El bienestar emocional de los adultos con síndrome de Down: una mirada transdiagnóstica
Resumen Introducción. Diferentes estudios muestran tasas elevadas de trastornos psicopatológicos, como ansiedad o depresión, en adultos con síndrome de Down (SD). Además, algunas variables, como las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y la regulación emocional (RE), elementos esenciales en la conducta adaptativa, presentan déficits en estas personas. Método. Este estudio se propuso investigar la influencia de las FE y la RE en el desarrollo de la sintomatología internalizante en personas adultas con SD. Se emplearon el DEX, el ERC y el PIMRA-II con una muestra de 40 adultos para determinar si las dificultades en las funciones ejecutivas y en la regulación emocional se relacionan con la aparición de síntomas internalizados en esta población. Resultados. Los resultados muestran la asociación entre las FE, la RE y la depresión y la ansiedad. Asimismo, existe relación entre la sintomatología internalizada y aspectos vitales de las personas, como la muerte de un familiar. Discusión. Se debe tener en consideración la intervención en la RE y en las FE para prevenir la aparición de síntomas internalizados y el desarrollo de trastornos emocionales. Se necesita mayor investigación para intervenir en ambas capacidades de manera más comprensiva, sobre todo en lo referente a la regulación emocional.
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Aldao, A. (2012). Emotion regulation strategies as transdiagnostic processes: a closer look at the invariance of their form and function. Spanish Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17 (3), 261-277.
Amadó, A., Serrat, E. y Vallés-Majoral, E. (2016). The role of executive functions in social cognition among children with Down syndrome: relationship patterns. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 (1363), 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01363.
Anderson, J., Nielsen, J., Ferguson, M., Burback, M., Cox, E., Dai, L., ... Korenberg, J. (2013). Abnormal brain synchrony in Down syndrome. Neuroimage: Clinical, 2, 703-715.
Andrés, M. L., Castañeiras, C., Stelzer, F., Canet, L. e Introzzi, I. (2016). Funciones ejecutivas y regulación de la emoción: evidencia de su relación en niños. Psicología desde el Caribe, 33 (2), 169-189. doi: 10.14482/psdc.33.2.7278.
Belva, B. C. y Matson, J. L. (2015). Examining the psychometrics of the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults-II for individuals with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 291-302. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.017.
Borella, E., Carretti, B. y Lanfranchi, S. (2013). Inhibitory mechanisms in Down syndrome: Is there a specific or general déficit? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.017.
Camp, J. S., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Thomas, M. S. C. y Karran, E. K. (2016). Cross-syndrome comparison of real-world executive functioning and problem-solving using a new problem-solving questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 80-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.006.
Carney, D., Brown, J. H. y Henry, L. A. (2013). Executive function in Williams and Down syndromes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 46-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.013.
Costanzo, F., Varuzza, C., Menghini, D., Addona, F., Gianesini, T. y Vicari, S. (2013). Executive functions in intellectual disabilities: A comparison between Williams syndrome and Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1770-1780. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.024.
Cunningham, C. (2011). El síndrome de Down. Una introducción para padres. Barcelona: Paidós.
Daunhauer, L. A., Fidler, D. J., Hahn, L., Will, E., Lee, N. y Hepburn, S. (2014). Profiles of everyday executive functioning in young children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (4), 303-318. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.4.303.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Anual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.
Dierssen, M. (2012). Down syndrome: the brain in trisomic mode. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 844-858.
Dykens, E. M., Shah, B., Davis, B., Baker, C., Fife, T. y Fitzpatrick, J. (2015). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 7, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s11689-015-9101-1.
Esbensen, A. J., Boshkoff, E., Amaral, J. L., Tan, C. M. y Macks, R. (2015). Differentiating aging among adults with Down syndrome and comorbid dementia or psychopathology. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121 (1), 13-24. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.13.
Flórez, J., Garvía, B. y Fernández-Olaria, R. (2015). Síndrome de Down: Neurobiología, neuropsicología y salud mental. Bases para la intervención en el aprendizaje, la conducta y el bienestar mental. Madrid: cepe.
Foley, K. R., Jacoby, P., Einfeld, S., Girdler, S., Bourke, J., Riches, V. y Leonard, H. (2014). Day occupation is associated with psychopathology for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1-8.
Gross, J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 130-137. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751.
Gunbey, H., Bilgici, M., Aslan, K., Has, A., Ogur, Alhan, A. e Incesu, L. (2017). Structural brain alterations of Down’s syndrome in early childhood evaluation by DTI and volumetric analyses. European Radiology, 27, 3013-3021.
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J. y Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (3), 174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006.
Jahromi, L. B., Gulsrud, A. y Kasari, C. (2008). Emotional competence in children with Down syndrome: negativity and regulation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1 (113), 32-43.
Janke, K. y Klein-Tasman, B. (2012). Executive functions in intellectual disability syndromes. En S. J. Hunter y E. P. Sparrow (Coords.), Executive function and dysfunction. Identification, assessment and treatment (pp. 5-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kinkead, A. P., Garrido, L. y Uribe, N. (2011). Modalidades evaluativas en la regulación emocional: aproximaciones actuales. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 20, 29-39.
Kruszka, P., Porras, A. R., Sobering, A. K., Ikolo, F. A., La Qua, S., Shotelersuk, V., … Muenke, M. (2016). Down syndrome in diverse populations. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 173, 42-53. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38043.
Lee, N., Anand, P., Will, E., Adeyemi, E. I., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., … Edgin, J. O. (2015). Everyday executive functions in Down syndrome from early childhood to young adulthood: evidence for both unique and shared characteristics compared to youth with sex chromosome trisomy (XXX and XXY). Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (264), 1-15. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00264.
Liogier, X., Edgin, J. O., Bouis, C., De Sola, S., Goeldner, C., Kishnani, P., … Khwaja, O. (2015). Assessment of cognitive scales to examine memory, executive function and language in individuals with Down syndrome: implications of a 6-month observational study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (300), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00300.
Mallardo, M., Cuskelly, M., White, P. y Jobling, A. (2014). Mental health problems in adults with Down syndrome and their association with life circumstances. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (3), 229-245. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2013.842622.
Marchal, J. P., Maurice-Stam, H., Houtzager, B. A., Rutgers, S. L., Oostrom, K. J., Grootenhuis, M. A. y Paul, A. S. (2016). Growing up with Down syndrome: development from 6 months to 10.7 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 437-450. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.019.
McWilliams, J., De Terte, I., Leathem, J., Malcolm, S. y Watson, J. (2014). Transformers: a programme for people with an intellectual disability and emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 5 (4), 178-188. doi: 10.1108/jidob-06-2014-0009.
Merrells, J., Buchanan, A. y Waters, R. (2017). The experience of social inclusion for people with intellectual disability within community recreational programs: a systematic review. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2017.1283684.
Molina, P., Nives, M., Zappulla, C., Bonfigliuoli, C., Cavioni, V., Zanetti, M. A. y Cicchetti, D. (2014). The emotion regulation checklist-italian translation. Validation of parent and teachers versions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11 (5), 624-634. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2014.898581.
Moore, M., Conners, F. A. y Barth, J. M. (2014). Emotion knowledge in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: A new methodological approach. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (5), 405-421. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.405.
Ochsner, K. y Gross, J. (2014). The neural bases of emotion and emotion regulation: a valuation perspective. En J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 23-42). Nueva York: The Guilford Press.
Pedrero, E. J., Ruiz, J. M., Rojo, G., Llanero, M., Olivar, A., Bouso, J. C. y Puerta, C. (2009). Versión española del Cuestionario Disejecutivo (DEXSp): propiedades psicométricas en adictos y población no clínica. Adicciones, 21 (2), 155-166.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2013). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38 (4), 332-343. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2013.826346.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2014). Emotional lexicon understanding and emotion recognition: a longitudinal study in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26, 549-563. doi: 10.1007/s10882-014-9380-6.
Pochon, R., Touchet, C. e Ibernon, L. (2017). Emotion Recognition in Adolescents with Down syndrome: A nonverbal approach. Brain Sciences, 6 (6). doi: 10.3390/brainsci7060055.
Pritchard, A. E., Kalback, S., McCurdy, M. y Capone, G. T. (2015). Executive functions among young with Down syndrome and co-existing neurobehavioural disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59 (12), 1130-1141. doi: 10.1111/jir.12217.
Reis, A., Silva, S., Ruschel, D., Côrtes, N., Abreu, N. y Mara, T. (2016). Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC): preliminary studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation for Use in Brazil. Trends in Psychology, 24 (1), 97-116. doi: 10.9788/TP2016.1-07.
Santana, C., De Souza, W. y Feitosa, M. A. (2014). Recognition of facial emotional expressions and its correlation with cognitive abilities in children with Down syndrome. Psychology and Neuroscience, 7 (2), 73-81. doi: 10.3922/j.psns.2014.017.
Shaw, S., Oei, T. y Sawang, S. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Psychological Assessment, 27 (1), 138-147.
Shields, A. y Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school age children: The development and validation of a new criterion q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33 (6), 906-916.
Skotko, B. G., Levine, S. P. y Goldstein, R. (2011). Self-perceptions from people with Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 155, 2360-2369. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34235.
Smith, M. C. y Walden, T. A. (14-18 agosto, 1998). Emotion regulation in children with Down syndrome. En American Psychological Association Annual Convention. San Francisco.
Straccia, C., Baggio, S. y Barisnikov, K. (2014). Mental illness, behavior problems, and social behavior in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (1), 74-90. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2012.741660.
Tassé, M. J., Navas, P., Havercamp, S. M., Benson, B. A., Allain, D. C., Manickam, K. y Davis, S. (2016). Psychiatric conditions prevalent among adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13 (2), 173-180. doi: 10.1111/jppi.12156.
Walton, C. y Kerr, M. (2015). Down syndrome: systematic review of the prevalence and nature of presentation of unipolar depression. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9 (4), 151-162. doi: 10.1108/AMHID-11-2014-0037.
Will, E., Fidler, D. y Daunhauer, L. A. (2014). Executive function and planning in early development in Down syndrome. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 77-98. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800278-0.00003-8.
William, K. R., Wishart, J. G., Pitcairn, T. K. y Willis, D. S. (2005). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: investigation of specific impairments and error patterns. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 110 (5), 378-392.
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H. y Evans, J. J. (1996). Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
Wishart, J. G., Cebula, K. R., Willis, D. S. y Pitcairn, T. K. (2007). Understanding of facial expressions of emotion by children with intellectual disabilities of differing aetiology. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 551-563. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00947.x.
Amadó, A., Serrat, E. y Vallés-Majoral, E. (2016). The role of executive functions in social cognition among children with Down syndrome: relationship patterns. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 (1363), 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01363.
Anderson, J., Nielsen, J., Ferguson, M., Burback, M., Cox, E., Dai, L., ... Korenberg, J. (2013). Abnormal brain synchrony in Down syndrome. Neuroimage: Clinical, 2, 703-715.
Andrés, M. L., Castañeiras, C., Stelzer, F., Canet, L. e Introzzi, I. (2016). Funciones ejecutivas y regulación de la emoción: evidencia de su relación en niños. Psicología desde el Caribe, 33 (2), 169-189. doi: 10.14482/psdc.33.2.7278.
Belva, B. C. y Matson, J. L. (2015). Examining the psychometrics of the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults-II for individuals with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 291-302. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.017.
Borella, E., Carretti, B. y Lanfranchi, S. (2013). Inhibitory mechanisms in Down syndrome: Is there a specific or general déficit? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.017.
Camp, J. S., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Thomas, M. S. C. y Karran, E. K. (2016). Cross-syndrome comparison of real-world executive functioning and problem-solving using a new problem-solving questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 80-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.006.
Carney, D., Brown, J. H. y Henry, L. A. (2013). Executive function in Williams and Down syndromes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 46-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.013.
Costanzo, F., Varuzza, C., Menghini, D., Addona, F., Gianesini, T. y Vicari, S. (2013). Executive functions in intellectual disabilities: A comparison between Williams syndrome and Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1770-1780. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.024.
Cunningham, C. (2011). El síndrome de Down. Una introducción para padres. Barcelona: Paidós.
Daunhauer, L. A., Fidler, D. J., Hahn, L., Will, E., Lee, N. y Hepburn, S. (2014). Profiles of everyday executive functioning in young children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (4), 303-318. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.4.303.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Anual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.
Dierssen, M. (2012). Down syndrome: the brain in trisomic mode. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 844-858.
Dykens, E. M., Shah, B., Davis, B., Baker, C., Fife, T. y Fitzpatrick, J. (2015). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 7, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s11689-015-9101-1.
Esbensen, A. J., Boshkoff, E., Amaral, J. L., Tan, C. M. y Macks, R. (2015). Differentiating aging among adults with Down syndrome and comorbid dementia or psychopathology. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121 (1), 13-24. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.13.
Flórez, J., Garvía, B. y Fernández-Olaria, R. (2015). Síndrome de Down: Neurobiología, neuropsicología y salud mental. Bases para la intervención en el aprendizaje, la conducta y el bienestar mental. Madrid: cepe.
Foley, K. R., Jacoby, P., Einfeld, S., Girdler, S., Bourke, J., Riches, V. y Leonard, H. (2014). Day occupation is associated with psychopathology for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1-8.
Gross, J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 130-137. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751.
Gunbey, H., Bilgici, M., Aslan, K., Has, A., Ogur, Alhan, A. e Incesu, L. (2017). Structural brain alterations of Down’s syndrome in early childhood evaluation by DTI and volumetric analyses. European Radiology, 27, 3013-3021.
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J. y Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (3), 174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006.
Jahromi, L. B., Gulsrud, A. y Kasari, C. (2008). Emotional competence in children with Down syndrome: negativity and regulation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1 (113), 32-43.
Janke, K. y Klein-Tasman, B. (2012). Executive functions in intellectual disability syndromes. En S. J. Hunter y E. P. Sparrow (Coords.), Executive function and dysfunction. Identification, assessment and treatment (pp. 5-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kinkead, A. P., Garrido, L. y Uribe, N. (2011). Modalidades evaluativas en la regulación emocional: aproximaciones actuales. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 20, 29-39.
Kruszka, P., Porras, A. R., Sobering, A. K., Ikolo, F. A., La Qua, S., Shotelersuk, V., … Muenke, M. (2016). Down syndrome in diverse populations. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 173, 42-53. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38043.
Lee, N., Anand, P., Will, E., Adeyemi, E. I., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., … Edgin, J. O. (2015). Everyday executive functions in Down syndrome from early childhood to young adulthood: evidence for both unique and shared characteristics compared to youth with sex chromosome trisomy (XXX and XXY). Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (264), 1-15. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00264.
Liogier, X., Edgin, J. O., Bouis, C., De Sola, S., Goeldner, C., Kishnani, P., … Khwaja, O. (2015). Assessment of cognitive scales to examine memory, executive function and language in individuals with Down syndrome: implications of a 6-month observational study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (300), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00300.
Mallardo, M., Cuskelly, M., White, P. y Jobling, A. (2014). Mental health problems in adults with Down syndrome and their association with life circumstances. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (3), 229-245. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2013.842622.
Marchal, J. P., Maurice-Stam, H., Houtzager, B. A., Rutgers, S. L., Oostrom, K. J., Grootenhuis, M. A. y Paul, A. S. (2016). Growing up with Down syndrome: development from 6 months to 10.7 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 437-450. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.019.
McWilliams, J., De Terte, I., Leathem, J., Malcolm, S. y Watson, J. (2014). Transformers: a programme for people with an intellectual disability and emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 5 (4), 178-188. doi: 10.1108/jidob-06-2014-0009.
Merrells, J., Buchanan, A. y Waters, R. (2017). The experience of social inclusion for people with intellectual disability within community recreational programs: a systematic review. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2017.1283684.
Molina, P., Nives, M., Zappulla, C., Bonfigliuoli, C., Cavioni, V., Zanetti, M. A. y Cicchetti, D. (2014). The emotion regulation checklist-italian translation. Validation of parent and teachers versions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11 (5), 624-634. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2014.898581.
Moore, M., Conners, F. A. y Barth, J. M. (2014). Emotion knowledge in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: A new methodological approach. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (5), 405-421. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.405.
Ochsner, K. y Gross, J. (2014). The neural bases of emotion and emotion regulation: a valuation perspective. En J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 23-42). Nueva York: The Guilford Press.
Pedrero, E. J., Ruiz, J. M., Rojo, G., Llanero, M., Olivar, A., Bouso, J. C. y Puerta, C. (2009). Versión española del Cuestionario Disejecutivo (DEXSp): propiedades psicométricas en adictos y población no clínica. Adicciones, 21 (2), 155-166.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2013). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38 (4), 332-343. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2013.826346.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2014). Emotional lexicon understanding and emotion recognition: a longitudinal study in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26, 549-563. doi: 10.1007/s10882-014-9380-6.
Pochon, R., Touchet, C. e Ibernon, L. (2017). Emotion Recognition in Adolescents with Down syndrome: A nonverbal approach. Brain Sciences, 6 (6). doi: 10.3390/brainsci7060055.
Pritchard, A. E., Kalback, S., McCurdy, M. y Capone, G. T. (2015). Executive functions among young with Down syndrome and co-existing neurobehavioural disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59 (12), 1130-1141. doi: 10.1111/jir.12217.
Reis, A., Silva, S., Ruschel, D., Côrtes, N., Abreu, N. y Mara, T. (2016). Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC): preliminary studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation for Use in Brazil. Trends in Psychology, 24 (1), 97-116. doi: 10.9788/TP2016.1-07.
Santana, C., De Souza, W. y Feitosa, M. A. (2014). Recognition of facial emotional expressions and its correlation with cognitive abilities in children with Down syndrome. Psychology and Neuroscience, 7 (2), 73-81. doi: 10.3922/j.psns.2014.017.
Shaw, S., Oei, T. y Sawang, S. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Psychological Assessment, 27 (1), 138-147.
Shields, A. y Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school age children: The development and validation of a new criterion q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33 (6), 906-916.
Skotko, B. G., Levine, S. P. y Goldstein, R. (2011). Self-perceptions from people with Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 155, 2360-2369. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34235.
Smith, M. C. y Walden, T. A. (14-18 agosto, 1998). Emotion regulation in children with Down syndrome. En American Psychological Association Annual Convention. San Francisco.
Straccia, C., Baggio, S. y Barisnikov, K. (2014). Mental illness, behavior problems, and social behavior in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (1), 74-90. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2012.741660.
Tassé, M. J., Navas, P., Havercamp, S. M., Benson, B. A., Allain, D. C., Manickam, K. y Davis, S. (2016). Psychiatric conditions prevalent among adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13 (2), 173-180. doi: 10.1111/jppi.12156.
Walton, C. y Kerr, M. (2015). Down syndrome: systematic review of the prevalence and nature of presentation of unipolar depression. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9 (4), 151-162. doi: 10.1108/AMHID-11-2014-0037.
Will, E., Fidler, D. y Daunhauer, L. A. (2014). Executive function and planning in early development in Down syndrome. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 77-98. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800278-0.00003-8.
William, K. R., Wishart, J. G., Pitcairn, T. K. y Willis, D. S. (2005). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: investigation of specific impairments and error patterns. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 110 (5), 378-392.
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H. y Evans, J. J. (1996). Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
Wishart, J. G., Cebula, K. R., Willis, D. S. y Pitcairn, T. K. (2007). Understanding of facial expressions of emotion by children with intellectual disabilities of differing aetiology. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 551-563. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00947.x.
Álvarez-Couto, M., Sáez-Suanes, G. P., & D’orey Roquete, M. (2020). El bienestar emocional de los adultos con síndrome de Down: una mirada transdiagnóstica. Siglo Cero, 50(4), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2019504721
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