Entre quedarse y partir: experiencias de estudiantes internacionales brasileños en Lisboa
Resumen
Los estudiantes internacionales desempeñan un papel central en la educación superior contemporánea, contribuyendo a la internacionalización de las instituciones y al dinamismo económico y cultural de las sociedades de acogida. A pesar de esta relevancia, enfrentan procesos simultáneos de inclusión y exclusión que evidencian las ambigüedades de las políticas migratorias y educativas. En el contexto portugués, los estudiantes brasileños constituyen el mayor contingente en movilidad de grado, es decir, matriculados en programas completos de grado, máster y doctorado. Esta presencia significativa refuerza los vínculos históricos y lingüísticos entre Brasil y Portugal, al tiempo que revela desafíos específicos. A partir de entrevistas, grupos focales y trabajo etnográfico, el estudio buscó comprender las experiencias de estos estudiantes y los factores que influyen en su permanencia o abandono en Portugal. Los resultados indican que, aunque muchos expresan el deseo de permanecer en el país, enfrentan obstáculos significativos, especialmente relacionados con la crisis habitacional y episodios de xenofobia. Se concluye que las políticas públicas de integración y apoyo son fundamentales para garantizar condiciones equitativas de permanencia y para que estos estudiantes puedan contribuir plenamente al desarrollo académico, económico y social de Portugal.
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Bartram, B. (2018). International students in the era of Trump and Brexit: Implications, constructions and trends. Journal of International Students, 8(4), 1479–1482. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i4.210
Basford, S., & van Riemsdijk, M. (2017). The role of institutions in the student migrant experience: Norway’s quota scheme. Population, Space and Place, 23, e2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2005
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Challinor, E. (2024). Navigating through the cracks of the state system: Shifting spaces of hope in the Portuguese mobility regime. Anthropological Quarterly, 97(1), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2024.a923085
Davies, C. A. (2008). Reflexive ethnography: A guide to researching selves and others (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Deloitte. (2023). Property index 2023: Overview of European residential markets. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/at/Documents/presse/at-deloitte-property-index-2023.pdf
Dennis, M. (2017). International student mobility and the new world disorder. Enrollment Management Support, 21(8), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/emt.30354
Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência (DGEEC). (2020). Resultados do Inquérito Raides19 — Ano letivo 2019/2020. https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/65770f0b6f750be4b1166da3
Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência (DGEEC). (2022). Resultados do Inquérito Raides21 — Ano letivo 2021/2022. https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/657193673c4f90613cb1b804
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Fang, C., & van Liempt, I. (2020). ‘We prefer our Dutch’: International students’ housing experiences in the Netherlands. Housing Studies, 36(6), 822–842. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2020.1720618
Farivar, F., Coffey, J., & Cameron, R. (2019). International graduates and the change of initial career mobility intentions. Personnel Review, 48(3), 1061–1078. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2017-0007
França, T., & Oliveira, S. P. (2021). Brazilian migrant women as killjoys: Disclosing racism in “friendly” Portugal. Cadernos Pagu, 63, e216301. https://doi.org/10.1590/18094449202100630001
França, T., Cairns, D., Calvo, D. M., & de Azevedo, L. (2021). Lisbon, the Portuguese Erasmus city? Mis-match between representation in urban policies and international student experiences. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(9), 1664–1678. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1950544
Gago, A., & Cocola-Gant, A. (2019). O alojamento local e a gentrificação turística em Alfama, Lisboa. In A. C. Santos (Ed.), A nova questão da habitação em Portugal: Uma abordagem de economia política (pp. 143–170). Actual.
Gomes, M. (2013). O imaginário social “mulher brasileira” em Portugal: Uma análise da construção de saberes, das relações de poder e dos modos de subjetivação. Dados, 56(4), 867–900. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582013000400005
Hastings, C., Overgaard, C., Wilson, S., Ramia, G., Morris, A., & Mitchell, E. (2023). Crowded house: Accommodation precarity and self-reported academic performance of international students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2023.2184199
Hu, Y., Xu, C. L., & Tu, M. (2020). Family-mediated migration infrastructure: Chinese international students and parents navigating (im)mobilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chinese Sociological Review, 54(1), 62–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1838271
Iorio, J., & Nogueira, S. (2019). O acolhimento de estudantes internacionais: Brasileiros e timorenses em Portugal. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 27(56), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880005611
Januário, J. F., Cruz, C. O., Varum, H., & Faria e Sousa, V. (2023). Is housing becoming less affordable? A study of affordability in the Portuguese housing market. Property Management, 41(5), 698–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-08-2022-0059
King, R., & Raghuram, P. (2013). International student migration: Mapping the field and new research agendas. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1746
Lee, J. J., & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination and neo-racism. Higher Education, 53, 381–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3
Lu, Y., & Hou, F. (2015). International students who become permanent residents in Canada. Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-006-x/2015001/article/14299-eng.pdf
Lyrio, B., Nada, C., & França, T. (2023). Dealing with Diverse Cultures and Needs: How Have Higher Education Institutions in Portugal Responded to COVID-19? Education Sciences, 13(6), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060585
Malet Calvo, D. (2018). Understanding international students beyond studentification: A new class of transnational urban consumers. Urban Studies, 55(10), 2142–2158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017708089
Malet Calvo, D. (2021). A wonderful but uncertain time: Youth transitions of Erasmus students and Lisbon’s housing crisis. In D. Cairns (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of youth mobility and educational migration (pp. 453–464). Palgrave Macmillan.
Malet Calvo, D., Nofre, J., & Sánchez Fuarros, Í. (2024). Unveiling the intersections between tourism industry and student mobility. Population, Space and Place, 30(4), e2752. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2752
Marchi, R., & Zúquete, J. P. (2024). O populismo de extrema-direita em Portugal: A cultura política dos membros do Chega. Análise Social, 59(251), e22116. https://doi.org/10.31447/2022116
Mazzilli, C., & Lowe, C. (2023). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Portugal country profile. ODI.
Moreira, A., Roumpakis, A., Coda Moscarola, F., & Cantó, O. (2024). Social policy responses to rising inflation in Southern Europe. Social Policy and Society, 23(1), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147474642400006X
Morris, A., Wilson, S., Mitchell, E., Ramia, G., & Hastings, C. (2021). International students struggling in the private rental sector in Australia prior to and during the pandemic. Housing Studies, 38(8), 1589–1610. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.1961695
Nam, B. H., Marshall, R. C., Tian, X., & Jiang, X. (2021). Why universities need to actively combat Sinophobia: Racially traumatic experiences of Chinese international students during COVID-19. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 51(5), 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1965957
Netierman, E., Harrison, L., Freeman, A., Shoyele, G., Esses, V., & Covell, C. (2022). Should I stay or should I go? International students’ decision-making about staying in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23, 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00825-1
Padilla, B., & Ortiz, A. (2012). Fluxos migratórios em Portugal: Do boom migratório à desaceleração no contexto de crise. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 39, 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-85852012000200009
Pires, R. P., Vidigal, I., Pereira, C., Azevedo, J., & Veiga, C. M. (2023). Atlas da emigração portuguesa. Mundos Sociais. https://doi.org/10.15847/CIESMS0012023
Ramos, L. (2024). O futuro do ensino superior no interior de Portugal: Resistir ou desaparecer? Eco Sapo. https://eco.sapo.pt/opiniao/o-futuro-do-ensino-superior-no-interior-de-portugal-resistir-ou-desaparecer/
Seixas, J., Tulumello, S., & Allegretti, G. (2019). Lisboa em transição profunda e desequilibrada. Cadernos Metrópole, 21(44), 221–251. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-9996.2019-4410
Sin, C., Tavares, O., & Aguiar, J. (2023). COVID-19: Threat or opportunity for Portuguese higher education’s attractiveness for international students? Journal of Studies in International Education, 27(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221121396
Stewart, W. H., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2021). Distance education under duress. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S273–S287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1891996
Suh, H. N., Flores, L. Y., & Wang, K. T. (2019). Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental distress among Asian international students in Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119874433
Tajvar, M., Ahmadizadeh, E., Sajadi, H. S., & Shaqura, I. I. (2024). Challenges facing international students at Iranian universities: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, 24, 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05167-x
Tran, L. T., Tan, G., Bui, H., & Rahimi, M. (2023). International graduates on temporary post-graduation visas in Australia. Population, Space and Place, 29, e2602. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2602
Waters, J., & Brooks, R. (2010). Accidental achievers? British Journal of Sociology of Education, 31(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690903539164
Weng, E., Halafoff, A., Barton, G., & Smith, G. (2021). Higher education, exclusion, and belonging. Journal of International Students, 11(S2), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11iS2.3553
Whatley, M., & Castiello-Gutiérrez, S. (2021). Balancing finances, politics, and public health. Higher Education, 84, 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00768-7
Wilken, L., & Dahlberg, M. G. (2017). Between international student mobility and work migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(8), 1347–1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300330
Bartram, B. (2018). International students in the era of Trump and Brexit: Implications, constructions and trends. Journal of International Students, 8(4), 1479–1482. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i4.210
Basford, S., & van Riemsdijk, M. (2017). The role of institutions in the student migrant experience: Norway’s quota scheme. Population, Space and Place, 23, e2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2005
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Challinor, E. (2024). Navigating through the cracks of the state system: Shifting spaces of hope in the Portuguese mobility regime. Anthropological Quarterly, 97(1), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2024.a923085
Davies, C. A. (2008). Reflexive ethnography: A guide to researching selves and others (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Deloitte. (2023). Property index 2023: Overview of European residential markets. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/at/Documents/presse/at-deloitte-property-index-2023.pdf
Dennis, M. (2017). International student mobility and the new world disorder. Enrollment Management Support, 21(8), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/emt.30354
Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência (DGEEC). (2020). Resultados do Inquérito Raides19 — Ano letivo 2019/2020. https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/65770f0b6f750be4b1166da3
Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência (DGEEC). (2022). Resultados do Inquérito Raides21 — Ano letivo 2021/2022. https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/657193673c4f90613cb1b804
Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência (DGEEC). (2024). Resultados do Inquérito Raides23 — Ano letivo 2023/2024. https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/66f5819f081cd43c247ab73d
Fang, C., & van Liempt, I. (2020). ‘We prefer our Dutch’: International students’ housing experiences in the Netherlands. Housing Studies, 36(6), 822–842. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2020.1720618
Farivar, F., Coffey, J., & Cameron, R. (2019). International graduates and the change of initial career mobility intentions. Personnel Review, 48(3), 1061–1078. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2017-0007
França, T., & Oliveira, S. P. (2021). Brazilian migrant women as killjoys: Disclosing racism in “friendly” Portugal. Cadernos Pagu, 63, e216301. https://doi.org/10.1590/18094449202100630001
França, T., Cairns, D., Calvo, D. M., & de Azevedo, L. (2021). Lisbon, the Portuguese Erasmus city? Mis-match between representation in urban policies and international student experiences. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(9), 1664–1678. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1950544
Gago, A., & Cocola-Gant, A. (2019). O alojamento local e a gentrificação turística em Alfama, Lisboa. In A. C. Santos (Ed.), A nova questão da habitação em Portugal: Uma abordagem de economia política (pp. 143–170). Actual.
Gomes, M. (2013). O imaginário social “mulher brasileira” em Portugal: Uma análise da construção de saberes, das relações de poder e dos modos de subjetivação. Dados, 56(4), 867–900. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582013000400005
Hastings, C., Overgaard, C., Wilson, S., Ramia, G., Morris, A., & Mitchell, E. (2023). Crowded house: Accommodation precarity and self-reported academic performance of international students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2023.2184199
Hu, Y., Xu, C. L., & Tu, M. (2020). Family-mediated migration infrastructure: Chinese international students and parents navigating (im)mobilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chinese Sociological Review, 54(1), 62–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1838271
Iorio, J., & Nogueira, S. (2019). O acolhimento de estudantes internacionais: Brasileiros e timorenses em Portugal. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 27(56), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880005611
Januário, J. F., Cruz, C. O., Varum, H., & Faria e Sousa, V. (2023). Is housing becoming less affordable? A study of affordability in the Portuguese housing market. Property Management, 41(5), 698–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-08-2022-0059
King, R., & Raghuram, P. (2013). International student migration: Mapping the field and new research agendas. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1746
Lee, J. J., & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination and neo-racism. Higher Education, 53, 381–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3
Lu, Y., & Hou, F. (2015). International students who become permanent residents in Canada. Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-006-x/2015001/article/14299-eng.pdf
Lyrio, B., Nada, C., & França, T. (2023). Dealing with Diverse Cultures and Needs: How Have Higher Education Institutions in Portugal Responded to COVID-19? Education Sciences, 13(6), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060585
Malet Calvo, D. (2018). Understanding international students beyond studentification: A new class of transnational urban consumers. Urban Studies, 55(10), 2142–2158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017708089
Malet Calvo, D. (2021). A wonderful but uncertain time: Youth transitions of Erasmus students and Lisbon’s housing crisis. In D. Cairns (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of youth mobility and educational migration (pp. 453–464). Palgrave Macmillan.
Malet Calvo, D., Nofre, J., & Sánchez Fuarros, Í. (2024). Unveiling the intersections between tourism industry and student mobility. Population, Space and Place, 30(4), e2752. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2752
Marchi, R., & Zúquete, J. P. (2024). O populismo de extrema-direita em Portugal: A cultura política dos membros do Chega. Análise Social, 59(251), e22116. https://doi.org/10.31447/2022116
Mazzilli, C., & Lowe, C. (2023). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Portugal country profile. ODI.
Moreira, A., Roumpakis, A., Coda Moscarola, F., & Cantó, O. (2024). Social policy responses to rising inflation in Southern Europe. Social Policy and Society, 23(1), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147474642400006X
Morris, A., Wilson, S., Mitchell, E., Ramia, G., & Hastings, C. (2021). International students struggling in the private rental sector in Australia prior to and during the pandemic. Housing Studies, 38(8), 1589–1610. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.1961695
Nam, B. H., Marshall, R. C., Tian, X., & Jiang, X. (2021). Why universities need to actively combat Sinophobia: Racially traumatic experiences of Chinese international students during COVID-19. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 51(5), 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1965957
Netierman, E., Harrison, L., Freeman, A., Shoyele, G., Esses, V., & Covell, C. (2022). Should I stay or should I go? International students’ decision-making about staying in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23, 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00825-1
Padilla, B., & Ortiz, A. (2012). Fluxos migratórios em Portugal: Do boom migratório à desaceleração no contexto de crise. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 39, 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-85852012000200009
Pires, R. P., Vidigal, I., Pereira, C., Azevedo, J., & Veiga, C. M. (2023). Atlas da emigração portuguesa. Mundos Sociais. https://doi.org/10.15847/CIESMS0012023
Ramos, L. (2024). O futuro do ensino superior no interior de Portugal: Resistir ou desaparecer? Eco Sapo. https://eco.sapo.pt/opiniao/o-futuro-do-ensino-superior-no-interior-de-portugal-resistir-ou-desaparecer/
Seixas, J., Tulumello, S., & Allegretti, G. (2019). Lisboa em transição profunda e desequilibrada. Cadernos Metrópole, 21(44), 221–251. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-9996.2019-4410
Sin, C., Tavares, O., & Aguiar, J. (2023). COVID-19: Threat or opportunity for Portuguese higher education’s attractiveness for international students? Journal of Studies in International Education, 27(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221121396
Stewart, W. H., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2021). Distance education under duress. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S273–S287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1891996
Suh, H. N., Flores, L. Y., & Wang, K. T. (2019). Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental distress among Asian international students in Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119874433
Tajvar, M., Ahmadizadeh, E., Sajadi, H. S., & Shaqura, I. I. (2024). Challenges facing international students at Iranian universities: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, 24, 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05167-x
Tran, L. T., Tan, G., Bui, H., & Rahimi, M. (2023). International graduates on temporary post-graduation visas in Australia. Population, Space and Place, 29, e2602. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2602
Waters, J., & Brooks, R. (2010). Accidental achievers? British Journal of Sociology of Education, 31(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690903539164
Weng, E., Halafoff, A., Barton, G., & Smith, G. (2021). Higher education, exclusion, and belonging. Journal of International Students, 11(S2), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11iS2.3553
Whatley, M., & Castiello-Gutiérrez, S. (2021). Balancing finances, politics, and public health. Higher Education, 84, 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00768-7
Wilken, L., & Dahlberg, M. G. (2017). Between international student mobility and work migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(8), 1347–1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300330
Lyrio, B. (2026). Entre quedarse y partir: experiencias de estudiantes internacionales brasileños en Lisboa. Revista De Estudios Brasileños, 11(24), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.14201/reb202411243343
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