Completed Fertility among Latin American Immigrants and their Descendants in Spain
Abstract We analyze the complete fertility of Latin American immigrant women and their descendants in Spain. We use a database that links the 2011 Census with the Natural Movement of the Population records from 2011 to 2015 and apply Poisson regression models. First-generation Latin American immigrants have a higher complete fertility than natives and 1.5 and second-generation immigrants have around 10% lower complete fertility than natives.
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Adsera, A. y Ferrer, A. (2014). Factors influencing the fertility choices of child immigrants in Canada. Population Studies, 68(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2013.802007
Andersson, G. (2004). Childbearing after Migration: Fertility Patterns of Foreign-born Women in Sweden. International Migration Review, 38(2), 747-775. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00216
Andersson, G., Persson, L. y Obućina, O. (2017). Depressed fertility among descendants of immigrants in Sweden. Demographic Research, 36(1), 1149-1184. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.39
Arcarons, A. F. y Munõz-Comet, J. (2018). The 1.5 immigrant generation in Spain. Has the employment crisis affected them in a similar way as the first generation? Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 164(December), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.164.21
Batyra, E. (2020). Increasing Educational Disparities in the Timing of Motherhood in the Andean Region: A Cohort Perspective. Population Research and Policy Review, 39(2), 283-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09535-0
Castro, T., Martín, T., Cordero, J. y Seiz, M. (2018). El desafío de la baja fecundidad en España. En Informe España 2018 (pp. 165-232). Cátedra José María Martín Patino de la Cultura del Encuentro.
Castro Martín, T. y Rosero-Bixby, L. (2011). Maternidades y fronteras. La fecundidad de las mujeres inmigrantes en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 69, 105-138. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2011.im1.388
Connor, P. y Massey, D. S. (2010). Economic outcomes among Latino migrants to Spain and the United States: Differences by source region and legal status. International Migration Review, 44(4), 802-829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00826.x
Cortina Trilla, C., Garcia, X. B. y Castro-Martín, T. (2010). ¿Modelos familiares de aquí o de allá? Pautas de cohabitación entre las mujeres latinoamericanas en España. América Latina Hoy, 55, 61-84. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.7263
Cristina Mora, G., Fernández, J. J. y Torre, M. (2018). Different Contexts and Trends: Latina Immigrant Fertility in the US and Spain. International Migration, 56(5), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12373
De Valk, H. A. G. y Milewski, N. (2011). Family life transitions among children of immigrants: An introduction. Advances in Life Course Research, 16(4), 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2011.10.001
Del Rey, A. y Grande, R. (2017). El efecto de las condiciones de llegada en la reproducción de las mujeres migrantes: The Effect of Arrival Conditions on the Reproduction of Migrant Women. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 113-133. http://dx.doi.Org/10.5477/cis/reis.159.113
Del Rey Poveda, A., Cebrián-Villar, M., Grande Martín, R., Antón Pérez, J. I. y Fernández-Macías, E. (2015). La interferencia entre el estatus familiar y las características individuales en el nacimiento del primer hijo tras la emigración a España. Revista Internacional de Sociologia, 73(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2013.10.14
Delgado, M., Meil, G. y Zamora López, F. (2008). Spain: Short on children and short on family policies. Demographic Research, 19, 1059-1104. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.27
Esteve, A. y Florez-Paredes, E. (2018). The Stability Paradox: Why Expansion of Women’s Education Has Not Delayed Early Union Formation or Childbearing in Latin America. Studies in Family Planning, 49(2), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/sifp.12055
Frank, R. y Heuveline, P. (2005). A crossover in Mexican and Mexican-American fertility rates: Evidence and explanations for an emerging paradox. Demographic Research, 12, 77-104. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.4
Fussell, E. y Palloni, A. (2004). Persistent Marriage Regimes in Changing Times. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), 1201-1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00087.x
Garssen, J. y Nicolaas, H. (2008). Fertility of Turkish and Moroccan women in the Netherlands: Adjustment to native level within one generation. Demographic Research, 19, 1249-1280. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.33
Goldstein, J. R., Sobotka, T. y Jasilioniene, A. (2009). The End of «Lowest-Low» Fertility? Population and Development Review, 35(4), 663-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00304.x
González-Ferrer, A. (2011). Explaining the labour performance of immigrant women in Spain: The interplay between family, migration and legal trajectories. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52(1-2), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715210377153
González-Ferrer, A., Castro-Martín, T., Kraus, E. K. y Eremenko, T. (2017). Childbearing patterns among immigrant women and their daughters in Spain: Over-adaptation or structural constraints? Demographic Research, 37(1), 599-634. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.19
González Ferrer, A. y Cebolla Boado, H. (2018). Los hijos de la inmigración en España: valores, aspiraciones y resultados. En Informe España 2018 (vol. 53, Issue 9, pp. 111-164). Cátedra José María Martín Patino de la Cultura del Encuentro. https://blogs.comillas.edu/informeespana/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/IE2018Cap2.pdf
Grande, R. y García González, J. M. (2019). Migración y fecundidad de las mujeres peruanas en Chile y España. Migraciones Internacionales, 10, 81-108. https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2089
Jáuregui Díaz, J. A., Recaño Valverde, J. y Ávila Sánchez, M. de J. (2015). De las intenciones a los hechos, dimensión de la migración de retorno de los latinoamericanos residentes en España, 2007-2012. En F. Lozano-Ascencio & J. Martínez-Pizarro (eds.), Retorno en los procesos migratorios de América Latina. Conceptos, debates, evidencias (pp. 81-108). https://repository.iom.int/bitstream/handle/20.500.11788/1400/ROBUE-OIM_007.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kohler, H. P., Billari, F. C. y Ortega, J. A. (2002). The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Population and Development Review, 28(4), 641-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x
Kraus, E. K. y Castro-Martín, T. (2018). Does Migrant Background Matter for Adolescents’ Fertility Preferences? The Latin American 1.5 Generation in Spain. European Journal of Population, 34(3), 277-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-017-9427-3
Kulu, H. (2005). Migration and fertility: Competing Hypotheses Re-examined. European Journal of Population, 21, 51-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-005-3581-8
Kulu, H. y González-Ferrer, A. (2014). Family Dynamics Among Immigrants and Their Descendants in Europe: Current Research and Opportunities. European Journal of Population, 30(4), 411-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-014-9322-0
Kulu, H., Hannemann, T., Pailhé, A., Neels, K., Krapf, S., González-Ferrer, A. y Andersson, G. (2017). Fertility by Birth Order among the Descendants of Immigrants in Selected European Countries. Population and Development Review, 43(1), 31-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12037
Kulu, H., Milewski, N., Hannemann, T. y Mikolai, J. (2019). A decade of life-course research on fertility of immigrants and their descendants in Europe. Demographic Research, 40(May), 1345-1374. https://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2019.40.46
Lesthaeghe, R. y Van de Kaa, D. J. (1986). Twee demografische transities. In Lesthaeghe & van de Kaa (Eds.), Bevolking-Groei en krimp, mens en maatschappij (pp. 9–24). Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.
Lillehagen, M. y Lyngstad, T. H. (2018). Immigrant mothers’ preferences for children’s sexes: A register-based study of fertility behaviour in Norway. Population Studies, 72(1), 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1421254
Lima, E. E. C., Zeman, K., Sobotka, T., Nathan, M. y Castro, R. (2018). The Emergence of Bimodal Fertility Profiles in Latin America. Population and Development Review, 44(4), 723-743. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12157
Liu, C., Esteve, A. y Treviño, R. (2019). The living arrangements of Moroccans in Spain: Generation and time. Demographic Research, 40(April), 1063-1096. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.37
Lozano Ascencio, F. y Martínez Pizarro, J. (2015). Retorno en los procesos migratorios de América Latina. https://www.academia.edu/23523592/Intensidad_y_selectividad_de_la_migración_de_retorno_desde_España_y_los_Estados_Unidos_hacia_América_Latina?email_work_card=title
Milewski, N. (2010). Immigrant fertility in West Germany: Is there a socialization effect in transitions to second and third births? European Journal of Population, 26(3), 297-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-010-9211-0
Milewski, N. (2011). Transition to a first birth among Turkish second-generation migrants in Western Europe. Advances in Life Course Research, 16(4), 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2011.09.002
Mooi-Reci, I. y Muñoz-Comet, J. (2016). The great recession and the immigrant-native gap in job loss in the Spanish Labour Market. European Sociological Review, 32(6), 730-751. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw031
Muñoz de Bustillo, R. y Antón, J. I. (2010). De la España que emigra a la España que acoge: contexto, dimensión y características de la inmigración latinoamericana en España. América Latina Hoy, 55, 15-39. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.7261
Muñoz-Comet, J. (2016). Potential Work Experience as Protection against Unemployment: Does it bring Equal Benefit to Immigrants and Native Workers? European Sociological Review, 32(5), 537-551. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv137
Mussino, E. y Cantalini, S. (2020). Multiple-origin and Multiple-destination: the fertility of migrants in Europe. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, 47, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.13238909.v1
Mussino, E., Wilson, B. y Andersson, G. (2021). The Fertility of Immigrants from Low Fertility Settings: Adaptation in the tempo and quantum of childbearing? Demography, 55(6), 2169-2191. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9476273
Pailhé, A. (2017). The convergence of second-generation immigrants’ fertility patterns in France: The role of sociocultural distance between parents’ and host country. Demographic Research, 36(1), 1361-1398. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.45
Pardo, I. y Cabella, W. (2018). A Bimodal Pattern in Age at First Birth in Southern Cone Countries? Population Review, 57(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2018.0004
Parrado, E. A. y Morgan, S. P. (2008). Intergenerational fertility among Hispanic women: New evidence of immigrant assimilation. Demography, 45(3), 651-671. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0023
Prieto, V., Pellegrino, A. y Koolhaas, M. (2015). Intensidad y selectividad de la migración de retorno desde España y Estados Unidos hacia América Latina. En F. Lozano-Ascencio & J. Martínez-Pizarro (eds.), Retorno en los procesos migratorios de América Latina. Conceptos, debates, evidencias (pp. 55-79). https://repository.iom.int/bitstream/handle/20.500.11788/1400/ROBUE-OIM_007.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Andersson, G. (2004). Childbearing after Migration: Fertility Patterns of Foreign-born Women in Sweden. International Migration Review, 38(2), 747-775. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00216
Andersson, G., Persson, L. y Obućina, O. (2017). Depressed fertility among descendants of immigrants in Sweden. Demographic Research, 36(1), 1149-1184. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.39
Arcarons, A. F. y Munõz-Comet, J. (2018). The 1.5 immigrant generation in Spain. Has the employment crisis affected them in a similar way as the first generation? Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 164(December), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.164.21
Batyra, E. (2020). Increasing Educational Disparities in the Timing of Motherhood in the Andean Region: A Cohort Perspective. Population Research and Policy Review, 39(2), 283-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09535-0
Castro, T., Martín, T., Cordero, J. y Seiz, M. (2018). El desafío de la baja fecundidad en España. En Informe España 2018 (pp. 165-232). Cátedra José María Martín Patino de la Cultura del Encuentro.
Castro Martín, T. y Rosero-Bixby, L. (2011). Maternidades y fronteras. La fecundidad de las mujeres inmigrantes en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 69, 105-138. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2011.im1.388
Connor, P. y Massey, D. S. (2010). Economic outcomes among Latino migrants to Spain and the United States: Differences by source region and legal status. International Migration Review, 44(4), 802-829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00826.x
Cortina Trilla, C., Garcia, X. B. y Castro-Martín, T. (2010). ¿Modelos familiares de aquí o de allá? Pautas de cohabitación entre las mujeres latinoamericanas en España. América Latina Hoy, 55, 61-84. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.7263
Cristina Mora, G., Fernández, J. J. y Torre, M. (2018). Different Contexts and Trends: Latina Immigrant Fertility in the US and Spain. International Migration, 56(5), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12373
De Valk, H. A. G. y Milewski, N. (2011). Family life transitions among children of immigrants: An introduction. Advances in Life Course Research, 16(4), 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2011.10.001
Del Rey, A. y Grande, R. (2017). El efecto de las condiciones de llegada en la reproducción de las mujeres migrantes: The Effect of Arrival Conditions on the Reproduction of Migrant Women. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 113-133. http://dx.doi.Org/10.5477/cis/reis.159.113
Del Rey Poveda, A., Cebrián-Villar, M., Grande Martín, R., Antón Pérez, J. I. y Fernández-Macías, E. (2015). La interferencia entre el estatus familiar y las características individuales en el nacimiento del primer hijo tras la emigración a España. Revista Internacional de Sociologia, 73(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2013.10.14
Delgado, M., Meil, G. y Zamora López, F. (2008). Spain: Short on children and short on family policies. Demographic Research, 19, 1059-1104. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.27
Esteve, A. y Florez-Paredes, E. (2018). The Stability Paradox: Why Expansion of Women’s Education Has Not Delayed Early Union Formation or Childbearing in Latin America. Studies in Family Planning, 49(2), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/sifp.12055
Frank, R. y Heuveline, P. (2005). A crossover in Mexican and Mexican-American fertility rates: Evidence and explanations for an emerging paradox. Demographic Research, 12, 77-104. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.4
Fussell, E. y Palloni, A. (2004). Persistent Marriage Regimes in Changing Times. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), 1201-1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00087.x
Garssen, J. y Nicolaas, H. (2008). Fertility of Turkish and Moroccan women in the Netherlands: Adjustment to native level within one generation. Demographic Research, 19, 1249-1280. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.33
Goldstein, J. R., Sobotka, T. y Jasilioniene, A. (2009). The End of «Lowest-Low» Fertility? Population and Development Review, 35(4), 663-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00304.x
González-Ferrer, A. (2011). Explaining the labour performance of immigrant women in Spain: The interplay between family, migration and legal trajectories. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52(1-2), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715210377153
González-Ferrer, A., Castro-Martín, T., Kraus, E. K. y Eremenko, T. (2017). Childbearing patterns among immigrant women and their daughters in Spain: Over-adaptation or structural constraints? Demographic Research, 37(1), 599-634. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.19
González Ferrer, A. y Cebolla Boado, H. (2018). Los hijos de la inmigración en España: valores, aspiraciones y resultados. En Informe España 2018 (vol. 53, Issue 9, pp. 111-164). Cátedra José María Martín Patino de la Cultura del Encuentro. https://blogs.comillas.edu/informeespana/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/IE2018Cap2.pdf
Grande, R. y García González, J. M. (2019). Migración y fecundidad de las mujeres peruanas en Chile y España. Migraciones Internacionales, 10, 81-108. https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2089
Jáuregui Díaz, J. A., Recaño Valverde, J. y Ávila Sánchez, M. de J. (2015). De las intenciones a los hechos, dimensión de la migración de retorno de los latinoamericanos residentes en España, 2007-2012. En F. Lozano-Ascencio & J. Martínez-Pizarro (eds.), Retorno en los procesos migratorios de América Latina. Conceptos, debates, evidencias (pp. 81-108). https://repository.iom.int/bitstream/handle/20.500.11788/1400/ROBUE-OIM_007.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kohler, H. P., Billari, F. C. y Ortega, J. A. (2002). The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Population and Development Review, 28(4), 641-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x
Kraus, E. K. y Castro-Martín, T. (2018). Does Migrant Background Matter for Adolescents’ Fertility Preferences? The Latin American 1.5 Generation in Spain. European Journal of Population, 34(3), 277-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-017-9427-3
Kulu, H. (2005). Migration and fertility: Competing Hypotheses Re-examined. European Journal of Population, 21, 51-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-005-3581-8
Kulu, H. y González-Ferrer, A. (2014). Family Dynamics Among Immigrants and Their Descendants in Europe: Current Research and Opportunities. European Journal of Population, 30(4), 411-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-014-9322-0
Kulu, H., Hannemann, T., Pailhé, A., Neels, K., Krapf, S., González-Ferrer, A. y Andersson, G. (2017). Fertility by Birth Order among the Descendants of Immigrants in Selected European Countries. Population and Development Review, 43(1), 31-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12037
Kulu, H., Milewski, N., Hannemann, T. y Mikolai, J. (2019). A decade of life-course research on fertility of immigrants and their descendants in Europe. Demographic Research, 40(May), 1345-1374. https://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2019.40.46
Lesthaeghe, R. y Van de Kaa, D. J. (1986). Twee demografische transities. In Lesthaeghe & van de Kaa (Eds.), Bevolking-Groei en krimp, mens en maatschappij (pp. 9–24). Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.
Lillehagen, M. y Lyngstad, T. H. (2018). Immigrant mothers’ preferences for children’s sexes: A register-based study of fertility behaviour in Norway. Population Studies, 72(1), 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1421254
Lima, E. E. C., Zeman, K., Sobotka, T., Nathan, M. y Castro, R. (2018). The Emergence of Bimodal Fertility Profiles in Latin America. Population and Development Review, 44(4), 723-743. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12157
Liu, C., Esteve, A. y Treviño, R. (2019). The living arrangements of Moroccans in Spain: Generation and time. Demographic Research, 40(April), 1063-1096. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.37
Lozano Ascencio, F. y Martínez Pizarro, J. (2015). Retorno en los procesos migratorios de América Latina. https://www.academia.edu/23523592/Intensidad_y_selectividad_de_la_migración_de_retorno_desde_España_y_los_Estados_Unidos_hacia_América_Latina?email_work_card=title
Milewski, N. (2010). Immigrant fertility in West Germany: Is there a socialization effect in transitions to second and third births? European Journal of Population, 26(3), 297-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-010-9211-0
Milewski, N. (2011). Transition to a first birth among Turkish second-generation migrants in Western Europe. Advances in Life Course Research, 16(4), 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2011.09.002
Mooi-Reci, I. y Muñoz-Comet, J. (2016). The great recession and the immigrant-native gap in job loss in the Spanish Labour Market. European Sociological Review, 32(6), 730-751. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw031
Muñoz de Bustillo, R. y Antón, J. I. (2010). De la España que emigra a la España que acoge: contexto, dimensión y características de la inmigración latinoamericana en España. América Latina Hoy, 55, 15-39. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.7261
Muñoz-Comet, J. (2016). Potential Work Experience as Protection against Unemployment: Does it bring Equal Benefit to Immigrants and Native Workers? European Sociological Review, 32(5), 537-551. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv137
Mussino, E. y Cantalini, S. (2020). Multiple-origin and Multiple-destination: the fertility of migrants in Europe. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, 47, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.13238909.v1
Mussino, E., Wilson, B. y Andersson, G. (2021). The Fertility of Immigrants from Low Fertility Settings: Adaptation in the tempo and quantum of childbearing? Demography, 55(6), 2169-2191. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9476273
Pailhé, A. (2017). The convergence of second-generation immigrants’ fertility patterns in France: The role of sociocultural distance between parents’ and host country. Demographic Research, 36(1), 1361-1398. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.45
Pardo, I. y Cabella, W. (2018). A Bimodal Pattern in Age at First Birth in Southern Cone Countries? Population Review, 57(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2018.0004
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