The influence of cities and their environmental management on life satisfaction: urban and rural perspectives
Abstract This study analyses the influence of city size on life satisfaction among the Ecuadorian population. It distinguishes rural from urban residents and looks at the effect of environmental management. Using individual and canton-level variables, an ordinal logit model is estimated. Results suggest that individuals living in the most populated cantons report a lower level of life satisfaction. This effect varies for urban and rural residents. Environmental management is positive for life satisfaction.
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Bailey, N. y Minton, J. (2018). The suburbanisation of poverty in British cities, 2004-16: extent, processes and nature. Urban Geography, 39(6), 892-915. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1405689
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Binder, M. y Coad, A. (2013). Life satisfaction and self-employment: a matching approach. Small Business Economics, 40(4), 1009-1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9413-9
Borck, R. (2007). Consumption and social life in cities: Evidence from Germany. Urban Studies, 44(11), 2105-2121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701518925
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Crum, M. y Chen, Y. (2015). Self-employment and subjective well-being: A multi-country analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 19(1), pp. 15-28.
Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J. y Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness. American Economic Review, 91(1), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.335
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Easterlin, R. A., Angelescu, L. y Zweig, J. S. (2011). The Impact of Modern Economic Growth on Urban-Rural Differences in Subjective Well-Being. World Development, 39(12), 2187-2198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.015
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Glaeser, E. L., Gottlieb, J. D. y Ziv, O. (2016). Unhappy Cities. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(S2), S129-S182. https://doi.org/10.1086/684044
Graham, C. y Pettinato, S. (2001). Happiness, Markets, and Democracy: Latin America in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2(3), 237-268. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011860027447
Guardiola, J. y García-Quero, F. (2014). Buen Vivir (living well) in Ecuador: Community and environmental satisfaction without household material prosperity? Ecological Economics, 107, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.032
Halman, L. (1996). Individualism in Individualized Society? International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 37(3-4), 195-214. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A19176015/AONE?u=anon~73b8c145&sid=googleScholar&xid=dbb1ebf1. Accessed 7 Feb. 2023.
Hanslmaier, M. (2013). Crime, fear and subjective well-being: How victimization and street crime affect fear and life satisfaction. European Journal of Criminology, 10(5), 515-533. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370812474545
Helliwell, J. F. (2003). How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being. Economic Modelling, 20(2), 331-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-9993(02)00057-3
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Henderson, V. (2003). The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth: The So-What Question. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022860800744
Hnilica, K. (2011). Discrimination and Subjective Well-Being: Protective Influences of Membership in a Discriminated Category. Central European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3608
Hussain, C. M. y Keçili, R. (2020). Environmental pollution and environmental analysis. En Modern Environmental Analysis Techniques for Pollutants (pp. 1-36). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816934-6.00001-1
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Lee, K. S. y Ono, H. (2012). Marriage, Cohabitation, and Happiness: A Cross-National Analysis of 27 Countries. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 953-972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01001.x
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Bailey, N., L. Stewart, J. y Minton, J. (2019). The welfare consequences of the suburbanisation of poverty in UK cities: air pollution and school quality. Urban Development Issues, 61(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0003
Bailey, N. y Minton, J. (2018). The suburbanisation of poverty in British cities, 2004-16: extent, processes and nature. Urban Geography, 39(6), 892-915. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1405689
Berry, B. J. L. y Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. (2009). Dissatisfaction with city life: A new look at some old questions. Cities, 26(3), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.01.005
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Borck, R. (2007). Consumption and social life in cities: Evidence from Germany. Urban Studies, 44(11), 2105-2121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701518925
Clark, A. E. y Oswald, A. J. (1994). Unhappiness and Unemployment. The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648-659. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234639
CNC. (2019). Mapeo de actores generadores de información a nivel territorial e identificación de fuentes de información de la competencia de desechos sólidos. Consejo Nacional de Competencias. http://www.competencias.gob.ec/biblioteca/informe-de-la-competencia-de-desechos-solidos/
Coombs, R. H. (1991). Marital Status and Personal Well-Being: A Literature Review. Family Relations, 40(1), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/585665
Crum, M. y Chen, Y. (2015). Self-employment and subjective well-being: A multi-country analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 19(1), pp. 15-28.
Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J. y Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness. American Economic Review, 91(1), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.335
Diener, E., Diener, M. y Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 851-864. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.851
Diener, E., Oishi, S. y Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 403-425. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
Diener, E. y Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective Well-Being: A General Overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630903900402
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E. y Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Easterlin, R. A., Angelescu, L. y Zweig, J. S. (2011). The Impact of Modern Economic Growth on Urban-Rural Differences in Subjective Well-Being. World Development, 39(12), 2187-2198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.015
Federal Environment Agency. (2014, January). Waste management. Umwelt Bundesamt.
Ferronato, N. y Torretta, V. (2019). Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
Glaeser, E. L., Gottlieb, J. D. y Ziv, O. (2016). Unhappy Cities. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(S2), S129-S182. https://doi.org/10.1086/684044
Graham, C. y Pettinato, S. (2001). Happiness, Markets, and Democracy: Latin America in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2(3), 237-268. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011860027447
Guardiola, J. y García-Quero, F. (2014). Buen Vivir (living well) in Ecuador: Community and environmental satisfaction without household material prosperity? Ecological Economics, 107, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.032
Halman, L. (1996). Individualism in Individualized Society? International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 37(3-4), 195-214. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A19176015/AONE?u=anon~73b8c145&sid=googleScholar&xid=dbb1ebf1. Accessed 7 Feb. 2023.
Hanslmaier, M. (2013). Crime, fear and subjective well-being: How victimization and street crime affect fear and life satisfaction. European Journal of Criminology, 10(5), 515-533. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370812474545
Helliwell, J. F. (2003). How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being. Economic Modelling, 20(2), 331-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-9993(02)00057-3
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. y De Neve, J.-E. (2020). World Happiness Report 2020.
Henderson, V. (2003). The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth: The So-What Question. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022860800744
Hnilica, K. (2011). Discrimination and Subjective Well-Being: Protective Influences of Membership in a Discriminated Category. Central European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3608
Hussain, C. M. y Keçili, R. (2020). Environmental pollution and environmental analysis. En Modern Environmental Analysis Techniques for Pollutants (pp. 1-36). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816934-6.00001-1
INEC. (2014). Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo.
INEC. (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo.
Jorm, A. F. y Ryan, S. M. (2014). Cross-national and historical differences in subjective well-being. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 330-340. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt188
Kahneman, D. y Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16489-16493. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107
Kingdon, G. G. y Knight, J. (2007). Community, comparisons and subjective well-being in a divided society. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 64(1), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2007.03.004
Knight, J. y Gunatilaka, R. (2010). Great Expectations? The Subjective Well-being of Rural-Urban Migrants in China. World Development, 38(1), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.002
Lee, K. S. y Ono, H. (2012). Marriage, Cohabitation, and Happiness: A Cross-National Analysis of 27 Countries. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 953-972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01001.x
Lenzi, C. y Perucca, G. (2016). Life Satisfaction across Cities: Evidence from Romania. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(7), 1062-1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1113265
Liu, H., Gao, H. y Huang, Q. (2020). Better Government, Happier Residents? Quality of Government and Life Satisfaction in China. Social Indicators Research, 147(3), 971-990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02172-2
López Ulloa, B. F., Møller, V. y Sousa-Poza, A. (2013). How Does Subjective Well-Being Evolve with Age? A Literature Review. Journal of Population Ageing, 6(3), 227-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-013-9085-0
Lucas, R. y Dyrenforth, P. (2006). Does the existence of social relationships matter for subjective well-being? En K. D. Vohs y E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Self and Relationships: Connecter Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processes (pp. 254-273). The Guilford Press.
Marchettini, N., Ridolfi, R. y Rustici, M. (2007). An environmental analysis for comparing waste management options and strategies. Waste Management, 27(4), 562-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.04.007
Meisenberg, G. y Woodley, M. (2015). Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being and Their Relationships with Gender Equality, Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1539-1555.
Mastekaasa, A. (1993). Marital status and subjective well-being: A changing relationship? Social Indicators Research, 29(3), 249-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079515
Ministerio del Ambiente y Agua. (n. d.). Programa Nacional para la Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos (PNGIDS) Ecuador. https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2020/07/5.PROYECTO-PNGIDS.pdf
Morrison, P. S. (2011). Local expressions of subjective well-being: The New Zealand experience. Regional Studies, 45(8), 1039-1058. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003792476
Moulton, B. R. (1986). Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates. Journal of Econometrics, 32(3), 385-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90021-7
Ott, J. C. (2011). Government and Happiness in 130 Nations: Good Governance Fosters Higher Level and More Equality of Happiness. Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9719-z
Pandey, V. C. y Singh, V. (2019). Exploring the Potential and Opportunities of Current Tools for Removal of Hazardous Materials From Environments. En V. Pandey, & K. Bauddh (Eds.) Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites (pp. 501-516). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813912-7.00020-X
Pontarollo, N., Orellana, M. y Segovia, J. (2020). The Determinants of Subjective Well-Being in a Developing Country: The Ecuadorian Case. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(8), 3007-3035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00211-w
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