Unique Items and Parallel Corpora: Evidence from Czech
Abstract This study makes a contribution to the discussion of one candidate for a translation universal, i.e. the hypothesis concerning «unique items» (Tirkkonen-Condit 2002, 2004). We address one line of criticism of this hypothesis, namely «problems with defining unique items a priori» (Chesterman 2007, 11). We argue that candidates for «unique items» can be revealed through Johansson’s contrastive method of systematically studying «meaning through translation patterns» in a parallel corpus (Johansson 2007a), especially by comparing correspondences of a polyfunctional or vague item in source and target texts. Having previously investigated the correspondences of the Czech polyfunctional particle prý in English (Martinková and Janebová 2017), we now turn to Spanish. The paper touches upon problems which have to be dealt with in such contrastive parallel corpus-based studies.
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Altenberg, Bengt and Sylvianne Granger. 2002. «Recent Trends in Cross-Linguistic Lexical Studies». In Lexis in Contrast: Corpus-Based Approaches, ed. by Bengt Altenberg and Sylvianne Granger. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3-48. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.7.04alt
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Catford, John Cunnison. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.
Chesterman, Andrew. 2007. «What Is a Unique Item?». In Doubts and Directions in Translation Studies, ed. by Yves Gambier, Miriam Shlesinger, and Radegundis Stolze. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3-13.
Chlumská, Lucie and Olga Richterová. 2014a. «Jak zkoumat p?ekladovou ?eštinu. Výzkum simplifikace na korpusu Jerome». Korpus, gramatika, axiologie 9: 16-29.
Chlumská, Lucie and Olga Richterová. 2014b. «P?ekladová ?eština v korpusech». Naše ?e? 4-5: 259-269.
?ermák, František, Patrick Corness, and Aleš Klégr. 2010. InterCorp: Exploring a Multilingual Corpus. Prague: NLN.
Gast, Volker. 2012. «Contrastive Linguistics: Theories and Methods». In Dictionaries of Linguistics and Communication Science: Linguistic Theory and Methodology, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Johannes Kabatek. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Grebe?, Michal. 2019. «The Type Nouns Kind of and Sort of and Their Translations Equivalents». Masters dissertation. Palacký University Olomouc.
Hirschová, Milada and So?a Schneiderová. 2012. «Evidenciální výrazy v ?eských publicistických textech (p?ípad údajn? - údajný)». In Grammar and Corpora 2012: 4th International Conference. Praha: Ústav pro jazyk ?eský AV ?R - Hradec Králové: Gaudeamus.
Johansson, Stig. 2007a. «Seeing through Multilingual Corpora». In Corpus Linguistics 25. Years On, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401204347_005
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Levenston, Edward A. 1965. «The "Translation Paradigm": A Technique for Contrastive Syntax». International Review of Applied Linguistics 3: 221-225. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1965.3.3.221
Malá, Markéta. 2012. «Translation Counterparts as Markers of Meaning. The Case of Copular Verbs in a Parallel English-Czech Corpus». Languages in Contrast 13:170-92. https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.13.2.03mal
Martinková, Michaela. 2014. «K metodologii využití paralelních korpus? v kontrastivní lingvistice». Naše ?e? 97 (3-4): 270-85.
Martinková, Michaela. 2018. «K takzvané sémantické typologii jazyk?: Co ?eská slovesa pohybu mohou vypovídat o angli?tin? a špan?lštin?». SALi 2018 (2): 37-53.
Martinková, Michaela, and Markéta Janebová. 2017. «What English Translation Equivalents Can Reveal about the Czech "Modal" Particle prý: A Cross-Register Study». In Contrastive Analysis of Discourse-Pragmatic Aspects of Linguistic Genres. Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Vol. 5, ed. by Karin Aijmer and Diana Lewis. Cham: Springer, 63-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54556-1_4
Rosen, Alexandr, Martin Vav?ín, and Adrian Jan Zasina. 2018. «Korpus InterCorp - ?eština, verze 11 z 19.10.2018». Ústav ?eského národního korpusu FF UK, Praha. http://www.korpus.cz.
Selinker, Larry. 1972. «Interlanguage». International Review of Applied Linguistics 10: 209-241. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1972.10.1-4.209
Špínová, Adéla. 2018. «Hypotéza Unique Items v p?ekladu z angli?tiny». Acta Universitatis Carolinae Philologica 2: 117-130. https://doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2018.20
Štichauer, Pavel, and Petr ?ermák. 2016. «Causative Constructions of the hacer / fare + verb Type in Spanish and Italian, and Their Czech Counterparts: A Parallel Corpus-Based Study». Linguistica Pragensia 26: 7-20.
Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 2002. «Translationese - a Myth or an Empirical Fact?». Target 14 (2): 207-20. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.14.2.02tir
Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 2004. «Unique Items - Over- or Under-Represented in Translated Language?». In Translation Universals. Do They Exist?, ed. by Anna Mauranen and Pekka Kujamäki. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.48.14tir
Altenberg, Bengt and Sylvianne Granger. 2002. «Recent Trends in Cross-Linguistic Lexical Studies». In Lexis in Contrast: Corpus-Based Approaches, ed. by Bengt Altenberg and Sylvianne Granger. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3-48. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.7.04alt
Baker, Mona. 1993. «Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and Applications». In Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair, ed. by Mona Baker, Gill Francis, and Elena Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.64.15bak
Cappelle, Bert. 2012. «English Is Less Rich in Manner-of-Motion Verbs when Translated from French». Across Languages and Cultures 13 (2): 173-195. doi: 10.1556/Acr.13.2012.2.3 https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.13.2012.2.3
Catford, John Cunnison. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.
Chesterman, Andrew. 2007. «What Is a Unique Item?». In Doubts and Directions in Translation Studies, ed. by Yves Gambier, Miriam Shlesinger, and Radegundis Stolze. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3-13.
Chlumská, Lucie and Olga Richterová. 2014a. «Jak zkoumat p?ekladovou ?eštinu. Výzkum simplifikace na korpusu Jerome». Korpus, gramatika, axiologie 9: 16-29.
Chlumská, Lucie and Olga Richterová. 2014b. «P?ekladová ?eština v korpusech». Naše ?e? 4-5: 259-269.
?ermák, František, Patrick Corness, and Aleš Klégr. 2010. InterCorp: Exploring a Multilingual Corpus. Prague: NLN.
Gast, Volker. 2012. «Contrastive Linguistics: Theories and Methods». In Dictionaries of Linguistics and Communication Science: Linguistic Theory and Methodology, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Johannes Kabatek. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Grebe?, Michal. 2019. «The Type Nouns Kind of and Sort of and Their Translations Equivalents». Masters dissertation. Palacký University Olomouc.
Hirschová, Milada and So?a Schneiderová. 2012. «Evidenciální výrazy v ?eských publicistických textech (p?ípad údajn? - údajný)». In Grammar and Corpora 2012: 4th International Conference. Praha: Ústav pro jazyk ?eský AV ?R - Hradec Králové: Gaudeamus.
Johansson, Stig. 2007a. «Seeing through Multilingual Corpora». In Corpus Linguistics 25. Years On, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401204347_005
Johansson, Stig. 2007b. Seeing through Multilingual Corpora. On the Use of Corpora in Contrastive Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.26
Krzeszowski, Tomasz P. 1990. Contrasting Languages: The Scope of Contrastive Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110860146
Kruger, Haidee. 2018. «Expanding the Third Code: Corpus-Based Studies of Constrained Communication and Language Mediation». In Book of Abstracts: Using Corpora in Contrastive and Translation Studies Conference, ed. by Sylviane Granger, Marie-Aude Lefer, and Lara Aguiar de Souza Penha Marion. https://cdn.uclouvain.be/groups/cms-editors-cecl/uccts2018/UCCTS2018_book_of_abstracts_01.pdf.
Levenston, Edward A. 1965. «The "Translation Paradigm": A Technique for Contrastive Syntax». International Review of Applied Linguistics 3: 221-225. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1965.3.3.221
Malá, Markéta. 2012. «Translation Counterparts as Markers of Meaning. The Case of Copular Verbs in a Parallel English-Czech Corpus». Languages in Contrast 13:170-92. https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.13.2.03mal
Martinková, Michaela. 2014. «K metodologii využití paralelních korpus? v kontrastivní lingvistice». Naše ?e? 97 (3-4): 270-85.
Martinková, Michaela. 2018. «K takzvané sémantické typologii jazyk?: Co ?eská slovesa pohybu mohou vypovídat o angli?tin? a špan?lštin?». SALi 2018 (2): 37-53.
Martinková, Michaela, and Markéta Janebová. 2017. «What English Translation Equivalents Can Reveal about the Czech "Modal" Particle prý: A Cross-Register Study». In Contrastive Analysis of Discourse-Pragmatic Aspects of Linguistic Genres. Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Vol. 5, ed. by Karin Aijmer and Diana Lewis. Cham: Springer, 63-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54556-1_4
Rosen, Alexandr, Martin Vav?ín, and Adrian Jan Zasina. 2018. «Korpus InterCorp - ?eština, verze 11 z 19.10.2018». Ústav ?eského národního korpusu FF UK, Praha. http://www.korpus.cz.
Selinker, Larry. 1972. «Interlanguage». International Review of Applied Linguistics 10: 209-241. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1972.10.1-4.209
Špínová, Adéla. 2018. «Hypotéza Unique Items v p?ekladu z angli?tiny». Acta Universitatis Carolinae Philologica 2: 117-130. https://doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2018.20
Štichauer, Pavel, and Petr ?ermák. 2016. «Causative Constructions of the hacer / fare + verb Type in Spanish and Italian, and Their Czech Counterparts: A Parallel Corpus-Based Study». Linguistica Pragensia 26: 7-20.
Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 2002. «Translationese - a Myth or an Empirical Fact?». Target 14 (2): 207-20. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.14.2.02tir
Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 2004. «Unique Items - Over- or Under-Represented in Translated Language?». In Translation Universals. Do They Exist?, ed. by Anna Mauranen and Pekka Kujamäki. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.48.14tir
Martinková, M., & Janebová, M. (2019). Unique Items and Parallel Corpora: Evidence from Czech. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 5(2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina2019527798
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