocer la capacidad de categorizaci&#x00F3;n a nivel ejecutivo se emple&#x00F3; el n&#x00FA;mero de categor&#x00ED;as alcanzado en el <italic>Test de Clasificaci&#x00F3;n de Tarjetas de Wisconsin</italic> (WCST) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27894">Heaton <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>). Esta prueba busca averiguar la relaci&#x00F3;n de agrupaci&#x00F3;n de las cartas seg&#x00FA;n sus caracter&#x00ED;sticas en cada ensayo. Mediante la normalizaci&#x00F3;n realizada con el proyecto NEURONORMA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-27894">P&#x00E9;rez-Enr&#x00ED;quez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), se ha analizado el WCST resaltando su capacidad para identificar los perfiles neuropsicol&#x00F3;gicos relacionados con disfunciones a nivel ejecutivo en la pr&#x00E1;ctica cl&#x00ED;nica.</p>
<p>Para analizar la calidad de vida se utiliz&#x00F3; la adaptaci&#x00F3;n espa&#x00F1;ola del Cuestionario WHOOQL-BREF (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-27894">Lucas-Carrasco, 1998</xref>). Concretamente se analizaron las puntuaciones medias obtenidas por la muestra de estudio en los &#x00ED;ndices de <italic>Sentimientos, calidad y satisfacci&#x00F3;n, Experimentado y situaciones, Capacidad y Satisfacci&#x00F3;n general</italic>. Estas puntuaciones se agrupan en 4 dimensiones: salud f&#x00ED;sica, salud psicol&#x00F3;gica, relaciones sociales y ambiente. La puntuaci&#x00F3;n obtenida en cada &#x00ED;tem oscila entre 1 y 5 puntos. A mayor puntuaci&#x00F3;n mejor es considerado el &#x00ED;ndice de calidad de vida (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-27894">Tabla 4</xref>). Este cuestionario se ha seleccionado dado que ha demostrado buenas propiedades psicom&#x00E9;tricas en pacientes con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27894">Chiu <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 4.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Dimensiones de salud f&#x00ED;sica, psicol&#x00F3;gica, social y ambiente</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="50%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Dimensi&#x00F3;n</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>N&#x00FA;mero de &#x00ED;tems</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F&#x00ED;sica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Psicol&#x00F3;gica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Relaciones sociales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ambiente</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>8</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27894">
<label>2.3.</label>
    <title><italic>Programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica</italic></title>
<p>El programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica se desarroll&#x00F3; combinando sesiones individuales, grupales y de intervenci&#x00F3;n familiar, as&#x00ED; como el entrenamiento en entornos reales. Dicho programa se bas&#x00F3; en los positivos resultados destacados en diversas investigaciones en poblaci&#x00F3;n con DCA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27894">Cassel <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27894">Ojeda <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>).</p>
<p>Las sesiones individuales ten&#x00ED;an una frecuencia de dos sesiones semanales, con una hora de duraci&#x00F3;n por sesi&#x00F3;n. En estas sesiones se trabajaron las funciones cognitivas (atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria y funciones ejecutivas) con diversos materiales, m&#x00E9;todos tradicionales de l&#x00E1;piz y papel como las actividades de estimulaci&#x00F3;n cognitiva propuestas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27894">Est&#x00E9;vez y Garc&#x00ED;a (2016)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-27894">NeuronUp&#x00AE; (2022)</xref>. En las sesiones individuales tambi&#x00E9;n se emplearon las plataformas de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n cognitiva <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-27894">GNPT&#x00AE; (2022)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-27894">NeuronUp&#x00AE; (2022)</xref>. Ambas plataformas de telerrehabilitaci&#x00F3;n han sido dise&#x00F1;adas seg&#x00FA;n los principios de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n cognitiva; las actividades propuestas en ambas plataformas se dividen en bloques para cada una de las funciones cognitivas (atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria y funciones ejecutivas). Los resultados de cada actividad quedan registrados para que el profesional pueda comprobar la evoluci&#x00F3;n del paciente. Las sesiones de trabajo grupal se realizaron con grupos de cuatro personas una vez por semana durante una hora. En las actividades terap&#x00E9;uticas grupales se trabajaron aspectos vinculados con las habilidades sociales espec&#x00ED;ficas (autoconciencia, soluci&#x00F3;n de problemas, autorregulaci&#x00F3;n y sensibilidad social). Como parte fundamental del programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica se realizaron actividades en entornos reales, de manera que se trabajaron principalmente aspectos cognitivos (atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria y el funcionamiento ejecutivo), conductuales y de habilidades sociales Las actividades en contexto real se llevaron a cabo en grupo en diferentes entornos de la ciudad. Mediante el trabajo realizado en las actividades grupales los pacientes decid&#x00ED;an y desarrollaban la actividad. En estas actividades hab&#x00ED;a una supervisi&#x00F3;n del equipo de trabajo interdisciplinar (neuropsic&#x00F3;logo, fisioterapeuta, terapeuta ocupacional, etc.), de manera que los sujetos pod&#x00ED;an poner en pr&#x00E1;ctica lo trabajado en las sesiones de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n. Un ejemplo de actividad en contexto real fue la visita a un museo. En esa actividad los pacientes deb&#x00ED;an plantear ideas, decidir la actividad m&#x00E1;s solicitada, planificar la visita, solicitar la visita guiada al museo, organizar horarios de salida, transporte p&#x00FA;blico y regreso al centro, b&#x00FA;squeda de lugar para comer, reservar, decidir el men&#x00FA; y pagar la comida. Tras la actividad deb&#x00ED;an reflexionar sobre la visita realizada en el museo, responder sobre preguntas de la visita, valorar la satisfacci&#x00F3;n con la actividad realizada, comentar aspectos positivos y negativos y plantear propuestas de mejora.</p>
<p>Las sesiones de trabajo con la familia se realizaron en grupos de cuatro con una frecuencia semanal y una hora de duraci&#x00F3;n. Las sesiones abordaron los siguientes temas: informaci&#x00F3;n sobre las secuelas del da&#x00F1;o cerebral, el entrenamiento en el uso de pautas de intervenci&#x00F3;n en el entorno familiar, el soporte emocional y pautas de autocuidado para los familiares.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-27894">
<label>2.4.</label>
<title><italic>Procedimiento</italic></title>
<p>En primer lugar, se obtuvo la aceptaci&#x00F3;n por parte de la direcci&#x00F3;n del centro de neurorrehabilitaci&#x00F3;n (UEN) para llevar a cabo el estudio de investigaci&#x00F3;n. Posteriormente, se inform&#x00F3; a las familias, responsables legales y pacientes sobre el proyecto de investigaci&#x00F3;n a desarrollar. Tras conseguir el consentimiento de participaci&#x00F3;n de la muestra se administraron las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica inicial, que incluyeron las pruebas cognitivas y el cuestionario de calidad de vida. Todos los pacientes realizaron el mismo programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica formado por tres sesiones semanales que inclu&#x00ED;an dos sesiones individuales y una en grupo, as&#x00ED; como una sesi&#x00F3;n semanal de trabajo con las familias. La duraci&#x00F3;n del programa fue de 9 meses, con un total de 66 sesiones individuales, 33 grupales, 33 sesiones con familias y 3 actividades en contexto real. Se descontaron dos semanas por vacaciones (navide&#x00F1;as y de Semana Santa). Tras finalizar el programa de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n se aplicaron nuevamente las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica cognitiva y de la calidad de vida. Esta evaluaci&#x00F3;n final se llev&#x00F3; a cabo durante las dos semanas siguientes a la finalizaci&#x00F3;n del programa de intervenci&#x00F3;n (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-5-27894">Tabla 5</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-5-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 5.</bold></label>
    <caption><title><bold>Cronograma de la planificaci&#x00F3;n del programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-5-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="12%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<col width="8%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Sep-tiembre</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Octubre</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Noviembre</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Diciembre</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Enero</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Febrero</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Marzo</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Abril</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Mayo</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Junio</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Julio</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Evaluaci&#x00F3;n NPS inicial</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#f3ec19"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Programa rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#3952a4"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Actividades individuales 2 semanales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#fbbf8e"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Actividades grupales 1 semanal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Actividades contexto real</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#b6e0eb"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#b6e0eb"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#b6e0eb"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sesiones familia 1 semanal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#ccc1da"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Evaluaci&#x00F3;n NPS final</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#d0e8c6"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#f3ec19"><p>&#x00A0;</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27894">
<label>2.5.</label>
<title><italic>An&#x00E1;lisis de datos</italic></title>
<p>Mediante el programa estad&#x00ED;stico SPSS, versi&#x00F3;n 13, se realizaron los an&#x00E1;lisis estad&#x00ED;sticos necesarios. En primer lugar, se llevaron a cabo los an&#x00E1;lisis descriptivos de los rendimientos obtenidos en las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n cognitiva y en el cuestionario de calidad de vida. A continuaci&#x00F3;n, se analiz&#x00F3; la distribuci&#x00F3;n normal de la muestra mediante la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de la t&#x00E9;cnica de Kolmogorv-Smirnov. Los resultados mostraron la ausencia de una distribuci&#x00F3;n normal. Dicha informaci&#x00F3;n, junto con el tama&#x00F1;o reducido de la muestra, nos llevaron a recurrir al uso de t&#x00E9;cnicas no param&#x00E9;tricas. Se llev&#x00F3; a cabo un estudio comparativo de ambas evaluaciones mediante la prueba estad&#x00ED;stica no param&#x00E9;trica de rangos de Wilcoxon, con un valor de significaci&#x00F3;n de p &#x2264; 0.05.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-27894" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>Resultados</bold></title>
<p>Los resultados a nivel cognitivo en atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria y funciones ejecutivas, en las dos evaluaciones realizadas (inicial y final), destacaron un rendimiento m&#x00E1;s elevado en todas las pruebas de la evaluaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica final (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-6-27894">Tabla 6</xref>). Los resultados del an&#x00E1;lisis comparativo del rendimiento alcanzado entre las dos evaluaciones realizadas se&#x00F1;alaron la existencia de diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la atenci&#x00F3;n de la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler-IV (WAIS-IV), concretamente en los subtest de <italic>D&#x00ED;gitos, Clave de n&#x00FA;meros</italic> y <italic>Figuras incompletas</italic>. Por el contrario, en el rendimiento obtenido en las pruebas de memoria verbal no se encontraron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas. En el caso de la memoria de trabajo se hallaron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en el subtest de <italic>Letras y n&#x00FA;meros</italic> de la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler-IV (WAIS-IV). Los resultados en las funciones ejecutivas pusieron de manifiesto la existencia de diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en tres de las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n (<italic>Categor&#x00ED;as del Wisconsin Sorting Card,</italic> subtest de <italic>Cubos del WAIS-IV</italic> y <italic>Torre de Londres</italic>) (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-6-27894">Tabla 6</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-6-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 6.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Resultados de la muestra en las dos evaluaciones neuropsicol&#x00F3;gicas: inicial y final</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-6-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Funciones cognitivas</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Prueba</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>PT (evaluaci&#x00F3;n inicial)</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>PT (evaluaci&#x00F3;n final)</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Valor p (Prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon)</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>Atenci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>D&#x00ED;gitos (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>X = 6.8 DT = 2.5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>8.65; DT = 1.95</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P &#x003C; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Figuras incompletas (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>6; DT = 2.85</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>8.8; DT = 3.70</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Clave de n&#x00FA;meros (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>4.6; DT = 3.67</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>6.4; DT = 3.03</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P &#x003C; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>Memoria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Textos I (WMS-III)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>8.8; DT = 3.83</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9.8; DT = 4.17</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.082</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Textos II (WMS-III)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>8.25; DT = 4.06</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>9; DT = 4.21</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.190</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Letras y n&#x00FA;meros (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5.65; DT = 3.71</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>7.1; DT = 3.91</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.049<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="4"><p>Funciones ejecutivas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Test de Clasificaci&#x00F3;n de Tarjetas de Wisconsin (WCST)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>1.8; DT = 2.1</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>3.45; DT = 2.32</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.013<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cubos (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5.45; DT =3.36</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>6.9; DT = 2.73</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.014<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Matrices (WAIS-IV)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5.7; DT = 3.16</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>6.7; DT = 2.57</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.091</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Torre de Londres (ToL)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>1.95; DT = 3.60</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>5.35; DT = 4.47</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>P = 0.002<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><label><sup>*</sup></label> <p>p &#x2264; 0.05 indica una diferencia estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativa.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>La comparaci&#x00F3;n de los resultados sobre calidad de vida (WHOOQL-BREF) reportada por los pacientes en los dos momentos de evaluaci&#x00F3;n (inicial y final) indicaron la presencia de diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en las cuatro dimensiones analizadas: salud f&#x00ED;sica, salud psicol&#x00F3;gica, relaci&#x00F3;n social y ambiental (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-7-27894">Tabla 7</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-7-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 7.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Nivel de significaci&#x00F3;n en las dimensiones de salud f&#x00ED;sica, psicol&#x00F3;gica, social y ambiente</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-7-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="50%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Facetas</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Valor p (Prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon)</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Calidad vida percibida</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Satisfacci&#x00F3;n salud</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><italic>Salud f&#x00ED;sica</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.015<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Dolor</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.018<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Dependencia de medicinas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.080</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Energ&#x00ED;a para la vida diaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.028<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Movilidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.036<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Sue&#x00F1;o y descanso</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Actividades de la vida diaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x003C;0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Capacidad de trabajo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.002<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><italic>Psicol&#x00F3;gico</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Sentimientos positivos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.060</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Espiritualidad, religi&#x00F3;n, creencias personales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.025<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Pensamiento, aprendizaje, memoria y concentraci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.052</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Imagen corporal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.007<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Autoestima</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Sentimientos negativos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x003C;0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><italic>Relaciones sociales</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.036<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Relaciones personales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Actividad social</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.009<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Apoyo social</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.005<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p><italic>Ambiente</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x003C; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Libertad y seguridad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.006<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Ambiente f&#x00ED;sico</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.019<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Recursos econ&#x00F3;micos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.755</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Oportunidad de informaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.011<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Ocio y descanso</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.101</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Hogar</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.124</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Atenci&#x00F3;n sanitaria/social</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.020<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Transporte</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>0.027<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label> <p>p &#x2264; 0.05 indica una diferencia estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativa.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
    <p>Si nos centramos en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n detallada de los &#x00ED;ndices podemos observar como todos los &#x00ED;ndices de la dimensi&#x00F3;n social mostraron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas, as&#x00ED; como en la gran mayor&#x00ED;a de los &#x00ED;ndices de la dimensi&#x00F3;n de salud f&#x00ED;sica. Por el contrario, en los &#x00ED;ndices de la dimensi&#x00F3;n de salud psicol&#x00F3;gica no se obtuvieron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas, concretamente en los &#x00ED;ndices vinculados con sentimientos positivos y aspectos cognitivos como memoria, pensamiento y concentraci&#x00F3;n. Finalmente, en la dimensi&#x00F3;n de ambiente destacamos la ausencia de diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas en los &#x00ED;ndices de recursos econ&#x00F3;micos, ocio-descanso y en el hogar. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-8-27894">Tabla 8</xref> se presenta un resumen del porcentaje de &#x00ED;ndices de las dimensiones de la Escala WHOOQL-BREF, donde se hallaron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre la evaluaci&#x00F3;n inicial antes de la rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica hol&#x00ED;stica y la final.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-8-27894">
<label><bold>T<sc>abla</sc> 8.</bold></label>
<caption><title><bold>Porcentaje de &#x00ED;ndices analizados de las dimensiones de salud f&#x00ED;sica, psicol&#x00F3;gica, social y ambiente con diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre la evaluaci&#x00F3;n inicial y final</bold></title></caption>
<table id="tab-8-27894" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="35%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="35%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Dimensi&#x00F3;n</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>N&#x00FA;mero de &#x00ED;tems</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Porcentaje de &#x00ED;ndices con diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F&#x00ED;sica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>85.71 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Psicol&#x00F3;gica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>6</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>66.66 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Relaciones sociales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>100 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ambiente</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>8</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>62.5 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-27894" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>Conclusiones</bold></title>
    <p>Dados los resultados alcanzados en la muestra estudiada, a nivel cognitivo y de calidad de vida, se puede concluir que el programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica, con actividades en entornos reales, ha mostrado la posibilidad de provocar un beneficio tanto a nivel cognitivo como de calidad de vida. Concretamente se han alcanzado diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre las pruebas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n de atenci&#x00F3;n, memoria de trabajo y funciones ejecutivas. Estos hallazgos se vinculan con los encontrados por investigadores contempor&#x00E1;neos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27894">Jak <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-27894">Tirapu-Ust&#x00E1;rroz <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). Dentro del &#x00E1;rea de la calidad de vida podemos destacar que en las cuatro dimensiones se hallaron diferencias estad&#x00ED;sticamente significativas entre las dos evaluaciones, antes y despu&#x00E9;s del programa hol&#x00ED;stico de rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n neuropsicol&#x00F3;gica. Estos resultados se encuadran en la l&#x00ED;nea de estudios de investigaci&#x00F3;n actuales, donde se plantea investigar m&#x00E1;s a fondo la calidad de vida de esta poblaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-27894">Stochetti y Zanier, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-89-27894">Fernández, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-27894">Verdugo <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-27894">Verdugo <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). As&#x00ED; mismo, un estudio detallado de los &#x00ED;ndices de las dimensiones pone de manifiesto la necesidad de incidir en los &#x00E1;mbitos relacionados con la percepci&#x00F3;n de sentimientos positivos y aspectos cognitivos, como memoria, pensamiento y concentraci&#x00F3;n, recursos econ&#x00F3;micos, ocio-descanso y el hogar.</p>
<p>Este trabajo puede contribuir a la generalizaci&#x00F3;n de los avances alcanzados a nivel cognitivo, mejorando la funcionalidad, reduciendo la dependencia generada por las secuelas que presentan las personas que sufren DCA y, como fin &#x00FA;ltimo, incrementar la calidad de vida de estas personas.</p>
<p>Una de las limitaciones del estudio planteado es el reducido tama&#x00F1;o de la muestra. Esto es debido, principalmente, a las dificultades de trabajo en contexto real con grupos de mayor tama&#x00F1;o, siendo esta una limitaci&#x00F3;n de los programas hol&#x00ED;sticos ya mencionada. Otra posible limitaci&#x00F3;n ser&#x00ED;a el control de otras variables que puedan estar influyendo en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n, como el apoyo familiar, el tiempo de evoluci&#x00F3;n y las variables socioecon&#x00F3;micas. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, una importante limitaci&#x00F3;n es la ausencia de grupo control, este aspecto deber&#x00ED;a solventarse en futuros estudios comparando los presentes resultados con los alcanzados con personas atendidas en a&#x00F1;os anteriores con un enfoque de intervenci&#x00F3;n diferente. Futuras l&#x00ED;neas de trabajo podr&#x00ED;an dirigirse a solventar las limitaciones indicadas llevando a cabo estudios con muestras de mayor tama&#x00F1;o, controlando las variables que puedan intervenir en los resultados, incluyendo grupos control y con nuevas herramientas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n (funcionales, cognitivas, sociales y ecol&#x00F3;gicas) para poder confirmar estos resultados. As&#x00ED; mismo, ser&#x00ED;a interesante conocer el mantenimiento a largo plazo de los resultados alcanzados en la muestra estudiada.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title><bold>Agradecimientos</bold></title>
<p>El presente trabajo no habr&#x00ED;a podido realizase sin el apoyo del equipo directivo y el de neurorrehabilitaci&#x00F3;n de la Unidad de Estimulaci&#x00F3;n Neurol&#x00F3;gica de Barcelona (UEN), as&#x00ED; como el de los pacientes y sus familiares, a los cuales dedico este trabajo con la intenci&#x00F3;n de dar visibilidad a la necesidad de continuar avanzando en mejorar la calidad de vida de esta poblaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
</ack>
<ref-list>
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>Referencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</bold></title>
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