Pintosas, bafônicas!/¡Fabulosos, reinas!/¡Fabulosas, divinas!:
Sexually Diverse Representations in the Dubbed Versions of Super Drags
Abstract
In this article, the authors analyze the intersection between drag and audiovisual translation in an atypical case of representation in the streaming era. Super Drags is a Brazilian adult animated series originally produced in Portuguese for Netflix. The series is about three working-class gay men whose alter egos, the Super Drags, protect the LGBTQ community. The results of the analysis show how the representation of gender and sexuality occurs in three different dubbed versions of Super Drags
—Latin American Spanish, Peninsular Spanish, and English. Based the content and thematic analysis of the complete first season (5 episodes), the authors argue that the function of drag in the animated series is to promote transgressive representations of the heteronormative sex/gender system. Regarding the dubbed versions of Super Drags, the results show that the main themes of the series —the visibility of sexually diverse identities, a critique to gender binarism, and the transgression of the gendered notions of the «feminine» and «masculine» bodies— are rendered differently in each version.
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Babuscio, Jack. 2006. «Lo camp y la sensibilidad homosexual.» Archivos de la Filmoteca, no. 54: 141-69.
Barrett, Rusty. (2017). From Drag Queens to Leathermen. Language, Gender, and Gay Male Subcultures. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Brizio Bello, Alejandra. 2020. «Identidades y devenires de género en un grupo de jóvenes de sectores medio-altos que hace drag en Lima Metropolitana.» Pluriversidad, (5): 155-71. doi:10.31381/pluriversidad.v0i5.2800.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies That Matter. On the Discursive Limits of Sex. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Chaume, Frederic. 2012. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing. Ámsterdam y Filadelfia: St Jerome Publishing.
Collins English Dictionary. Recuperado el 15 de junio de 2021 de https://www.collinsdictionary.com
Concilio, Arielle. 2016. «Pedro Lemebel and the Translatxrsation. On a Genderqueer Translation Praxis.» TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 3 (3-4): 462-84. doi:10.1215/23289252-3545167
Creswell, John. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Diamond, Milton. 2002. «Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different.» Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 7 (3): 320-334. doi:10.1177/1359104502007003002
Dicionário Informal. Recuperado el 1 de junio de 2021 de https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br
Dhaenens, Frederik. 2012. «Gay Male Domesticity on the Small Screen: Queer Representations of Gay Homemaking in Six Feet Under and Brothers & Sisters.» Popular Communication 10 (3): 217–30. doi:10.1080/15405702.2012.682936.
Eguchi, Shinsuke. 2021. «Gaysian Fabulosity. Quare(ing) the normal and ordinary Shinsuke Eguchi.» En The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Communication, editado por M. N. Goins, J. F. McAlister y B. K. Alexander, 45-58. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Epstein, B. J. y Robert Gillett. 2017. «Introduction.» En Queer in Translation, editado por B. J. Epstein y Robert Gillett, 1-7. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Fan, Jason. 2019. «Queering Disney Animated Films Using a Critical Literacy Lens.» Journal of LGBT Youth 16 (2). doi:10.1080/19361653.2018.1537871.
Feldman, Z. y J. Hakim. 2020. «From Paris Is Burning to #dragrace: Social Media and the Celebrification of Drag Culture.» Celebrity Studies 11 (4): 386-401. doi:10.1080/19392397.2020.1765080.
Gomes Junior, João. 2021. «O pajubá como tecnologia linguística na constituição de identidades e resistências de travestis.» Cadernos de Gênero y Tecnología 14 (43): 300-314. doi: 10.3895/cgt.v14n43.12174
Halberstam, Judith. 1998. Female Masculinity. Durham y Londres: Duke University Press.
Hall, Stuart. 1997. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Editado por Jessica Evans, Stuart Hall y Sean Nixon. Los Ángeles: Sage Publications.
Harvey, Keith. 2000. «Gay Community, Gay Identity and the Translated Text.» TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 13 (1): 137–65. doi:10.7202/037397ar.
Heller, Meredith. 2016. «Is She He? Drag Discourse and Drag Logic in Online Media Reports of Gender Variance.» Feminist Media Studies 16 (2): 445-459. doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1114004
La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence. 2021. Translocas. The Politics of Puerto Rican Drag and Trans Performance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
López, Miguel A. 2013. «Pink It, Bitch! Destellos de Una Escritura Traca.» En Saturday Night Thriller y otros escritos 1998-2013, editado por Giuseppe Campuzano, 8-16. Lima: Estruendomudo.
Lucas Tavares, Jeremias y Sinara de Oliveira Branco. 2021. «A Tradução Da Linguagem Drag Em RuPaul’s Drag Race: Um Estudo Sobre Representação Através de Legendas.» Revista Letras Raras 10 (1): 210-35. doi:10.35572/rlr.v1i1.1890.
Mahanski, Anderson, Fernando Mendonça y Paulo Lescaut. 2018. «Super Drags.» Brasil: Netflix.
Martínez Pleguezuelos, Antonio Jesús. 2018. Traducción e Identidad Sexual. Reescrituras Audiovisuales Desde La Teoría Queer. Granada: Editorial Comares.
Martínez Pleguezuelos, Antonio Jesús. 2021. «Translating the Queer Body.» Babel. International Journal of Translation 67 (1): 99-117. doi: 10.1075/babel.00207.lep
Medhurst, Andy. 2013. «Batman, Deviance and Camp.» En The Superhero Reader, editado por Charles Hatfield, Jeet Heer y Kent Worcester, 237-51. Jackson: The University of Mississippi Press.
Newton, Esther. 1972. Mother Camp. Female Impersonators in America. Chicago y Londres: The University of Chicago Press.
Passa, Davide. 2021. «You all are sisters! We are all family!» The construction of parenthood in ‘RuPaul’s Drag Race.’ Linguaculture 12 (2): 127-144. doi: 10.47743/lincu-2021-2-0199
Pidduck, Julianne. 2003. «After 1980. Margins and Mainstreams.» En Now You See It, 265–94. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Pidduck, Julianne. 2011. «The Visible and the Sayable: The Moment and Conditions of Hypervisibility.» En Cinematic Queerness: Gay and Lesbian Hypervisibility in Contemporary Francophone Feature Films editado por Florian Grandena and Christina Johnston, 9-40. Bern: Peter Lang.
Sandhu, Arti. 2019. «India’s Digital Drag Aunties Breaking New Ground Wearing Familiar Fashions.» Dress 45 (1): 55–73. doi:10.1080/03612112.2019.1567131.
Santaemilia, José. 2018. «Sexuality and Translation as Intimate Partners? Toward a Queer Turn in Rewriting Identities and Desires.» En Queering Translation, Translating the Queer. Theory, Practice, Activism, editado por Brian Baer y Klaus Kaindl, 11–25. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315505978-2.
Santaemilia, José. 2019. «A Reflection on the Translation of Sex-Related Language in Audio-Visual Texts: The Spanish Version of J.K. Rowling’s The Casual Vacancy.» Perspectives 27 (2): 1-13. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2018.1476563.
Scarlata, Alexa, Ramon Lobato y Stuart Cunningham. 2021. «Producing Local Content in International Waters: The Case of Netflix’s Tidelands.» Continuum. doi:10.1080/10304312.2021.1884654.
Senelick, Laurence. 2000. The Changing Room. Sex, Drag, and Theatre. Londres: Routledge.
Vasquez Toral, Enzoe. 2020. «Queer Fiesta. Hybridity, Drag and Performance in Bolivian Folklore.» Performance Research. A Journal of the Performing Arts 25 (4): 98–106. doi:10.1080/13528165.2020.1842602.
St. André, James. 2014. «Translation as Cross-Identity Performance.» En Thinking through Translation with Metaphors, editado por James St. André, 275–94. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Villanueva-Jordán, Iván. 2019. «‘You better werk.’ Rasgos del camp talk en la subtitulación al español de Rupaul’s Drag Race.» Cadernos de Tradução 39 (2): 156-188. doi: 10.5007/2175-7968.2019v39n3p156
Westerfelhaus, Robert y Celeste Lacroix. 2006. «Seeing ‘Straight’ through Queer Eye: Exposing the Strategic Rethoric of Heteronormativity in a Mediated Ritual of Gay Rebellion.» Critical Studies in Media Communication 23 (5): 426-44. doi:10.1080/07393180601046196
Barrett, Rusty. (2017). From Drag Queens to Leathermen. Language, Gender, and Gay Male Subcultures. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Brizio Bello, Alejandra. 2020. «Identidades y devenires de género en un grupo de jóvenes de sectores medio-altos que hace drag en Lima Metropolitana.» Pluriversidad, (5): 155-71. doi:10.31381/pluriversidad.v0i5.2800.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies That Matter. On the Discursive Limits of Sex. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Chaume, Frederic. 2012. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing. Ámsterdam y Filadelfia: St Jerome Publishing.
Collins English Dictionary. Recuperado el 15 de junio de 2021 de https://www.collinsdictionary.com
Concilio, Arielle. 2016. «Pedro Lemebel and the Translatxrsation. On a Genderqueer Translation Praxis.» TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 3 (3-4): 462-84. doi:10.1215/23289252-3545167
Creswell, John. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Diamond, Milton. 2002. «Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different.» Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 7 (3): 320-334. doi:10.1177/1359104502007003002
Dicionário Informal. Recuperado el 1 de junio de 2021 de https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br
Dhaenens, Frederik. 2012. «Gay Male Domesticity on the Small Screen: Queer Representations of Gay Homemaking in Six Feet Under and Brothers & Sisters.» Popular Communication 10 (3): 217–30. doi:10.1080/15405702.2012.682936.
Eguchi, Shinsuke. 2021. «Gaysian Fabulosity. Quare(ing) the normal and ordinary Shinsuke Eguchi.» En The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Communication, editado por M. N. Goins, J. F. McAlister y B. K. Alexander, 45-58. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Epstein, B. J. y Robert Gillett. 2017. «Introduction.» En Queer in Translation, editado por B. J. Epstein y Robert Gillett, 1-7. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Fan, Jason. 2019. «Queering Disney Animated Films Using a Critical Literacy Lens.» Journal of LGBT Youth 16 (2). doi:10.1080/19361653.2018.1537871.
Feldman, Z. y J. Hakim. 2020. «From Paris Is Burning to #dragrace: Social Media and the Celebrification of Drag Culture.» Celebrity Studies 11 (4): 386-401. doi:10.1080/19392397.2020.1765080.
Gomes Junior, João. 2021. «O pajubá como tecnologia linguística na constituição de identidades e resistências de travestis.» Cadernos de Gênero y Tecnología 14 (43): 300-314. doi: 10.3895/cgt.v14n43.12174
Halberstam, Judith. 1998. Female Masculinity. Durham y Londres: Duke University Press.
Hall, Stuart. 1997. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Editado por Jessica Evans, Stuart Hall y Sean Nixon. Los Ángeles: Sage Publications.
Harvey, Keith. 2000. «Gay Community, Gay Identity and the Translated Text.» TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 13 (1): 137–65. doi:10.7202/037397ar.
Heller, Meredith. 2016. «Is She He? Drag Discourse and Drag Logic in Online Media Reports of Gender Variance.» Feminist Media Studies 16 (2): 445-459. doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1114004
La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence. 2021. Translocas. The Politics of Puerto Rican Drag and Trans Performance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
López, Miguel A. 2013. «Pink It, Bitch! Destellos de Una Escritura Traca.» En Saturday Night Thriller y otros escritos 1998-2013, editado por Giuseppe Campuzano, 8-16. Lima: Estruendomudo.
Lucas Tavares, Jeremias y Sinara de Oliveira Branco. 2021. «A Tradução Da Linguagem Drag Em RuPaul’s Drag Race: Um Estudo Sobre Representação Através de Legendas.» Revista Letras Raras 10 (1): 210-35. doi:10.35572/rlr.v1i1.1890.
Mahanski, Anderson, Fernando Mendonça y Paulo Lescaut. 2018. «Super Drags.» Brasil: Netflix.
Martínez Pleguezuelos, Antonio Jesús. 2018. Traducción e Identidad Sexual. Reescrituras Audiovisuales Desde La Teoría Queer. Granada: Editorial Comares.
Martínez Pleguezuelos, Antonio Jesús. 2021. «Translating the Queer Body.» Babel. International Journal of Translation 67 (1): 99-117. doi: 10.1075/babel.00207.lep
Medhurst, Andy. 2013. «Batman, Deviance and Camp.» En The Superhero Reader, editado por Charles Hatfield, Jeet Heer y Kent Worcester, 237-51. Jackson: The University of Mississippi Press.
Newton, Esther. 1972. Mother Camp. Female Impersonators in America. Chicago y Londres: The University of Chicago Press.
Passa, Davide. 2021. «You all are sisters! We are all family!» The construction of parenthood in ‘RuPaul’s Drag Race.’ Linguaculture 12 (2): 127-144. doi: 10.47743/lincu-2021-2-0199
Pidduck, Julianne. 2003. «After 1980. Margins and Mainstreams.» En Now You See It, 265–94. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Pidduck, Julianne. 2011. «The Visible and the Sayable: The Moment and Conditions of Hypervisibility.» En Cinematic Queerness: Gay and Lesbian Hypervisibility in Contemporary Francophone Feature Films editado por Florian Grandena and Christina Johnston, 9-40. Bern: Peter Lang.
Sandhu, Arti. 2019. «India’s Digital Drag Aunties Breaking New Ground Wearing Familiar Fashions.» Dress 45 (1): 55–73. doi:10.1080/03612112.2019.1567131.
Santaemilia, José. 2018. «Sexuality and Translation as Intimate Partners? Toward a Queer Turn in Rewriting Identities and Desires.» En Queering Translation, Translating the Queer. Theory, Practice, Activism, editado por Brian Baer y Klaus Kaindl, 11–25. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315505978-2.
Santaemilia, José. 2019. «A Reflection on the Translation of Sex-Related Language in Audio-Visual Texts: The Spanish Version of J.K. Rowling’s The Casual Vacancy.» Perspectives 27 (2): 1-13. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2018.1476563.
Scarlata, Alexa, Ramon Lobato y Stuart Cunningham. 2021. «Producing Local Content in International Waters: The Case of Netflix’s Tidelands.» Continuum. doi:10.1080/10304312.2021.1884654.
Senelick, Laurence. 2000. The Changing Room. Sex, Drag, and Theatre. Londres: Routledge.
Vasquez Toral, Enzoe. 2020. «Queer Fiesta. Hybridity, Drag and Performance in Bolivian Folklore.» Performance Research. A Journal of the Performing Arts 25 (4): 98–106. doi:10.1080/13528165.2020.1842602.
St. André, James. 2014. «Translation as Cross-Identity Performance.» En Thinking through Translation with Metaphors, editado por James St. André, 275–94. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Villanueva-Jordán, Iván. 2019. «‘You better werk.’ Rasgos del camp talk en la subtitulación al español de Rupaul’s Drag Race.» Cadernos de Tradução 39 (2): 156-188. doi: 10.5007/2175-7968.2019v39n3p156
Westerfelhaus, Robert y Celeste Lacroix. 2006. «Seeing ‘Straight’ through Queer Eye: Exposing the Strategic Rethoric of Heteronormativity in a Mediated Ritual of Gay Rebellion.» Critical Studies in Media Communication 23 (5): 426-44. doi:10.1080/07393180601046196
Bustamante, T., Villanueva-Jordán, I. ., & Cotrina, D. (2022). Pintosas, bafônicas!/¡Fabulosos, reinas!/¡Fabulosas, divinas!:: Sexually Diverse Representations in the Dubbed Versions of Super Drags. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 8(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina2022815775
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