La selección de la corrupción como el problema más importante: escándalos, identificación política y opinión pública en Chile (2010-2023)
Resumen
El artículo examina las condiciones bajo las cuales la corrupción es seleccionada como el problema más importante en Chile (2010-2023). Desde la perspectiva de la agenda-setting, se sostiene que los escándalos incrementan la saliencia del problema, mientras que su priorización depende de la identificación política. Utilizando datos de la encuesta CEP y modelos logit, los resultados muestran que la ocurrencia de escándalos se asocia con la selección de la corrupción como principal problema, especialmente entre personas identificadas con el centro. Se destaca la interacción entre shocks contextuales e identificación política en la jerarquización de problemas.
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Anderson, C. J. y Tverdova, Y. V. (2003). Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00007
Balán, M. (2011). Competition by Denunciation: The Political Dynamics of Corruption Scandals in Argentina and Chile. Comparative Politics, 43(4), 459-478. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041511796301597
Bargsted, M., Bachmann, I. y Valenzuela, S. (2022). Corruption and Political Knowledge Erosion. A Cautionary Tale from Latin America. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 34(2), edac015. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edac015
Berganza, R., Martín-Llaguno, M. y Ortiz-González, A. (2023). Political Corruption Scandals in the (Social) Media Environment. En S. Salgado y S. Papathanassopoulos (Eds.), Streamlining Political Communication Concepts: Updates, Changes, Normalcies (pp. 89-104). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45335-9_6
Birkland, T. A. (1998). Focusing Events, Mobilization, and Agenda Setting. Journal of Public Policy, 18(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X98000038
Budge, I. (2015). Issue Emphases, Saliency Theory and Issue Ownership: A Historical and Conceptual Analysis. West European Politics, 38(4), 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1039374
Burlacu, D. (2020). Corruption and Ideological Voting. British Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000758
Canache, D. y Allison, M. E. (2005). Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies. Latin American Politics and Society, 47(3), 91-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00320.x
Centro de Estudios Públicos. Estudio Nacional de Opinión Pública Base Consolidada sitio web permanente. https://www.cepchile.cl/opinion-publica/encuesta-cep/
Ceva, E. y Ferretti, M. P. (2021). Political Corruption: The Internal Enemy of Public Institutions. Oxford University Press.
Charron, N. y Bågenholm, A. (2016). Ideology, party systems and corruption voting in European democracies. Electoral Studies, 41, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.022
Comisión Europea. (2024). Special Eurobarometer 548: Citizens’ attitudes towards corruption in the EU in 2024 [Eurobarómetro especial 548: Actitudes de los ciudadanos hacia la corrupción en la UE en 2024]. Disponible en https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3217
Corporación Latinobarómetro. (2024). Informe Latinobarómetro 2024: La Democracia Resiliente. Santiago de Chile: Corporación Latinobarómetro. Recuperado de latinobarometro.org.
Daoudi, O., Gainous, J., Wagner, K. y Buckles, G. (2025). Digital information consumption, democratic context, perceived corruption and political trust: A global examination. Online Information Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-06-2023-0296
De Vries, C. E. y Solaz, H. (2017). The Electoral Consequences of Corruption. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 391-408. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052715-111917
DeLeo, R. A., Taylor, K., Anderson, D. y Birkland, T. A. (2021). During Disaster: Refining the Concept of Focusing Events to Better Explain Long-Duration Crises. International Review of Public Policy, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/irpp.1868
Djerf-Pierre, M., Shehata, A. y Johansson, B. (2025). Media Salience Shifts and the Public’s Perceptions About Reality: How Fluctuations in News Media Attention Influence the Strength of Citizens’ Sociotropic Beliefs. Mass Communication and Society, 28(3), 459-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2023.2299209
Dobson Phillips, R., Dávid-Barrett, E. y Barrington, R. (2025). Defining Corruption in Context. Perspectives on Politics, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759272400286X
Esser, F. y Hartung, U. (2004). Nazis, Pollution, and no Sex: Political Scandals as a Reflection of Political Culture in Germany. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(8), 1040-1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203262277
Fisman, R. y Golden, M. A. (2017). Corruption: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press.
Friedrich, C. J. (2002). Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective. En Political Corruption (3.a ed.). Routledge.
Gardiner, J. (2002). Defining Corruption. En Political Corruption (3.a ed.). Routledge.
González-Ramírez, M. F. y Monsiváis-Carrillo, A. (2022). ¿Por qué la ciudadanía acepta pagar sobornos? La tolerancia a la corrupción en América Latina. América Latina Hoy, 91, 135-154. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.28059
Gutmann, J., Padovano, F. y Voigt, S. (2020). Perception vs. experience: Explaining differences in corruption measures using microdata. European Journal of Political Economy, 65, 101925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101925
Hauk, E., Oviedo, M. y Ramos, X. (2022). Perception of corruption and public support for redistribution in Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 74, 102174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102174
Hidalgo, M., Olivares, A., Toro, S., Rodríguez-García, G., Yanes Rojas, A., Lagos, N., Rudloff, O., Valenzuela Marín, A. y Navarrete Yáñez, B. (2025). Transparencia y corrupción en América Latina. Repensando estrategias para enfrentar los problemas de la región. Iberoamericana. América Latina - España - Portugal, 25(90), 221-246. https://doi.org/10.18441/IBAM.25.2025.90.221-246
Hough, D. (2013). Corruption, Anti-Corruption and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137268716
Jennings, W. y Wlezien, C. (2011). Distinguishing Between Most Important Problems and Issues? Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(3), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr025
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. y Zoido, P. (1999). Governance Matters (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 188568). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=188568
Krstulovic, M. C. y Navia, P. (2021). El combate a la corrupción como prioridad ciudadana para la acción gubernamental: El caso de Chile, 2000-2019. Opinião Pública, 27(2), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-01912021272451
Lauderdale, B. E. y Blumenau, J. (2025). Polarization over the priority of political problems. American Journal of Political Science, ajps.12957. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12957
McCombs, M. E. y Shaw, D. L. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
Melgar, N., Rossi, M. y Smith, T. W. (2010). The Perception of Corruption. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(1), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edp058
Michal, A. (2025). Moralism without populism? The salience of corruption in the electoral manifestos and legislature speeches of Czech and Slovak parties. Parliamentary Affairs, 78(3), 603-624. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsae036
Mizrahi, S. y Krup, D. N. (2026). Institutional Trust, Corruption, and Democracy: Relationships Based on People’s Perceptions Worldwide. Political Studies, 74(1), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217251318788
Morris, S. D. y Blake, C. H. (2010). 1 Corruption and Politics in Latin America. En S. D. Morris y C. H. Blake (Eds.), Corruption and Politics in Latin America: National and Regional Dynamics (pp. 1-28). Lynne Rienner Publishers. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781685855345-002/html
Pereyra, S. (2019). Corruption Scandals and Anti-Corruption Policies in Argentina. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 11(3), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X19894791
Poertner, M. y Zhang, N. (2024). The effects of combating corruption on institutional trust and political engagement: Evidence from Latin America. Political Science Research and Methods, 12(3), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2023.4
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform (1.a ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175098
Schulz, A. (2023). Institutional Corruption: The Teleological and Nonnormative Account. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v25i3.2301
Schwindt-Bayer, L. A. y Tavits, M. (2016). Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316412404
Seligson, M. A. (2002). The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00132
Soroka, S. N. (2002). Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(3), 264-285. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/14.3.264
Thompson, D. F. (2018). Theories of Institutional Corruption. Annual Review of Political Science, 21(1), 495-513. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-120117-110316
Treisman, D. (2007). What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science, 10(1), 211-244. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.081205.095418
Ullrichova, E. (2023). Issue Hierarchization in Agenda-Setting: The Case of the European Council Agenda. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 61(1), 108-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13361
Uslaner, E. M. (2017). Political trust, corruption, and inequality. En S. Zmerli y T. W. G. Van Der Meer (Eds.), Handbook on Political Trust (pp. 302-315). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782545118.00030
Wanta, W. (1997). The public and the national agenda: How people learn about important issues. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wlezien, C. (2005). On the salience of political issues: The problem with ‘most important problem’. Electoral Studies, 24(4), 555-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.01.009
Yildirim, T. M. (2022). Chapter 4: Gender differences in the prioritization of corruption as the most important problem in the US, 1939-2015. https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781802205831/book-part-9781802205831-11.xml
Zaller, J. R. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818691
Zhang, Y. y Liu, X. (2025). How does a focusing event shape pub
Balán, M. (2011). Competition by Denunciation: The Political Dynamics of Corruption Scandals in Argentina and Chile. Comparative Politics, 43(4), 459-478. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041511796301597
Bargsted, M., Bachmann, I. y Valenzuela, S. (2022). Corruption and Political Knowledge Erosion. A Cautionary Tale from Latin America. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 34(2), edac015. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edac015
Berganza, R., Martín-Llaguno, M. y Ortiz-González, A. (2023). Political Corruption Scandals in the (Social) Media Environment. En S. Salgado y S. Papathanassopoulos (Eds.), Streamlining Political Communication Concepts: Updates, Changes, Normalcies (pp. 89-104). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45335-9_6
Birkland, T. A. (1998). Focusing Events, Mobilization, and Agenda Setting. Journal of Public Policy, 18(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X98000038
Budge, I. (2015). Issue Emphases, Saliency Theory and Issue Ownership: A Historical and Conceptual Analysis. West European Politics, 38(4), 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1039374
Burlacu, D. (2020). Corruption and Ideological Voting. British Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000758
Canache, D. y Allison, M. E. (2005). Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies. Latin American Politics and Society, 47(3), 91-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00320.x
Centro de Estudios Públicos. Estudio Nacional de Opinión Pública Base Consolidada sitio web permanente. https://www.cepchile.cl/opinion-publica/encuesta-cep/
Ceva, E. y Ferretti, M. P. (2021). Political Corruption: The Internal Enemy of Public Institutions. Oxford University Press.
Charron, N. y Bågenholm, A. (2016). Ideology, party systems and corruption voting in European democracies. Electoral Studies, 41, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.022
Comisión Europea. (2024). Special Eurobarometer 548: Citizens’ attitudes towards corruption in the EU in 2024 [Eurobarómetro especial 548: Actitudes de los ciudadanos hacia la corrupción en la UE en 2024]. Disponible en https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3217
Corporación Latinobarómetro. (2024). Informe Latinobarómetro 2024: La Democracia Resiliente. Santiago de Chile: Corporación Latinobarómetro. Recuperado de latinobarometro.org.
Daoudi, O., Gainous, J., Wagner, K. y Buckles, G. (2025). Digital information consumption, democratic context, perceived corruption and political trust: A global examination. Online Information Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-06-2023-0296
De Vries, C. E. y Solaz, H. (2017). The Electoral Consequences of Corruption. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 391-408. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052715-111917
DeLeo, R. A., Taylor, K., Anderson, D. y Birkland, T. A. (2021). During Disaster: Refining the Concept of Focusing Events to Better Explain Long-Duration Crises. International Review of Public Policy, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/irpp.1868
Djerf-Pierre, M., Shehata, A. y Johansson, B. (2025). Media Salience Shifts and the Public’s Perceptions About Reality: How Fluctuations in News Media Attention Influence the Strength of Citizens’ Sociotropic Beliefs. Mass Communication and Society, 28(3), 459-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2023.2299209
Dobson Phillips, R., Dávid-Barrett, E. y Barrington, R. (2025). Defining Corruption in Context. Perspectives on Politics, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759272400286X
Esser, F. y Hartung, U. (2004). Nazis, Pollution, and no Sex: Political Scandals as a Reflection of Political Culture in Germany. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(8), 1040-1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203262277
Fisman, R. y Golden, M. A. (2017). Corruption: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press.
Friedrich, C. J. (2002). Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective. En Political Corruption (3.a ed.). Routledge.
Gardiner, J. (2002). Defining Corruption. En Political Corruption (3.a ed.). Routledge.
González-Ramírez, M. F. y Monsiváis-Carrillo, A. (2022). ¿Por qué la ciudadanía acepta pagar sobornos? La tolerancia a la corrupción en América Latina. América Latina Hoy, 91, 135-154. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.28059
Gutmann, J., Padovano, F. y Voigt, S. (2020). Perception vs. experience: Explaining differences in corruption measures using microdata. European Journal of Political Economy, 65, 101925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101925
Hauk, E., Oviedo, M. y Ramos, X. (2022). Perception of corruption and public support for redistribution in Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 74, 102174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102174
Hidalgo, M., Olivares, A., Toro, S., Rodríguez-García, G., Yanes Rojas, A., Lagos, N., Rudloff, O., Valenzuela Marín, A. y Navarrete Yáñez, B. (2025). Transparencia y corrupción en América Latina. Repensando estrategias para enfrentar los problemas de la región. Iberoamericana. América Latina - España - Portugal, 25(90), 221-246. https://doi.org/10.18441/IBAM.25.2025.90.221-246
Hough, D. (2013). Corruption, Anti-Corruption and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137268716
Jennings, W. y Wlezien, C. (2011). Distinguishing Between Most Important Problems and Issues? Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(3), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr025
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. y Zoido, P. (1999). Governance Matters (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 188568). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=188568
Krstulovic, M. C. y Navia, P. (2021). El combate a la corrupción como prioridad ciudadana para la acción gubernamental: El caso de Chile, 2000-2019. Opinião Pública, 27(2), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-01912021272451
Lauderdale, B. E. y Blumenau, J. (2025). Polarization over the priority of political problems. American Journal of Political Science, ajps.12957. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12957
McCombs, M. E. y Shaw, D. L. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
Melgar, N., Rossi, M. y Smith, T. W. (2010). The Perception of Corruption. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(1), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edp058
Michal, A. (2025). Moralism without populism? The salience of corruption in the electoral manifestos and legislature speeches of Czech and Slovak parties. Parliamentary Affairs, 78(3), 603-624. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsae036
Mizrahi, S. y Krup, D. N. (2026). Institutional Trust, Corruption, and Democracy: Relationships Based on People’s Perceptions Worldwide. Political Studies, 74(1), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217251318788
Morris, S. D. y Blake, C. H. (2010). 1 Corruption and Politics in Latin America. En S. D. Morris y C. H. Blake (Eds.), Corruption and Politics in Latin America: National and Regional Dynamics (pp. 1-28). Lynne Rienner Publishers. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781685855345-002/html
Pereyra, S. (2019). Corruption Scandals and Anti-Corruption Policies in Argentina. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 11(3), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X19894791
Poertner, M. y Zhang, N. (2024). The effects of combating corruption on institutional trust and political engagement: Evidence from Latin America. Political Science Research and Methods, 12(3), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2023.4
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform (1.a ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175098
Schulz, A. (2023). Institutional Corruption: The Teleological and Nonnormative Account. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v25i3.2301
Schwindt-Bayer, L. A. y Tavits, M. (2016). Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316412404
Seligson, M. A. (2002). The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00132
Soroka, S. N. (2002). Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(3), 264-285. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/14.3.264
Thompson, D. F. (2018). Theories of Institutional Corruption. Annual Review of Political Science, 21(1), 495-513. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-120117-110316
Treisman, D. (2007). What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science, 10(1), 211-244. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.081205.095418
Ullrichova, E. (2023). Issue Hierarchization in Agenda-Setting: The Case of the European Council Agenda. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 61(1), 108-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13361
Uslaner, E. M. (2017). Political trust, corruption, and inequality. En S. Zmerli y T. W. G. Van Der Meer (Eds.), Handbook on Political Trust (pp. 302-315). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782545118.00030
Wanta, W. (1997). The public and the national agenda: How people learn about important issues. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wlezien, C. (2005). On the salience of political issues: The problem with ‘most important problem’. Electoral Studies, 24(4), 555-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.01.009
Yildirim, T. M. (2022). Chapter 4: Gender differences in the prioritization of corruption as the most important problem in the US, 1939-2015. https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781802205831/book-part-9781802205831-11.xml
Zaller, J. R. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818691
Zhang, Y. y Liu, X. (2025). How does a focusing event shape pub
Espinoza, R. (2026). La selección de la corrupción como el problema más importante: escándalos, identificación política y opinión pública en Chile (2010-2023). América Latina Hoy , 96, e32654. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.32654
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