Hacia una legislación marítima a prueba de futuro: desafíos y oportunidades derivadas del rápido desarrollo tecnológico
Resumen A la luz de los recientes avances tecnológicos, como la inteligencia artificial y las tecnologías de exploración espacial, se reconoce de manera general la urgente necesidad de adoptar un enfoque sostenible en las leyes y políticas. Hacer que la legislación marítima esté a prueba de futuro y orientada al futuro es, sin duda, un tema polémico. Sin embargo, la necesidad de reevaluar el sistema jurídico marítimo es más apremiante que nunca. Este documento analizará la intersección actual y futura entre la legislación del mar y las nuevas tecnologías, y se centrará en cómo desarrollar un marco más proactivo y adaptado a los cambios del entorno. La investigación planteará interrogantes sobre la capacidad de la imaginación jurídica para seguir el ritmo del desarrollo tecnológico. Sugerirá maneras de repensar el marco legal actual para que legisladores y científicos colaboren estrechamente en la prevención de problemas de seguridad marítima. Así, no solo se buscará cómo hacer que la legislación marítima esté a prueba de futuro, sino también cómo alinear sus disposiciones con los avances tecnológicos.
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Avant, David D.;, P. O. I. R. D. and Westerwinter, Oliver (eds.). 2016: The New Power Politics: Networks and Transnational Security Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aylak, B. L. «The Impacts of the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Maritime Logistics». European Journal of Science and Technology, 2022, (34): 217-225.
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Baskar, K. and Balakrishnan, M. 2019: «Cyber Preparedness in Maritime Industry». International Journal of Scientific and Technical Advancements, 2019, 5:2: 19-28.
Bramer, M. and Petridis, M. (eds.). 2016: Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXXIII: Incorporating Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems XXIV. Springer International Publishing.
Brenner, S. W. Cyberthreats: The Emerging Fault Lines of the Nation State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Bueger, C.; Edmunds, T. and Ryan, B. J. «Maritime Security: The Uncharted Politics of the Global Sea». International Affairs, 2019, September: 971-978.
Buiten, M.; de Streel, A. and Peitz, M. «The Law and Economics of AI Liability». Computer Law & Security Review, 2023, 48: 1-18.
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Caplan, R. L. 1980: «Review of Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, by N. MacCormick». Harvard Law Review, 1980, 93:4: 817-831. https://doi.org/10.2307/1340528
Custers, B. (ed.). 2016: The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. T.M.C. Asser Press.
De Toni, A. F. and Tonchia, S. 2001: La flessibilità dei sistemi produttivi: concettualizzazioni e misurazioni sul campo [Atti del 2nd Workshop di Organizzazione aziendale, Università di Padova].
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Evans, M. D. and Galani, S. (eds.). 2020: Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea: Help or Hindrance? Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Fenwick, M. and Wrbka, S. (eds.). 2016: Flexibility in Modern Business Law: A Comparative Assessment. Springer Japan.
Fisher, E. C. 2017: Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794189.003.0005
Fitton, O.; Prince, D.; Germond, B. and Lacy, M. 2015: The Future of Maritime Cybersecurity. Lancaster University.
Folke, C. 2016: Social-ecological Resilience and Biosphere-based Sustainability Science. Ecology and Society, 2016, 16: 1-6.
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Globerman, S. (ed.). 2019: Technology, Automation, and Employment: Will This Time Be Different? Fraser Institute.
Gouveia, J. B. 2018: Direito da segurança: cidadania, soberania e cosmopolitismo: segurança, Estado e comunidade internacional, direito estadual e direito supraestadual, direito fundamental à segurança... Almedina.
Grasso, M. E. 2021: Resilience and Sustainability in Law: Theoretical and Critical Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
Guliyev, H. 2023: «Artificial Intelligence and Unemployment in High-tech Developed Countries: New Insights from Dynamic Panel Data Model». Research in Globalization, 2023, 7.
Hassan, D. and Hasan, S. M. 2017: «Origin, Development, and Evolution of Maritime Piracy: A Historical Analysis». International Journal of Law, Crime, and Justice, 2017, 49: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.01.001
Hiller, A. L. 2017: The Challenge of Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain: Senior Capstone Thesis. California State University Maritime Academy.
Holling, C. S. 1973: Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 1973, 4: 1-23.
Kermit, R. 2019: Certainty vs. Flexibility in the Conflict of Laws. University of Pennsylvania Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-40.
Kessler, G. C. 2019: «Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain». USCG Proceedings of the Marine Safety & Security Council, 2019, 76(1). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/publication/1318
Kingdom of Morocco, Administration of National Defense. Presentation of Law No. 05-20 on Cybersecurity. Retrieved from https://www.dgssi.gov.ma/fr/loi-ndeg-0520-relative-la-cybersecurite
Kittichaisaree, K. 2001: «A Code of Conduct for Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea». Ocean Development & International Law, 2001, 32(2): 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320151100262.
Klein, N. 2011: Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
Koops, B.-J. (ed.). 2006: Starting Points for ICT Regulation: Deconstructing Prevalent Policy One-liners. T.M.C. Asser Press.
Koskenniemi, M. 2021: To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth: Legal Imagination and International Power 1300-1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kraska, J. and Park, Y.-K. (eds.). 2023: Emerging Technology and the Law of the Sea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lavrov, S. and Sari, A. 2021: «Hybrid Threats and the Law: Building Legal Resilience». Hybrid CoE, 2021, November 24. Retrieved from https://www.hybridcoe.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/20211104_Hybrid_CoE_Research_Report_3_Hybrid_threats_and_the_law_WEB.pdf
Leucci, P. and Vianello, I. (eds.). 2023: Ascomare Yearbook on the Law of the Sea 2022. Luglio (Trieste).
Liu, Y.-H. and Liang, T.-P. 2018: «A Bibliometrics Study on the Research Landscape of Business Intelligence and Big Data Analytics». Expert Systems with Applications, 2018, 111: 2-10.
Lott, A. 2022: Hybrid Threats and the Law of the Sea: Use of Force and Discriminatory Navigational Restrictions in Straits. Brill Nijhoff.
Mackinnon, J. 2019: «Fishery Depletion and the South China Sea». Fisheries, 2019, 9(1): 10.26443/firr.v9i1.8
Maggi, B. 2006: «Critique de la notion de flexibilité». Revue française de gestion, 2006, 162(3).
Mahan, A. T. 2010: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nordquist, M. H.; Moore, J. N. and Long, R. (eds.). Challenges of the Changing Arctic: Continental Shelf, Navigation, and Fisheries. Brill.
Oue Elferink, A. G. (ed.). 2005: Stability and Change in the Law of the Sea: The Role of the LOS Convention. Brill.
Perkušić, M.; Jozipović, Š. and Piplica, D. 2020: «The Need for Legal Regulation of Blockchain and Smart Contracts in the Shipping Industry». Transactions on Maritime Science, 2020, 9:2: 365-373.
Ranchordás, S. and Roznai, Y. (eds.). 2020: Time, Law, and Change: An Interdisciplinary Study. Bloomsbury Academic.
Rao, V. A. I. A. 2023: Maritime Security: Challenges & Responses in a Changing World. IPS Press.
Reix, R. «Flexibilité». Encyclopédie de gestion, 1997, 2(2).
Rossello, M. 2022: «Fisheries and the Law of the Sea in the Anthropocene Era». In Pierandrea Leucci and Ilaria Ianiello (eds.): Ascomare Yearbook on the Law of the Sea, vol. 2.
Sartor, G. 2020: The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Artificial Intelligence: Study. European Parliament.
Schmitt, M. N. (ed.). 2017: Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SEKINE, D. 2011: Seapower and Japan’s Maritime Coalition Building. University of Wollongong Thesis Collection. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3565/. Stanton, N. (ed.). 2020: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation: Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conference on Human Aspects of Transportation, July 16-20, 2020, USA. Springer International Publishing.
Susskind, R. E. and Susskind, D. 2015: The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tanaka, Y. 2006: Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation. Bloomsbury Academic.
Till, G. 2009: Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century. Routledge.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2012: UNEP 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/8053
United Nations Secretary-General’s ai Advisory Body. 2023: Interim Report Governing AI for Humanity. December 21.
United Nations University (UNU). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020. United Nations University.
White, J. B. 1985: The Legal Imagination. 2nd ed. Abridged Edition.
Allahverdizadeh, R. and Karimi, M. 2023: «A New Approach to the Theory of Seapower in the 21st Century (In Times of War and Peace)». Geopolitics Quarterly, 2023, 18:4: 383-411. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.17354331.1401.18.68.17.9
Andreone, G. (ed.). 2018: The Future of the Law of the Sea: Bridging Gaps Between National, Individual and Common Interests. Springer International Publishing.
Avant, David D.;, P. O. I. R. D. and Westerwinter, Oliver (eds.). 2016: The New Power Politics: Networks and Transnational Security Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aylak, B. L. «The Impacts of the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Maritime Logistics». European Journal of Science and Technology, 2022, (34): 217-225.
Baldé, C. P.; D’Angelo, E.; Luda, V.; Deubzer, O. and Kuehr, R. 2022: Global Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor - 2022. Bonn: United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).
Bartlett, M. 2018: Game of Drones: Unmanned Maritime Vehicles and the Law of the Sea. University of Auckland - Faculty of Law, November 22. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=4155356
Baskar, K. and Balakrishnan, M. 2019: «Cyber Preparedness in Maritime Industry». International Journal of Scientific and Technical Advancements, 2019, 5:2: 19-28.
Bramer, M. and Petridis, M. (eds.). 2016: Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXXIII: Incorporating Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems XXIV. Springer International Publishing.
Brenner, S. W. Cyberthreats: The Emerging Fault Lines of the Nation State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Bueger, C. «What is Maritime Security?». Marine Policy, 2015, 53: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005
Bueger, C.; Edmunds, T. and Ryan, B. J. «Maritime Security: The Uncharted Politics of the Global Sea». International Affairs, 2019, September: 971-978.
Buiten, M.; de Streel, A. and Peitz, M. «The Law and Economics of AI Liability». Computer Law & Security Review, 2023, 48: 1-18.
Butler, J. 2007: Gender Trouble: El feminismo y la subversion de la identidad. Paidós.
Caplan, R. L. 1980: «Review of Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, by N. MacCormick». Harvard Law Review, 1980, 93:4: 817-831. https://doi.org/10.2307/1340528
Custers, B. (ed.). 2016: The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives. T.M.C. Asser Press.
De Toni, A. F. and Tonchia, S. 2001: La flessibilità dei sistemi produttivi: concettualizzazioni e misurazioni sul campo [Atti del 2nd Workshop di Organizzazione aziendale, Università di Padova].
European Union. 2021: ai Act: Proposal for a Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts. com/2021/206 final, European Commission..
European Union. 2022: «Digital Services Act (DSA) Regulation (EU) 2022/2065». Official Journal of the European Union.
European Union. 2022: AI Liability Directive: Proposal for a Directive on Liability for Artificial Intelligence. COM/2022/495 final, European Commission.
Evans, M. D. and Galani, S. (eds.). 2020: Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea: Help or Hindrance? Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Fenwick, M. and Wrbka, S. (eds.). 2016: Flexibility in Modern Business Law: A Comparative Assessment. Springer Japan.
Fisher, E. C. 2017: Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794189.003.0005
Fitton, O.; Prince, D.; Germond, B. and Lacy, M. 2015: The Future of Maritime Cybersecurity. Lancaster University.
Folke, C. 2016: Social-ecological Resilience and Biosphere-based Sustainability Science. Ecology and Society, 2016, 16: 1-6.
Gerwin, D. 1987: «An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility of Manufacturing Processes». International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 1987, 7:1: 1-5.
Gerwin, D. 1993: «Manufacturing Flexibility: A Strategic Perspective». Management Science, 1993, 39:4: 1-10.
Gill, T. D.; Geiss, R.; Heinsch, R.; Mccormack, T.; Dorsey, J. and Paulussen, C. (eds.). 2012: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 15. T.M.C. Asser Press.
Globerman, S. (ed.). 2019: Technology, Automation, and Employment: Will This Time Be Different? Fraser Institute.
Gouveia, J. B. 2018: Direito da segurança: cidadania, soberania e cosmopolitismo: segurança, Estado e comunidade internacional, direito estadual e direito supraestadual, direito fundamental à segurança... Almedina.
Grasso, M. E. 2021: Resilience and Sustainability in Law: Theoretical and Critical Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
Guliyev, H. 2023: «Artificial Intelligence and Unemployment in High-tech Developed Countries: New Insights from Dynamic Panel Data Model». Research in Globalization, 2023, 7.
Hassan, D. and Hasan, S. M. 2017: «Origin, Development, and Evolution of Maritime Piracy: A Historical Analysis». International Journal of Law, Crime, and Justice, 2017, 49: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.01.001
Hiller, A. L. 2017: The Challenge of Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain: Senior Capstone Thesis. California State University Maritime Academy.
Holling, C. S. 1973: Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 1973, 4: 1-23.
Kermit, R. 2019: Certainty vs. Flexibility in the Conflict of Laws. University of Pennsylvania Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-40.
Kessler, G. C. 2019: «Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain». USCG Proceedings of the Marine Safety & Security Council, 2019, 76(1). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/publication/1318
Kingdom of Morocco, Administration of National Defense. Presentation of Law No. 05-20 on Cybersecurity. Retrieved from https://www.dgssi.gov.ma/fr/loi-ndeg-0520-relative-la-cybersecurite
Kittichaisaree, K. 2001: «A Code of Conduct for Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea». Ocean Development & International Law, 2001, 32(2): 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320151100262.
Klein, N. 2011: Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
Koops, B.-J. (ed.). 2006: Starting Points for ICT Regulation: Deconstructing Prevalent Policy One-liners. T.M.C. Asser Press.
Koskenniemi, M. 2021: To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth: Legal Imagination and International Power 1300-1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kraska, J. and Park, Y.-K. (eds.). 2023: Emerging Technology and the Law of the Sea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lavrov, S. and Sari, A. 2021: «Hybrid Threats and the Law: Building Legal Resilience». Hybrid CoE, 2021, November 24. Retrieved from https://www.hybridcoe.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/20211104_Hybrid_CoE_Research_Report_3_Hybrid_threats_and_the_law_WEB.pdf
Leucci, P. and Vianello, I. (eds.). 2023: Ascomare Yearbook on the Law of the Sea 2022. Luglio (Trieste).
Liu, Y.-H. and Liang, T.-P. 2018: «A Bibliometrics Study on the Research Landscape of Business Intelligence and Big Data Analytics». Expert Systems with Applications, 2018, 111: 2-10.
Lott, A. 2022: Hybrid Threats and the Law of the Sea: Use of Force and Discriminatory Navigational Restrictions in Straits. Brill Nijhoff.
Mackinnon, J. 2019: «Fishery Depletion and the South China Sea». Fisheries, 2019, 9(1): 10.26443/firr.v9i1.8
Maggi, B. 2006: «Critique de la notion de flexibilité». Revue française de gestion, 2006, 162(3).
Mahan, A. T. 2010: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nordquist, M. H.; Moore, J. N. and Long, R. (eds.). Challenges of the Changing Arctic: Continental Shelf, Navigation, and Fisheries. Brill.
Oue Elferink, A. G. (ed.). 2005: Stability and Change in the Law of the Sea: The Role of the LOS Convention. Brill.
Perkušić, M.; Jozipović, Š. and Piplica, D. 2020: «The Need for Legal Regulation of Blockchain and Smart Contracts in the Shipping Industry». Transactions on Maritime Science, 2020, 9:2: 365-373.
Ranchordás, S. and Roznai, Y. (eds.). 2020: Time, Law, and Change: An Interdisciplinary Study. Bloomsbury Academic.
Rao, V. A. I. A. 2023: Maritime Security: Challenges & Responses in a Changing World. IPS Press.
Reix, R. «Flexibilité». Encyclopédie de gestion, 1997, 2(2).
Rossello, M. 2022: «Fisheries and the Law of the Sea in the Anthropocene Era». In Pierandrea Leucci and Ilaria Ianiello (eds.): Ascomare Yearbook on the Law of the Sea, vol. 2.
Sartor, G. 2020: The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Artificial Intelligence: Study. European Parliament.
Schmitt, M. N. (ed.). 2017: Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SEKINE, D. 2011: Seapower and Japan’s Maritime Coalition Building. University of Wollongong Thesis Collection. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3565/. Stanton, N. (ed.). 2020: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation: Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conference on Human Aspects of Transportation, July 16-20, 2020, USA. Springer International Publishing.
Susskind, R. E. and Susskind, D. 2015: The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tanaka, Y. 2006: Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation. Bloomsbury Academic.
Till, G. 2009: Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century. Routledge.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2012: UNEP 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/8053
United Nations Secretary-General’s ai Advisory Body. 2023: Interim Report Governing AI for Humanity. December 21.
United Nations University (UNU). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020. United Nations University.
White, J. B. 1985: The Legal Imagination. 2nd ed. Abridged Edition.
Qasmi Nabil, D. (2025). Hacia una legislación marítima a prueba de futuro: desafíos y oportunidades derivadas del rápido desarrollo tecnológico. AIS: Ars Iuris Salmanticensis, 12(2), 11–39. https://doi.org/10.14201/AIS20241221139
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