Small Sporting Events as a Sports Diplomacy Tool: The Example of the Friendly Football Match Between Basque Country Women’s National Football Team and the Czech Republic
Abstract Many research articles focus on international sporting events that have the potential to gain a global audience, such as the Olympic Games or FIFA World Cups. These sporting events could be valuable sports diplomacy tools for the hosting countries, strengthening the hosting nation’s soft power. However, the majority of the international sporting events could be described as small, with just a limited number of fans. On the other hand, as this article demonstrates on the example of the friendly football match between Basque Country Women’s National Football Team and the Czech Republic that took place in November 2017, this kind of sporting event could be used as a relatively successful sports diplomacy tool (concerning its limited audience).
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Galily, Y. (2019). Shut up and dribble!? Athletes activism in the age of twittersphere? The case of LeBron James. Technology in Society, 58, pp. 1-4.
Gotzon, J. (1998). Euskadiko Futbol Selekzioaren Historia – Historia de la Selección de Fútbol de Euskadi 1915–1997. Bilbao: Ediciones Beta III Milenio.
Groves, M. (2011). Resisting the globalization, standardization and rationalization of football: my journey to Bilbao. Soccer & Society, 12(2), pp. 265-278.
Gutiérrez-Chico, F. (2017). Athletic Bilbao-only Signing Philosophy. Studia Iberica et Americana, 4(1), pp. 101-118.
Guttmann, A. (2014). From Ritual to Record. The Nature of Modern Sports. New York: Columbia University Press.
IOC (2012). London 2012 Olympic Games Global Broadcast Report. Available at: https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/IOC_Marketing/Broadcasting/London_2012_Global_%20Broadcast_Report.pdf. Accessed on 30 August 2021.
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Maenning, W. & Zimbalist, A. (2012). What is a mega sporting event?. In Maenning, W. – Zimbalist, A. (eds.). (2012). International Handbook on the Economics of Mega Sporting Events. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, p. 9-14.
Murray, S. (2012). The Two Halves of Sports Diplomacy. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 28(3), pp. 576-592.
Perse, E. M. (2001). Media Effects and Society. London: Routledge.
Peterková, J. (2006). Ve?ejná diplomacie – jen módní pojem nebo skute?ná zm?na? Mezinárodní vztahy, 41(3), pp. 83-99.
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Respondent N3 (2017). Personal correspondence, 23 December 2017.
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Respondent N5 (2018). Personal correspondence, 10 January 2018.
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Trunkos, J. & Heere, B. (2017). Sport diplomacy: A review of How Sports Can Be Used to Improve International Relationships. In Esherick, C. ; Baker, R. E.; Jackson, S. (eds.). Case Studies in Sport Diplomacy. Morgantown: FiT Publishing, p. 1-17.
Txakartegi, K. (2017). La tricolor femenina se cita en Ipurua. Deia. Available at: http://www.deia.com/2017/11/18/deportes/futbol/la-tricolor-femenina-se-cita-en-ipurua?random=334507. Accessed on 18 November 2017.
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Vaczi, M. (2015). Soccer, Culture and Society in Spain. An ethnography of Basque fandom. London: Routledge.
Zákravský, J. (2017). Baskové v ofsajdu. Sport jako nástroj politiky nestátních národ?. P?ípadová studie fotbalu v Baskicku. Praha: Doko?án.
Zákravský, J. (2019). Sports Diplomacy of the State of Qatar and Its (Lack of) Success in the Czech Republic: Analysis of the Czech Nationwide Press in 2016. In Gardocki, S. – O?arowski, R. – Ulatowski, R. (eds.). (2019). The Islamic World in International Relations. Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 143-155
Ženský fotbal (2017a). Profile [Facebook.] Available at: https://cs-cz.facebook.com/zenyfotbal. Accessed on 27 November.
Ženský fotbal (2017b). Profile [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/zenyfotbal. Accessed on 27 November.
Black, D. & Peacock, B. (2015). Sport and Diplomacy. In Cooper, A. F. – Heine, J. – Thakur, R. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 708-712.
Castillo, J. C. (2008). The other Basque subversives: Athletic de Bilbao vs. the new age of soccer. Sport in Society, 11 (6), pp. 711-722.
?eská fotbalová reprezentace (2017). Profile [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/ceskarepre_cz. Accessed on 27 November.
Ceskarepre (2017). Profile [YouTube]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/user/ceskarepre. Accessed on 27 November.
Coombs, D. S. & Cassilo, D. (2017). Athletes and/or Activists: LeBron James and Black Lives Matter. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(5), pp. 425-444.
Cronin, M. & Mayall, D. (2005). Sport and Ethnicity: some introductory remarks. In Cronin, M. – Mayall, D. (eds.). (2005). Sporting Nationalisms: Identity, Ethnicity, Immigration and Assimilation. London: Routledge, pp. 1-14.
Deia (2017a). El PNV llama a ir al Euskadi-Rep. Checa por la oficialidad y la igualdad. Available at: http://www.deia.com/2017/11/17/deportes/futbol/el-pnv-llama-a-ir-al-euskadi-repcheca-por-la-oficialidad-y-la-igualdad. Accessed on 17 November 2017.
Deia (2017b). Euskadi se gusta en Ipurua. Available at:http://www.deia.com/2017/11/25/deportes/futbol/euskadi-se-gusta-en-ipurua. Accessed on 25 November 2017.
EAJ-PNV (2017a). @IzaskunBilbaoB, europarlamentaria: «Mete un gol a la desigualdad animando el sábado en Ipurua a las chicas». #EuskadiTxekia #AupaNeskak [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/eajpnv/status/933005073319452675. Accessed on 21 November 2017.
EAJ-PNV (2017b). @MireiaZarate, EBBren idazkaria: «Bi gol sartuko ditugu: bata ofizialtasunaren eta bestea berdintasunaren alde» #EuskadiTxekia #AupaNeskak [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/eajpnv/status/934072076775952384. Accessed on 24 November 2017.
EAJ-PNV (2017c). Rakel Molina, parlamentaria: «Estamos con el deporte femenino». #EuskadiTxekia #DanokIpuruara #AupaNeskak [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/eajpnv/status/931935898404573186. Accessed on 18 November 2017.
Encinas, A. (2017). Euskal Selekzioa 2-1 Chequia. Aurrera goaz. Adelante. Eskerrik asko denei! [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/AintzaneEncinas/status/934538841813286917. Accessed on 25 November 2017.
Estomba Etxepare, F. (2007). El Equipo Euzkadi: del Mito Político a la Realidad Histórica (1937-1939). Historia Contemporánea, 19(35), pp. 791-816.
Euskadiko Futbol Federakundea (2017). Euskal Selekzioa-Chequia: actividades. Available at: http://www.eff-fvf.eus/pub/calendarioEliminatoriaSelEspecial.asp?idioma=eu&idCompeticion=17. Accessed on 17 November 2017.
FA?R: Fotbal ženy (2017a). Ohlédnutí za srazem ženské reprezentace v Baskicku. Available at: https://zeny.fotbal.cz/ohlednuti-za-srazem-zenske-reprezentace-v-baskicku/a6832. Accessed on 27 November 2017.
FA?R: Fotbal ženy (2017b). Trenér Karel Rada nominoval na p?átelské utkání v Baskicku. Available at: https://zeny.fotbal.cz/trener-karel-rada-nominoval-na-pratelske-utkani-v-baskicku/a6720. Accessed on 9 November 2017.
FA?R: Fotbal ženy (2017c). Ženská reprezentace se p?edstaví v Baskicku. Available at: https://zeny.fotbal.cz/zenska-reprezentace-se-predstavi-v-baskicku/a6804#4. Accessed on 23 November 2017.
FA?R: Fotbal ženy (2017d). Ženy hrají v sobotu s Baskickem. Available at: https://zeny.fotbal.cz/zeny-hraji-v-sobotu-s-baskickem/a6816#1. Accessed on 24November 2017.
FA?R: Fotbal ženy (2017e). Ženy uzav?ely rok t?snou prohrou v Baskicku. Available at: https://zeny.fotbal.cz/zeny-uzavrely-rok-tesnou-prohrou-v-baskicku/a6823#4. Accessed on 25 November 2017.
Galily, Y. (2019). Shut up and dribble!? Athletes activism in the age of twittersphere? The case of LeBron James. Technology in Society, 58, pp. 1-4.
Gotzon, J. (1998). Euskadiko Futbol Selekzioaren Historia – Historia de la Selección de Fútbol de Euskadi 1915–1997. Bilbao: Ediciones Beta III Milenio.
Groves, M. (2011). Resisting the globalization, standardization and rationalization of football: my journey to Bilbao. Soccer & Society, 12(2), pp. 265-278.
Gutiérrez-Chico, F. (2017). Athletic Bilbao-only Signing Philosophy. Studia Iberica et Americana, 4(1), pp. 101-118.
Guttmann, A. (2014). From Ritual to Record. The Nature of Modern Sports. New York: Columbia University Press.
IOC (2012). London 2012 Olympic Games Global Broadcast Report. Available at: https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/IOC_Marketing/Broadcasting/London_2012_Global_%20Broadcast_Report.pdf. Accessed on 30 August 2021.
Kasparov, G. (2016). Zima p?ichází. Pro? je nutné zastavit Vladimira Putina. Brno: Jota.
Maenning, W. & Zimbalist, A. (2012). What is a mega sporting event?. In Maenning, W. – Zimbalist, A. (eds.). (2012). International Handbook on the Economics of Mega Sporting Events. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, p. 9-14.
Murray, S. (2012). The Two Halves of Sports Diplomacy. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 28(3), pp. 576-592.
Perse, E. M. (2001). Media Effects and Society. London: Routledge.
Peterková, J. (2006). Ve?ejná diplomacie – jen módní pojem nebo skute?ná zm?na? Mezinárodní vztahy, 41(3), pp. 83-99.
Pigman, G. A. (2014). International Sport and Diplomacy’s Public Dimension: Governments, Sporting Federations and the Global Audience. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 25(1), pp. 94-114.
Respondent N1 (2017). Personal correspondence, 22 November 2017.
Respondent N2 (2017). Personal correspondence, 27 November 2017.
Respondent N3 (2017). Personal correspondence, 23 December 2017.
Respondent N4 (2017). Personal correspondence, 24 December 2017.
Respondent N5 (2018). Personal correspondence, 10 January 2018.
Respondent N6 (2018). Personal correspondence, 11 January 2018
Respondent N7 (2018). Personal correspondence, 12 January 2018.
Respondent N8 (2018). Personal correspondence, 15 January 2018.
Respondent N9 (2018). Personal correspondence, 29 January 2018.
Statista (2021). Most popular social networks worldwide as of July 2021, ranked by number of active users (in millions). Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users. Accessed on 30 August 2021.
Trunkos, J. & Heere, B. (2017). Sport diplomacy: A review of How Sports Can Be Used to Improve International Relationships. In Esherick, C. ; Baker, R. E.; Jackson, S. (eds.). Case Studies in Sport Diplomacy. Morgantown: FiT Publishing, p. 1-17.
Txakartegi, K. (2017). La tricolor femenina se cita en Ipurua. Deia. Available at: http://www.deia.com/2017/11/18/deportes/futbol/la-tricolor-femenina-se-cita-en-ipurua?random=334507. Accessed on 18 November 2017.
UCI (2016). UCI Road World Championships Doha 2016. General Information Bulletin. Available at: http://www.uci.ch/mm/Document/News/News/17/70/02/CMRoad2016_Doha_Bulletin_GB_HD_2_English.pdf. Accessed on 30 November 201.
Ulasagabaster, A. (2017). El encuentro por la igualdad entre las naciones y las personas. Gara, 26 November 2017, pp. 1.
Vaczi, M. (2015). Soccer, Culture and Society in Spain. An ethnography of Basque fandom. London: Routledge.
Zákravský, J. (2017). Baskové v ofsajdu. Sport jako nástroj politiky nestátních národ?. P?ípadová studie fotbalu v Baskicku. Praha: Doko?án.
Zákravský, J. (2019). Sports Diplomacy of the State of Qatar and Its (Lack of) Success in the Czech Republic: Analysis of the Czech Nationwide Press in 2016. In Gardocki, S. – O?arowski, R. – Ulatowski, R. (eds.). (2019). The Islamic World in International Relations. Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 143-155
Ženský fotbal (2017a). Profile [Facebook.] Available at: https://cs-cz.facebook.com/zenyfotbal. Accessed on 27 November.
Ženský fotbal (2017b). Profile [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/zenyfotbal. Accessed on 27 November.
Zákravský, J. . (2022). Small Sporting Events as a Sports Diplomacy Tool: The Example of the Friendly Football Match Between Basque Country Women’s National Football Team and the Czech Republic. Revista Euroamericana De Antropología, (12), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.14201/rea2021126782
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