Propuestas para elevar los deficientes niveles académicos masculinos
Resumen La formación académica de la población condiciona la situación social, política y económica de un país. Por este motivo, los bajos rendimientos académicos de los varones hacen sonar todas las alarmas. Diversos estudiosos han abordado esta problemática. No obstante, su persistencia hacen necesaria la continua investigación para lograr solucionarla. El presente trabajo aborda este tema, planteando posibles soluciones. La metodología elegida para este cometido es descriptivo-explicativa, dado que permite resumir la precaria situación académica de los varones y, al mismo tiempo, profundizar en las causas de tales desigualdades, finalizando con propuestas tangibles para revertir esta tendencia. Se han encontrado cuatro principales causas responsables de entorpecer el éxito académico masculino. Las dos primeras están relacionadas con la falta de sensibilidad que los sistemas educativos manifiestan con las singularidades biológicas de ambos sexos. Estas disparidades afectan directamente el aprendizaje en el aula, dificultando el seguimiento de la instrucción por la totalidad del alumnado al no adaptarse a las necesidades individuales. Por otra parte, así como los animales poseen la mayoría de conocimientos para sobrevivir en sus genes, los humanos deben aprender casi todo a través de la imitación, de la reflexión y del estudio. Las dos últimas causas de los bajos rendimientos masculinos son la ausencia de la figura del padre en familias monoparentales o desestructuradas, con gravísimas consecuencias para los hijos varones, y la carencia de referentes masculinos en la escuela, lo que dejan a demasiados alumnos varones en un estado de gran vulnerabilidad, al no poder aprender imitando o al tener que buscar tales referentes en lugares poco idóneos. Por este motivo, el sistema educativo actual expulsa a un elevado número de individuos, haciendo necesaria una reevaluación del mismo que solucione las problemáticas aquí descritas.
- Referencias
- Cómo citar
- Del mismo autor
- Métricas
Alexander, G. M. (2014). Postnatal Testosterone Concentrations and Male Social Development. Front Endocrinol, 5, 15. - https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00015
Autor, D.; Figlio, D.; Karbownik, K.; Roth, J. y Wasserman, M. (2016). Family Disadvantage and the Gender Gap in Behavioral and Educational Outcomes. nber, 22267. - https://doi.org/10.3386/w22267
Belsky, J.; Booth-LaForce, C.; Bradley, R.; Brownell, C. A.; Burchinal, M. y Campbell, S. B. et al. (2008). Mothers' and fathers' support for child autonomy and early school achievement. Developmental Psychology, 44 (4), 895-907. - https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.895
Berenbaum, S. A.; Bryk, K. L. y Beltz, A. M. (2012). Early androgen effects on spatial and mechanical abilities: evidence from congenital adrenal hiperplasia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 126 (1), 86-96. - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026652
Bertrand, M. y Pan, J. (2011). The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior. nber, 17541. - https://doi.org/10.3386/w17541
Blanden, J. (2006). «Bucking the trend»: What enables those who are disadvantaged in childhood to succeed later in life? Department for Work and Pensions, Working Paper, 31. Descargado el 28 de enero de 2018. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/7729/1/WP31.pdf.
Burman, D. D.; Bitan, T. y Booth, J. R. (2008). Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children. Neuropsychologia, 46 (5), 1349-1362. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.021
Cahill, L. (2005). His Brain, her Brain. Scientific American, 292 (5), 40-47. - https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0505-40
Cantón Duarte, J.; Corte?s Arboleda, M. R. y Justicia Di?az, M. D. (2002). Las consecuencias del divorcio en los hijos. Psicopatologi?a Cli?nica, Legal y Forense, 2 (3), 47-66.
Carrel, L. y Willard, H. F. (2005). X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature, 434, 400-404. - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03479
Case, A. y Deaton, A. (2017). Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity. - https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2017.0005
Casquero Toma?s, A. y Navarro Go?mez, M. L. (2010). Determinantes del abandono escolar temprano en Espan?a: un ana?lisis. Revista de Educacio?n, nu?mero extraordinario 2010, 191-223. Descargado el 13 de febrero de 2018. http://www.ugr.es/~fjjrios/pce/media/4e-Re2010_08Genero.pdf.
Connellan, J.; Baron-Cohen, S.; Wheelwright, S.; Batki, A. y Ahluwalia, J. (2000). Sex differences in human neonatal social perception. Infant Behavior & Development, 23 (1), 113-118. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(00)00032-1
Cornwell, C. M.; Mustard, D. B. y Van Parys, J. (2011). Non-Cognitive Skills and the Gender Disparities in Test Scores and Teacher Assesments: Evidence from Primary School. iza, 5973. Descargado el 26 de enero de 2018. https://d-nb.info/1015948006/34.
Choi de Mendizábal, A. y Calero Martínez, J. (2013). Determinantes del riesgo de fracaso escolar en Espa-a en pisa-2009 y propuestas de reforma. Revista de Educación, 362, 562-593.
Dee, T. (2005). Teachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement. nber, 11660. - https://doi.org/10.3386/w11660
Eliot, L. (2013). Single-sex education and the brain. Sex Roles, 69 (7-8). - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0037-y
Eurostat (2016). Women teachers largely over-represented in primary education in the eu. No. 189/2016. Descargado el 19 de enero de 2018. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7672738/3-04102016-BP-EN.pdf/9f0d2d04-211a-487d-87c3-0a5f7d6b22c.
Gershoni, M. y Pietrokovski, S. (2017). The landscape of sex-differential transcriptome and its consequent selection in human adults. bmc Biology, 15. - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0352-z
Gil-Verona, J. A.; Macías, J. A.; Pastor, J. F.; De Paz F.; Barbosa, M.; y Maniega, M. A. et al. (2003). Diferencias sexuales en el sistema nervioso humano. Una revisión desde el punto de vista psiconeurobiológico. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3 (2), 351-361.
Goldin, C. (1998). America's Graduation from High School: The Evolution and Spread of secondary schooling in the twentieth century. Journal of Economic History, 58 (2), 345-374. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700020544
Goldin, C. y Katz, L. F. (2008). The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Goldin, C.; Katz, L. F. y Kuziemko, I. (2006). The homecomming of American College Woman: the Reversal of the college gap. Journal of economic perspectives, 20 (4), 133-156. - https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.133
Gurian, M. (2011). Boys and girls learn differently 2011. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hällgren, C.; Dunkels, E. y Frånberg, G. M. (2015). Invisible Boys. Exploring the making of boys. Umeå: Print & Media, Umeå University.?
Halpern, D. F.; Benbow, C. P.; Geary, D. C.; Gur, R. C.; Hyde, J. S. y Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007). The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 8 (1), 1-51. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x
Ingalhalikar, M.; Smith, A.; Parker, D.; Satterthwaite, T. D.; Elliott, M. A.; y Ruparel, K. et al. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. pnas, 111 (2), 823-828. - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316909110
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2017). Educación. 3.10. Mujeres en el profesorado por ense-anza que imparten. Descargado el 23 de enero de 2018. 3_10_Mujeres_en_el_p. pdf.
Jackson, C. (2002). Can Single-sex Classes in Co-educational Schools Enhance the Learning Experiences of Girls and/or Boys? An Exploration of Pupils' Perceptions. British Educational Research Journal, 28 (1), 37-48. - https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920120109739
Jeynes, W. H. (2015). A Meta-Analysis: The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Student Academic. Urban Education, 50 (4), 387-423. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085914525789
Jordan-Young, R. y Rumiati, R. I. (2011). Hardwired for Sexism? Approaches to Sex/Gender in Neuroscience. Neuroethics, 5 (3). - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-011-9134-4
Keller, G. (2013). Pink, Brain, Blue Brain. Descargado el 25 de enero de 2018. http://eduexcel.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/PINK-BRAIN-BLUE-BRAIN- 11- page-summary.pdf.
Kleinfeld, J. (2009). The State of American Boyhood. Gender Issues, 26, 113-129. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-009-9074-z
Lenroot, R. K.; Gogtay, N.; Greenstein, D. K.; Molloy Wells, E.; Wallace, G. L.; y Clasen, L. S. et al. (2007). Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. Neuroimage, 36 (4), 1065-1073. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053
Levy-Shiff, R.; Hoffman, M. A.; Mogilner, S.; Levinger, S. y Mogilner, M. B. (1990). Fathers' hospital visits to their preterm infants as a predictor of father-infant relationship and infant development. Pediatrics, 86 (2), 289-293.
Lim, J. y Meer, J. (2015). The Impact of Teacher-Student gender matches: Random Assignment Evidence from South Korea. nber, 21407. Descargado el 9 de enero de 2018. http://www.nber.org/papers/w21407.pdf.
Lutchmaya, S. y Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). Human sex differences in social and non- social looking preferences, at 12 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 25 (3), 319-325. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00095-4
Lutchmaya, S.; Baron-Cohen, S. y Raggatt, P. (2002). Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12- month-old human infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 25 (3), 327-335. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00094-2
MacNell, L.; Driscoll, A. y Hunt, A. N. (2015). What's in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 40 (4), 291-303. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-014-9313-4
Madigan, J. C. (2009). The education of women and girls in the United States: A historical perspective. Advances in Gender and Education, 11-13.
Marlin, B. J.; Mitre, M.; D'Amour, J. A.; Chao M. V.; y Froemke, R. (2015). Oxytocin enables maternal behaviour by balancing cortical inhibition. Nature, 520, 499-504. - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14402
Martínes, I. y Arsuaga, J. L. (2002). Amalur: Del átomo a la mente. Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy.
Mitchell, C.; McLanahan, S.; Hobcraft, J.; Brooks-Gunn, J.; Garfinkel, I. y Notterman, D. (2015). Family Structure Instability, Genetic Sensitivity and Child Wellbeing. American Journal of Sociology, 120 (4), 1195-1225. - https://doi.org/10.1086/680681
Mitchell, C.; McLanahan, S.; Schneper, L.; Brooks-Gunn, J.; Garfinkel, I. y Notterman, D. (2017). Father Loss and Child Telomere Length. Pediatrics, 140 (2). - https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3245
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (2017). Sistema estatal de indicadores de la educacion 2017. Descargado el 17 de enero de 2018. https://www.mecd.gob.es/dms/mecd/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/educacion/indicadores-publicaciones-sintesis/sistema-estatal- indicadores/SEIE_2017.pdf.
Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. cide (1992). Las Desigualdades en la Educación en Espa-a. Descargado el 25 de enero de 2018. https://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/stmaria/jmurillo/documentos/Desigualdades.pdf.
Myhill y Jones (2006). She doesn't shout at no girls': pupils' perceptions of gender equity in the classroom. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36 (1), 99-113. - https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640500491054
National Center for Education Statistics nces. (2016). Digest of education 2016. Tabla. 219.40. Descargado el 11 de enero de 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_219.40.asp.
National Human Genome Research Institute (2015). Facts about the X Chromosome that all mothers – all females –carry! Descargado el 18 de enero de 2018. https://www.genome.gov/27561568/facts-about-the-x-chromosome/.
National Human Genome Research Institute (2007). A Guide to your Genome. Descargado el 17 de enero de 2018. https://www.genome.gov/pages/education/allaboutthehumangenomeproject/guideto yourgen ome07_vs2.pdf.
Nettle, D. (2008). Why do some dads get more involved than others? Evidence from a large British cohort. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29 (6), 416-423. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.06.002
Niederle, M. y Vesterlund, L. (2010). Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24 (2), 129-144. - https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.129
Norfleet James, A. (2015). Teaching the male brain. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Norfleet, J. A. y Richards, H. C. (2003). Escaping stereotypes: Educational attitudes of male alumni of single-sex and coed schools. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4 (2), 136-148. - https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.2.136
Ouazad, A. y Page, L. (2013) Students' Perceptions of Teacher Biases: Experimental economic in school. Journal of Public Economics, 105, 116-130. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.002
Özçali?kan, S. y Goldin-Meadow, S. (2010). Sex differences in language first appear in Gesture. Developmental science, 13 (5). - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00933.x
Page, D. C. (2013). Why sex really matters. tedxBecaonStreet. Consultado el 27 de febrero de 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQcgD5DpVlQ.
Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the Father-Child Relationship: Mechanisms and Developmental Outcomes. Human Development, 47, 193-219. - https://doi.org/10.1159/000078723
Pedersen, F. A.; Rubenstein, J. L. y Yarrow, L. J. (1979) Infant Development in Father-Absent Families. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135, 51-61. - https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1979.10533416
Piechura-Couture, K.; Heins, E. y Tichenor, M. (2013). The Boy Factor: Can Single- Gender Classes Reduce the Over-Representation of Boys in Special Education? College Student Journal, 47 (2), 235-243.
Pontius, J. U.; Mulikin, J. C. y Smith, D. R. (2007). Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome. Genome Research, 17 (11), 1675-1689. - https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.6380007
Porposal for a White House Council on boys and men (2014). Descargado el 21 de febrero de 2018. http://whitehouseboysmen.org/the-proposal/the-education-of-our-sons.
Qureshi, M. S. y Ahmad, A. (2014). Effects of Father Absence on Children's Academic Performance. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 3 (1), 1-6.
Robinson, J. P.; Lubienski, S. T. y Copur, Y. (2011). The Effects of Teachers' Gender- Stereotypical Expectations on the Development of the Math Gender Gap. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness. Fall.
Ross, M. T.; Grafham, D. V.; Coffey, A. J.; Scherer, S.; Mclay, K.; y Muzny, D. et al. (2005). The dna sequence of the human x chromosome. Nature, 434, 325-337. - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03440
Rodríguez, M. A.; Del Barrio, M. V. y Carrasco, M. A. (2013). Agresión física y verbal en hijos de familias monoparentales divorciadas y biparentales: El efecto moderador del sexo de los hijos. Revista de Psicopatologi?a y Psicologi?a Cli?nica, 18 (2), 119-127.
Ruigrok, A. N. V.; Salimi-Khorshidi, G.; Lai, M. C.; Baron-Cohen, S.; Lombardo, M. V. y Tait et al. (2014). A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 39, 34-50. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004
Sabatini, R. (2016). How to read the genome and build a human being. ted2016. Descargado el 7 de febrero de 2018. https://www.ted.com/talks/riccardo_sabatini_how_to_read_the_genome_and_build_a_h uman_being#t-225365.
Sax, L. (2005). Why gender matters: What parents and teachers need to know about the emerging science of sex differences. New York: Doubleday.
Sánchez-Serrano, I. (2017). Gender-Specific Medicine's Imminent Coming of Age. Gender and the Genome, 1 (4). - https://doi.org/10.1089/gg.2017.0020
Schlaepfer, T. E.; Harris, G. J.; Tien, A. Y.; Peng, L.; Lee, S. y Pearlson, G. D. (1995). Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy female and male subjects: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Phychiatric research, 61 (3), 129-135. - https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4927(95)02634-A
Smith, D. A. y Jarjoura, G. R. (1988). Social Structure and Criminal Victimization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 25 (1), 27-52. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427888025001003
Stetson University. Single-Gender Education: A Handbook for Teachers and Principals. Descargado el 20 de febrero de 2018. http://www.stetson.edu/artsci/education/hollis-institute/media/GenderManualFInaL[1].pdf.
Todd, B. K.; Barry, J. A. y Thommessen, S. A. O. (2016). Preferences for 'Gender-typed' Toys in Boys and Girls Aged 9 to?32 Months. Infant and Child Development, 26 (3). - https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1986
Tunç, B.; Solmaz, B.; Parker, D.; Satterthwaite, T. D.; Elliott, M. A.; y Calkins, M. E. et al. (2016). Establishing a link between sex-related differences in the structural connectome and behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371 (1688).
U. S. Census Bureau Reports (2016). The Majority of Children Live With Two Parents. CB16-192. Descargado el 5 de febrero de 2018. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press- releases/2016/cb16-192.html.
Varki, A. y Altheide, T. K. (2015). Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: Searching for needles in a haystack. Genome Research, 15 (2), 1746-1758.
Yogman, M. W.; Kindlon, D. y Earls, F. (1995). Father involvement and cognitive/behavioral outcomes of preterm infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34 (1), 58-66. - https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199501000-00015
Autor, D.; Figlio, D.; Karbownik, K.; Roth, J. y Wasserman, M. (2016). Family Disadvantage and the Gender Gap in Behavioral and Educational Outcomes. nber, 22267. - https://doi.org/10.3386/w22267
Belsky, J.; Booth-LaForce, C.; Bradley, R.; Brownell, C. A.; Burchinal, M. y Campbell, S. B. et al. (2008). Mothers' and fathers' support for child autonomy and early school achievement. Developmental Psychology, 44 (4), 895-907. - https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.895
Berenbaum, S. A.; Bryk, K. L. y Beltz, A. M. (2012). Early androgen effects on spatial and mechanical abilities: evidence from congenital adrenal hiperplasia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 126 (1), 86-96. - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026652
Bertrand, M. y Pan, J. (2011). The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior. nber, 17541. - https://doi.org/10.3386/w17541
Blanden, J. (2006). «Bucking the trend»: What enables those who are disadvantaged in childhood to succeed later in life? Department for Work and Pensions, Working Paper, 31. Descargado el 28 de enero de 2018. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/7729/1/WP31.pdf.
Burman, D. D.; Bitan, T. y Booth, J. R. (2008). Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children. Neuropsychologia, 46 (5), 1349-1362. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.021
Cahill, L. (2005). His Brain, her Brain. Scientific American, 292 (5), 40-47. - https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0505-40
Cantón Duarte, J.; Corte?s Arboleda, M. R. y Justicia Di?az, M. D. (2002). Las consecuencias del divorcio en los hijos. Psicopatologi?a Cli?nica, Legal y Forense, 2 (3), 47-66.
Carrel, L. y Willard, H. F. (2005). X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature, 434, 400-404. - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03479
Case, A. y Deaton, A. (2017). Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity. - https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2017.0005
Casquero Toma?s, A. y Navarro Go?mez, M. L. (2010). Determinantes del abandono escolar temprano en Espan?a: un ana?lisis. Revista de Educacio?n, nu?mero extraordinario 2010, 191-223. Descargado el 13 de febrero de 2018. http://www.ugr.es/~fjjrios/pce/media/4e-Re2010_08Genero.pdf.
Connellan, J.; Baron-Cohen, S.; Wheelwright, S.; Batki, A. y Ahluwalia, J. (2000). Sex differences in human neonatal social perception. Infant Behavior & Development, 23 (1), 113-118. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(00)00032-1
Cornwell, C. M.; Mustard, D. B. y Van Parys, J. (2011). Non-Cognitive Skills and the Gender Disparities in Test Scores and Teacher Assesments: Evidence from Primary School. iza, 5973. Descargado el 26 de enero de 2018. https://d-nb.info/1015948006/34.
Choi de Mendizábal, A. y Calero Martínez, J. (2013). Determinantes del riesgo de fracaso escolar en Espa-a en pisa-2009 y propuestas de reforma. Revista de Educación, 362, 562-593.
Dee, T. (2005). Teachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement. nber, 11660. - https://doi.org/10.3386/w11660
Eliot, L. (2013). Single-sex education and the brain. Sex Roles, 69 (7-8). - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0037-y
Eurostat (2016). Women teachers largely over-represented in primary education in the eu. No. 189/2016. Descargado el 19 de enero de 2018. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7672738/3-04102016-BP-EN.pdf/9f0d2d04-211a-487d-87c3-0a5f7d6b22c.
Gershoni, M. y Pietrokovski, S. (2017). The landscape of sex-differential transcriptome and its consequent selection in human adults. bmc Biology, 15. - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0352-z
Gil-Verona, J. A.; Macías, J. A.; Pastor, J. F.; De Paz F.; Barbosa, M.; y Maniega, M. A. et al. (2003). Diferencias sexuales en el sistema nervioso humano. Una revisión desde el punto de vista psiconeurobiológico. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3 (2), 351-361.
Goldin, C. (1998). America's Graduation from High School: The Evolution and Spread of secondary schooling in the twentieth century. Journal of Economic History, 58 (2), 345-374. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700020544
Goldin, C. y Katz, L. F. (2008). The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Goldin, C.; Katz, L. F. y Kuziemko, I. (2006). The homecomming of American College Woman: the Reversal of the college gap. Journal of economic perspectives, 20 (4), 133-156. - https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.133
Gurian, M. (2011). Boys and girls learn differently 2011. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hällgren, C.; Dunkels, E. y Frånberg, G. M. (2015). Invisible Boys. Exploring the making of boys. Umeå: Print & Media, Umeå University.?
Halpern, D. F.; Benbow, C. P.; Geary, D. C.; Gur, R. C.; Hyde, J. S. y Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007). The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 8 (1), 1-51. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x
Ingalhalikar, M.; Smith, A.; Parker, D.; Satterthwaite, T. D.; Elliott, M. A.; y Ruparel, K. et al. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. pnas, 111 (2), 823-828. - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316909110
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2017). Educación. 3.10. Mujeres en el profesorado por ense-anza que imparten. Descargado el 23 de enero de 2018. 3_10_Mujeres_en_el_p. pdf.
Jackson, C. (2002). Can Single-sex Classes in Co-educational Schools Enhance the Learning Experiences of Girls and/or Boys? An Exploration of Pupils' Perceptions. British Educational Research Journal, 28 (1), 37-48. - https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920120109739
Jeynes, W. H. (2015). A Meta-Analysis: The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Student Academic. Urban Education, 50 (4), 387-423. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085914525789
Jordan-Young, R. y Rumiati, R. I. (2011). Hardwired for Sexism? Approaches to Sex/Gender in Neuroscience. Neuroethics, 5 (3). - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-011-9134-4
Keller, G. (2013). Pink, Brain, Blue Brain. Descargado el 25 de enero de 2018. http://eduexcel.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/PINK-BRAIN-BLUE-BRAIN- 11- page-summary.pdf.
Kleinfeld, J. (2009). The State of American Boyhood. Gender Issues, 26, 113-129. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-009-9074-z
Lenroot, R. K.; Gogtay, N.; Greenstein, D. K.; Molloy Wells, E.; Wallace, G. L.; y Clasen, L. S. et al. (2007). Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. Neuroimage, 36 (4), 1065-1073. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053
Levy-Shiff, R.; Hoffman, M. A.; Mogilner, S.; Levinger, S. y Mogilner, M. B. (1990). Fathers' hospital visits to their preterm infants as a predictor of father-infant relationship and infant development. Pediatrics, 86 (2), 289-293.
Lim, J. y Meer, J. (2015). The Impact of Teacher-Student gender matches: Random Assignment Evidence from South Korea. nber, 21407. Descargado el 9 de enero de 2018. http://www.nber.org/papers/w21407.pdf.
Lutchmaya, S. y Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). Human sex differences in social and non- social looking preferences, at 12 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 25 (3), 319-325. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00095-4
Lutchmaya, S.; Baron-Cohen, S. y Raggatt, P. (2002). Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12- month-old human infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 25 (3), 327-335. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00094-2
MacNell, L.; Driscoll, A. y Hunt, A. N. (2015). What's in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 40 (4), 291-303. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-014-9313-4
Madigan, J. C. (2009). The education of women and girls in the United States: A historical perspective. Advances in Gender and Education, 11-13.
Marlin, B. J.; Mitre, M.; D'Amour, J. A.; Chao M. V.; y Froemke, R. (2015). Oxytocin enables maternal behaviour by balancing cortical inhibition. Nature, 520, 499-504. - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14402
Martínes, I. y Arsuaga, J. L. (2002). Amalur: Del átomo a la mente. Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy.
Mitchell, C.; McLanahan, S.; Hobcraft, J.; Brooks-Gunn, J.; Garfinkel, I. y Notterman, D. (2015). Family Structure Instability, Genetic Sensitivity and Child Wellbeing. American Journal of Sociology, 120 (4), 1195-1225. - https://doi.org/10.1086/680681
Mitchell, C.; McLanahan, S.; Schneper, L.; Brooks-Gunn, J.; Garfinkel, I. y Notterman, D. (2017). Father Loss and Child Telomere Length. Pediatrics, 140 (2). - https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3245
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (2017). Sistema estatal de indicadores de la educacion 2017. Descargado el 17 de enero de 2018. https://www.mecd.gob.es/dms/mecd/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/educacion/indicadores-publicaciones-sintesis/sistema-estatal- indicadores/SEIE_2017.pdf.
Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. cide (1992). Las Desigualdades en la Educación en Espa-a. Descargado el 25 de enero de 2018. https://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/stmaria/jmurillo/documentos/Desigualdades.pdf.
Myhill y Jones (2006). She doesn't shout at no girls': pupils' perceptions of gender equity in the classroom. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36 (1), 99-113. - https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640500491054
National Center for Education Statistics nces. (2016). Digest of education 2016. Tabla. 219.40. Descargado el 11 de enero de 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_219.40.asp.
National Human Genome Research Institute (2015). Facts about the X Chromosome that all mothers – all females –carry! Descargado el 18 de enero de 2018. https://www.genome.gov/27561568/facts-about-the-x-chromosome/.
National Human Genome Research Institute (2007). A Guide to your Genome. Descargado el 17 de enero de 2018. https://www.genome.gov/pages/education/allaboutthehumangenomeproject/guideto yourgen ome07_vs2.pdf.
Nettle, D. (2008). Why do some dads get more involved than others? Evidence from a large British cohort. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29 (6), 416-423. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.06.002
Niederle, M. y Vesterlund, L. (2010). Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24 (2), 129-144. - https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.129
Norfleet James, A. (2015). Teaching the male brain. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Norfleet, J. A. y Richards, H. C. (2003). Escaping stereotypes: Educational attitudes of male alumni of single-sex and coed schools. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4 (2), 136-148. - https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.2.136
Ouazad, A. y Page, L. (2013) Students' Perceptions of Teacher Biases: Experimental economic in school. Journal of Public Economics, 105, 116-130. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.002
Özçali?kan, S. y Goldin-Meadow, S. (2010). Sex differences in language first appear in Gesture. Developmental science, 13 (5). - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00933.x
Page, D. C. (2013). Why sex really matters. tedxBecaonStreet. Consultado el 27 de febrero de 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQcgD5DpVlQ.
Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the Father-Child Relationship: Mechanisms and Developmental Outcomes. Human Development, 47, 193-219. - https://doi.org/10.1159/000078723
Pedersen, F. A.; Rubenstein, J. L. y Yarrow, L. J. (1979) Infant Development in Father-Absent Families. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135, 51-61. - https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1979.10533416
Piechura-Couture, K.; Heins, E. y Tichenor, M. (2013). The Boy Factor: Can Single- Gender Classes Reduce the Over-Representation of Boys in Special Education? College Student Journal, 47 (2), 235-243.
Pontius, J. U.; Mulikin, J. C. y Smith, D. R. (2007). Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome. Genome Research, 17 (11), 1675-1689. - https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.6380007
Porposal for a White House Council on boys and men (2014). Descargado el 21 de febrero de 2018. http://whitehouseboysmen.org/the-proposal/the-education-of-our-sons.
Qureshi, M. S. y Ahmad, A. (2014). Effects of Father Absence on Children's Academic Performance. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 3 (1), 1-6.
Robinson, J. P.; Lubienski, S. T. y Copur, Y. (2011). The Effects of Teachers' Gender- Stereotypical Expectations on the Development of the Math Gender Gap. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness. Fall.
Ross, M. T.; Grafham, D. V.; Coffey, A. J.; Scherer, S.; Mclay, K.; y Muzny, D. et al. (2005). The dna sequence of the human x chromosome. Nature, 434, 325-337. - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03440
Rodríguez, M. A.; Del Barrio, M. V. y Carrasco, M. A. (2013). Agresión física y verbal en hijos de familias monoparentales divorciadas y biparentales: El efecto moderador del sexo de los hijos. Revista de Psicopatologi?a y Psicologi?a Cli?nica, 18 (2), 119-127.
Ruigrok, A. N. V.; Salimi-Khorshidi, G.; Lai, M. C.; Baron-Cohen, S.; Lombardo, M. V. y Tait et al. (2014). A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 39, 34-50. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004
Sabatini, R. (2016). How to read the genome and build a human being. ted2016. Descargado el 7 de febrero de 2018. https://www.ted.com/talks/riccardo_sabatini_how_to_read_the_genome_and_build_a_h uman_being#t-225365.
Sax, L. (2005). Why gender matters: What parents and teachers need to know about the emerging science of sex differences. New York: Doubleday.
Sánchez-Serrano, I. (2017). Gender-Specific Medicine's Imminent Coming of Age. Gender and the Genome, 1 (4). - https://doi.org/10.1089/gg.2017.0020
Schlaepfer, T. E.; Harris, G. J.; Tien, A. Y.; Peng, L.; Lee, S. y Pearlson, G. D. (1995). Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy female and male subjects: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Phychiatric research, 61 (3), 129-135. - https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4927(95)02634-A
Smith, D. A. y Jarjoura, G. R. (1988). Social Structure and Criminal Victimization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 25 (1), 27-52. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427888025001003
Stetson University. Single-Gender Education: A Handbook for Teachers and Principals. Descargado el 20 de febrero de 2018. http://www.stetson.edu/artsci/education/hollis-institute/media/GenderManualFInaL[1].pdf.
Todd, B. K.; Barry, J. A. y Thommessen, S. A. O. (2016). Preferences for 'Gender-typed' Toys in Boys and Girls Aged 9 to?32 Months. Infant and Child Development, 26 (3). - https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1986
Tunç, B.; Solmaz, B.; Parker, D.; Satterthwaite, T. D.; Elliott, M. A.; y Calkins, M. E. et al. (2016). Establishing a link between sex-related differences in the structural connectome and behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371 (1688).
U. S. Census Bureau Reports (2016). The Majority of Children Live With Two Parents. CB16-192. Descargado el 5 de febrero de 2018. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press- releases/2016/cb16-192.html.
Varki, A. y Altheide, T. K. (2015). Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: Searching for needles in a haystack. Genome Research, 15 (2), 1746-1758.
Yogman, M. W.; Kindlon, D. y Earls, F. (1995). Father involvement and cognitive/behavioral outcomes of preterm infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34 (1), 58-66. - https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199501000-00015
Varona Alabern, M. (2018). Propuestas para elevar los deficientes niveles académicos masculinos. Enseñanza & Teaching: Revista Interuniversitaria De Didáctica, 36(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.14201/et2018362145166
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
+
−