Data visualization
pathways between art and science in the production and consumption of images
Abstract The main goal of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the image of the SARS-CoV-2 in the Spanish television news programs, and its evolution, as well as their relation with the scientific images of the virus they were based upon. Thus, a sample of images from four television networks (RTVE, Antena TV, La Sexta y Cuatro), in 2020 and 2021, have been studied. The image of the virus should be in the background screen of the television set. Moreover, images of the SARS-CoV-2 published in the webpages of two scientific institutions, CDC, and NIAID, were also analyzed. The results show that television news programs used mainly 3D images of the virus, and there is a trend in 2021 to include only one specimen of the virus. Likewise, the data showed a functional convergence in both scientific and media images of the virus, as the creators of the scientific images manipulated chromatically most of the images registered by electronic microscopes. This investigation contributes to the knowledge of the visual imaginary of pandemics, as well as proves the increasingly vague limits between scientific and media images.
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AJMC Staff. (2021). A Timeline of COVID-19 Developments in 2020. The American Journal of Managed Care (AJMC). Recuperado de https://www.ajmc.com/ view/a-timeline-of-covid19-developments-in-2020
Alcíbar, M. (2017). Information visualisation as a resource for popularising the technical-biomedical aspects of the last Ebola virus epidemic: The case of the Spanish reference press. Public Understanding of Science, 27(3), pp. 365-381. doi: http://doi.org/10.1177/0963662517702047
Almeida, J. D., y Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1967). The Morphology of Three Previously Uncharacterized Human Respiratory Viruses that Grow in Organ Culture. Journal of General Virology, 1(2), pp. 175-178. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-1-2-175
Andreu-Sánchez, C. y Martín-Pascual, M. A. (2020). Fake images of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the communication of information at the beginning of the first Covid-19 pandemic. El profesional de la información, 3(29), e290309. doi: 10.3145/epi.2020.may.09
Antena 3 Noticias. (5 agosto, 2014). Este jueves, ‘Coronavirus. Amenaza global’, programa especial informativo de Antena 3 Noticias [Video] https://tinyurl.com/4bzyxre6
Anglo-Australian Telescope (2021). From Photographs to Spectra. https://aat.anu.edu.au/
Barlovento Comunicación. (2021). Balance del consumo de televisión durante el primer año del covid. Barlovento Comunicación. https://tinyurl.com/5h7tr8fc
Bonales, G., Jiménez-Gómez, I. y López, J. (2020). La representación gráfica del virión del SARSCoV-2 en España: comparación entre la prensa impresa y los informativos televisivos. RECS. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 1, pp. 158-170. doi: 10.20318/recs.2020.5457
Bosch, B. J., van der Zee, R., de Haan, C. A., y Rottier, P. J. (2003). The corona virus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: Structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. Journal of Virology, 77(16), pp. 8801-8811.
Brenen, J. S., Simón, F. M., y Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Beyond (Mis)Representation: Visuals in COVID-19 Misinformation. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), pp. 277-299. doi: 10.1177/1940161220964780
Burrell, C. J., Howard, C. R. y Murphy, F. A. (2017). Fenner and White’s Medical Virology. Academic Press.
Candela, E. (2021). Designing the virus. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 51(1), pp. 140-145. 1939-1811. doi: 10.1525/hsns.2021.51.1.140
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El profesional de la información, 29(2), pp. 1-14, e290223. doi: 10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
Català, J. M. (2018). Más allá de la representación. ¿Es visible la realidad? (Imágenes y conocimiento). Arbor, 194(790), a485. doi: 10.3989/arbor.2018.790n4010
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Ultrastructural morphology exhibited by coronaviruses. Public Health Image Library. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://bit.ly/2U0R7ML
Cox, L. (17 de abril, 2020). In Pictures: The first images of a coronavirus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library. https://microbiologysociety.org/blog/ in-pictures-the-first-images-of-a-coronavirus.html
Davies, E., Tew, P., Glowacki, D., Smith, J., y Mitchell, T. (2016). Evolving Atomic Aesthetics and Dynamics. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music, Sound, Art and Design, 9596, pp. 17-30. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-31008-4_2
Delicado, A., y Rowland, J. (2021). Visual representations of science in a pandemic: COVID-19 in images. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 645725 doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2021.645725
Doerr, A. (2017). Cryo-electron tomography, Nature Methods, 14(1), 34. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4115 García-Ramos, F., Bonales Damiel, G., Jiménez-Gómez, I. y López-Díez, J. (2021). Prisma Social, 34, pp. 208-235.
Giaimo, C. (2020, 21 abril). The Spiky Blob Seen Around the World. The New York Times. https:// nyti.ms/3hV4Bjo
Gómez-Isla, J. (2013). Arte, documento y discurso audiovisual: entre la imagen de la ciencia y la ciencia de la imagen. En J. Gómez-Isla (Ed.) Cuestión de imagen. Aproximaciones al universo audiovisual desde la comunicación, el arte y la ciencia, pp. 79-110. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Goodsell, D. S. (2020). RCSB Protein Data Bank, Molecular Landscapes. Coronavirus, 2020. doi: http://doi.org/10.2210/rcsb_pdb/goodsell-gallery-019
Hattam, V. (2021). Visualizing the Virus. Design and Culture, 13(1), pp. 9-17. doi: 10.1080/17547075.2020.1869454
Holmes, F. (s. f.). Medicine in the First World War. University of Kansas Medical Center. https:// www.kumc.edu/wwi/index-of-essays/typhus-on-the-eastern-front.html
Hüppauf, B. y Weingart, P. (2008). Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences. Routledge.
Jiménez-Gómez, I., López-Díez, J., y Bonales-Daimiel, G. (2020). The Imaginary of an Invisible Enemy: The SARS-CoV-2 Virion on the Spanish TV News. Trípodos, 2(47), pp. 127-144. doi: 10.51698/tripodos.2020.47p127-144
Kearns, C., y Kearns, N. (2020). The role of comics in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 43(3), pp. 39-149. doi: 10.1080/17453054.2020.1761248
King, A. J., y Lazard, A. J. (2020). Advancing Visual Health Communication Research to Improve Infodemic Response, Health Communication, 35(14), pp. 1723-1728. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1838094
Last, J. M. (ed.) (2007). A Dictionary of Public Health. Westminster College, Oxford University Press. https://tinyurl.com/yf9knxc4
Liu, C., Yang, Y., Gao, Y., Shen, C., Ju, B., Liu, C., Tang, X., Wei, J., Ma, X., Liu, W., Xu, S., Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Wu, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, P., y Liu, L. (2020). Viral Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 with Post-Fusion Spike Revealed by Cryo-EM- BioRxiv Preprint. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.02.972927
López-Cantos, F. (2020). La representación visual del conocimiento científico y su característica naturaleza epistémica, heurística y comunicativa. Isegoría. Revista de Filosofía Moral y Política, 62, pp. 91-108. doi: 10.3989/isegoria.2020.062.05
López-Cantos, F. (2019). La imagen científica: tecnología y artefacto. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 1(1), pp. 158-172. doi: 10.14198/MEDCOM2010.1.1.09.
López-Cantos, F. (2015). The epistemic representation: visual production and communication of scientific knowledge. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 2(1), pp. 152-173. doi: 10.4995/muse.2015.2226.
López-Cantos, F. (2012). Más lejos, más cerca, más color. Imaginar la ciencia en las fronteras. En P. Amador, Mª R. Ruiz Franco, T. López Pellisa y J. Cubas (eds.). Imagen, Cultura y Tecnología: medios, usos y redes. Actas del Segundo Congreso Internacional sobre Imagen, Cultura y Tecnología (2, octubre 2010, Getafe, Madrid), pp. 152-158.
Malin, David (1989). Photography with the AAT. Epping, New South Wales: Anglo-Australian Observatory.artinerie, L., Bernoux, D., Giovannini-Chami, L, y Fabre, A. (2021). Children’s Drawings of Coronavirus. Pediatrics, 148(1), e2020047621. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-047621
Miller, A. I. (1995). Aesthetics, Representation and Creativity in Art and Science. Leonardo, 28(3), pp. 185-192. doi: 10.2307/1576073
Mogaji, E., y Nguyen, P. (2020). Can we brand a pandemic? Should we? The case for corona virus, COVID19 or SARSCoV2. Journal of Public Affairs. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2546
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2021). SARS-CoV-2. Images and B-roll related to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also known as 2019nCoV) that causes COVID-19. [Fotografía] Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/ albums/72157712914621487/with/50748458672/
NIH. (2020, 13 de febrero). New Images of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Now Available. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. https://bit.ly/31aRPGy
NMDC. (2020). National Pathogen Resource Collection Center (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention under Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention. https://nmdc.cn/nCov/en
Ornes, S. (2021). Science and Culture: The evolving portrait of a virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(29), e2111544118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2111544118
Porras Gallo, M. I. (1995). La prensa madrileña de información general ante la epidemia de gripe de 1918-19. Medicina e Historia, 57, I-XVI.
Rawsthorn, A. (26 sept 2020). Alissa Eckert on designing the ‘spiky blob’ Covid-19 medical illustration. Wallpaper. https://www.wallpaper.com/design/design-emergency-alissa-eckert- designs-covid-19-illustration
Rivas, M. M., y Calero, M. L. (2020). Pandemia y Posverdad: El impacto de COVID-19 en La comunicación por WhatsApp. Prisma Social, 31, pp. 110-54. https://revistaprismasocial.es/ article/view/3892.
RTVE. (12 marzo, 2020). CORONAVIRUS: Especial informativo. [Video] RTVE. https://youtu. be/B-1BGJ_5GHU
Rudenberg, H., Rudenberg, G., y Paul, G. (2010). Origin and Background of the Invention of the Electron Microscope. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 160, pp. 207-286. doi:
10.1016/S1076-5670(10)60006-7. ISBN 978-0-12-381017-5.
Seymour, S. (1831). Cholera «Tramples the victors by the vanquished both". A Short History of the National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine photographic archive. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [Fotografía] Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_miasm%C3%A1tica_de_la_enfermedad#/media/Archivo:Cholera_art.jpg
Saji, S., Venkatesan, S., y Callender, B. (2021). Comics in the Time of a Pan(dem)ic: COVID-19, Graphic Medicine, and Metaphors. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 64(1), pp. 136154. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2021.0010
Smith, L. F., Smith, J. K., Arcand, K. K., Smith, R. K., Bookbinder, J., y Keach, K. (2010). Aesthetics and Astronomy: Studying the Public’s Perception and Understanding of Imagery from Space. Science Communication, 33(2), pp. 201-238. doi: 10.1177/1075547010379579
Summ, A., y Volpers, A. M. (2016). What’s science? Where’s science? Science journalism in German print media. Public Understanding of Science, 25(7), pp. 775-790.
Tufail, H., Tufail, K., Mamona Y., y Qureshi, M. Y. (2021). Visual representation of COVID-19 in Children‘s Literature: A Semiotic Analysis. Sir Syed Journal of Education y Social Research, 4(2), pp. 423-430. doi: 10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss2-2021
World Health Organization. (2020, 12 marzo). WHO announces COVID-19 Outbreak a pandemic. WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus- covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-Outbreak-a-pandemic.
Zilinsky, R. (2020). Coronavirus around blood cells. [Fotografía]. Getty Images. https://bit.ly/311L3ms
Alcíbar, M. (2017). Information visualisation as a resource for popularising the technical-biomedical aspects of the last Ebola virus epidemic: The case of the Spanish reference press. Public Understanding of Science, 27(3), pp. 365-381. doi: http://doi.org/10.1177/0963662517702047
Almeida, J. D., y Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1967). The Morphology of Three Previously Uncharacterized Human Respiratory Viruses that Grow in Organ Culture. Journal of General Virology, 1(2), pp. 175-178. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-1-2-175
Andreu-Sánchez, C. y Martín-Pascual, M. A. (2020). Fake images of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the communication of information at the beginning of the first Covid-19 pandemic. El profesional de la información, 3(29), e290309. doi: 10.3145/epi.2020.may.09
Antena 3 Noticias. (5 agosto, 2014). Este jueves, ‘Coronavirus. Amenaza global’, programa especial informativo de Antena 3 Noticias [Video] https://tinyurl.com/4bzyxre6
Anglo-Australian Telescope (2021). From Photographs to Spectra. https://aat.anu.edu.au/
Barlovento Comunicación. (2021). Balance del consumo de televisión durante el primer año del covid. Barlovento Comunicación. https://tinyurl.com/5h7tr8fc
Bonales, G., Jiménez-Gómez, I. y López, J. (2020). La representación gráfica del virión del SARSCoV-2 en España: comparación entre la prensa impresa y los informativos televisivos. RECS. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 1, pp. 158-170. doi: 10.20318/recs.2020.5457
Bosch, B. J., van der Zee, R., de Haan, C. A., y Rottier, P. J. (2003). The corona virus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: Structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. Journal of Virology, 77(16), pp. 8801-8811.
Brenen, J. S., Simón, F. M., y Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Beyond (Mis)Representation: Visuals in COVID-19 Misinformation. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), pp. 277-299. doi: 10.1177/1940161220964780
Burrell, C. J., Howard, C. R. y Murphy, F. A. (2017). Fenner and White’s Medical Virology. Academic Press.
Candela, E. (2021). Designing the virus. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 51(1), pp. 140-145. 1939-1811. doi: 10.1525/hsns.2021.51.1.140
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El profesional de la información, 29(2), pp. 1-14, e290223. doi: 10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
Català, J. M. (2018). Más allá de la representación. ¿Es visible la realidad? (Imágenes y conocimiento). Arbor, 194(790), a485. doi: 10.3989/arbor.2018.790n4010
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Ultrastructural morphology exhibited by coronaviruses. Public Health Image Library. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://bit.ly/2U0R7ML
Cox, L. (17 de abril, 2020). In Pictures: The first images of a coronavirus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library. https://microbiologysociety.org/blog/ in-pictures-the-first-images-of-a-coronavirus.html
Davies, E., Tew, P., Glowacki, D., Smith, J., y Mitchell, T. (2016). Evolving Atomic Aesthetics and Dynamics. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music, Sound, Art and Design, 9596, pp. 17-30. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-31008-4_2
Delicado, A., y Rowland, J. (2021). Visual representations of science in a pandemic: COVID-19 in images. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 645725 doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2021.645725
Doerr, A. (2017). Cryo-electron tomography, Nature Methods, 14(1), 34. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4115 García-Ramos, F., Bonales Damiel, G., Jiménez-Gómez, I. y López-Díez, J. (2021). Prisma Social, 34, pp. 208-235.
Giaimo, C. (2020, 21 abril). The Spiky Blob Seen Around the World. The New York Times. https:// nyti.ms/3hV4Bjo
Gómez-Isla, J. (2013). Arte, documento y discurso audiovisual: entre la imagen de la ciencia y la ciencia de la imagen. En J. Gómez-Isla (Ed.) Cuestión de imagen. Aproximaciones al universo audiovisual desde la comunicación, el arte y la ciencia, pp. 79-110. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Goodsell, D. S. (2020). RCSB Protein Data Bank, Molecular Landscapes. Coronavirus, 2020. doi: http://doi.org/10.2210/rcsb_pdb/goodsell-gallery-019
Hattam, V. (2021). Visualizing the Virus. Design and Culture, 13(1), pp. 9-17. doi: 10.1080/17547075.2020.1869454
Holmes, F. (s. f.). Medicine in the First World War. University of Kansas Medical Center. https:// www.kumc.edu/wwi/index-of-essays/typhus-on-the-eastern-front.html
Hüppauf, B. y Weingart, P. (2008). Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences. Routledge.
Jiménez-Gómez, I., López-Díez, J., y Bonales-Daimiel, G. (2020). The Imaginary of an Invisible Enemy: The SARS-CoV-2 Virion on the Spanish TV News. Trípodos, 2(47), pp. 127-144. doi: 10.51698/tripodos.2020.47p127-144
Kearns, C., y Kearns, N. (2020). The role of comics in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 43(3), pp. 39-149. doi: 10.1080/17453054.2020.1761248
King, A. J., y Lazard, A. J. (2020). Advancing Visual Health Communication Research to Improve Infodemic Response, Health Communication, 35(14), pp. 1723-1728. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1838094
Last, J. M. (ed.) (2007). A Dictionary of Public Health. Westminster College, Oxford University Press. https://tinyurl.com/yf9knxc4
Liu, C., Yang, Y., Gao, Y., Shen, C., Ju, B., Liu, C., Tang, X., Wei, J., Ma, X., Liu, W., Xu, S., Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Wu, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, P., y Liu, L. (2020). Viral Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 with Post-Fusion Spike Revealed by Cryo-EM- BioRxiv Preprint. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.02.972927
López-Cantos, F. (2020). La representación visual del conocimiento científico y su característica naturaleza epistémica, heurística y comunicativa. Isegoría. Revista de Filosofía Moral y Política, 62, pp. 91-108. doi: 10.3989/isegoria.2020.062.05
López-Cantos, F. (2019). La imagen científica: tecnología y artefacto. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 1(1), pp. 158-172. doi: 10.14198/MEDCOM2010.1.1.09.
López-Cantos, F. (2015). The epistemic representation: visual production and communication of scientific knowledge. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 2(1), pp. 152-173. doi: 10.4995/muse.2015.2226.
López-Cantos, F. (2012). Más lejos, más cerca, más color. Imaginar la ciencia en las fronteras. En P. Amador, Mª R. Ruiz Franco, T. López Pellisa y J. Cubas (eds.). Imagen, Cultura y Tecnología: medios, usos y redes. Actas del Segundo Congreso Internacional sobre Imagen, Cultura y Tecnología (2, octubre 2010, Getafe, Madrid), pp. 152-158.
Malin, David (1989). Photography with the AAT. Epping, New South Wales: Anglo-Australian Observatory.artinerie, L., Bernoux, D., Giovannini-Chami, L, y Fabre, A. (2021). Children’s Drawings of Coronavirus. Pediatrics, 148(1), e2020047621. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-047621
Miller, A. I. (1995). Aesthetics, Representation and Creativity in Art and Science. Leonardo, 28(3), pp. 185-192. doi: 10.2307/1576073
Mogaji, E., y Nguyen, P. (2020). Can we brand a pandemic? Should we? The case for corona virus, COVID19 or SARSCoV2. Journal of Public Affairs. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2546
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2021). SARS-CoV-2. Images and B-roll related to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also known as 2019nCoV) that causes COVID-19. [Fotografía] Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/ albums/72157712914621487/with/50748458672/
NIH. (2020, 13 de febrero). New Images of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Now Available. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. https://bit.ly/31aRPGy
NMDC. (2020). National Pathogen Resource Collection Center (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention under Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention. https://nmdc.cn/nCov/en
Ornes, S. (2021). Science and Culture: The evolving portrait of a virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(29), e2111544118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2111544118
Porras Gallo, M. I. (1995). La prensa madrileña de información general ante la epidemia de gripe de 1918-19. Medicina e Historia, 57, I-XVI.
Rawsthorn, A. (26 sept 2020). Alissa Eckert on designing the ‘spiky blob’ Covid-19 medical illustration. Wallpaper. https://www.wallpaper.com/design/design-emergency-alissa-eckert- designs-covid-19-illustration
Rivas, M. M., y Calero, M. L. (2020). Pandemia y Posverdad: El impacto de COVID-19 en La comunicación por WhatsApp. Prisma Social, 31, pp. 110-54. https://revistaprismasocial.es/ article/view/3892.
RTVE. (12 marzo, 2020). CORONAVIRUS: Especial informativo. [Video] RTVE. https://youtu. be/B-1BGJ_5GHU
Rudenberg, H., Rudenberg, G., y Paul, G. (2010). Origin and Background of the Invention of the Electron Microscope. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 160, pp. 207-286. doi:
10.1016/S1076-5670(10)60006-7. ISBN 978-0-12-381017-5.
Seymour, S. (1831). Cholera «Tramples the victors by the vanquished both". A Short History of the National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine photographic archive. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [Fotografía] Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_miasm%C3%A1tica_de_la_enfermedad#/media/Archivo:Cholera_art.jpg
Saji, S., Venkatesan, S., y Callender, B. (2021). Comics in the Time of a Pan(dem)ic: COVID-19, Graphic Medicine, and Metaphors. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 64(1), pp. 136154. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2021.0010
Smith, L. F., Smith, J. K., Arcand, K. K., Smith, R. K., Bookbinder, J., y Keach, K. (2010). Aesthetics and Astronomy: Studying the Public’s Perception and Understanding of Imagery from Space. Science Communication, 33(2), pp. 201-238. doi: 10.1177/1075547010379579
Summ, A., y Volpers, A. M. (2016). What’s science? Where’s science? Science journalism in German print media. Public Understanding of Science, 25(7), pp. 775-790.
Tufail, H., Tufail, K., Mamona Y., y Qureshi, M. Y. (2021). Visual representation of COVID-19 in Children‘s Literature: A Semiotic Analysis. Sir Syed Journal of Education y Social Research, 4(2), pp. 423-430. doi: 10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss2-2021
World Health Organization. (2020, 12 marzo). WHO announces COVID-19 Outbreak a pandemic. WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus- covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-Outbreak-a-pandemic.
Zilinsky, R. (2020). Coronavirus around blood cells. [Fotografía]. Getty Images. https://bit.ly/311L3ms
López-Díez, J., Bonales Daimiel, G. ., Jim´énez Gómez, I., & García Ramos, F. J. . (2021). Data visualization: pathways between art and science in the production and consumption of images. Fonseca, Journal of Communication, (23), 61–87. https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc2021236187
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