La participación política de mujeres en gobiernos seccionales: las prefectas provinciales en Ecuador 1979-2019
Resumen Este artículo plantea que las leyes de cuotas, orientadas a incidir en elecciones plurinominales, generan el fallo de mercado conocido como externalidad positiva sobre la presencia femenina en elecciones uninominales. Fundamentados en una base de datos inédita que registra los prefectos provinciales ecuatorianos entre 1979 y 2019 y recurriendo a modelos de regresión logísticos, constatamos que la hipótesis planteada se verifica empíricamente. Adicionalmente, demostramos que la designación de prefectas es más probable en áreas rurales.
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Aguirre, I. (2003). Participación política y social de mujeres indígenas: el caso de una lideresa tradicional. Cuicuilco, 10(27), 1-26.
Alexander, A., Bolzendahl, C. y Jalalzai, F. (2018). Measuring Women’s Political Empowerment across the Globe: Strategies, Challenges and Future Research. Palgrave Macmillan.
Areválo Jaramillo, I. (2017). Ambición o estrategia: estudio de carreras políticas regresivas en Ecuador, 1979-2008. Instituto de la Democracia.
Barnes, T. (2012). Gender and Legislative Preferences: Evidence from the Argentine Provinces. Politics and Gender, 8(4), 483-507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X12000505
Barnes, T. y Burchard, S. (2013). Engendering Politics: The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 46(7), 767-790. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463884
Barrera, D. y Aguirre, I. (2003). Participación de las mujeres en los gobiernos municipales de México. En B. Dalia y M. Alejandra (Eds.), Memoria del Primer Encuentro Nacional de Presidentas Municipales (pp. 48-71). Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres.
Basabe-Serrano, S. (2020). La subrepresentación de mujeres en gabinetes ministeriales: el caso ecuatoriano en perspectiva comparada, 1979-2015. Latin American Research Review, 55(1), 31-48.
Basabe-Serrano, S. (2021). La representación femenina en las legislaturas: el caso ecuatoriano. Corporación Participación Ciudadana y NDI Ecuador.
Basabe-Serrano, S. y Álava-Arteaga, N. (2022). Who They Are: Where They Come From and Where They Are Going: Professional Background and Political Ambition of Ecuadorian Women Legislators, 1979-2017. Journal of International Womens Studies. En prensa.
Bjarnegard, E. (2013). Gender, Informal Institutions and Political Recruitment: Examining Male Dominance in Parlamentary Representation. Palgrave Macmillan.
Borisyuk, G., Rallings, C. y Thrasher, M. (2017). Women in English Local Government 1973-2003: Getting Selected, Getting Elected. Contemporary Politics, 13(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770701562674
Campbell, D. y Wolbrecht, C. (2006). See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233-247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00402.x
Conroy, D. (2011). Gendering Local Government Amalgamations: An Australian Case Study. En B. Pini y P. McDonald (Eds.), Women and Representation in Local Governments: International Case Studies. (pp. 161-178). Routledge Research in comparative politics. Routledge, London; New York.
Došek, T., Freidenberg, F., Caminotti, M. y Munoz-Pogossian, B. (2017). Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95009-6
Erin, T. (2011). Do Women «Do Better» in Municipal Politics? Electoral Representation Across Three Levels of Government. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 44(3), 573-594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423911000503
Fernández, A. (2003). La política, la sociedad y las mujeres. Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres-UAM-Xochimilco.
Fischer, S., Dornbusch, R. y Schmalensee, R. (1997). Economía. McGraw Hill.
Fox, R. y Lawless, J. (2010). If Only They’d Ask: Gender, Recruitment and Political Ambition. Journal of Politics, 72(2), 310-326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609990752
Gidengil, E. y Vengroff, R. (1997). Representational Gains of Canadian Women or Token Growth. The Case of Quebec’s Municipal Politics. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 30(3), 513-537. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3232089
Gujarati, D. (2003). Econometría. MacGraw Hill.
Holli, A.-M. (2011). Transforming Local Politics? The Impact of Gender Quotas in Finland. En B. Pini y P. McDonald (Eds.), Women and Representation in Local Governments: International Case Studies (pp. 142-158). Routledge Research in comparative politics. Routledge.
Holman, M. (2017). Women in Local Government: What We Know and Where Go From Here? State and Local Government Review, 49(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X17732608
Htun, M. y Jones, M. (2002). Engendering the Right to Participate in Decision-making: Electoral Quotas and Women’s Leadership in Latin America. En C. Nokki y M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America. Women’s Studies at York Series (pp 32-56). Palgrave Macmillan.
Htun, M. y Piscopo, J. (2014). Women in Politics and Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. CPPF Working Papers on Women in Politics, 2. https://www.ssrc.org/publications/women-in-politics-and-policy-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. y Welzel, C. (2005). Exploring the Unknown: Predicting the Responses of Publics not yet Surveyed. International Review of Sociology, 15(1), 173-201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700500038611
Iversen, T. y Rosenbluth, F. (2008). Work and Power. The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Political Representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 479-495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.151342
Jones, M. (2008). Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence from the Latin America Vanguard. Comparative Political Studies, 42(1), 56-81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008324993
Kenworthy, L. y Malami, M. (1999). Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis. Social Forces, 78(1), 235-269. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3005796
Krook, M. L. y Restrepo Sanín, J. (2016). Violencia contra las mujeres en política. En defensa del concepto. Política y Gobierno, XXIII(2), 459-490.
Massolo, A. (1995). Participación femenina en el gobierno municipal. En A. Fernández (Ed.), Las mujeres en México al final del milênio (pp. 137-146). El Colegio de México.
Massolo, A. (1996). Mujeres en el espacio local y el gobierno seccional. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 58(3), 133-144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3540878
Massolo, A. (2003). Participación de las mujeres en los gobiernos locales de América Latina. En D. Barrera y A. Massolo (Eds.), Memoria del Primer Encuentro Nacional de Presidentas Municipales (pp. 28-48). Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres.
Massolo, A. (2006). Memoria del Primer Encuentro Nacional de Presidentas Municipales. Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones y Capacitación de las Naciones Unidas para la Promoción de la Mujer (INSTRAW).
Massolo, A. (2007). Participación política de las mujeres en el ámbito local en América Latina. Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones y Capacitación de las Naciones Unidas para la Promoción de la Mujer (INSTRAW).
Matland, R. (1998). Women’s Representation in National Legislatures. Developed and Developing Countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/440217
Meier, K. y Funk, M. (2017). Women and Public Administration in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments. Administration and Society, 49(1), 121-142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399715626201
Navarro, C. y Sanz, A. (2018). The Social Base and Career Development of Spanish Mayors. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 46(1), 21-48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.46.02
Norris, P. e Inglehart, R. (2001). Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation. Journal of Democracy, 12(3), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2001.0054
Paxton, P. (1997). Women in National Legislatures: A Cross National Analysis. Social Science Research, 26, 442-464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1997.0603
Pérez, L. (2018). Participación política de mujeres indígenas. Alteridades, 28(55), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcsh/alteridades/2018v28n55/perez
Pini, B. y McDonald, P. (2011). Women and Representation in Local Governments. Routledge Research in Comparative Politics. Routledge.
Ruiloba Núñez, J. M. (2014). Mujeres en el gobierno local: más allá de los números. Reflexión Política, 16(31), 54-63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29375/01240781.1976
Samuels, D. (2009). Ambition, Federalism and Legislative Politics in Brazil. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510366
Sanbonmatsu, K. (2002). Political Parties and the Recruitment of Women to State Legislatures. Journal of Politics, 64(3), 791-803. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00146
Sánchez-Muros, S. y Jiménez, M. (2013). Mujeres rurales y participación social: análisis del asociacionismo femenino en la provincia de Granada (España). Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, 10(72), 223-242.
Schwindt Bayer, L. (2010). Comparison and Integration: A Path toward a Comparative Politics of Gender. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 177-182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759270999274X
Smith, A., Reingold, B. y Owens, M. (2012). The Political Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation in Cities. Political Research Quarterly, 65(2), 315-329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910395327
Sotomayor, P. y Huertas-Hernández, S. (2021). El camino hacia los gabinetes ministeriales: un estudio de los factores que influyen en la designación de mujeres ministras en Ecuador y Colombia, 1978-2018. Colombia Internacional, 105, 29-55.
South Asia Partnership International. (2006). Violence against Women in Politics. Nepal Publishing House.
Stiglitz, J. y Rosengland, J. (1986). La economía del sector público. Antoni Bosch.
Studlar, D. y Matland, R. (1994). The Growth of Women’s Representation: The Canadian House of Commons and the Election of 1984. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 27(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423900006211
Sugarman, D. y Straus, M. (1988). Indicators of Gender Equality for American States and Regions. Social Indicators Research, 20(3), 229-270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302398
Sundström, A. y Stockemer, D. (2015). What determines women’s political representation at the local level? A fine-grained analysis of the European regions. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(1), 254-274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715215595691
Van Donk, M. (2011). Local Government: A Strategic Site of Struggle for Gender Equity. Agenda: Empowering Woman for Gender Equallity, 16(45), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2000.9675847
Vásquez García, V. (2010). Mujeres y gobiernos municipales en México. Gestión y Política Pública, 1, 111-154. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800064
Villarreal, A. y Muñoz, A. (2018). Participación política de mujeres en el ámbito local en Ecuador. ¿Qué explica las disparidades? Cuestiones Económicas, 28, 43-70.
Wolbrecht, C. y Campbell, D. (2007). Leading by Example: Female Members of Parliament as Political Role Models. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 921-939. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4620108?seq=1
Zetterberg, P. (2008). The Downside of Gender Quotas? Institutional Constraints on Women in Mexican State Legislatures. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442-460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn016.
Alexander, A., Bolzendahl, C. y Jalalzai, F. (2018). Measuring Women’s Political Empowerment across the Globe: Strategies, Challenges and Future Research. Palgrave Macmillan.
Areválo Jaramillo, I. (2017). Ambición o estrategia: estudio de carreras políticas regresivas en Ecuador, 1979-2008. Instituto de la Democracia.
Barnes, T. (2012). Gender and Legislative Preferences: Evidence from the Argentine Provinces. Politics and Gender, 8(4), 483-507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X12000505
Barnes, T. y Burchard, S. (2013). Engendering Politics: The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 46(7), 767-790. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463884
Barrera, D. y Aguirre, I. (2003). Participación de las mujeres en los gobiernos municipales de México. En B. Dalia y M. Alejandra (Eds.), Memoria del Primer Encuentro Nacional de Presidentas Municipales (pp. 48-71). Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres.
Basabe-Serrano, S. (2020). La subrepresentación de mujeres en gabinetes ministeriales: el caso ecuatoriano en perspectiva comparada, 1979-2015. Latin American Research Review, 55(1), 31-48.
Basabe-Serrano, S. (2021). La representación femenina en las legislaturas: el caso ecuatoriano. Corporación Participación Ciudadana y NDI Ecuador.
Basabe-Serrano, S. y Álava-Arteaga, N. (2022). Who They Are: Where They Come From and Where They Are Going: Professional Background and Political Ambition of Ecuadorian Women Legislators, 1979-2017. Journal of International Womens Studies. En prensa.
Bjarnegard, E. (2013). Gender, Informal Institutions and Political Recruitment: Examining Male Dominance in Parlamentary Representation. Palgrave Macmillan.
Borisyuk, G., Rallings, C. y Thrasher, M. (2017). Women in English Local Government 1973-2003: Getting Selected, Getting Elected. Contemporary Politics, 13(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770701562674
Campbell, D. y Wolbrecht, C. (2006). See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233-247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00402.x
Conroy, D. (2011). Gendering Local Government Amalgamations: An Australian Case Study. En B. Pini y P. McDonald (Eds.), Women and Representation in Local Governments: International Case Studies. (pp. 161-178). Routledge Research in comparative politics. Routledge, London; New York.
Došek, T., Freidenberg, F., Caminotti, M. y Munoz-Pogossian, B. (2017). Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95009-6
Erin, T. (2011). Do Women «Do Better» in Municipal Politics? Electoral Representation Across Three Levels of Government. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 44(3), 573-594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423911000503
Fernández, A. (2003). La política, la sociedad y las mujeres. Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres-UAM-Xochimilco.
Fischer, S., Dornbusch, R. y Schmalensee, R. (1997). Economía. McGraw Hill.
Fox, R. y Lawless, J. (2010). If Only They’d Ask: Gender, Recruitment and Political Ambition. Journal of Politics, 72(2), 310-326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609990752
Gidengil, E. y Vengroff, R. (1997). Representational Gains of Canadian Women or Token Growth. The Case of Quebec’s Municipal Politics. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 30(3), 513-537. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3232089
Gujarati, D. (2003). Econometría. MacGraw Hill.
Holli, A.-M. (2011). Transforming Local Politics? The Impact of Gender Quotas in Finland. En B. Pini y P. McDonald (Eds.), Women and Representation in Local Governments: International Case Studies (pp. 142-158). Routledge Research in comparative politics. Routledge.
Holman, M. (2017). Women in Local Government: What We Know and Where Go From Here? State and Local Government Review, 49(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X17732608
Htun, M. y Jones, M. (2002). Engendering the Right to Participate in Decision-making: Electoral Quotas and Women’s Leadership in Latin America. En C. Nokki y M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America. Women’s Studies at York Series (pp 32-56). Palgrave Macmillan.
Htun, M. y Piscopo, J. (2014). Women in Politics and Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. CPPF Working Papers on Women in Politics, 2. https://www.ssrc.org/publications/women-in-politics-and-policy-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. y Welzel, C. (2005). Exploring the Unknown: Predicting the Responses of Publics not yet Surveyed. International Review of Sociology, 15(1), 173-201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03906700500038611
Iversen, T. y Rosenbluth, F. (2008). Work and Power. The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Political Representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 479-495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.151342
Jones, M. (2008). Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence from the Latin America Vanguard. Comparative Political Studies, 42(1), 56-81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008324993
Kenworthy, L. y Malami, M. (1999). Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis. Social Forces, 78(1), 235-269. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3005796
Krook, M. L. y Restrepo Sanín, J. (2016). Violencia contra las mujeres en política. En defensa del concepto. Política y Gobierno, XXIII(2), 459-490.
Massolo, A. (1995). Participación femenina en el gobierno municipal. En A. Fernández (Ed.), Las mujeres en México al final del milênio (pp. 137-146). El Colegio de México.
Massolo, A. (1996). Mujeres en el espacio local y el gobierno seccional. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 58(3), 133-144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3540878
Massolo, A. (2003). Participación de las mujeres en los gobiernos locales de América Latina. En D. Barrera y A. Massolo (Eds.), Memoria del Primer Encuentro Nacional de Presidentas Municipales (pp. 28-48). Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres.
Massolo, A. (2006). Memoria del Primer Encuentro Nacional de Presidentas Municipales. Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones y Capacitación de las Naciones Unidas para la Promoción de la Mujer (INSTRAW).
Massolo, A. (2007). Participación política de las mujeres en el ámbito local en América Latina. Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones y Capacitación de las Naciones Unidas para la Promoción de la Mujer (INSTRAW).
Matland, R. (1998). Women’s Representation in National Legislatures. Developed and Developing Countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/440217
Meier, K. y Funk, M. (2017). Women and Public Administration in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments. Administration and Society, 49(1), 121-142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399715626201
Navarro, C. y Sanz, A. (2018). The Social Base and Career Development of Spanish Mayors. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 46(1), 21-48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.46.02
Norris, P. e Inglehart, R. (2001). Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation. Journal of Democracy, 12(3), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2001.0054
Paxton, P. (1997). Women in National Legislatures: A Cross National Analysis. Social Science Research, 26, 442-464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1997.0603
Pérez, L. (2018). Participación política de mujeres indígenas. Alteridades, 28(55), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcsh/alteridades/2018v28n55/perez
Pini, B. y McDonald, P. (2011). Women and Representation in Local Governments. Routledge Research in Comparative Politics. Routledge.
Ruiloba Núñez, J. M. (2014). Mujeres en el gobierno local: más allá de los números. Reflexión Política, 16(31), 54-63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29375/01240781.1976
Samuels, D. (2009). Ambition, Federalism and Legislative Politics in Brazil. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510366
Sanbonmatsu, K. (2002). Political Parties and the Recruitment of Women to State Legislatures. Journal of Politics, 64(3), 791-803. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00146
Sánchez-Muros, S. y Jiménez, M. (2013). Mujeres rurales y participación social: análisis del asociacionismo femenino en la provincia de Granada (España). Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, 10(72), 223-242.
Schwindt Bayer, L. (2010). Comparison and Integration: A Path toward a Comparative Politics of Gender. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 177-182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759270999274X
Smith, A., Reingold, B. y Owens, M. (2012). The Political Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation in Cities. Political Research Quarterly, 65(2), 315-329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910395327
Sotomayor, P. y Huertas-Hernández, S. (2021). El camino hacia los gabinetes ministeriales: un estudio de los factores que influyen en la designación de mujeres ministras en Ecuador y Colombia, 1978-2018. Colombia Internacional, 105, 29-55.
South Asia Partnership International. (2006). Violence against Women in Politics. Nepal Publishing House.
Stiglitz, J. y Rosengland, J. (1986). La economía del sector público. Antoni Bosch.
Studlar, D. y Matland, R. (1994). The Growth of Women’s Representation: The Canadian House of Commons and the Election of 1984. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 27(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423900006211
Sugarman, D. y Straus, M. (1988). Indicators of Gender Equality for American States and Regions. Social Indicators Research, 20(3), 229-270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302398
Sundström, A. y Stockemer, D. (2015). What determines women’s political representation at the local level? A fine-grained analysis of the European regions. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(1), 254-274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715215595691
Van Donk, M. (2011). Local Government: A Strategic Site of Struggle for Gender Equity. Agenda: Empowering Woman for Gender Equallity, 16(45), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2000.9675847
Vásquez García, V. (2010). Mujeres y gobiernos municipales en México. Gestión y Política Pública, 1, 111-154. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800064
Villarreal, A. y Muñoz, A. (2018). Participación política de mujeres en el ámbito local en Ecuador. ¿Qué explica las disparidades? Cuestiones Económicas, 28, 43-70.
Wolbrecht, C. y Campbell, D. (2007). Leading by Example: Female Members of Parliament as Political Role Models. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 921-939. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4620108?seq=1
Zetterberg, P. (2008). The Downside of Gender Quotas? Institutional Constraints on Women in Mexican State Legislatures. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442-460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn016.
Basabe Serrano, S., & Quinga, T. (2022). La participación política de mujeres en gobiernos seccionales: las prefectas provinciales en Ecuador 1979-2019. América Latina Hoy, 90, 23–40. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.25931
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