Truth Commissions and Reforms to the Security and Defense Sector in Latin America
Abstract This article intends to examine the formulation and measure the level of implementation of the recommendations of the Truth Commission regarding the Armed Forces and security forces. At the same time, it is presented as a strategy to address the analysis of the formulation and implementation of the recommendations, through a selection of cases and observations consistent with the purpose that, both quantitative and qualitative studies are accurate when to address a complex and polyhedral theme. In order to carry out this study, the databases created in the Beyond Words: Implementing Latin American Truth Commission Recommendations project (Elin Skaar-Michelsen Institute 2014-2017) will be taken as a reference.
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Ang, Milena y nalepa, Monika. Can Transitional Justice Improve the Quality of Representation in New Democracies?, en prensa, 2018. En línea: http://www.monikanalepa.com/uploads/6/6/3/1/66318923/annonymousms.pdf. Fecha de consulta: 25 de junio de 2019.
Bakiner, Onur. Truth Commission Impact: An Assessment of How Commissions Influence Politics and Society. The international Journal of Transitional Justice, 2014, vol. 8: 6-30. - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijt025
Bakiner, Onur. Truth Commissions: memory, power and legitimacy. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. - https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812291926
Barahona de Brito, Alexandra; González-Enríquez, Carmen y Aguilar, Paloma (eds.). The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Brahm, Eric. Uncovering the Truth: Examining Truth Commission Success and Impact. International Studies Perspectives, 2007, vol. 8: 16-35. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00267.x
Brahm, Eric. Truth Commissions and Transitional Societies, The impact on human rights and democracy. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Brinkerhoff, Derick W. Rebuilding governance in failed states and postconflict societies: Core concepts and cross-cutting themes. Public Administration and Development, 2005, vol. 25: 3-14. - https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.352
Castillo, Alberto. Justicia transicional, Comisión de la Verdad y Fuerzas militares. Reflexiones en torno al caso centroamericano. Revista unisci, 2018, vol. 47: 343-375. - https://doi.org/10.31439/UNISCI-15
cels-Asociación Civil Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales. La guerra interna: cómo la lucha contra las drogas está militarizando América Latina. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, cels, 2018.
Collins, Cath. Post-transicional Justice. Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador. Pennylvania: Pennsylvania State Univesity Press, 2010.
Diamint, Rut. A new militarism in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 2015, vol. 4 (26): 155-168. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0066
Falleti, Tulia G. y Mahoney, James L. El método secuencial comparado. Revista saap, 2016, vol. 10 (2): 187-220.
Forcada Barona. Ignacio. Derecho Internacional y Justicia Transicional. Cuando el Derecho se convierte en religión. Pamplona: Editorial Arazandi, 2011.
García Pinzón, Viviana. Reformas al Sector Seguridad en Contextos de Post-Conflicto Armado: Experiencias en Centroamérica y consideraciones sobre el Caso Colombiano. En Conferencia flacso-isa: "Poderes Regionales y Globales en un Mundo Cambiante". Buenos Aires, julio de 2014.
Gibson, James L. Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? Politikon, 2004a, vol. 31 (2): 129-155. - https://doi.org/10.1080/0258934042000280698
Gibson, James L. Truth, Reconciliation, and the Creation of a Human Rights Culture in South Africa. Law & Society Review, 2004b, vol. 38 (1): 5-40. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-9216.2004.03801001.x
González, Eduardo y Howard, Varney (eds.). Brasilia: Comisión de Amnistía del Ministerio de Justicia de Brasil. New York: Centro Internacional para la Justicia Transicional, 2013.
Hazan, Pierre. Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness a framework for evaluating transitional justice. International Review of the Red Cross, 2006, vol. 88 (861): 19-47. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383106000038
Hunjoon, Kim. Expansion of Transitional Justice Measures. A comparative Analysis of Its Causes. Tesis doctoral. University of Minnesota, 2008.
Hunjoon, Kim y Sikkink, Kathryn. Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries. International Studies Quarterly, 2010, vol. 54 (4): 939-963. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00621.x
Kenney, Charles y Spears, Dean. Truth and Consequences: Do Truth Commissions Promote Democratization? Paper presentado en el Congreso de la American Political Science Association, Washington Hilton. Washington, dc, Sep 01, 2005.
Langer, Johannes. Are Truth Commissions Just Hot-Air Ballons? A reality Check on the Impact of Truth Commissions Recommendations. Desafíos, 2010, vol. 29: 177-210. - https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.4866
Long, William J. y Brecke, Peter. War and Reconciliation: Reason and Emotion in Conflict Resolution. Cambridge, ma: mit Press, 2003. - https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7154.001.0001
Martínez Barahona, Elena; Gutiérrez Salazar, Martha Liliana y Rincón Fonseca, Liliana. Impunidad en El Salvador y Guatemala. De la locura a la esperanza: ¿Nunca Más? América Latina Hoy, 2012, vol. 61: 101-136.
Mendeloff, David. Truth-Seeking, Truth-Telling and Postconflict Peacebuilding: Curb the Enthusiasm? International Studies Review, 2004, vol. 6 (3): 355-380. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00421.x
Millán Hernández, Juanita Andrea. Comisiones de la Verdad y posibles aprendizajes para el caso colombiano. Papel Político, 2015, vol. 20 (2): 425-459. - https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.papo20-2.cvpa
Olsen, Tricia D.; Payne, Leigh A. y Reiter, Andrew G. Transitional Justice in Balance. Comparing processes, weighing efficacy. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2010a.
Olsen, Tricia D.; Payne, Leigh A. y Reiter, Andrew G. The justice balance: When transitional justice improves human rights and democracy. Human Rights Quarterly, 2010b, vol. 32 (4): 980-1007. - https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2010.0021
Olsen, Tricia D.; Payne, Leigh A.; Reiter, Andrew G. y Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric. When Truth Commissions Improve Human Rithgs. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2010, vol. 4: 457-476. - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijq021
Ríos Figueroa, Julio. El Nuevo Militarismo. Revista Nexos, 1 de marzo de 2019. En línea: https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p = 41320. Fecha de consulta: 24 de junio de 2019.
Bakiner, Onur. Truth Commission Impact: An Assessment of How Commissions Influence Politics and Society. The international Journal of Transitional Justice, 2014, vol. 8: 6-30. - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijt025
Bakiner, Onur. Truth Commissions: memory, power and legitimacy. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. - https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812291926
Barahona de Brito, Alexandra; González-Enríquez, Carmen y Aguilar, Paloma (eds.). The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Brahm, Eric. Uncovering the Truth: Examining Truth Commission Success and Impact. International Studies Perspectives, 2007, vol. 8: 16-35. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00267.x
Brahm, Eric. Truth Commissions and Transitional Societies, The impact on human rights and democracy. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Brinkerhoff, Derick W. Rebuilding governance in failed states and postconflict societies: Core concepts and cross-cutting themes. Public Administration and Development, 2005, vol. 25: 3-14. - https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.352
Castillo, Alberto. Justicia transicional, Comisión de la Verdad y Fuerzas militares. Reflexiones en torno al caso centroamericano. Revista unisci, 2018, vol. 47: 343-375. - https://doi.org/10.31439/UNISCI-15
cels-Asociación Civil Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales. La guerra interna: cómo la lucha contra las drogas está militarizando América Latina. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, cels, 2018.
Collins, Cath. Post-transicional Justice. Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador. Pennylvania: Pennsylvania State Univesity Press, 2010.
Diamint, Rut. A new militarism in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 2015, vol. 4 (26): 155-168. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0066
Falleti, Tulia G. y Mahoney, James L. El método secuencial comparado. Revista saap, 2016, vol. 10 (2): 187-220.
Forcada Barona. Ignacio. Derecho Internacional y Justicia Transicional. Cuando el Derecho se convierte en religión. Pamplona: Editorial Arazandi, 2011.
García Pinzón, Viviana. Reformas al Sector Seguridad en Contextos de Post-Conflicto Armado: Experiencias en Centroamérica y consideraciones sobre el Caso Colombiano. En Conferencia flacso-isa: "Poderes Regionales y Globales en un Mundo Cambiante". Buenos Aires, julio de 2014.
Gibson, James L. Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? Politikon, 2004a, vol. 31 (2): 129-155. - https://doi.org/10.1080/0258934042000280698
Gibson, James L. Truth, Reconciliation, and the Creation of a Human Rights Culture in South Africa. Law & Society Review, 2004b, vol. 38 (1): 5-40. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-9216.2004.03801001.x
González, Eduardo y Howard, Varney (eds.). Brasilia: Comisión de Amnistía del Ministerio de Justicia de Brasil. New York: Centro Internacional para la Justicia Transicional, 2013.
Hazan, Pierre. Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness a framework for evaluating transitional justice. International Review of the Red Cross, 2006, vol. 88 (861): 19-47. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383106000038
Hunjoon, Kim. Expansion of Transitional Justice Measures. A comparative Analysis of Its Causes. Tesis doctoral. University of Minnesota, 2008.
Hunjoon, Kim y Sikkink, Kathryn. Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries. International Studies Quarterly, 2010, vol. 54 (4): 939-963. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00621.x
Kenney, Charles y Spears, Dean. Truth and Consequences: Do Truth Commissions Promote Democratization? Paper presentado en el Congreso de la American Political Science Association, Washington Hilton. Washington, dc, Sep 01, 2005.
Langer, Johannes. Are Truth Commissions Just Hot-Air Ballons? A reality Check on the Impact of Truth Commissions Recommendations. Desafíos, 2010, vol. 29: 177-210. - https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.4866
Long, William J. y Brecke, Peter. War and Reconciliation: Reason and Emotion in Conflict Resolution. Cambridge, ma: mit Press, 2003. - https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7154.001.0001
Martínez Barahona, Elena; Gutiérrez Salazar, Martha Liliana y Rincón Fonseca, Liliana. Impunidad en El Salvador y Guatemala. De la locura a la esperanza: ¿Nunca Más? América Latina Hoy, 2012, vol. 61: 101-136.
Mendeloff, David. Truth-Seeking, Truth-Telling and Postconflict Peacebuilding: Curb the Enthusiasm? International Studies Review, 2004, vol. 6 (3): 355-380. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00421.x
Millán Hernández, Juanita Andrea. Comisiones de la Verdad y posibles aprendizajes para el caso colombiano. Papel Político, 2015, vol. 20 (2): 425-459. - https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.papo20-2.cvpa
Olsen, Tricia D.; Payne, Leigh A. y Reiter, Andrew G. Transitional Justice in Balance. Comparing processes, weighing efficacy. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2010a.
Olsen, Tricia D.; Payne, Leigh A. y Reiter, Andrew G. The justice balance: When transitional justice improves human rights and democracy. Human Rights Quarterly, 2010b, vol. 32 (4): 980-1007. - https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2010.0021
Olsen, Tricia D.; Payne, Leigh A.; Reiter, Andrew G. y Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric. When Truth Commissions Improve Human Rithgs. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2010, vol. 4: 457-476. - https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijq021
Ríos Figueroa, Julio. El Nuevo Militarismo. Revista Nexos, 1 de marzo de 2019. En línea: https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p = 41320. Fecha de consulta: 24 de junio de 2019.
Martínez Barahona, E., & Centeno Martín, H. (2020). Truth Commissions and Reforms to the Security and Defense Sector in Latin America. América Latina Hoy, 84, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.21152
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