The Social Dimension of the Internet: Philosophico-Methodological Analysis from Complexity
Abstract The philosophico-methodological analysis of the social dimension of the Internet, seen from the complexity —structural and dynamic— requires considering several aspects. 1) The Internet —network of networks— is a complex, polyhedral system. A major component is the social dimension. 2) The philosophico-methodological configuration of the Internet —in a broad sense— is structurally triadic: scientific activity, technological undertaking and social reality. 3) The scientific perspective, seen from the social sciences, reflects the social dimension in the Internet sciences and possibilities related to the network. 4) The technological facet of the Internet —in the strict sense— uses different kinds of technologies. The social dimension concerns different companies, which have different repercussions for the users. 5) Three types of social activity are related to the Internet, connected with design, use and those derived from use. Their dynamics are permeated by historicity. 6) The social dimension of the Web from social networks shows three types of activity. They combine sociability with historicity. 7) Several types of methods are in the social dimension of the Web. They are diversified according to the relevance of the researcher’s presence in each method. 8) Social problems on the Web are of particular importance, as can be seen with cybersecurity.
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Ackland, Robert (2013). Web Social Science: Concepts, Data and Tools for Social Scientists in the Digital Age. Londres: SAGE.
Aikat, Deb (2000). Cyberspace of the People, by the People, for the People: Predominant Use of the Web in the Public Sector. En Alan B. Albarran y David H. Goff (eds.), Understanding the Web: Social, Political, and Economic Dimensions of the Internet (pp. 23-48). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Askitas, Nikolaos y Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2015). The Internet as a Data Source for Advancement in Social Sciences. International Journal of Manpower, 36(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-02-2015-0029
Bauer, Johannes M. y Latzer, Michael (eds.) (2016). Handbook on the Economics of the Internet. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939852
Berners-Lee, Timothy, Hall, Wendy, Hendler, James, Shadbot, Nigel y Weitzner, Daniel J. (2006). Creating a Science of the Web. Science, 313(5788), 769-771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126902
Bisbee, James y Larson, Jennifer M. (2017). Testing Social Science Network Theories with Online Network Data: An Evaluation of External Validity. American Political Science Review, 111(3), 502-521. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000120
Boyd, Danah M. y Ellison, Nicole B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Cerf, Vinton G. (2014). Knocking Down Strawmen. IEEE Internet Computing, 18(6), 88-88. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2014.115
Clark, David D. (2018). Designing an Internet. MA: The MIT Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11373.001.0001
Dhillon, Gurpreet S. (ed.) (2002). Social Responsibility in the Information Age: Issues and Controversies. Londres: Idea Group Publishing/Information Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-93070-811-2
Ellison, Nicole B. y Boyd, Danah M. (2013). Sociality Through Social Network Sites. En William H. Dutton (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (pp. 151-172). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0008
Fielding, Nigel G., Lee, Raymond M. y Blank, Grant (eds.) (2017). Online Research Methods. Londres: SAGE, 2ª edición.
Floridi, Luciano (2014). The Fourth Revolution - How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
GDPR (2016). General Data Protection Regulation. Official Journal of the European Union, (59)4, 1-88. https://gdpr-info.eu
González, Wenceslao J. (1999). Valores económicos en la configuración de la Tecnología. Argumentos de Razón Técnica, 2, 69-96.
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2007). The Role of Experiments in the Social Sciences: The Case of Economics. En Theo Kuipers (ed.), General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues (pp. 275-301). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451548-3/50007-0
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2010). Recent Approaches on Observation and Experimentation: A Philosophical-Methodological Viewpoint. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science (pp. 9-48). A Coruña: Netbiblo. https://doi.org/10.4272/978-84-9745-530-5
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2013a). The Sciences of Design as Sciences of Complexity: The Dynamic Trait. En Hanne Andersen, Dennis Dieks, Wenceslao J. Gonzalez, Thomas Uebel y Gregory Wheeler (eds.), New Challenges to Philosophy of Science (pp. 299-311). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5845-2_24
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2013b). The Roles of Scientific Creativity and Technological Innovation in the Context of Complexity of Science. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), Creativity, Innovation, and Complexity in Science (pp. 11-40). A Coruña: Netbiblo.
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2015a). Philosophico-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08885-3
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2015b). On the Role of Values in the Configuration of Technology: From Axiology to Ethics. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), New Perspectives on Technology, Values, and Ethics: Theoretical and Practical, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science (pp. 3-27). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21870-0_1
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. y Arrojo, María José (2015). Diversity in Complexity in Communication Sciences: Epistemological and Ontological Analyses. En Dario Generali (ed.), Le radici della razionalità critica: Saperi, Pratiche, Teleologie (vol. I, pp. 297-312). Milán-Udine: Mimesis.
González, Wenceslao J. (2018a). Complejidad dinámica en Internet como plataforma de información y comunicación: Análisis filosófico desde la perspectiva de Ciencias de Diseño y el papel de la predicción. Informação e Sociedade: Estudos, 28(1), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1809-4783.2018v28n1.38101
González, Wenceslao J. (2018b). Internet en su vertiente científica: Predicción y prescripción ante la complejidad. Artefactos, 7(2), 2ª época, 75-97. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2018717597
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. y Arrojo, María J. (2019). Complexity in the Sciences of the Internet and its Relation to Communication Sciences. Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication, 10(1), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.10.1.15_1
González, Wenceslao J. (2019). Internet y Economía: Una relación multivariada en el contexto de complejidad. Energeia: Revista internacional de Filosofía y Epistemología de las Ciencias Económicas, 6(1), 11-36.
Greenstein, Shane (2015). How the Internet Became Commercial. Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc777gg
Guilló, Mario (2015). Futures of Participation and Civic Engagement within Virtual Experiments. En Jenifer Winter, y Ryota Ono (eds.), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions (pp. 41-57). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2_3
Hall, Wendy, Hendler, James, y Staab, Steffen (2016). A Manifesto for Web Science @10. December pp. 1-4. http://www.webscience.org/manifesto
Hendler, James y Golbeck, Jennifer A. (2008). Metcalfe's Law, Web 2.0, and the Semantic Web. Journal Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 6(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2007.11.008
Hendler, James y Hall, Wendy (2016). Science of the World Wide Web. Science, 354(6313), 703-704. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9150
Hendler, James (en prensa). The Future of the Web. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), The Internet and Science: An Analysis from the Structural and Dynamic Complexity.
Kogut, Bruce (2003). The Internet Has Borders. En Bruce Kogut (ed.), The Global Internet Economy (pp. 1-40). Cambridge: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3300.001.0001
Meeker, Mary (2019). Internet Trends 2019. Informe publicado el 11 de junio de 2019, 334 páginas. https://www.bondcap.com/pdf/Internet_Trends_2019.pdf
Novet, Jordan (2019). Amazon Web Services reports 45 percent jump in revenue in the fourth quarter. En CNBC, 31 de enero de 2019, ampliado el 1 febrero de 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/31/aws-earnings-q4-2018.html
O'Hara, Kieron y Hall, Wendy (2013). Society on the Web. En William H. Dutton (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (pp. 69-85). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page, Kelly L. y Uncles, Mark D. (2014). The Complexity of Surveying Web Participation. Journal of Business Research, 67, 2356-2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.02.001
Qiu, Liangfei; Rui, Huaixa y Whinston, Andrew B. (2014). Effects of Social Networks on Prediction Markets: Examination in a Controlled Experiment. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(4), 235-268. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222300409
Rescher, Nicholas (1988). Rationality: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and the Rationale of Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rescher, Nicholas (1998). Complexity: A Philosophical Overview. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Rescher, Nicholas (1999). Razón y valores en la Era científico-tecnológica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Schultze, Stephen J. y Whitt, Richard S. (2016). Internet as a Complex Layered System. En Johannes M. Bauer y Michael Latzer (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet. (pp. 55-71). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939852.00010
The Economist (2018a). More knock-on than network. How the internet lost its decentralised innocence. Special Report: Fixing the Internet, 427(9098), 5-6.
The Economist (2018b). Facebook's future. The new Yahoo? Sección Business. International, 24 de noviembre, pp. 58-59.
The Economist (2019a). The Internet's Next Act. You ain't seen nothing yet. Sección Leaders, 8 de junio, pp. 14-15.
The Economist (2019b). Ubiquitous Computing. Chips with Everything. Sección Technology Quarterly: The Internet of Things, 14 de septiembre, pp. 3-4.
The Economist (2019c). Political Advertising. Lie-posting. Sección United Sates, 9 de noviembre, pp. 35-36.
The Economist (2019d). The Splinternet. Net loss. Sección International, 9 de noviembre, pp. 51-52.
The Economist (2019e). Search results. Google's departing co-founders leave three unanswered queries. Sección Leaders, 7 de diciembre, p. 15.
Timmers, Paul (1999). Electronic Commerce: Strategies and Models for Business-to-Business Trading. Chichester: J. Wiley and Sons.
Tiropanis, Thanassis, Hall, Wendy, Crowcroft, Jon, Contractor, Noshir y Tassiulas, Leandros (2015). Network Science, Web Science, and Internet Science. Communications of ACM, 58(8), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1145/2699416
Tuomela, Raimo (1996). Intenciones conjuntas y acuerdo. En Wenceslao J. González (ed.), Acción e Historia. El objeto de la Historia y la Teoría de la Acción (pp. 277-291). A Coruña: Publicaciones Universidad de A Coruña.
Tuomela, Raimo (2007). The Philosophy of Sociality: The Shared Point of View. N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313390.001.0001
Unesco-ITU (2018), The State of Broadband 2018: Broadband Catalyzing Sustainable Development. September 2018, Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/S-POL-BROADBAND.19-2018-PDF-E.pdf
Vehovar, Vasja y Manfreda, Katja L. (2017). Overview: Online Surveys. En Nigel G. Fielding, Raymond M. Lee y Grant Blank (eds.), Online Research Methods (pp. 143-161). Londres: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957992.n9
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (2015). Introduction to The Future Internet: Alternative Visions. En Jenifer Winter y Ryota Ono (eds), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions. (pp. 1-16). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2
World Wide Web Foundation (2019), Contract for the Web. A global plan of action to make our online world safe and empowering for everyone, November 2019. https://contractfortheweb.org
Aikat, Deb (2000). Cyberspace of the People, by the People, for the People: Predominant Use of the Web in the Public Sector. En Alan B. Albarran y David H. Goff (eds.), Understanding the Web: Social, Political, and Economic Dimensions of the Internet (pp. 23-48). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Askitas, Nikolaos y Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2015). The Internet as a Data Source for Advancement in Social Sciences. International Journal of Manpower, 36(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-02-2015-0029
Bauer, Johannes M. y Latzer, Michael (eds.) (2016). Handbook on the Economics of the Internet. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939852
Berners-Lee, Timothy, Hall, Wendy, Hendler, James, Shadbot, Nigel y Weitzner, Daniel J. (2006). Creating a Science of the Web. Science, 313(5788), 769-771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126902
Bisbee, James y Larson, Jennifer M. (2017). Testing Social Science Network Theories with Online Network Data: An Evaluation of External Validity. American Political Science Review, 111(3), 502-521. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000120
Boyd, Danah M. y Ellison, Nicole B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Cerf, Vinton G. (2014). Knocking Down Strawmen. IEEE Internet Computing, 18(6), 88-88. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2014.115
Clark, David D. (2018). Designing an Internet. MA: The MIT Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11373.001.0001
Dhillon, Gurpreet S. (ed.) (2002). Social Responsibility in the Information Age: Issues and Controversies. Londres: Idea Group Publishing/Information Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-93070-811-2
Ellison, Nicole B. y Boyd, Danah M. (2013). Sociality Through Social Network Sites. En William H. Dutton (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (pp. 151-172). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0008
Fielding, Nigel G., Lee, Raymond M. y Blank, Grant (eds.) (2017). Online Research Methods. Londres: SAGE, 2ª edición.
Floridi, Luciano (2014). The Fourth Revolution - How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
GDPR (2016). General Data Protection Regulation. Official Journal of the European Union, (59)4, 1-88. https://gdpr-info.eu
González, Wenceslao J. (1999). Valores económicos en la configuración de la Tecnología. Argumentos de Razón Técnica, 2, 69-96.
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2007). The Role of Experiments in the Social Sciences: The Case of Economics. En Theo Kuipers (ed.), General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues (pp. 275-301). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451548-3/50007-0
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2010). Recent Approaches on Observation and Experimentation: A Philosophical-Methodological Viewpoint. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science (pp. 9-48). A Coruña: Netbiblo. https://doi.org/10.4272/978-84-9745-530-5
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2013a). The Sciences of Design as Sciences of Complexity: The Dynamic Trait. En Hanne Andersen, Dennis Dieks, Wenceslao J. Gonzalez, Thomas Uebel y Gregory Wheeler (eds.), New Challenges to Philosophy of Science (pp. 299-311). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5845-2_24
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2013b). The Roles of Scientific Creativity and Technological Innovation in the Context of Complexity of Science. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), Creativity, Innovation, and Complexity in Science (pp. 11-40). A Coruña: Netbiblo.
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2015a). Philosophico-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08885-3
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. (2015b). On the Role of Values in the Configuration of Technology: From Axiology to Ethics. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), New Perspectives on Technology, Values, and Ethics: Theoretical and Practical, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science (pp. 3-27). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21870-0_1
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. y Arrojo, María José (2015). Diversity in Complexity in Communication Sciences: Epistemological and Ontological Analyses. En Dario Generali (ed.), Le radici della razionalità critica: Saperi, Pratiche, Teleologie (vol. I, pp. 297-312). Milán-Udine: Mimesis.
González, Wenceslao J. (2018a). Complejidad dinámica en Internet como plataforma de información y comunicación: Análisis filosófico desde la perspectiva de Ciencias de Diseño y el papel de la predicción. Informação e Sociedade: Estudos, 28(1), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1809-4783.2018v28n1.38101
González, Wenceslao J. (2018b). Internet en su vertiente científica: Predicción y prescripción ante la complejidad. Artefactos, 7(2), 2ª época, 75-97. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2018717597
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J. y Arrojo, María J. (2019). Complexity in the Sciences of the Internet and its Relation to Communication Sciences. Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication, 10(1), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.10.1.15_1
González, Wenceslao J. (2019). Internet y Economía: Una relación multivariada en el contexto de complejidad. Energeia: Revista internacional de Filosofía y Epistemología de las Ciencias Económicas, 6(1), 11-36.
Greenstein, Shane (2015). How the Internet Became Commercial. Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc777gg
Guilló, Mario (2015). Futures of Participation and Civic Engagement within Virtual Experiments. En Jenifer Winter, y Ryota Ono (eds.), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions (pp. 41-57). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2_3
Hall, Wendy, Hendler, James, y Staab, Steffen (2016). A Manifesto for Web Science @10. December pp. 1-4. http://www.webscience.org/manifesto
Hendler, James y Golbeck, Jennifer A. (2008). Metcalfe's Law, Web 2.0, and the Semantic Web. Journal Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 6(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2007.11.008
Hendler, James y Hall, Wendy (2016). Science of the World Wide Web. Science, 354(6313), 703-704. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9150
Hendler, James (en prensa). The Future of the Web. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.), The Internet and Science: An Analysis from the Structural and Dynamic Complexity.
Kogut, Bruce (2003). The Internet Has Borders. En Bruce Kogut (ed.), The Global Internet Economy (pp. 1-40). Cambridge: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3300.001.0001
Meeker, Mary (2019). Internet Trends 2019. Informe publicado el 11 de junio de 2019, 334 páginas. https://www.bondcap.com/pdf/Internet_Trends_2019.pdf
Novet, Jordan (2019). Amazon Web Services reports 45 percent jump in revenue in the fourth quarter. En CNBC, 31 de enero de 2019, ampliado el 1 febrero de 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/31/aws-earnings-q4-2018.html
O'Hara, Kieron y Hall, Wendy (2013). Society on the Web. En William H. Dutton (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (pp. 69-85). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page, Kelly L. y Uncles, Mark D. (2014). The Complexity of Surveying Web Participation. Journal of Business Research, 67, 2356-2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.02.001
Qiu, Liangfei; Rui, Huaixa y Whinston, Andrew B. (2014). Effects of Social Networks on Prediction Markets: Examination in a Controlled Experiment. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(4), 235-268. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222300409
Rescher, Nicholas (1988). Rationality: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and the Rationale of Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rescher, Nicholas (1998). Complexity: A Philosophical Overview. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Rescher, Nicholas (1999). Razón y valores en la Era científico-tecnológica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Schultze, Stephen J. y Whitt, Richard S. (2016). Internet as a Complex Layered System. En Johannes M. Bauer y Michael Latzer (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet. (pp. 55-71). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939852.00010
The Economist (2018a). More knock-on than network. How the internet lost its decentralised innocence. Special Report: Fixing the Internet, 427(9098), 5-6.
The Economist (2018b). Facebook's future. The new Yahoo? Sección Business. International, 24 de noviembre, pp. 58-59.
The Economist (2019a). The Internet's Next Act. You ain't seen nothing yet. Sección Leaders, 8 de junio, pp. 14-15.
The Economist (2019b). Ubiquitous Computing. Chips with Everything. Sección Technology Quarterly: The Internet of Things, 14 de septiembre, pp. 3-4.
The Economist (2019c). Political Advertising. Lie-posting. Sección United Sates, 9 de noviembre, pp. 35-36.
The Economist (2019d). The Splinternet. Net loss. Sección International, 9 de noviembre, pp. 51-52.
The Economist (2019e). Search results. Google's departing co-founders leave three unanswered queries. Sección Leaders, 7 de diciembre, p. 15.
Timmers, Paul (1999). Electronic Commerce: Strategies and Models for Business-to-Business Trading. Chichester: J. Wiley and Sons.
Tiropanis, Thanassis, Hall, Wendy, Crowcroft, Jon, Contractor, Noshir y Tassiulas, Leandros (2015). Network Science, Web Science, and Internet Science. Communications of ACM, 58(8), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1145/2699416
Tuomela, Raimo (1996). Intenciones conjuntas y acuerdo. En Wenceslao J. González (ed.), Acción e Historia. El objeto de la Historia y la Teoría de la Acción (pp. 277-291). A Coruña: Publicaciones Universidad de A Coruña.
Tuomela, Raimo (2007). The Philosophy of Sociality: The Shared Point of View. N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313390.001.0001
Unesco-ITU (2018), The State of Broadband 2018: Broadband Catalyzing Sustainable Development. September 2018, Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/S-POL-BROADBAND.19-2018-PDF-E.pdf
Vehovar, Vasja y Manfreda, Katja L. (2017). Overview: Online Surveys. En Nigel G. Fielding, Raymond M. Lee y Grant Blank (eds.), Online Research Methods (pp. 143-161). Londres: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957992.n9
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (2015). Introduction to The Future Internet: Alternative Visions. En Jenifer Winter y Ryota Ono (eds), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions. (pp. 1-16). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2
World Wide Web Foundation (2019), Contract for the Web. A global plan of action to make our online world safe and empowering for everyone, November 2019. https://contractfortheweb.org
González, W. J. (2020). The Social Dimension of the Internet: Philosophico-Methodological Analysis from Complexity. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 9(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.14201/art202091101129
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