La dimensión transnacional de la izquierda armada
Resumen El artículo plantea una nueva perspectiva de análisis de la izquierda armada, situándola en el marco de una oleada global de movimientos antisistémicos surgida desde finales de la década de los cincuenta del pasado siglo. Adicionalmente, el trabajo contribuye a esclarecer algunos de los mecanismos de interacción transnacional característicos de este conjunto de movimientos y analiza algunos de los rasgos básicos de su proceso de desarrollo. En conjunto, el artículo constituye un primer paso en la construcción de una perspectiva global del surgimiento, desarrollo y desaparición de la izquierda armada.
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Alexander, Yonah y Pluchinski, Dennis A. Europe's Red Terrorists. The Fighting Communist Organizations. London: Frank Cass, 1992.
Artaraz, Kepa. El ejercicio de pensar: The Rise and Fall of Pensamiento Crítico. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2005, vol. 24 (3): 348-366. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00139.x
Artaraz, Kepa. Cuba and Western Intellectuals since 1959. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2009. - https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230618299
Aust, Stefan. Baader-Meinhof. The Inside Story of the r.a.f. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Bauer, Karin. From Protest to Resistance. Ulrike Meinhof and the Transatlantic Movement of Ideas. En Davis, Belinda; Mausbach, Wilfried; Klimke, Martin y Macdougall, Carla (eds.). Changing the World Changing Oneself. Political Protest and Collective Identities in West Germany and the u.s. in the 1960s and 1970s. New York: Berghahn Books, 2010: 171-188.
Bauman, Michael, «Bommi». Tupamaros Berlin-Ouest ou Comment tout a comencé. Les Presses d'aujourd'hui, 1976.
Bidegain, Eneko. Iparretarrak. Historia de una Organización Política Armada. Tafalla: Txalaparta, 2011.
Bloom, Joshua E. y Martin, Waldo E. Blacks against Empire The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
Bowyer Bell, J. The ira 1968-2000. Analysis of a Secret Army. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
Burrough, Bryan. Days of Rage. America's Radical Underground, the fbi, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence. New York: Penguin Press, 2015.
Calvo, Patricia. La Sierra Maestra en las rotativas: el papel de la dimensión pública en la etapa insurreccional cubana (1953-1958). Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2014.
Chamberlin, Paul Thomas. The Global Offensive. The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Making of the Post-Cold War Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Childs, Matt D. A Historical Critique of the Emergence and Evolution of Ernesto Che Guevara's Foco Theory. Journal of Latin American Studies, 1995, vol. 27 (3): 593-624. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X00011627
Clifford, Rebecca y Townson, Nigel. The Church in Crisis. Catholic Activism and «1968». Cultural and Social History, 2011, vol. 8 (4): 529-548. - https://doi.org/10.2752/147800411X13105523597896
Cubert, Harold M. The fplp's Changing Role in the Middle East. London y New York: Routledge, 1997.
Dartnell, Michael Y. Action Directe. Ultra-Left Terrorism in France, 1979-1987. London y New York: Routledge, 1995.
Debray, Regis. ¿Revolución en la Revolución? La Habana: Casa de las Américas, 1967.
Della Porta, Donatella. Social Movements, Political Violence and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527555
Della Porta, Donatella. Research on Social Movements and Political Violence. Qualitative Sociology, 2008, vol. 31: 221-230. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-008-9109-x
Della Porta, Donatella y Tarrow, Sidney. Unwanted children: Political violence and the cycle of protest in Italy, 1966-1973. European Journal of Political Research, 1986, vol. 14 (5-6): 607-632. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1986.tb00852.x
Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions. Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Gómez Parra, Rafael. grapo. Los hijos de Mao. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1991.
Gosse, Van. A Movement of Movements: The Definition and Periodization of the New Left. En Agnew, Jean-Christophe y Rosenzweig, Roy (eds.). A Companion to Post-1945 America. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008: 277-302.
Gott, Richard. Guerrilla movements in Latin America. Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2008.
Gould, Jeff. Solidarity Under Siege: The Latin America Left, 1968. The American Historical Review, 2009, vol. 114 (2): 348-375. - https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.2.348
Hanley, Brian y Millar, Scott. The Lost Revolution. The Story of the Official ira and the Workers' Party. Dublin: Penguin, 2009.
Harmer, Tanya. Two, three, many revolutions: Cuba and the prospects for revolutionary change in Latin America, 1967-1975. Journal of Latin American Studies, 2013, vol. 45: 61-89. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X1200123X
Horn, Gerd Rainer. The Spirit of '68. Rebellion in Western Europe and North America, 1956-1976. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Karmon, Ely. Coalitions Between Terrorists Organizations: Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamists. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2005.
Katsiaficas, George. The Imagination of the New Left. A Global Analysis of 1968. Boston: South End Press, 1987.
Klimke, Martin. The Other Alliance. Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Kruijt, Dirk. The Cuban Connection: The Departamento América and the Latin American Revolutions. En Martín Álvarez, Alberto y Rey Tristán, Eduardo (eds.). Revolutionary Violence and the New Left. Transnational Perspectives. London y New York: Routledge, 2016: 67-89. - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645223-3
Marchesi, Aldo. Latin America's Radical Left. Rebellion and Cold War in the Global 1960's. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822968
Marini, Ruy. El Maestro en Rojo y Negro. Textos Recuperados. Quito: iaen, 2012.
Markarian, Vania. Uruguay, 1968. Student Activism from Global Counterculture to Molotov Cocktails. Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.
Martin, William G. Making Waves. Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005. London y New York: Routledge, 2008.
Meisksins Wood, Ellen. A chronology of the New Left and its successors, or: who is old-fashioned now? The Socialist Register, 1995, vol. 31: 22-49.
Oikión, Verónica; Rey Tristán, Eduardo y López Ávalos, Martín. El estudio de las luchas revolucionarias en América Latina (1959-1996). Estado de la Cuestión. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela/El Colegio de Michoacán, 2014.
Orsini, Alessandro. Anatomy of the Red Brigades. The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists. Ithaca y London: Cornell University Press, 2009.
Pereyra, Daniel. Del Moncada a Chiapas. Historia de la lucha armada en América Latina. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata, 1994.
Rapoport, David C. Modern Terror: The Four Waves. En Cronin, Audrey Kurth y Ludes, James M. (eds.). Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Washington d.c.: Georgetown University Press, 2004: 46-73.
Reinares, Fernando. Patriotas de la Muerte. Quiénes han militado en eta y por qué. Madrid: Taurus, 2001.
Ross, Kristin. May '68 and Its Afterlives. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. - https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226728001.001.0001
Sánchez Cuenca, Ignacio y Aguilar, Paloma. Terrorist violence and popular mobilization: the case of the Spanish transition to democracy. Politics and Society, 2009, vol. 37 (3): 428-453. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329209338927
Scott Brown, Timothy. West Germany and the Global Sixties. The Antiauthoritarian Revolt, 1962-1978. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139136839
Slobodian, Quinn. Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012. - https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395041
Steinhoff, Patricia G. Transnational Ties of the Japanese Armed Left: Shared Revolutionary Ideas and Direct Personal Contacts. En Martín Álvarez, Alberto y Rey Tristán, Eduardo (eds.). Revolutionary Violence and the New Left. Transnational Perspectives. London y New York: Routledge, 2016: 163-183. - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645223-8
Therborn, Goran. La ideología del poder y el poder de la ideología. México: Siglo xxi, 1987.
Tilly, Charles. Repertorios de acción contestataria en Gran Breta-a: 1758-1834. En Traugott, Mark (ed.). Protesta Social. Barcelona: Hacer Editorial, 2002: 1-17.
Varon, Jeremy. Bringing the War Home. The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America. A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Zolov, Eric. Expanding our Conceptual Horizons: The Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America. A Contracorriente. A Journal on Social History and Literature in Latin America, 2008, vol. 5 (2): 47-73.
Zwerman, Gilda; Steinhoff, Patricia y Della Porta, Donatella. Disappearing Social Movements: Cladestinity in the Cycle of New Left Protest in the us, Japan, Germany, and Italy. Mobilization: An International Journal, 2000, vol. 5 (1): 85-104.
Artaraz, Kepa. El ejercicio de pensar: The Rise and Fall of Pensamiento Crítico. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2005, vol. 24 (3): 348-366. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00139.x
Artaraz, Kepa. Cuba and Western Intellectuals since 1959. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2009. - https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230618299
Aust, Stefan. Baader-Meinhof. The Inside Story of the r.a.f. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Bauer, Karin. From Protest to Resistance. Ulrike Meinhof and the Transatlantic Movement of Ideas. En Davis, Belinda; Mausbach, Wilfried; Klimke, Martin y Macdougall, Carla (eds.). Changing the World Changing Oneself. Political Protest and Collective Identities in West Germany and the u.s. in the 1960s and 1970s. New York: Berghahn Books, 2010: 171-188.
Bauman, Michael, «Bommi». Tupamaros Berlin-Ouest ou Comment tout a comencé. Les Presses d'aujourd'hui, 1976.
Bidegain, Eneko. Iparretarrak. Historia de una Organización Política Armada. Tafalla: Txalaparta, 2011.
Bloom, Joshua E. y Martin, Waldo E. Blacks against Empire The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
Bowyer Bell, J. The ira 1968-2000. Analysis of a Secret Army. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
Burrough, Bryan. Days of Rage. America's Radical Underground, the fbi, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence. New York: Penguin Press, 2015.
Calvo, Patricia. La Sierra Maestra en las rotativas: el papel de la dimensión pública en la etapa insurreccional cubana (1953-1958). Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2014.
Chamberlin, Paul Thomas. The Global Offensive. The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Making of the Post-Cold War Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Childs, Matt D. A Historical Critique of the Emergence and Evolution of Ernesto Che Guevara's Foco Theory. Journal of Latin American Studies, 1995, vol. 27 (3): 593-624. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X00011627
Clifford, Rebecca y Townson, Nigel. The Church in Crisis. Catholic Activism and «1968». Cultural and Social History, 2011, vol. 8 (4): 529-548. - https://doi.org/10.2752/147800411X13105523597896
Cubert, Harold M. The fplp's Changing Role in the Middle East. London y New York: Routledge, 1997.
Dartnell, Michael Y. Action Directe. Ultra-Left Terrorism in France, 1979-1987. London y New York: Routledge, 1995.
Debray, Regis. ¿Revolución en la Revolución? La Habana: Casa de las Américas, 1967.
Della Porta, Donatella. Social Movements, Political Violence and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527555
Della Porta, Donatella. Research on Social Movements and Political Violence. Qualitative Sociology, 2008, vol. 31: 221-230. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-008-9109-x
Della Porta, Donatella y Tarrow, Sidney. Unwanted children: Political violence and the cycle of protest in Italy, 1966-1973. European Journal of Political Research, 1986, vol. 14 (5-6): 607-632. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1986.tb00852.x
Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions. Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Gómez Parra, Rafael. grapo. Los hijos de Mao. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1991.
Gosse, Van. A Movement of Movements: The Definition and Periodization of the New Left. En Agnew, Jean-Christophe y Rosenzweig, Roy (eds.). A Companion to Post-1945 America. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008: 277-302.
Gott, Richard. Guerrilla movements in Latin America. Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2008.
Gould, Jeff. Solidarity Under Siege: The Latin America Left, 1968. The American Historical Review, 2009, vol. 114 (2): 348-375. - https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.2.348
Hanley, Brian y Millar, Scott. The Lost Revolution. The Story of the Official ira and the Workers' Party. Dublin: Penguin, 2009.
Harmer, Tanya. Two, three, many revolutions: Cuba and the prospects for revolutionary change in Latin America, 1967-1975. Journal of Latin American Studies, 2013, vol. 45: 61-89. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X1200123X
Horn, Gerd Rainer. The Spirit of '68. Rebellion in Western Europe and North America, 1956-1976. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Karmon, Ely. Coalitions Between Terrorists Organizations: Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamists. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2005.
Katsiaficas, George. The Imagination of the New Left. A Global Analysis of 1968. Boston: South End Press, 1987.
Klimke, Martin. The Other Alliance. Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Kruijt, Dirk. The Cuban Connection: The Departamento América and the Latin American Revolutions. En Martín Álvarez, Alberto y Rey Tristán, Eduardo (eds.). Revolutionary Violence and the New Left. Transnational Perspectives. London y New York: Routledge, 2016: 67-89. - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645223-3
Marchesi, Aldo. Latin America's Radical Left. Rebellion and Cold War in the Global 1960's. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822968
Marini, Ruy. El Maestro en Rojo y Negro. Textos Recuperados. Quito: iaen, 2012.
Markarian, Vania. Uruguay, 1968. Student Activism from Global Counterculture to Molotov Cocktails. Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.
Martin, William G. Making Waves. Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005. London y New York: Routledge, 2008.
Meisksins Wood, Ellen. A chronology of the New Left and its successors, or: who is old-fashioned now? The Socialist Register, 1995, vol. 31: 22-49.
Oikión, Verónica; Rey Tristán, Eduardo y López Ávalos, Martín. El estudio de las luchas revolucionarias en América Latina (1959-1996). Estado de la Cuestión. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela/El Colegio de Michoacán, 2014.
Orsini, Alessandro. Anatomy of the Red Brigades. The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists. Ithaca y London: Cornell University Press, 2009.
Pereyra, Daniel. Del Moncada a Chiapas. Historia de la lucha armada en América Latina. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata, 1994.
Rapoport, David C. Modern Terror: The Four Waves. En Cronin, Audrey Kurth y Ludes, James M. (eds.). Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Washington d.c.: Georgetown University Press, 2004: 46-73.
Reinares, Fernando. Patriotas de la Muerte. Quiénes han militado en eta y por qué. Madrid: Taurus, 2001.
Ross, Kristin. May '68 and Its Afterlives. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. - https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226728001.001.0001
Sánchez Cuenca, Ignacio y Aguilar, Paloma. Terrorist violence and popular mobilization: the case of the Spanish transition to democracy. Politics and Society, 2009, vol. 37 (3): 428-453. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329209338927
Scott Brown, Timothy. West Germany and the Global Sixties. The Antiauthoritarian Revolt, 1962-1978. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139136839
Slobodian, Quinn. Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012. - https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395041
Steinhoff, Patricia G. Transnational Ties of the Japanese Armed Left: Shared Revolutionary Ideas and Direct Personal Contacts. En Martín Álvarez, Alberto y Rey Tristán, Eduardo (eds.). Revolutionary Violence and the New Left. Transnational Perspectives. London y New York: Routledge, 2016: 163-183. - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645223-8
Therborn, Goran. La ideología del poder y el poder de la ideología. México: Siglo xxi, 1987.
Tilly, Charles. Repertorios de acción contestataria en Gran Breta-a: 1758-1834. En Traugott, Mark (ed.). Protesta Social. Barcelona: Hacer Editorial, 2002: 1-17.
Varon, Jeremy. Bringing the War Home. The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America. A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Zolov, Eric. Expanding our Conceptual Horizons: The Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America. A Contracorriente. A Journal on Social History and Literature in Latin America, 2008, vol. 5 (2): 47-73.
Zwerman, Gilda; Steinhoff, Patricia y Della Porta, Donatella. Disappearing Social Movements: Cladestinity in the Cycle of New Left Protest in the us, Japan, Germany, and Italy. Mobilization: An International Journal, 2000, vol. 5 (1): 85-104.
Martín Álvarez, A., & Rey Tristán, E. (2018). La dimensión transnacional de la izquierda armada. América Latina Hoy, 80, 9–28. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh201880928
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