The scientific gaze and the artistic gaze in the representation of human oddities
approaches and bifurcations in the study of body diversity since the sixteenth century
Abstract Since its origins, data analysis has turned to visual representation to find and offer explanations. Storage and processing capacities are steadily growing thanks to the advancement of computing. At the same time, thanks to technological democratization, artistic contributions in data visualization have multiplied, providing new creative forms and different approaches from those of science. This article looks at the reciprocal influences between the arts and sciences around data visualizations. We present a panoramic view of Data Visualization through an analysis of both the dedication in the various disciplines to this topic collected in the primary bibliographic databases and the growing community of practice that currently welcomes scientists, designers, artists and other professional profiles. Through a series of historical examples ranging from prehistory to the present, we discuss various lines of influence in which art and science have led to advances in the communication of phenomena or the posing of questions based on data. Finally, we offer some reflections on the challenges that Data Visualization faces and the opportunities derived from them.
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Bremer, N., y Wu, S. (2021). Data Sketches: A journey of imagination, exploration, and beautiful data visualizations. Natick, MA, EE.UU.: AK Peters/CRC Press.
Brodlie, K., Osorio, R. A., y Lopes, A. (2012). A review of uncertainty in data visualization. Expanding the frontiers of visual analytics and visualization, pp. 81-109. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2804-5_6
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Cairo, A. (2020). Foreword: The dawn of a philosophy of visualization. En Data visualization in society (pp. 17-18). Amsterdam, Holanda: Amsterdam University Press.
Cavaller, V. (2021). Dimensional Taxonomy of Data Visualization: A Proposal From Communication Sciences Tackling Complexity. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6, pp. 4. doi:10.3389/frma.2021.643533
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Chittaro, L. (2001). Information visualization and its application to medicine. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 22(2), pp. 81-88. doi:10.1016/S0933-3657(00)00101-9
Crameri, F., Shephard, G. E., y Heron, P. J. (2020). The misuse of colour in science communication. Nature communications, 11(1), pp. 1-10. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19160-7
Daston, L., y Galison, P. (1992). The image of objectivity. Representations, 40, pp. 81-128.
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D’Ignazio, C. (2017). Creative data literacy: Bridging the gap between the data-haves and datahave nots. Information Design Journal, 23(1), pp. 6-18. doi:10.1075/idj.23.1.03dig
Dimara, E., y Perin, C. (2019). What is interaction for data visualization? IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 26(1), pp. 119-129. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2019.2934283
Edgerton Jr., S. Y. (1984). Galileo, Florentine «disegno,» and the «strange spottednesse» of the moon. Art Journal, 44(3), pp. 225-232.
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García-Sánchez, F., Isla, J. G., Therón, R., y Casado-Lumbreras, C. (2019). Assessing Visual Literacy in the Consumers of New Technologies: A Cultural Perspective. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (IJHCITP), 10(1), pp. 1-21.
Gómez-Isla, J. (2013). Arte, documento y discurso audiovisual: Entre la imagen de la ciencia y la ciencia de la imagen. En En J. Gómez-Isla (Ed.), Cuestión de imagen. Aproximaciones al universo audiovisual desde la comunicación, el arte y la ciencia (pp. 79-110). Salamanca, España: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Johnson, R. A., y Bhattacharyya, G. K. (2019). Statistics: Principles and methods. Hoboken, EE.UU.: John Wiley & Sons.
Kirk, A. (2012). Data Visualization: A successful design process. Birmingham, Reino Unido: Packt publishing LTD.
Knaflic, C. N. (2015). Storytelling with data: A data visualization guide for business professionals. Hoboken, EE.UU.: John Wiley & Sons.
Kosara, R. (2007). Visualization Criticism–The Missing Link Between Information Visualization and Art. 2007 11th International Conference Information Visualization (IV ’07), pp. 631636. doi:10.1109/IV.2007.130
Lauer, D. A., y Pentak, S. (2011). Design basics. Boston, EE.UU.: Cengage Learning.
Levin, G., y Brain, T. (2021). Code as Creative Medium: A Handbook for Computational Art and Design. Cambridge, MA,EE. UU.: MIT Press.
Li, Q. (2018). Data visualization as creative art practice. Visual Communication, 17(3), pp. 299312. doi:10.1177/1470357218768202
Marchese, C. (2021). Information Design for the Common Good: Human-centric Approaches to Contemporary Design. Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
Marshack, A. (1972). The roots of civilization: The cognitive beginnings of man’s first art, symbol and notation. Londres, Reino Unido: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Martín-Martín, A., Thelwall, M., Orduna-Malea, E., y López-Cózar, E. D. (2021). Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations’ COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations. Scientometrics, 126(1), pp. 871-906. doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4
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McCandless, D. (2012). Information is beautiful. Londres, Reino Unido: Collins.
McCandless, D. (2014). Knowledge is beautiful. Londres, Reino Unido: William Collins.
Meirelles, I. (2013). Design for information: An introduction to the histories, theories, and best practices behind effective information visualizations. Beverly, MA, EE.UU.: Rockport Publishers.
Meyer, M. (2013). Designing Visualizations For Biological Data. Leonardo, 46(3), pp. 270-271.
doi:10.1162/LEON_a_00568
Munroe, R. (2009). Xkcd# 657: Movie narrative charts.
Munzner, T. (2002). Information visualization. IEEE Computer graphics and applications, 22(1), pp. 20-21. doi:10.1109/MCG.2002.974514
Ogawa, M., y Ma, K.-L. (2010). Software evolution storylines. Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on Software visualization, pp. 35-42.
Olshannikova, E., Ometov, A., Koucheryavy, Y., y Olsson, T. (2015). Visualizing Big Data with augmented and virtual reality: Challenges and research agenda. Journal of Big Data, 2(1), pp. 1-27. doi:10.1186/s40537-015-0031-2
Padia, K., Bandara, K. H., y Healey, C. G. (2018). A system for generating storyline visualizations using hierarchical task network planning. Computers & Graphics. doi:10.1016/j.cag.2018.11.004
Parsons, M. A., Godøy, Ø., LeDrew, E., De Bruin, T. F., Danis, B., Tomlinson, S., y Carlson, D. (2011). A conceptual framework for managing very diverse data for complex, interdisciplinary science. Journal of Information Science, 37(6), pp. 555-569. doi:10.1177/0165551511412705
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REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA. (s. f.). Visualizar. En Diccionario de la lengua española (23.a ed.[versión 23.4 en línea].). Recuperado de https://dle.rae.es.
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Rendgen, S. (2019, marzo 15). Historical Infographics: From Paris with Love. Recuperado de https://sandrarendgen.wordpress.com/2019/03/15/data-trails-from-paris-with-love/
Robinson, A. H. (1955). The 1837 maps of henry drury harness. The Geographical Journal, 121(4), pp. 440-450. doi:10.2307/1791753
Robinson, A. H. (1967). The thematic maps of Charles Joseph Minard. Imago Mundi, 21(1), pp. 95-108. doi:10.1080/03085696708592302
Rosenberg, D. (2005). Against Infographics. Art Journal, 74(4). http://artjournal.collegeart. org/?p=6993
Schwabish, J. (2021). Better Data Visualizations: A Guide for Scholars, Researchers, and Wonks. Nueva York, EE.UU.: Columbia University Press.
Sorensen, V. (1989). The Contribution of the Artist to Scientific Visualization. School of Film and Video, California Institute of the Arts. Recuperado de http://visualmusic.org/text/scivi1.html
Tanahashi, Y., y Ma, K.-L. (2012). Design considerations for optimizing storyline visualizations. Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on, 18(12), pp. 2679-2688. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2012.212
Tang, T., Li, R., Wu, X., Liu, S., Knittel, J., Koch, S., Yu, L., Ren, P., Ertl, T., y Wu, Y. (2020). Plotthread: Creating expressive storyline visualizations using reinforcement learning. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 27(2), pp. 294-303. doi: 10.1109/ TVCG.2020.3030467
Tang, T., Rubab, S., Lai, J., Cui, W., Yu, L., y Wu, Y. (2018). iStoryline: Effective convergence to hand-drawn storylines. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 25(1), pp. 769-778. doi10.1109/TVCG.2018.2864899
Taws, R. (2021). Death from Above in Minard’s Napoleon Map. Grey Room, 83, pp. 82-111. doi:10.1162/grey_a_00321
Theron, R., y Padilla, L. M. (2021). Editorial: Uncertainty Visualization and Decision Making. Frontiers in Computer Science, 3, pp. 85. doi:10.3389/fcomp. 2021.758406
Thrower, N. J. (2008). Maps and civilization: Cartography in culture and society. Chicago, IL, EE.UU.: University of Chicago Press.
Tufte, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information (2). Cheshire, CT, EE.UU.: Graphics Press.
Tufte, E. R. (1997). Visual explanations. Cheshire, CT, EE.UU.: Graphics Press.
Tufte, E. R. (2006). Beautiful evidence (1). Cheshire, CT, EE.UU.: Graphics Press.
Valero Sancho, J. L. (2014). La visualización de datos. Ámbitos: Revista Internacional de Comunicación, 25, pp. 1-14.
van Dijk, T. C., Lipp, F., Markfelder, P., y Wolff, A. (2017). Computing Storyline Visualizations with Few Block Crossings. Graph Drawing and Network Visualization., 10692. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73915-1_29
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Viégas, F. B., y Wattenberg, M. (2007). Artistic data visualization: Beyond visual analytics. International Conference on Online Communities and Social Computing, pp. 182-191.
Ward, M. O., Grinstein, G., y Keim, D. (2010). Interactive data visualization: Foundations, techniques, and applications. Boca Raton, FL, EE.UU.: CRC press.
Ware, C. (2019). Information visualization: Perception for design (Fourth edition). Burlington, MA, EE.UU.: Morgan Kaufmann.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A., y Snyder, W. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Cambridge, MA, EE. UU.: Harvard business press.
Whitaker, E. A. (2003). Mapping and naming the moon: A history of lunar cartography and nomenclature. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Wickham, H. (2010). A layered grammar of graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 19(1), pp. 3-28.
Wilkinson, L. (2005). The grammar of graphics (2.a ed.). Nueva York, EE.UU.: Springer-Verlag.
Wright, R. (2008). Data visualization. Software Studies: a lexicon, 209, pp. 78.
Yau, N. (2013). Data points: Visualization that means something. Hoboken, NJ, EE.UU.: John Wiley & Sons.
Araya, V. P., Xue, T., Pietriga, E., Amsaleg, L., y Bezerianos, A. (2021). HyperStorylines: Interactively untangling dynamic hypergraphs. Information Visualization. doi:10.1177/14738716211045007
Azzam, T., Evergreen, S., Germuth, A. A., y Kistler, S. J. (2013). Data visualization and evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 2013(139), pp. 7-32. doi:10.1002/ev.20065
Best, R. (2018). The Migration of Art: Exploring Art’s History of Movement. Recuperado de https://ryanabest.com/work/MigrationOfArt/
Börner, K., Bueckle, A., y Ginda, M. (2019). Data visualization literacy: Definitions, conceptual frameworks, exercises, and assessments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(6), pp. 1857-1864. doi:10.1073/pnas.1807180116
Bounegru, L., Chambers, L., y Gray, J. (2012). The data journalism handbook. Sebastopol, EE.UU.: O’reilly.
Bremer, N., y Wu, S. (2021). Data Sketches: A journey of imagination, exploration, and beautiful data visualizations. Natick, MA, EE.UU.: AK Peters/CRC Press.
Brodlie, K., Osorio, R. A., y Lopes, A. (2012). A review of uncertainty in data visualization. Expanding the frontiers of visual analytics and visualization, pp. 81-109. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2804-5_6
Cairo, A. (2016). The truthful art: Data, charts, and maps for communication. San Francisco, EE.UU.: New Riders.
Cairo, A. (2020). Foreword: The dawn of a philosophy of visualization. En Data visualization in society (pp. 17-18). Amsterdam, Holanda: Amsterdam University Press.
Cavaller, V. (2021). Dimensional Taxonomy of Data Visualization: A Proposal From Communication Sciences Tackling Complexity. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6, pp. 4. doi:10.3389/frma.2021.643533
Chen, C., Härdle, W. K., y Unwin, A. (2007). Handbook of data visualization. Berlín, Alemania: Springer Science and Business Media.
Chen, T., Lu, A., y Hu, S.-M. (2012). Visual storylines: Semantic visualization of movie sequence. Computers & Graphics, 36(4), pp. 241-249. doi:10.1016/j.cag.2012.02.010
Chittaro, L. (2001). Information visualization and its application to medicine. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 22(2), pp. 81-88. doi:10.1016/S0933-3657(00)00101-9
Crameri, F., Shephard, G. E., y Heron, P. J. (2020). The misuse of colour in science communication. Nature communications, 11(1), pp. 1-10. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19160-7
Daston, L., y Galison, P. (1992). The image of objectivity. Representations, 40, pp. 81-128.
Data Visualization Society. (2020). Data Visualization Society Strategic Plan 2020. Data Visualization in the Mainstream. Data Visualization Society. Recuperado de https://www.datavisualizationsociety.org/mission
D’Ignazio, C. (2017). Creative data literacy: Bridging the gap between the data-haves and datahave nots. Information Design Journal, 23(1), pp. 6-18. doi:10.1075/idj.23.1.03dig
Dimara, E., y Perin, C. (2019). What is interaction for data visualization? IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 26(1), pp. 119-129. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2019.2934283
Edgerton Jr., S. Y. (1984). Galileo, Florentine «disegno,» and the «strange spottednesse» of the moon. Art Journal, 44(3), pp. 225-232.
Friendly, M. (2002). Visions and re-visions of Charles Joseph Minard. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 27(1), pp. 31-51.
Friendly, M. (2005). Milestones in the history of data visualization: A case study in statistical historiography. En Classification–The Ubiquitous Challenge (pp. 34-52). Berlín, Alemania: Springer.
Friendly, M. (2008). A Brief History of Data Visualization. En Handbook of Data Visualization (pp. 15-56). Berlín, Alemania: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-33037-0_2
Friendly, M., y Wainer, H. (2021). A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication. Cambridge, MA, EE.UU.: Harvard University Press.
García-Sánchez, F., Isla, J. G., Therón, R., y Casado-Lumbreras, C. (2019). Assessing Visual Literacy in the Consumers of New Technologies: A Cultural Perspective. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (IJHCITP), 10(1), pp. 1-21.
Gómez-Isla, J. (2013). Arte, documento y discurso audiovisual: Entre la imagen de la ciencia y la ciencia de la imagen. En En J. Gómez-Isla (Ed.), Cuestión de imagen. Aproximaciones al universo audiovisual desde la comunicación, el arte y la ciencia (pp. 79-110). Salamanca, España: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Johnson, R. A., y Bhattacharyya, G. K. (2019). Statistics: Principles and methods. Hoboken, EE.UU.: John Wiley & Sons.
Kirk, A. (2012). Data Visualization: A successful design process. Birmingham, Reino Unido: Packt publishing LTD.
Knaflic, C. N. (2015). Storytelling with data: A data visualization guide for business professionals. Hoboken, EE.UU.: John Wiley & Sons.
Kosara, R. (2007). Visualization Criticism–The Missing Link Between Information Visualization and Art. 2007 11th International Conference Information Visualization (IV ’07), pp. 631636. doi:10.1109/IV.2007.130
Lauer, D. A., y Pentak, S. (2011). Design basics. Boston, EE.UU.: Cengage Learning.
Levin, G., y Brain, T. (2021). Code as Creative Medium: A Handbook for Computational Art and Design. Cambridge, MA,EE. UU.: MIT Press.
Li, Q. (2018). Data visualization as creative art practice. Visual Communication, 17(3), pp. 299312. doi:10.1177/1470357218768202
Marchese, C. (2021). Information Design for the Common Good: Human-centric Approaches to Contemporary Design. Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
Marshack, A. (1972). The roots of civilization: The cognitive beginnings of man’s first art, symbol and notation. Londres, Reino Unido: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Martín-Martín, A., Thelwall, M., Orduna-Malea, E., y López-Cózar, E. D. (2021). Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations’ COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations. Scientometrics, 126(1), pp. 871-906. doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4
Masud, L., Valsecchi, F., Ciuccarelli, P., Ricci, D., y Caviglia, G. (2010). From data to knowledgevisualizations as transformation processes within the data-information-knowledge continuum. 2010 14th international conference information visualisation, pp. 445-449.
McCandless, D. (2012). Information is beautiful. Londres, Reino Unido: Collins.
McCandless, D. (2014). Knowledge is beautiful. Londres, Reino Unido: William Collins.
Meirelles, I. (2013). Design for information: An introduction to the histories, theories, and best practices behind effective information visualizations. Beverly, MA, EE.UU.: Rockport Publishers.
Meyer, M. (2013). Designing Visualizations For Biological Data. Leonardo, 46(3), pp. 270-271.
doi:10.1162/LEON_a_00568
Munroe, R. (2009). Xkcd# 657: Movie narrative charts.
Munzner, T. (2002). Information visualization. IEEE Computer graphics and applications, 22(1), pp. 20-21. doi:10.1109/MCG.2002.974514
Ogawa, M., y Ma, K.-L. (2010). Software evolution storylines. Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on Software visualization, pp. 35-42.
Olshannikova, E., Ometov, A., Koucheryavy, Y., y Olsson, T. (2015). Visualizing Big Data with augmented and virtual reality: Challenges and research agenda. Journal of Big Data, 2(1), pp. 1-27. doi:10.1186/s40537-015-0031-2
Padia, K., Bandara, K. H., y Healey, C. G. (2018). A system for generating storyline visualizations using hierarchical task network planning. Computers & Graphics. doi:10.1016/j.cag.2018.11.004
Parsons, M. A., Godøy, Ø., LeDrew, E., De Bruin, T. F., Danis, B., Tomlinson, S., y Carlson, D. (2011). A conceptual framework for managing very diverse data for complex, interdisciplinary science. Journal of Information Science, 37(6), pp. 555-569. doi:10.1177/0165551511412705
Quispel, A., Maes, A., y Schilperoord, J. (2018). Aesthetics and clarity in information visualization: The designer’s perspective. Arts, 7(4), pp. 72. doi:10.3390/arts7040072
REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA. (s. f.). Visualizar. En Diccionario de la lengua española (23.a ed.[versión 23.4 en línea].). Recuperado de https://dle.rae.es.
Rendgen, S. (2018). The minard system: The complete statistical graphics of Charles-Joseph Minard. San Francisco, CA, EE.UU.: Chronicle Books.
Rendgen, S. (2019, marzo 15). Historical Infographics: From Paris with Love. Recuperado de https://sandrarendgen.wordpress.com/2019/03/15/data-trails-from-paris-with-love/
Robinson, A. H. (1955). The 1837 maps of henry drury harness. The Geographical Journal, 121(4), pp. 440-450. doi:10.2307/1791753
Robinson, A. H. (1967). The thematic maps of Charles Joseph Minard. Imago Mundi, 21(1), pp. 95-108. doi:10.1080/03085696708592302
Rosenberg, D. (2005). Against Infographics. Art Journal, 74(4). http://artjournal.collegeart. org/?p=6993
Schwabish, J. (2021). Better Data Visualizations: A Guide for Scholars, Researchers, and Wonks. Nueva York, EE.UU.: Columbia University Press.
Sorensen, V. (1989). The Contribution of the Artist to Scientific Visualization. School of Film and Video, California Institute of the Arts. Recuperado de http://visualmusic.org/text/scivi1.html
Tanahashi, Y., y Ma, K.-L. (2012). Design considerations for optimizing storyline visualizations. Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on, 18(12), pp. 2679-2688. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2012.212
Tang, T., Li, R., Wu, X., Liu, S., Knittel, J., Koch, S., Yu, L., Ren, P., Ertl, T., y Wu, Y. (2020). Plotthread: Creating expressive storyline visualizations using reinforcement learning. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 27(2), pp. 294-303. doi: 10.1109/ TVCG.2020.3030467
Tang, T., Rubab, S., Lai, J., Cui, W., Yu, L., y Wu, Y. (2018). iStoryline: Effective convergence to hand-drawn storylines. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 25(1), pp. 769-778. doi10.1109/TVCG.2018.2864899
Taws, R. (2021). Death from Above in Minard’s Napoleon Map. Grey Room, 83, pp. 82-111. doi:10.1162/grey_a_00321
Theron, R., y Padilla, L. M. (2021). Editorial: Uncertainty Visualization and Decision Making. Frontiers in Computer Science, 3, pp. 85. doi:10.3389/fcomp. 2021.758406
Thrower, N. J. (2008). Maps and civilization: Cartography in culture and society. Chicago, IL, EE.UU.: University of Chicago Press.
Tufte, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information (2). Cheshire, CT, EE.UU.: Graphics Press.
Tufte, E. R. (1997). Visual explanations. Cheshire, CT, EE.UU.: Graphics Press.
Tufte, E. R. (2006). Beautiful evidence (1). Cheshire, CT, EE.UU.: Graphics Press.
Valero Sancho, J. L. (2014). La visualización de datos. Ámbitos: Revista Internacional de Comunicación, 25, pp. 1-14.
van Dijk, T. C., Lipp, F., Markfelder, P., y Wolff, A. (2017). Computing Storyline Visualizations with Few Block Crossings. Graph Drawing and Network Visualization., 10692. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73915-1_29
Vertesi, J. (2007). Picturing the moon: Hevelius’s and Riccioli’s visual debate. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 38(2), pp. 401-421. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2007.03.005
Viégas, F. B., y Wattenberg, M. (2007). Artistic data visualization: Beyond visual analytics. International Conference on Online Communities and Social Computing, pp. 182-191.
Ward, M. O., Grinstein, G., y Keim, D. (2010). Interactive data visualization: Foundations, techniques, and applications. Boca Raton, FL, EE.UU.: CRC press.
Ware, C. (2019). Information visualization: Perception for design (Fourth edition). Burlington, MA, EE.UU.: Morgan Kaufmann.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A., y Snyder, W. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Cambridge, MA, EE. UU.: Harvard business press.
Whitaker, E. A. (2003). Mapping and naming the moon: A history of lunar cartography and nomenclature. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Wickham, H. (2010). A layered grammar of graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 19(1), pp. 3-28.
Wilkinson, L. (2005). The grammar of graphics (2.a ed.). Nueva York, EE.UU.: Springer-Verlag.
Wright, R. (2008). Data visualization. Software Studies: a lexicon, 209, pp. 78.
Yau, N. (2013). Data points: Visualization that means something. Hoboken, NJ, EE.UU.: John Wiley & Sons.
Therón Sánchez, R. (2021). The scientific gaze and the artistic gaze in the representation of human oddities: approaches and bifurcations in the study of body diversity since the sixteenth century. Fonseca, Journal of Communication, (23), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc2021233960
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