The freedom of navigation of warships in the territorial sea and its regulation from the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Abstract The following article explores the historical and legislative evolution regarding the navigation of foreign warships in the territorial sea, including the different lines of thought considered in the Conference of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea, so as to approach the current regime. In this context,we examine the legal situation of the previous authorization or notification regarding the innocent passage of warships, taking into consideration the legislative spirit of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 and without losing sight of the International Court of Justice contributions in the «Corfu Channel Case» analyzing its outstanding contributions, so as to finally highlight the actual practices in this field.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1988.11456145
Armas Pfirter, Frida M. 1994: El Derecho Internacional de Pesquerías y el frente marítimo del Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales.
Blank, Laurie R. 2012: «Complex legal frameworks and complex operational challenges: navigating the applicable law across the continuum of military operations». Emory International Law Review, 2012, vol. 26: 87-135.
Blay, Sam. 2001: «Australia’s warships and innocent passage». Australian Law Journal, 2001,vol. 75, Issue 11: 660-665.
Bosco, Joseph A. 1997-1998: «The International Law Implications of China’s Military and Missile Exercises in the Taiwan Strait under the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention and the United Nations Charter». Chinese (Taiwan). Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, 1997-1998, vol. 16: 50-58.
Caminos, Hugo. 1975: «The Law of the Sea at the Caracas Session: a Brief Evaluation». Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1975, vol. 14: 80-86.
Caminos, Hugo. 2001: Law of the Sea, Dartmouth. Ashgate.
Caminos, Hugo y Cogliati-Bantz, Vincent P. 2014: The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511777189
Caron, David D. y Oral, Nilufer (eds.). 2014: Navigating straits: challenges for international law.Leiden: Brill.
Cogliati-Bantz, Vincent P. 2013: «Immune or Not; Warships in Foreign Internal Waters and the un Convention on the Law of the Sea». Durham Law Review, 2013, vol. 1: 1-49.
Consigli, José A. (coord.). 2011: Piratería en el siglo XXI: nuevos escenarios para el derecho internacional. Buenos Aires: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales-cari.
De La Guardia, Ernesto. 1997: El Nuevo Derecho del Mar. Buenos Aires: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales.
De Vattel, Emer. 1916: «Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle. Appliqués à la Conduite et aux Affaires des Nations et des Souverains». En James Brown Scott (ed.): The Classics of International Law. Washington: The Carnegie Institute of Washington, vol. i (Liv.ii, Chap. x).
De Vries Reilingh, O. G. 1971: «Warships in territorial waters, their right of innocent passage».Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 1971, vol. 2, Issue 1: 29-67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0167676800004724
Delupis, Ingrid. 1984: «Foreign warships and immunity for espionage». American Journal of International Law, 1984, vol. 78, Issue 1: 53-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202342
Fenrick, W. J. 1980: «Legal limits on the use of force by Canadian warships engaged in lawenforcement». Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 1980, vol. 18: 113-145.
Fink, M. D. 2010: «Right of Visit for Warships: Some Challenges in Applying the Law of Maritime Interdiction on the High Seas». Military Law and Law of War Review, 2010, vol. 49, Issues 1 and 2: 7-46.
Fleischer, Carl A. 1988: «The new régime of maritime fisheries». Recueil des Cours, vol. 209:95-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9780792303237.095-222
Franckx, Erik. 1987: «The ussr position on the innocent passage of warships through foreign territorial waters». Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, 1987, vol. 18, n.° 1: 33-65.
Franckx, Erik. 1989: «Further steps in the clarification of the Soviet position on the innocent passage of foreign warships through its territorial waters». Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, Fall 1989, vol. 19: 535-563.
Franckx, Erik. 1990: «Innocent passage of warships –recent developments in United Statessoviet relations–», Marine Policy, 1990, vol. 14, Issue 6: 484-490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597X(90)90018-M
Franckx, Erik. 2011: «American and Chinese Views on Navigational Rights of Warships». Chinese Journal of International Law, 2011, vol. 10, Issue 1: 187-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmr006
Froman, F. David. 1984: «Uncharted waters: non-innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea». San Diego Law Review, june 1984, vol. 21: 625-689.
Godio, Leopoldo M. A. 2012: «El Derecho del Mar». En Ricardo Arredondo (dir.): Manual de Derecho Internacional Público. Buenos Aires: La Ley, 523-558.
Juda, Lawrence. 1990: «Innocent Passage by Warships in the Territorial Seas of the Soviet Union: Changing Doctrine». Ocean Development and International Law, 1990, vol. 21, Issue 1: 111-116.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329009545924
Keohane, Robert y Nye, Joseph. 1988: Poder e interdependencia. La política mundial en transición.Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano.
Keyuan, Zou. 1998: «Innocent Passage for Warships: The Chinese Doctrine and Practice». Ocean Development and International Law, 1998, vol. 29, Issue 3: 195-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329809546124
Koh, Tommy B. 1983: «A Constitution for the Oceans». En United Nations: The Law of the Sea.Official Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with Annexes and Index.New York: United Nations, XXIII.
Kwiatkowska, Barbara. 1990: «Innocent Passage by Warships: A Reply to Professor Juda».Ocean Development and International Law, 1990, vol. 21, Issue 4: 447-450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329009545947
Monsanto, Alberto E. 1992: Derecho del Mar. Soberanía y jurisdicción de los Estados en los espacios marítimos adyacentes. Rosario: Poligrafik Proamar.
Oxman, Bernard H. 1984: «The Regime of Warships under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea». Virginia Journal of International Law, 1984, vol. 24, Issue 4: 809-864.
Pueyo Losa, Jorge A. y Correia Brito, Wladimir A. (dirs.). 2012: La gobernanza de los mares y océanos: nuevas realidades, nuevos desafíos. Santiago de Compostela: Scientia Jurídica Andavira Editora.
Rodríguez Ballester, Gamaliel. 2014: «The Right of Innocent Passage of Warships: A Debated Issue». Revista de Derecho Puertorriqueño, 2014, vol. 54: 87-118.
Sohn, Louis B. [et al.]. 2010: Law of the Sea. St. Paul: West Publishing.
Vukas, Budislav. 1990: «Military Uses of the Sea and the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention». En Budislav Vukas (comp.): Essays on the New Law of the Sea 2. Zagreb: Sveucilisna aklada Liber, 401-427.
Walker, G. K. 2007: «Professionals’ Definitions and States’ Interpretative Declarations (Understanding, Statements, or Declarations) for the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention». Emory International Law Review Archive, 2007, vol. 21: 522-534.
Windsor, Thomas. 2011: «Innocent passage of warships in East Asian territorial seas». Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 2011, vol. 3, Issue 3: 73-81.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2011.10815682
Wolf, Sarah. 2012: «Territorial Sea». En Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.): The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. 1981: «Restricting the Use of the Sea to Peaceful Purposes: Demilitarization in Being?». German Yearbook of International Law, 1981, vol. 24: 205-206
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1988.11456145
Armas Pfirter, Frida M. 1994: El Derecho Internacional de Pesquerías y el frente marítimo del Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales.
Blank, Laurie R. 2012: «Complex legal frameworks and complex operational challenges: navigating the applicable law across the continuum of military operations». Emory International Law Review, 2012, vol. 26: 87-135.
Blay, Sam. 2001: «Australia’s warships and innocent passage». Australian Law Journal, 2001,vol. 75, Issue 11: 660-665.
Bosco, Joseph A. 1997-1998: «The International Law Implications of China’s Military and Missile Exercises in the Taiwan Strait under the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention and the United Nations Charter». Chinese (Taiwan). Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, 1997-1998, vol. 16: 50-58.
Caminos, Hugo. 1975: «The Law of the Sea at the Caracas Session: a Brief Evaluation». Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1975, vol. 14: 80-86.
Caminos, Hugo. 2001: Law of the Sea, Dartmouth. Ashgate.
Caminos, Hugo y Cogliati-Bantz, Vincent P. 2014: The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511777189
Caron, David D. y Oral, Nilufer (eds.). 2014: Navigating straits: challenges for international law.Leiden: Brill.
Cogliati-Bantz, Vincent P. 2013: «Immune or Not; Warships in Foreign Internal Waters and the un Convention on the Law of the Sea». Durham Law Review, 2013, vol. 1: 1-49.
Consigli, José A. (coord.). 2011: Piratería en el siglo XXI: nuevos escenarios para el derecho internacional. Buenos Aires: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales-cari.
De La Guardia, Ernesto. 1997: El Nuevo Derecho del Mar. Buenos Aires: Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales.
De Vattel, Emer. 1916: «Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle. Appliqués à la Conduite et aux Affaires des Nations et des Souverains». En James Brown Scott (ed.): The Classics of International Law. Washington: The Carnegie Institute of Washington, vol. i (Liv.ii, Chap. x).
De Vries Reilingh, O. G. 1971: «Warships in territorial waters, their right of innocent passage».Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 1971, vol. 2, Issue 1: 29-67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0167676800004724
Delupis, Ingrid. 1984: «Foreign warships and immunity for espionage». American Journal of International Law, 1984, vol. 78, Issue 1: 53-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202342
Fenrick, W. J. 1980: «Legal limits on the use of force by Canadian warships engaged in lawenforcement». Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 1980, vol. 18: 113-145.
Fink, M. D. 2010: «Right of Visit for Warships: Some Challenges in Applying the Law of Maritime Interdiction on the High Seas». Military Law and Law of War Review, 2010, vol. 49, Issues 1 and 2: 7-46.
Fleischer, Carl A. 1988: «The new régime of maritime fisheries». Recueil des Cours, vol. 209:95-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9780792303237.095-222
Franckx, Erik. 1987: «The ussr position on the innocent passage of warships through foreign territorial waters». Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, 1987, vol. 18, n.° 1: 33-65.
Franckx, Erik. 1989: «Further steps in the clarification of the Soviet position on the innocent passage of foreign warships through its territorial waters». Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, Fall 1989, vol. 19: 535-563.
Franckx, Erik. 1990: «Innocent passage of warships –recent developments in United Statessoviet relations–», Marine Policy, 1990, vol. 14, Issue 6: 484-490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597X(90)90018-M
Franckx, Erik. 2011: «American and Chinese Views on Navigational Rights of Warships». Chinese Journal of International Law, 2011, vol. 10, Issue 1: 187-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmr006
Froman, F. David. 1984: «Uncharted waters: non-innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea». San Diego Law Review, june 1984, vol. 21: 625-689.
Godio, Leopoldo M. A. 2012: «El Derecho del Mar». En Ricardo Arredondo (dir.): Manual de Derecho Internacional Público. Buenos Aires: La Ley, 523-558.
Juda, Lawrence. 1990: «Innocent Passage by Warships in the Territorial Seas of the Soviet Union: Changing Doctrine». Ocean Development and International Law, 1990, vol. 21, Issue 1: 111-116.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329009545924
Keohane, Robert y Nye, Joseph. 1988: Poder e interdependencia. La política mundial en transición.Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano.
Keyuan, Zou. 1998: «Innocent Passage for Warships: The Chinese Doctrine and Practice». Ocean Development and International Law, 1998, vol. 29, Issue 3: 195-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329809546124
Koh, Tommy B. 1983: «A Constitution for the Oceans». En United Nations: The Law of the Sea.Official Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with Annexes and Index.New York: United Nations, XXIII.
Kwiatkowska, Barbara. 1990: «Innocent Passage by Warships: A Reply to Professor Juda».Ocean Development and International Law, 1990, vol. 21, Issue 4: 447-450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329009545947
Monsanto, Alberto E. 1992: Derecho del Mar. Soberanía y jurisdicción de los Estados en los espacios marítimos adyacentes. Rosario: Poligrafik Proamar.
Oxman, Bernard H. 1984: «The Regime of Warships under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea». Virginia Journal of International Law, 1984, vol. 24, Issue 4: 809-864.
Pueyo Losa, Jorge A. y Correia Brito, Wladimir A. (dirs.). 2012: La gobernanza de los mares y océanos: nuevas realidades, nuevos desafíos. Santiago de Compostela: Scientia Jurídica Andavira Editora.
Rodríguez Ballester, Gamaliel. 2014: «The Right of Innocent Passage of Warships: A Debated Issue». Revista de Derecho Puertorriqueño, 2014, vol. 54: 87-118.
Sohn, Louis B. [et al.]. 2010: Law of the Sea. St. Paul: West Publishing.
Vukas, Budislav. 1990: «Military Uses of the Sea and the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention». En Budislav Vukas (comp.): Essays on the New Law of the Sea 2. Zagreb: Sveucilisna aklada Liber, 401-427.
Walker, G. K. 2007: «Professionals’ Definitions and States’ Interpretative Declarations (Understanding, Statements, or Declarations) for the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention». Emory International Law Review Archive, 2007, vol. 21: 522-534.
Windsor, Thomas. 2011: «Innocent passage of warships in East Asian territorial seas». Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 2011, vol. 3, Issue 3: 73-81.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2011.10815682
Wolf, Sarah. 2012: «Territorial Sea». En Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.): The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. 1981: «Restricting the Use of the Sea to Peaceful Purposes: Demilitarization in Being?». German Yearbook of International Law, 1981, vol. 24: 205-206
Godio, L. M. A., & Rosenthal, J. M. (2015). The freedom of navigation of warships in the territorial sea and its regulation from the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. AIS: Ars Iuris Salmanticensis, 3(2), 109–131. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/cuatro/index.php/ais/article/view/14452
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