The proliferation of virtual laboratories in educational fields
Abstract Since its emergence in the 1960s, the use of virtual reality (VR) has grown progressively. This wide dissemination of VR has allowed its application in an increasing number of disciplines, including education. It is well known that virtual laboratories (VLs), which base their use in VR technology, are very useful tools in both university and professional training. In this article, the main advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern VLs in teaching are analyzed. In addition, the design and development process that must be followed to appropriately create these VLs is described in detail, as well as a small-scale study of the perception that university teachers have about the use of VR in education. Lastly, the reasons why the implementation of VR is not currently as broad as it would be expected, given its proven potential in different fields, are discussed.
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Chang, C. W., Yeh, S. C., Li, M., and Yao, E., 2019. The introduction of a novel virtual reality training system for gynecology learning and its user experience research. IEEE Access, 7, 43637–43653.
Daineko, Y. A., Ipalakova, M. T., Yunnikova, M. V., Brodyagina, M. A., and Bolatov, Z. Z., 2018. Using of ICT in e-learning: Development of the virtual learning environment for physics study. Proceedings of Computing Conference 2017, 1195–1198.
Doblack, B. N., Allis, T., and Dávila, L. P., 2014. Novel 3D/VR interactive environment for MD simulations, visualization and analysis. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 94, e51384.
Doblack, B. N., Flores, C., Matlock, T., and Dávila, L. P., 2011. The emergence of immersive low-cost 3D virtual reality environments for interactive learning in materials science and engineering. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1320, mrsf10-1320-xx04-01.
Extremera, J, Vergara, D, Davila, L, and Rubio, M. P., 2020. Virtual and augmented reality environments to learn the fundamentals of crystallography. Crystals, acepted paper.
Flores, C., Matlock, T., and Dávila, L. P., 2012. Enhancing materials research through innovative 3D environments and interactive manuals for data visualization and analysis. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1472, mrss12-1472-zz01-03.
García, J., and Entrialgo, J., 2015. Using computer virtualization and software tools to implement a low cost laboratory for the teaching of storage area networks. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 23, 715–723.
Hahn, J. F., 2018. Virtual reality learning environments: Development of multi-user reference support experiences. Information and Learning Science, 119(11), 652–661.
Ho, L. H., Sun, H., and Tsai, T. H., 2019. Research on 3D painting in virtual reality to improve students’ motivation of 3D animation learning. Sustainability, 11(6), 1605.
Juan, M. C., Alexandrescu, L., Folguera, F., and García-García, I., 2016. A mobile augmented reality system for the learning of dental morphology. Digital Education Review, 30, 234–247.
King, D., Tee, S., Falconer, L., Angell, C., Holley, D., and Mills, A., 2018. Virtual health education: Scaling practice to transform student learning using virtual reality learning environments in healthcare education to bridge the theory/practice gap and improve patient safety. Nurse Education Today, 71, 7–9.
Kirakowski, J., and Corbett, M., 1993. SUMI - The Software Usability Measurement Inventory. British Journal of Educational Technology, 24(3), 210–212.
Leder, J., Horlitz, T., Puschmann, P., Wittstock, V., and Schuetz, A., 2019. Comparing immersive virtual reality and powerpoint as methods for delivering safety training: Impacts on risk perception, learning, and decision making. Safety Science, 111, 271–286.
Legault, J., Zhao, J., Chi, Y.-A., Chen, W., Klippel, A., and Li, P., 2019. Immersive virtual reality as an effective tool for second language vocabulary learning. Languages, 4(1), 13.
Maghool, S. A. H., Moeini, S. H., and Arefazar, Y., 2018. An educational application based on virtual reality technology for learning architectural details: Challenges and benefits. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 12(3), 246–272.
Meagher, K. A., Doblack, B. N., Ramírez, M., and Dávila, L. P., 2014. Scalable nanohelices for predictive studies and enhanced 3D visualization. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 93, e51372.
Miguel, J., Lopez, G., Octavio, R., Betancourt, J., Arredondo, J. M. R., Laureano, E. V., and Haro, F. R., 2019. Incorporating virtual reality into the teaching and training of grid-tie photovoltaic power plants design. Applied Sciences, 9(21), 4480.
Mirauda, D., Capece, N., and Erra, U., 2019. StreamflowVL: A virtual fieldwork laboratory that supports traditional hydraulics engineering learning. Applied Sciences, 9(22), 4972.
Monna, F., Navarro, N., Magail, J., Guillon, R., Rolland, T., Wilczek, J., Esin, Y., and Chateau, C., 2019. Contextualization of archaeological information using augmented photospheres, viewed with head-mounted displays. Sustainability, 11(14), 3894.
Ni, T., Zhang, H., Yu, C., Zhao, D., and Liu, S., 2013. Design of highly realistic virtual environment for excavator simulator. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 39(7), 2112–2123.
Nobrega, F. A., and Rozenfeld, C. C. F., 2019. Virtual reality in the teaching of FLE in a Brazilian public school. Languages, 4(2), 36.
Okamoto, M., Ishimura, T., and Matsubara, Y., 2017. AR-based inorganic chemistry learning support system using mobile HMD. 25th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE 2017, Christchurch, New Zealand (Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, New Zealand) 511–513.
Ouyang, S.-G., Wang, G., Yao, J.-Y., Zhu, G.-H.-W., Liu, Z.-Y., and Feng, C., 2018. A Unity3D-based interactive three-dimensional virtual practice platform for chemical engineering. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 26(1), 91–100.
Pan, J. J., Chang, J., Yang, X., Liang, H., Zhang, J. J., Qureshi, T., Howell, R., and Hickish, T., 2015. Virtual reality training and assessment in laparoscopic rectum surgery. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 11(2), 194–209.
Pantelidis, V. S., 1997. Virtual reality and engineering education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 5(1), 3–12.
Potkonjak, V., Gardner, M., Callaghan, V., Mattila, P., Guetl, C., Petrovi?, V. M., and Jovanovi?, K., 2016. Virtual laboratories for education in science, technology, and engineering: A review. Computers and Education, 95, 309–327.
Redondo, E., Fonseca, D., Sanchez, A., and Navarro, I., 2017. Educating urban designers using augmented reality and mobile learning technologies. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 20(2), 141–165.
Román-Ibáñez, V., Pujol-López, F. A., Mora-Mora, H., Pertegal-Felices, M. L., and Jimeno-Morenilla, A., 2018. A low-cost immersive virtual reality system for teaching robotic manipulators programming. Sustainability, 10(4), 1102.
Rubio, M. P., Vergara, D., Rodríguez, S., and Extremera, J., 2019. Virtual reality learning environments in materials engineering: Rockwell hardness test. In T. Di Mascio, P. Vittorini, R. Gennari, F. Prieta, S. Rodríguez, M. Temperini, R. Azambuja, E. Popescu, L. Lancia, and R. A. Silveira (Eds.), Methodologies and Intelligent Systems for Technology Enhanced Learning, 8th International Conference. MIS4TEL 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer, Cham. Vol. 804, 106–113.
Shao, J., Liu, W., Dai, W., Ma, S., Li, Q., Wang, J., Chen, J., and Xiong, N., 2018. Experiential interaction modeling for virtual training of ultra-high voltage power system and its application. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 474, 566–572.
Su, C. H., and Cheng, T. W., 2019. A sustainability innovation experiential learning model for virtual reality chemistry laboratory: An empirical study with PLS-SEM and IPMA. Sustainability, 11, 1027.
Sutherland, I. E., 1965. The Ultimate Display. In W. A. Kalenich (Ed.), International Federation for Information Processing Congress 1965 IFIPS Congress 65, New York, NY, USA (Spartan Books, Washington), 1965, 506–508.
Tarng, W., Chen, C. J., Lee, C. Y., Lin, C. M., and Lin, Y. J., 2019. Application of virtual reality for learning the material properties of shape memory alloys. Applied Sciences, 9(3), 580.
Utami, I. W. P., Lutfi, I., Jati, S. S. P., and Efendi, M. Y., 2019. Effectivity of augmented reality as media for History learning. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(16), 83–96.
Vergara, D., Extremera, J., Rubio, M. P., and Dávila, L. P., 2019. Meaningful learning through virtual reality learning environments?: A case study in materials engineering. Applied Sciences, 9(21), 4625.
Vergara, D., Lorenzo, M., and Rubio, M. P., 2015. Virtual environments in materials science and engineering: The students’ opinion. In H. Lim (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Recent Developments in Materials Science and Corrosion Engineering Education. IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, 2015, 1st ed., 148–165.
Vergara, D., Rodríguez-Martín, M., Rubio, M. P., Ferrer-Marín, J., Núñez-García, F. J., and Moralejo-Cobo, L., 2018. Technical staff training in ultrasonic non-destructive testing using virtual reality. Dyna, 93(2), 150–154.
Vergara, D., and Rubio, M. P., 2012. Active methodologies through interdisciplinary teaching links: Industrial radiography and technical drawing. Journal of Materials Education, 34(5–6), 175–185.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., and Lorenzo, M., 2017a. New approach for the teaching of concrete compression tests in large groups of engineering students. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(2), 05016009.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., and Lorenzo, M., 2017b. On the design of virtual reality learning environments in engineering. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 1(2), 11.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., and Lorenzo, M., 2018. A virtual resource for enhancing the spatial comprehension of crystal lattices. Education Sciences, 8(4), 153.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., Lorenzo, M., and Rodríguez, S., 2020. On the importance of the design of virtual reality learning environments. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1007, 146–152.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., Prieto, F., and Lorenzo, M., 2016. Enhancing the teaching-learning of materials mechanical characterization by using virtual reality. Journal of Materials Education, 38(3–4), 63–74.
Violante, M. G., and Vezzetti, E., 2015. Virtual interactive e-learning application: An evaluation of the student satisfaction. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 23(1), 72–91.
Weyhe, D., Uslar, V., Weyhe, F., Kaluschke, M., and Zachmann, G., 2018. Immersive anatomy atlas-Empirical study investigating the usability of a virtual reality environment as a learning tool for anatomy. Frontiers in Surgery, 5, 73.
Xie, Q., and Tinker, R., 2006. Molecular dynamics Simulations of chemical reactions for use in education. Journal of Chemical Education, 83(1), 77–83.
Xu, J. J., Wen, Z., Zhang, K. F., Guan, Z. G., and Ye, C., 2013. Design and development of refueling machine operation simulation system in nuclear power plant. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 373–375, 1703–1709.
Zhang, H., 2017. Head-mounted display-based intuitive virtual reality training system for the mining industry. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 27(4), 717–722.
Zhu, H., Yang, Z., Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., and Kang, L., 2018. Virtual emulation laboratories for teaching offshore oil and gas engineering. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 26(5), 1603–1613.
Chang, C. W., Yeh, S. C., Li, M., and Yao, E., 2019. The introduction of a novel virtual reality training system for gynecology learning and its user experience research. IEEE Access, 7, 43637–43653.
Daineko, Y. A., Ipalakova, M. T., Yunnikova, M. V., Brodyagina, M. A., and Bolatov, Z. Z., 2018. Using of ICT in e-learning: Development of the virtual learning environment for physics study. Proceedings of Computing Conference 2017, 1195–1198.
Doblack, B. N., Allis, T., and Dávila, L. P., 2014. Novel 3D/VR interactive environment for MD simulations, visualization and analysis. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 94, e51384.
Doblack, B. N., Flores, C., Matlock, T., and Dávila, L. P., 2011. The emergence of immersive low-cost 3D virtual reality environments for interactive learning in materials science and engineering. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1320, mrsf10-1320-xx04-01.
Extremera, J, Vergara, D, Davila, L, and Rubio, M. P., 2020. Virtual and augmented reality environments to learn the fundamentals of crystallography. Crystals, acepted paper.
Flores, C., Matlock, T., and Dávila, L. P., 2012. Enhancing materials research through innovative 3D environments and interactive manuals for data visualization and analysis. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1472, mrss12-1472-zz01-03.
García, J., and Entrialgo, J., 2015. Using computer virtualization and software tools to implement a low cost laboratory for the teaching of storage area networks. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 23, 715–723.
Hahn, J. F., 2018. Virtual reality learning environments: Development of multi-user reference support experiences. Information and Learning Science, 119(11), 652–661.
Ho, L. H., Sun, H., and Tsai, T. H., 2019. Research on 3D painting in virtual reality to improve students’ motivation of 3D animation learning. Sustainability, 11(6), 1605.
Juan, M. C., Alexandrescu, L., Folguera, F., and García-García, I., 2016. A mobile augmented reality system for the learning of dental morphology. Digital Education Review, 30, 234–247.
King, D., Tee, S., Falconer, L., Angell, C., Holley, D., and Mills, A., 2018. Virtual health education: Scaling practice to transform student learning using virtual reality learning environments in healthcare education to bridge the theory/practice gap and improve patient safety. Nurse Education Today, 71, 7–9.
Kirakowski, J., and Corbett, M., 1993. SUMI - The Software Usability Measurement Inventory. British Journal of Educational Technology, 24(3), 210–212.
Leder, J., Horlitz, T., Puschmann, P., Wittstock, V., and Schuetz, A., 2019. Comparing immersive virtual reality and powerpoint as methods for delivering safety training: Impacts on risk perception, learning, and decision making. Safety Science, 111, 271–286.
Legault, J., Zhao, J., Chi, Y.-A., Chen, W., Klippel, A., and Li, P., 2019. Immersive virtual reality as an effective tool for second language vocabulary learning. Languages, 4(1), 13.
Maghool, S. A. H., Moeini, S. H., and Arefazar, Y., 2018. An educational application based on virtual reality technology for learning architectural details: Challenges and benefits. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 12(3), 246–272.
Meagher, K. A., Doblack, B. N., Ramírez, M., and Dávila, L. P., 2014. Scalable nanohelices for predictive studies and enhanced 3D visualization. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 93, e51372.
Miguel, J., Lopez, G., Octavio, R., Betancourt, J., Arredondo, J. M. R., Laureano, E. V., and Haro, F. R., 2019. Incorporating virtual reality into the teaching and training of grid-tie photovoltaic power plants design. Applied Sciences, 9(21), 4480.
Mirauda, D., Capece, N., and Erra, U., 2019. StreamflowVL: A virtual fieldwork laboratory that supports traditional hydraulics engineering learning. Applied Sciences, 9(22), 4972.
Monna, F., Navarro, N., Magail, J., Guillon, R., Rolland, T., Wilczek, J., Esin, Y., and Chateau, C., 2019. Contextualization of archaeological information using augmented photospheres, viewed with head-mounted displays. Sustainability, 11(14), 3894.
Ni, T., Zhang, H., Yu, C., Zhao, D., and Liu, S., 2013. Design of highly realistic virtual environment for excavator simulator. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 39(7), 2112–2123.
Nobrega, F. A., and Rozenfeld, C. C. F., 2019. Virtual reality in the teaching of FLE in a Brazilian public school. Languages, 4(2), 36.
Okamoto, M., Ishimura, T., and Matsubara, Y., 2017. AR-based inorganic chemistry learning support system using mobile HMD. 25th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE 2017, Christchurch, New Zealand (Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, New Zealand) 511–513.
Ouyang, S.-G., Wang, G., Yao, J.-Y., Zhu, G.-H.-W., Liu, Z.-Y., and Feng, C., 2018. A Unity3D-based interactive three-dimensional virtual practice platform for chemical engineering. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 26(1), 91–100.
Pan, J. J., Chang, J., Yang, X., Liang, H., Zhang, J. J., Qureshi, T., Howell, R., and Hickish, T., 2015. Virtual reality training and assessment in laparoscopic rectum surgery. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 11(2), 194–209.
Pantelidis, V. S., 1997. Virtual reality and engineering education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 5(1), 3–12.
Potkonjak, V., Gardner, M., Callaghan, V., Mattila, P., Guetl, C., Petrovi?, V. M., and Jovanovi?, K., 2016. Virtual laboratories for education in science, technology, and engineering: A review. Computers and Education, 95, 309–327.
Redondo, E., Fonseca, D., Sanchez, A., and Navarro, I., 2017. Educating urban designers using augmented reality and mobile learning technologies. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 20(2), 141–165.
Román-Ibáñez, V., Pujol-López, F. A., Mora-Mora, H., Pertegal-Felices, M. L., and Jimeno-Morenilla, A., 2018. A low-cost immersive virtual reality system for teaching robotic manipulators programming. Sustainability, 10(4), 1102.
Rubio, M. P., Vergara, D., Rodríguez, S., and Extremera, J., 2019. Virtual reality learning environments in materials engineering: Rockwell hardness test. In T. Di Mascio, P. Vittorini, R. Gennari, F. Prieta, S. Rodríguez, M. Temperini, R. Azambuja, E. Popescu, L. Lancia, and R. A. Silveira (Eds.), Methodologies and Intelligent Systems for Technology Enhanced Learning, 8th International Conference. MIS4TEL 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer, Cham. Vol. 804, 106–113.
Shao, J., Liu, W., Dai, W., Ma, S., Li, Q., Wang, J., Chen, J., and Xiong, N., 2018. Experiential interaction modeling for virtual training of ultra-high voltage power system and its application. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 474, 566–572.
Su, C. H., and Cheng, T. W., 2019. A sustainability innovation experiential learning model for virtual reality chemistry laboratory: An empirical study with PLS-SEM and IPMA. Sustainability, 11, 1027.
Sutherland, I. E., 1965. The Ultimate Display. In W. A. Kalenich (Ed.), International Federation for Information Processing Congress 1965 IFIPS Congress 65, New York, NY, USA (Spartan Books, Washington), 1965, 506–508.
Tarng, W., Chen, C. J., Lee, C. Y., Lin, C. M., and Lin, Y. J., 2019. Application of virtual reality for learning the material properties of shape memory alloys. Applied Sciences, 9(3), 580.
Utami, I. W. P., Lutfi, I., Jati, S. S. P., and Efendi, M. Y., 2019. Effectivity of augmented reality as media for History learning. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(16), 83–96.
Vergara, D., Extremera, J., Rubio, M. P., and Dávila, L. P., 2019. Meaningful learning through virtual reality learning environments?: A case study in materials engineering. Applied Sciences, 9(21), 4625.
Vergara, D., Lorenzo, M., and Rubio, M. P., 2015. Virtual environments in materials science and engineering: The students’ opinion. In H. Lim (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Recent Developments in Materials Science and Corrosion Engineering Education. IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, 2015, 1st ed., 148–165.
Vergara, D., Rodríguez-Martín, M., Rubio, M. P., Ferrer-Marín, J., Núñez-García, F. J., and Moralejo-Cobo, L., 2018. Technical staff training in ultrasonic non-destructive testing using virtual reality. Dyna, 93(2), 150–154.
Vergara, D., and Rubio, M. P., 2012. Active methodologies through interdisciplinary teaching links: Industrial radiography and technical drawing. Journal of Materials Education, 34(5–6), 175–185.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., and Lorenzo, M., 2017a. New approach for the teaching of concrete compression tests in large groups of engineering students. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(2), 05016009.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., and Lorenzo, M., 2017b. On the design of virtual reality learning environments in engineering. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 1(2), 11.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., and Lorenzo, M., 2018. A virtual resource for enhancing the spatial comprehension of crystal lattices. Education Sciences, 8(4), 153.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., Lorenzo, M., and Rodríguez, S., 2020. On the importance of the design of virtual reality learning environments. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1007, 146–152.
Vergara, D., Rubio, M. P., Prieto, F., and Lorenzo, M., 2016. Enhancing the teaching-learning of materials mechanical characterization by using virtual reality. Journal of Materials Education, 38(3–4), 63–74.
Violante, M. G., and Vezzetti, E., 2015. Virtual interactive e-learning application: An evaluation of the student satisfaction. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 23(1), 72–91.
Weyhe, D., Uslar, V., Weyhe, F., Kaluschke, M., and Zachmann, G., 2018. Immersive anatomy atlas-Empirical study investigating the usability of a virtual reality environment as a learning tool for anatomy. Frontiers in Surgery, 5, 73.
Xie, Q., and Tinker, R., 2006. Molecular dynamics Simulations of chemical reactions for use in education. Journal of Chemical Education, 83(1), 77–83.
Xu, J. J., Wen, Z., Zhang, K. F., Guan, Z. G., and Ye, C., 2013. Design and development of refueling machine operation simulation system in nuclear power plant. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 373–375, 1703–1709.
Zhang, H., 2017. Head-mounted display-based intuitive virtual reality training system for the mining industry. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 27(4), 717–722.
Zhu, H., Yang, Z., Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., and Kang, L., 2018. Virtual emulation laboratories for teaching offshore oil and gas engineering. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 26(5), 1603–1613.
Vergara, D., Extremera, J., Rubio, M. P., & Dávila, L. P. (2020). The proliferation of virtual laboratories in educational fields. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 9(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ2020918597
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