Self-translation by Necessity: André P Brink’s Case as Self-Translator
Abstract
Since the banning of one of his books in 1975, the internationally renowned South African author, André P Brink started to translate his own work from Afrikaans into English in order to make his voice heard outside South Africa, at the same time commenting on the precarious position of those who were disenfranchised by the policy of the government of the time. Subsequently, until his sudden death in 2015, he has always translated his own work. Brink’s translations offer a very comprehensive field of study for research. The possibility exists that a literary translator such a Brink might consistently show preference for specific stylistic translation devices. Brink was one of few international literary figures who translated all his own work as well as works by other authors from his home language, Afrikaans into English, which offers a particularly insightful view into the mind of this translator-cum-author. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a translator, like the author of an original work of fiction, leaves behind a distinctive trail unique to his or her own style of writing, coupled with his objective to convey his view on the state of affairs in the then South Africa.
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Brink, André P. 1976a. «English and the Afrikaans Writer». English in Africa 3 (1)(Mar): 34-46. Accessed May 31, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40238345.
Brink, André P. 1976b. 'n Oomblik in die wind (2nd print). Pretoria: Heer Drukkers.
Brink, André P. 1977. An instant in the wind. New York: William Morrow.
Brink, André P. 1982. Kennis van die aand (2nd edition). Cape Town: Human & Rousseau.
Brink, André P. 1992. A dry white season. London: Minerva.
Brink, André P. 2000b. A chain of voices. London: Vintage.
Brink, André P. 2000c. Houd-den-bek. Pretoria: Taurus.
Brink, André P. 2000d. Looking on darkness. London: Vintage.
Brink, André P. 2000e. Rumours of rain. London: Vintage.
Brink, André P. 2012a. Philida. Kaapstad: Human & Rosseau.
Brink, André P. 2012b. Philida. London: Harvill Secker.
Coetzee, John Maxwell. 1990. «Andre Brink and the Censor». Researching African Literatures 21 (3): 59-74.
De Roubaix, Lelanie. 2012. «Where boundaries blur: André Brink as writer, bilingual writer, translator and self-translator». In Versatility in Translation Studies: Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Seminar in Translation Studies 2011, ed. by Isis Herrero, and Todd Klaiman. Accessed September 20, 2018. http://www.kuleuven.be/cetra/papers/ papers.html.
Eder, Richard. 1980. «An interview with André Brink». New York Times Books, March 23. Accessed October 24, 2018. http://movies2.nytimes.com/books/99/03/21/ specials/brink-interview.html.
Ehrlich, Shlomit. 2009. «Are self-translators like other translators?» Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 17 (4): 243-2. - https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760903404050
Friedman, Alan Warren, Rossman, Charles, and Sherzer, Dina. 1987. Beckett translating/translating Beckett. University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press.
Grové, Alewyn P. 1980. «Inleiding tot die literatuur van Sestig». In Die Afrikaanse Literatuur sedert Sestig, ed. by T.T. Cloete, A.P. Grové, J.P. Smuts, and E. Botha. Goodwood: Nasou, 1-26.
Grutman, Rainier. 2008. «Self-translation». In Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies, edited by Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 257-260.
Hokenson, Jan Walsh and Munson, Marcella. 2007. The Bilingual Text: History and Theory of Self-translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Jung, Verena. 2002. English-German self-translation of academic texts and its relevance for translation theory and practice. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Kruger, Alet. 2008. «Translation, self-translation and apartheid-imposed conflict». Language and Politics. Accessed September 20, 2018. http://www.multilingua. co.za/pdfs/Kruger_ 2008_Language_and_Politics.pdf.
Lehmann, Elmar. 2005. «Brinkmanship: storytellers and the novelist». Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 42 (1): 31-41. - https://doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v42i1.29690
Leonard, Charles. 2012. «How Brink slaved over slavery». Mail & Guardian, September 7: Books.
Maree, Charles. 1999. «We can only manage the world once it has been storified - Interview with André Brink». Unisa Latin American Report 15 (1): 43.
Meintjes, Godfrey. 2013. «André Brink's Prose Oeuvre: An Overview». In Contrary: Critical Responses to the Novels of André Brink, ed. by Willie Burger, and Magdalena Szczurek, Pretoria, South Africa: Protea Book House, 37-95.
Popovi?, Anton. 1976. A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation. University of Alberta: Edmonton.
Peñalver, María Recuenco. 2015. «Interview. Encounter with André Brink: Looking in … Self-translation». Research in African Literatures 46 (2) (Summer 2015): 46-157. - https://doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.146
Republic of South Africa (RSA). 1973. Publications and Entertainments Act no. 26 of 1973. Pretoria: Government Printers.
Saidero, Deborah. 2011. «Self-translation as transcultural re-inscription of identity in Dôre Michelut and Gianna Patriarca». ed. by A, Ferraro, Oltreoceano. L'autotraduzione nelle letterature migranti 5: 31-40.
Salibra, Luciana. 1977. «Liolà. Pirandello autotraduttore dal siciliano». Bolletino del Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani 13: 257-292.
Schudel, Max. 2015. «André Brink, South African novelist whose works were banned, dies at 79». Accessed December 12, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/ world/africa/andre-brink-south-african-novelist-whose-works-were-banned-dies-at-79/2015/02/14/4f1fe050-b15a-11e4-886b-22184f27c35_story.html?noredirect =on&utm_term=.e0519290a3bc.
Sleigh, Dan. 2002. Eilande. Kaapstad: Tafelberg.
Sleigh, Dan. 2005. Islands. [orig. Eilande]. Translated by André Philippus Brink.
London: Secker & Warburg
Terblanche, Erika. 2015. «André P. Brink (1935-2015)». Accessed October 24, 2018. https://www.litnet. co.za/andr-p-brink-1935.
Viljoen, Louise. 2009. Accessed October 26, 2018. https://www.litnet.co.za/die-voe-en-nate-van-andr-p-brink-se-lewe-en-werk-boeiend-tot-stand.
Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. 1982. «A talk with André Brink». The New York Times, June 13, 1982.
Whyte, Christopher. 2002. «Against self-translation». Translation and Literature 11 (1): 64-71. - https://doi.org/10.3366/tal.2002.11.1.64
Walder, Dennis. 2015. «André Brink orbituary». Accessed December 12, 2018. https://www.theguardian. com/books/2015/feb/08/andre-brink.
Wroe, Nicholas. 2014. «Out of the Laager». Accessed December 11, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/books/20004/aug/14/fiction.politics.
Brink, André P. 1976b. 'n Oomblik in die wind (2nd print). Pretoria: Heer Drukkers.
Brink, André P. 1977. An instant in the wind. New York: William Morrow.
Brink, André P. 1982. Kennis van die aand (2nd edition). Cape Town: Human & Rousseau.
Brink, André P. 1992. A dry white season. London: Minerva.
Brink, André P. 2000b. A chain of voices. London: Vintage.
Brink, André P. 2000c. Houd-den-bek. Pretoria: Taurus.
Brink, André P. 2000d. Looking on darkness. London: Vintage.
Brink, André P. 2000e. Rumours of rain. London: Vintage.
Brink, André P. 2012a. Philida. Kaapstad: Human & Rosseau.
Brink, André P. 2012b. Philida. London: Harvill Secker.
Coetzee, John Maxwell. 1990. «Andre Brink and the Censor». Researching African Literatures 21 (3): 59-74.
De Roubaix, Lelanie. 2012. «Where boundaries blur: André Brink as writer, bilingual writer, translator and self-translator». In Versatility in Translation Studies: Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Seminar in Translation Studies 2011, ed. by Isis Herrero, and Todd Klaiman. Accessed September 20, 2018. http://www.kuleuven.be/cetra/papers/ papers.html.
Eder, Richard. 1980. «An interview with André Brink». New York Times Books, March 23. Accessed October 24, 2018. http://movies2.nytimes.com/books/99/03/21/ specials/brink-interview.html.
Ehrlich, Shlomit. 2009. «Are self-translators like other translators?» Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 17 (4): 243-2. - https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760903404050
Friedman, Alan Warren, Rossman, Charles, and Sherzer, Dina. 1987. Beckett translating/translating Beckett. University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press.
Grové, Alewyn P. 1980. «Inleiding tot die literatuur van Sestig». In Die Afrikaanse Literatuur sedert Sestig, ed. by T.T. Cloete, A.P. Grové, J.P. Smuts, and E. Botha. Goodwood: Nasou, 1-26.
Grutman, Rainier. 2008. «Self-translation». In Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies, edited by Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 257-260.
Hokenson, Jan Walsh and Munson, Marcella. 2007. The Bilingual Text: History and Theory of Self-translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Jung, Verena. 2002. English-German self-translation of academic texts and its relevance for translation theory and practice. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Kruger, Alet. 2008. «Translation, self-translation and apartheid-imposed conflict». Language and Politics. Accessed September 20, 2018. http://www.multilingua. co.za/pdfs/Kruger_ 2008_Language_and_Politics.pdf.
Lehmann, Elmar. 2005. «Brinkmanship: storytellers and the novelist». Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 42 (1): 31-41. - https://doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v42i1.29690
Leonard, Charles. 2012. «How Brink slaved over slavery». Mail & Guardian, September 7: Books.
Maree, Charles. 1999. «We can only manage the world once it has been storified - Interview with André Brink». Unisa Latin American Report 15 (1): 43.
Meintjes, Godfrey. 2013. «André Brink's Prose Oeuvre: An Overview». In Contrary: Critical Responses to the Novels of André Brink, ed. by Willie Burger, and Magdalena Szczurek, Pretoria, South Africa: Protea Book House, 37-95.
Popovi?, Anton. 1976. A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation. University of Alberta: Edmonton.
Peñalver, María Recuenco. 2015. «Interview. Encounter with André Brink: Looking in … Self-translation». Research in African Literatures 46 (2) (Summer 2015): 46-157. - https://doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.146
Republic of South Africa (RSA). 1973. Publications and Entertainments Act no. 26 of 1973. Pretoria: Government Printers.
Saidero, Deborah. 2011. «Self-translation as transcultural re-inscription of identity in Dôre Michelut and Gianna Patriarca». ed. by A, Ferraro, Oltreoceano. L'autotraduzione nelle letterature migranti 5: 31-40.
Salibra, Luciana. 1977. «Liolà. Pirandello autotraduttore dal siciliano». Bolletino del Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani 13: 257-292.
Schudel, Max. 2015. «André Brink, South African novelist whose works were banned, dies at 79». Accessed December 12, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/ world/africa/andre-brink-south-african-novelist-whose-works-were-banned-dies-at-79/2015/02/14/4f1fe050-b15a-11e4-886b-22184f27c35_story.html?noredirect =on&utm_term=.e0519290a3bc.
Sleigh, Dan. 2002. Eilande. Kaapstad: Tafelberg.
Sleigh, Dan. 2005. Islands. [orig. Eilande]. Translated by André Philippus Brink.
London: Secker & Warburg
Terblanche, Erika. 2015. «André P. Brink (1935-2015)». Accessed October 24, 2018. https://www.litnet. co.za/andr-p-brink-1935.
Viljoen, Louise. 2009. Accessed October 26, 2018. https://www.litnet.co.za/die-voe-en-nate-van-andr-p-brink-se-lewe-en-werk-boeiend-tot-stand.
Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. 1982. «A talk with André Brink». The New York Times, June 13, 1982.
Whyte, Christopher. 2002. «Against self-translation». Translation and Literature 11 (1): 64-71. - https://doi.org/10.3366/tal.2002.11.1.64
Walder, Dennis. 2015. «André Brink orbituary». Accessed December 12, 2018. https://www.theguardian. com/books/2015/feb/08/andre-brink.
Wroe, Nicholas. 2014. «Out of the Laager». Accessed December 11, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/books/20004/aug/14/fiction.politics.
Geldenhuys, C. (2019). Self-translation by Necessity: André P Brink’s Case as Self-Translator. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 5(1), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina201951147162
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