La tartamudez en el cine
Análisis textual del cambio de paradigma en su representación
Resumen La imagen que el séptimo arte ofrece sobre la discapacidad es fundamental en la percepción colectiva que se tiene de la misma En este trabajo se estudia, en forma de análisis textual, dos películas que abordan la discapacidad de la tartamudez y a cuyas producciones las separan veintidós años de diferencia: Un pez llamado Wanda (A Fish Called Wanda, Charles Crichton, 1988) y El discurso del rey (The King’s Speech, Tom Hooper, 2010). Ambas producciones son fundamentales para entender cómo en las últimas décadas la representación del colectivo de las personas con tartamudez en el cine ha cambiado. Para ello se comenzará con una exposición de los principales trabajos sobre qué es la tartamudez, seguido del impacto del estigma asociada a ella que genera en sus afectados, prosiguiendo con el análisis textual de ambas piezas para finalmente discutir y concluir qué ha supuesto para las personas tartamudas este cambio en el imaginario colectivo, poniendo de manifiesto los beneficios en materia de inclusión social y dignificación en la sociedad de una representación realista y correcta de la discapacidad de la tartamudez en el medio cinematográfico.
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Alegre de la Rosa, O. M. (2002). La discapacidad en el cine: propuestas para la acción educativa. Comunicar, 18, 130–136. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=15801820%0ACómo
Andrade, C. R., & Furquim de Juste, F. S. (2011). Systematic review of delayed auditory feedback effectiveness for stuttering reduction. Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia, 23(2), 187–191.
Azios, M., Irani, F., Bellon-Harn, M., Swartz, E., & Benson, C. (2020). The utility of cinematherapy for stuttering intervention: An exploratory study. Seminars in Speech and Language, 41(5), 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716705
Baxter, S., Johnson, M., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Brumfitt, S., Enderby, P., & Goyder, E. (2016). Non-pharmacological treatments for stuttering in children and adults: a systematic review and evaluation of clinical effectiveness, and exploration of barriers to successful outcomes. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 20(2), 1–302. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20020
Bedell, G. (2011). The King’s Speech: How clever sets create a compelling picture of 1930s London. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jan/02/the-kings-speech-period-sets
Benecken, J. (1995). On the nature and psychological relevance of a stigma: The Stutterer or: What Happens, when Grace Fails? Stuttering: Proceedings of the First World Congress on Fluency Disorders, 548–550.
Blomgren, M. (2010). Stuttering treatment for adults: an update on contemporary approaches. Seminars in Speech and Language, 31(4), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265760
Blood, G. W., Ridenour, V. J., Qualls, C. D., & Hammer, C. S. (2003). Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36(6), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6
Bloodstein, O., & Bernstein Ratner, N. (2008). A Handbook on Stuttering (6th ed.).
Boyle, M. P. (2018). Enacted stigma and felt stigma experienced by adults who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 73, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.03.004
Boyle, M. P., Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2009). Effects of perceived causality on perceptions of persons who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.09.003
Bricker-Katz, G., Lincoln, M., & Cumming, S. (2013). Stuttering and work life: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(4), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.001
Corcoran, J. A., & Stewart, M. (1998). Stories of stuttering: A qualitative analysis of interview narratives. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 23(4), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(98)00020-5
Craig, A., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Stereotypes towards stuttering for those who have never had direct contact with people who stutter: A randomized and stratified study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(1), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.235
De Nil, L. F., Sasisekaran, J., Van Lieshout, P. H. H. M., & Sandor, P. (2005). Speech disfluencies in individuals with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(1), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.06.002
García Tarsia, F. (2019). La imagen social que construyó el cine de las personas con tartamudez. II Jornadas de Sociología UNMdP, 1–18.
Goffman, E. (1963). Estigma, la identidad deteriorada. Amorrortu editores.
González Requena, J. (1996). El texto: tres registros y una dimensión. Trama y Fondo: Revista de Cultura, 1, 1.
González Requena, J. (2013). El ser de las imágenes: de la teoría al análisis de la imagen. Memoria de Cátedra, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Recuperado de: Http://Gonzalezrequena. Com/Textos-En-Linea-0-2/Libros-En-Linea/El-Ser-de-Lasimagenes.
Guitar, B. (2013). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment (4th ed.). Williams & Wilkins.
Hernández, H. (2011). Apuntes sobre el encuadre en el cine. Letras Libres. https://letraslibres.com/cine-tv/apuntes-sobre-el-encuadre-en-el-cine/
Hunsaker, S. A. (2011). The Social Effects of Stuttering in Adolescents and Young Adults. Research Papers. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/70
Kikuchi, Y., Ogata, K., Umesaki, T., Yoshiura, T., Kenjo, M., Hirano, Y., Okamoto, T., Komune, S., & Tobimatsu, S. (2011). Spatiotemporal signatures of an abnormal auditory system in stuttering. NeuroImage, 55(3), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.083
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. In Lancet (Vol. 367, Issue 9509, pp. 528–529). Elsevier Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68184-1
Månsson, H. (2000). Childhood stuttering: Incidence and development. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 25(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6
Monjas, M. I., Arranz, F., & Rueda, E. (2005). Las personas con discapacidad en el cine. Siglo Cero: Revista Española Sobre Discapacidad Intelectual, 36(1), 13–29. http://hdl.handle.net/11181/3108%0A
Neef, N. E., Bütfering, C., Anwander, A., Friederici, A. D., Paulus, W., & Sommer, M. (2016). Left posterior-dorsal area 44 couples with parietal areas to promote speech fluency, while right area 44 activity promotes the stopping of motor responses. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.030
Norden, M. F. (1998). The Cinema of Isolation: A history of physical disability in the movies. Rutgers University Press.
Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care? BMC Biology, 15(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3
Perez, H. R., Doig-Acuna, C., & Starrels, J. L. (2015). «Not Unless It’s a Life or Death Thing»: A Qualitative Study of the Health Care Experiences of Adults Who Stutter. Journal of General Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3302-x
Ramímez, G. Á. (2017). Las personas con tartamudez en España. Libro Blanco (1st ed., Issue c). Cinca, S.A.
Sánchez, D. A., & Gómez-vela, M. (2016). De criados mudos, jóvenes sordas y otros estereotipos. Las personas con problemas de audición y lenguaje en el cine. Revista de Medicina y Cine, 6(2), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.14201/rmc.13794
Taglialatela, J. P., Russell, J. L., Schaeffer, J. A., & Hopkins, W. D. (2011). Chimpanzee Vocal Signaling Points to a Multimodal Origin of Human Language. PLOS ONE, 6(4), e18852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018852
Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2013). Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 66–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.11.002
Andrade, C. R., & Furquim de Juste, F. S. (2011). Systematic review of delayed auditory feedback effectiveness for stuttering reduction. Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia, 23(2), 187–191.
Azios, M., Irani, F., Bellon-Harn, M., Swartz, E., & Benson, C. (2020). The utility of cinematherapy for stuttering intervention: An exploratory study. Seminars in Speech and Language, 41(5), 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716705
Baxter, S., Johnson, M., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Brumfitt, S., Enderby, P., & Goyder, E. (2016). Non-pharmacological treatments for stuttering in children and adults: a systematic review and evaluation of clinical effectiveness, and exploration of barriers to successful outcomes. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 20(2), 1–302. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20020
Bedell, G. (2011). The King’s Speech: How clever sets create a compelling picture of 1930s London. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jan/02/the-kings-speech-period-sets
Benecken, J. (1995). On the nature and psychological relevance of a stigma: The Stutterer or: What Happens, when Grace Fails? Stuttering: Proceedings of the First World Congress on Fluency Disorders, 548–550.
Blomgren, M. (2010). Stuttering treatment for adults: an update on contemporary approaches. Seminars in Speech and Language, 31(4), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265760
Blood, G. W., Ridenour, V. J., Qualls, C. D., & Hammer, C. S. (2003). Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36(6), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6
Bloodstein, O., & Bernstein Ratner, N. (2008). A Handbook on Stuttering (6th ed.).
Boyle, M. P. (2018). Enacted stigma and felt stigma experienced by adults who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 73, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.03.004
Boyle, M. P., Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2009). Effects of perceived causality on perceptions of persons who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.09.003
Bricker-Katz, G., Lincoln, M., & Cumming, S. (2013). Stuttering and work life: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(4), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.001
Corcoran, J. A., & Stewart, M. (1998). Stories of stuttering: A qualitative analysis of interview narratives. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 23(4), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(98)00020-5
Craig, A., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Stereotypes towards stuttering for those who have never had direct contact with people who stutter: A randomized and stratified study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(1), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.235
De Nil, L. F., Sasisekaran, J., Van Lieshout, P. H. H. M., & Sandor, P. (2005). Speech disfluencies in individuals with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(1), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.06.002
García Tarsia, F. (2019). La imagen social que construyó el cine de las personas con tartamudez. II Jornadas de Sociología UNMdP, 1–18.
Goffman, E. (1963). Estigma, la identidad deteriorada. Amorrortu editores.
González Requena, J. (1996). El texto: tres registros y una dimensión. Trama y Fondo: Revista de Cultura, 1, 1.
González Requena, J. (2013). El ser de las imágenes: de la teoría al análisis de la imagen. Memoria de Cátedra, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Recuperado de: Http://Gonzalezrequena. Com/Textos-En-Linea-0-2/Libros-En-Linea/El-Ser-de-Lasimagenes.
Guitar, B. (2013). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment (4th ed.). Williams & Wilkins.
Hernández, H. (2011). Apuntes sobre el encuadre en el cine. Letras Libres. https://letraslibres.com/cine-tv/apuntes-sobre-el-encuadre-en-el-cine/
Hunsaker, S. A. (2011). The Social Effects of Stuttering in Adolescents and Young Adults. Research Papers. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/70
Kikuchi, Y., Ogata, K., Umesaki, T., Yoshiura, T., Kenjo, M., Hirano, Y., Okamoto, T., Komune, S., & Tobimatsu, S. (2011). Spatiotemporal signatures of an abnormal auditory system in stuttering. NeuroImage, 55(3), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.083
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. In Lancet (Vol. 367, Issue 9509, pp. 528–529). Elsevier Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68184-1
Månsson, H. (2000). Childhood stuttering: Incidence and development. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 25(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6
Monjas, M. I., Arranz, F., & Rueda, E. (2005). Las personas con discapacidad en el cine. Siglo Cero: Revista Española Sobre Discapacidad Intelectual, 36(1), 13–29. http://hdl.handle.net/11181/3108%0A
Neef, N. E., Bütfering, C., Anwander, A., Friederici, A. D., Paulus, W., & Sommer, M. (2016). Left posterior-dorsal area 44 couples with parietal areas to promote speech fluency, while right area 44 activity promotes the stopping of motor responses. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.030
Norden, M. F. (1998). The Cinema of Isolation: A history of physical disability in the movies. Rutgers University Press.
Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care? BMC Biology, 15(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3
Perez, H. R., Doig-Acuna, C., & Starrels, J. L. (2015). «Not Unless It’s a Life or Death Thing»: A Qualitative Study of the Health Care Experiences of Adults Who Stutter. Journal of General Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3302-x
Ramímez, G. Á. (2017). Las personas con tartamudez en España. Libro Blanco (1st ed., Issue c). Cinca, S.A.
Sánchez, D. A., & Gómez-vela, M. (2016). De criados mudos, jóvenes sordas y otros estereotipos. Las personas con problemas de audición y lenguaje en el cine. Revista de Medicina y Cine, 6(2), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.14201/rmc.13794
Taglialatela, J. P., Russell, J. L., Schaeffer, J. A., & Hopkins, W. D. (2011). Chimpanzee Vocal Signaling Points to a Multimodal Origin of Human Language. PLOS ONE, 6(4), e18852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018852
Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2013). Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 66–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.11.002
Mejías Martínez, G., & Mangado Martínez, M. (2022). La tartamudez en el cine: Análisis textual del cambio de paradigma en su representación. Fonseca, Journal of Communication, (24), 53–86. https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc.28288
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