Camões como autor mundial: lecturas erróneas cosmopolitas
Resumen Paulo Lemos Horta revisa la epopeya del poeta renacentista portugués Luis de Camões, Os Lusíadas (que celebra el descubrimiento de una ruta a la India por Vasco de Gama), a la luz de las sucesivas lecturas erróneas que convierten el texto en una obra de la literatura mundial. Desde principios del siglo xix, los lectores románticos alemanes, atentos a los viajes de Camões por el estrecho de Hormuz y la India, percibieron (o leyeron en el poema) influencias persas e indias. Esto determinaría la posterior interpretación del poema por sus traductores ingleses, más tarde americanos. Centrándose en esta tradición, Horta explora cómo un poema nacional puede ser radicalmente transformado, o re-contextualizado, en un texto global, hasta el punto de ser leído casi en contra de sí mismo. Llevando la perspectiva romántica hasta su límite, su traductor victoriano Richard Francis Burton (el mismo que tradujo las Mil y una noches) habló sobre el «perfume de Oriente» de los Lusíadas: especuló que Camões había sido influenciado por la poesía persa y vio un paralelismo entre el genio del Cabo de Buena Esperanza de Camões, Adamastor, y el genio (yinn) de las Mil y una noches. El análisis de Horta subraya la insuficiencia de las lecturas que insisten en el carácter sencillo del poema como una –o la– epopeya fundacional del imperialismo moderno europeo, y, en cambio, sugiere que la creativa lectura errónea que el Romanticismo hace de la epopeya (en un sentido bloomiano) puede haber abierto vías más propicias para la circulación de Os Lusíadas como un texto de la literatura mundial.
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Alves, Hélio. «Post-Imperial Bacchus: The Politics of Literary Criticism in Camões
Studies 1940-2001». In Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 9: Post-Imperial Camões. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts, 2003, pp. 95-106. anon. «A Portuguese Epic». London Times Literary Supplement, 1951, March 16, p. 168.
Bacon, Leonard. «Genius with One Eye». Saturday Review of Literature, 1946, 29.8, pp. 42-43. «Luis de Camoens». Atlantic Monthly, 1948, 182, p. 98. (trans.) The Lusiads. New York: The Hispanic Society of America, 1950.
Bergin, Thomas. «Portuguese Epic in Octaves». Saturday Review of Literature, 1950, 23.9, p. 31.
Burton, Richard Francis (trans.). The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, with Introduction, Explanatory Notes on the Manners and Customs of Moslem Men and a Terminal Essay upon the History of the Nights. Benares: Kamashastra Society for Private Subscribers Only, 1885-1887, 10 vols.
Camões, Luís de. Os Lusiadas (The Lusiads). London: Bernard Quaritch, 1880, 2 vols.
Camoens: His Life and His Lusiads: A Commentary. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1881, 2 vols.
Camoens, The Lyricks. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1884, 2 vols.
The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1924. «Translations». Athenaeum, 1872, 2013, pp. 241-243.
Cochrane, Terry. Twilight of the Literary: Figures of Thought in the Age of Print. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. damroscH, David. What is World Literature? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Fitts, Dudley. «Hymn to Portugal». The New York Times Book Review, 1950, 14, p. 9. Gil, Fernando. «The Expressions of Poetry and the Impasse of Empire». Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies: Post-Imperial Camões, 2003, 9, pp. 79-94.
??Fi?. D?w?n-i ??fI?. Ed. P. Kh?nlar?. Tehran: Intish?r?t-i Sukhan, 1959.
HelGerson, Richard. Camoens, Haklyut, and the Voyages of Two Nations. In dirk, Nicholas (ed.). Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: U Michigan Press, 1992.
Horta, Paulo Lemos. «Mixing the East with the West: Cosmopolitan Philology in Richard Burton’s Translations from Camões». In akbari, Suzanne and Karla mallette. A Sea of Languages: Rethinking the Arab Role in Medieval Literary History. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, pp. 82-99.
Humboldt, Alexander Von. Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Trans. from the German by E. C. Otté. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1849.
Menocal, M. R. The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
Mickle, William Julius. The Lusiads or The Discovery of India: An Epic Poem. Oxford: Jackman and Lister,
1776.
Monteiro, George. «Leonard Bacon’s Camões: Five Years of Monomania». Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies: Post-Imperial Camões, 2003, 9, pp. 139-152.
Moretti, Franco. «Conjectures on World Literature». New Left Review, 2000, 1, pp. 55-67.
Murrin,Michael. «First Encounter: the Christian-Hindu Confusion When the Portuguese Reached India». Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies: Post-Imperial Camões. Dartmouth: University of
Massachusetts, 2003, 9, pp. 189-202.
Nicolopulos, James. The Poetics of Empire in the Indies: Prophecy and Imitation in La araucana and Os Lusiadas.
University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Pierce, Frank. «The Place of Mythology in the Lusiads». Comparative Literature, 1954, 6.2, pp. 97-122.
Purjav?d?, Na?r All?h. Zab?n-i ??l dar ‘irf?n va-adab?y?t-i P?rs?. Tehran: Intish?r?t-i Hirmis, 2007.
Quint, David. Epic and Empire: Politics and Generic Form from Virgil to Milton. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rajan, Balachandra. Under Western Eyes: India from Milton to Macaulay. Durham,
N. C.: Duke University Press, 1999. — Milton and the climates of reading: essays. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
Sims, James. «Camoens’ Lusiads and Milton’s Paradise Lost: Satan’s Voyage to Eden». In GriFFitH, Philip and Lester zimmerman (eds.). Papers on Milton. Tulsa: Universty of Tulsa Press, 1969, pp. 36-46. — «Christened Classicism in Paradise Lost and the Lusiads». Comparative Literature, 1972, 24.4, pp. 338-356.
Zenith, Richard (trans.). Sonnets and Other Poems. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009.
Studies 1940-2001». In Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 9: Post-Imperial Camões. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts, 2003, pp. 95-106. anon. «A Portuguese Epic». London Times Literary Supplement, 1951, March 16, p. 168.
Bacon, Leonard. «Genius with One Eye». Saturday Review of Literature, 1946, 29.8, pp. 42-43. «Luis de Camoens». Atlantic Monthly, 1948, 182, p. 98. (trans.) The Lusiads. New York: The Hispanic Society of America, 1950.
Bergin, Thomas. «Portuguese Epic in Octaves». Saturday Review of Literature, 1950, 23.9, p. 31.
Burton, Richard Francis (trans.). The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, with Introduction, Explanatory Notes on the Manners and Customs of Moslem Men and a Terminal Essay upon the History of the Nights. Benares: Kamashastra Society for Private Subscribers Only, 1885-1887, 10 vols.
Camões, Luís de. Os Lusiadas (The Lusiads). London: Bernard Quaritch, 1880, 2 vols.
Camoens: His Life and His Lusiads: A Commentary. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1881, 2 vols.
Camoens, The Lyricks. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1884, 2 vols.
The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1924. «Translations». Athenaeum, 1872, 2013, pp. 241-243.
Cochrane, Terry. Twilight of the Literary: Figures of Thought in the Age of Print. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. damroscH, David. What is World Literature? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Fitts, Dudley. «Hymn to Portugal». The New York Times Book Review, 1950, 14, p. 9. Gil, Fernando. «The Expressions of Poetry and the Impasse of Empire». Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies: Post-Imperial Camões, 2003, 9, pp. 79-94.
??Fi?. D?w?n-i ??fI?. Ed. P. Kh?nlar?. Tehran: Intish?r?t-i Sukhan, 1959.
HelGerson, Richard. Camoens, Haklyut, and the Voyages of Two Nations. In dirk, Nicholas (ed.). Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: U Michigan Press, 1992.
Horta, Paulo Lemos. «Mixing the East with the West: Cosmopolitan Philology in Richard Burton’s Translations from Camões». In akbari, Suzanne and Karla mallette. A Sea of Languages: Rethinking the Arab Role in Medieval Literary History. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, pp. 82-99.
Humboldt, Alexander Von. Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Trans. from the German by E. C. Otté. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1849.
Menocal, M. R. The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
Mickle, William Julius. The Lusiads or The Discovery of India: An Epic Poem. Oxford: Jackman and Lister,
1776.
Monteiro, George. «Leonard Bacon’s Camões: Five Years of Monomania». Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies: Post-Imperial Camões, 2003, 9, pp. 139-152.
Moretti, Franco. «Conjectures on World Literature». New Left Review, 2000, 1, pp. 55-67.
Murrin,Michael. «First Encounter: the Christian-Hindu Confusion When the Portuguese Reached India». Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies: Post-Imperial Camões. Dartmouth: University of
Massachusetts, 2003, 9, pp. 189-202.
Nicolopulos, James. The Poetics of Empire in the Indies: Prophecy and Imitation in La araucana and Os Lusiadas.
University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Pierce, Frank. «The Place of Mythology in the Lusiads». Comparative Literature, 1954, 6.2, pp. 97-122.
Purjav?d?, Na?r All?h. Zab?n-i ??l dar ‘irf?n va-adab?y?t-i P?rs?. Tehran: Intish?r?t-i Hirmis, 2007.
Quint, David. Epic and Empire: Politics and Generic Form from Virgil to Milton. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rajan, Balachandra. Under Western Eyes: India from Milton to Macaulay. Durham,
N. C.: Duke University Press, 1999. — Milton and the climates of reading: essays. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
Sims, James. «Camoens’ Lusiads and Milton’s Paradise Lost: Satan’s Voyage to Eden». In GriFFitH, Philip and Lester zimmerman (eds.). Papers on Milton. Tulsa: Universty of Tulsa Press, 1969, pp. 36-46. — «Christened Classicism in Paradise Lost and the Lusiads». Comparative Literature, 1972, 24.4, pp. 338-356.
Zenith, Richard (trans.). Sonnets and Other Poems. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009.
Horta, P. (2015). Camões como autor mundial: lecturas erróneas cosmopolitas. 1616: Anuario De Literatura Comparada, 3, 45–65. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.usal.es/dos/index.php/1616_Anuario_Literatura_Comp/article/view/12439
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