Las capacidades estatales de los gobiernos subnacionales en Brasil
Resumen
El análisis del alcance del Estado como herramienta de transformación social ha fomentado numerosos estudios comparativos sobre sus capacidades estatales entre naciones. Sin embargo, existe todavía una laguna sobre su desarrollo intraestatal en países federales descentralizados como Brasil. El presente trabajo pretende adaptar una operacionalización del concepto de capacidades estatales, comparando cómo cada uno de los estados brasileiros ejerce sus funciones básicas, de acuerdo a dos dimensiones: poder infraestructural y capacidad burocrática. A través del análisis de conglomerados jerárquico, se han establecido un total de cuatro tipologías diferentes de estados, detectando las variables más relevantes en la configuración de cada uno de estos grupos.
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Abrúcio, F. (1998). Os barões da federação: Os governadores e a redemocratização brasileira. Hucitec.
Alston, L., Melo M. A., Mueller, B., Pereira, C. (2016). Brazil in transition: Beliefs, leadership, and institutional change. New York: Princeton University Press.
Arretche, M. (2009). Continuidades e descontinuidades da Federação Brasileira: De como 1988 facilitou 1995. Dados, 52(2), 377-423. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582009000200004
Banco Mundial. (1997). The state in a changing world. Oxford University Press.
Brieba, D. (2014). Disaggregating state capacity: Explaining policy effectiveness in Latin America, 1996-2006 [PhD Thesis]. University of Oxford.
Brieba, D. (2018). State Capacity and Health Outcomes: Comparing Argentina’s and Chile’s Reduction of Infant and Maternal Mortality, 1960-2013. World Development, 101, 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.08.011
Cárdenas, M. State capacity in Latin America. Economía, 2010, 10(2): 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2010.0003
Centeno, M. A. (2002). Blood and debt: War and the nation-state in Latin America. Pennsylvania State Univ. Press.
Cingolani, L. (2013). The state of state capacity: A review of concepts, evidence and measures. UNU-Merit Working Paper, nº 13. https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/wppdf/2013/wp2013-053.pdf.
Cingolani, L., Thomsson, K., & De Crombrugghe, D. (2015). Minding Weber More Than Ever? The Impacts of State Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy on Development Goals. World Development, 72, 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.016
Cortázar Velarde, J. C., Lafuente, M., Sanginés, M., Schuster, C., Echebarría, K., Longo, F., Strazza, L., & Iacoviello, M. (2014). Serving Citizens: A Decade of Civil Service Reforms in Latin America (2004-13). Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0012567
Elazar, D. J. (1987). Exploring Federalism. University of Alabama Press. https://books.google.com.br/books?id=0CQBBAAAQBAJ
Evans, P. (1997). The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization. World Politics, 50(1), 62-87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100014726
Evans, P., & Rauch, J. E. (1999). Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of «Weberian» State Structures on Economic Growth. American Sociological Review, 64(5), 748-765. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400508
Fukuyama, F. (2015). Political order and political decay: From the industrial revolution to the globalization of democracy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Garritzmann, J. L., Röth, L., & Kleider, H. (2021). Policy-Making in Multi-Level Systems: Ideology, Authority, and Education. Comparative Political Studies, 54(12), 2155-2190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414021997499
Geddes, B. (1994). Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. University of California Press. https://books.google.com.br/books?id=B-zjoVG-ZOMC
Gomide, A., Pires, R., & Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Orgs.). (2014). Capacidades estatais e democracia: Arranjos institucionais de políticas públicas. Ipea.
Grin, E. J., & Abrucio, F. L. (2018). Las capacidades estatales de los municipios brasileños en un contexto… de descentralización de políticas. Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia, 70, 93-126. https://doi.org/10.69733/clad.ryd.n70.a151
Grindle, M. S. (2012). Jobs for the boys: Patronage and the state in comparative perspective. Harvard University Press.
Hameiri, S. (2007). Failed states or a failed paradigm? State capacity and the limits of institutionalism. Journal of International Relations and Development, 10(2), 122-149. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800120
Hendrix, C. S. (2010). Measuring state capacity: Theoretical and empirical implications for the study of civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 47(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310361838
Jaguaribe, A. (2016). Capacidades estatais comparadas: A China e a reforma do Sistema Nacional de Innovação. IPEA: Textos para Discussão, 2085.
Keller, M. R., Block, F., & Negoita, M. (2022). What makes a developmental network state durable? Sociology Compass, 16(1), e12948. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12948
Kocher, M. (2010). State capacity as a conceptual variable. Yale Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), 137-145.
Kohli, A. (2004). State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery (1º ed). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754371
Mann, M. (2003). The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results. Em N. Brenner, B. Jessop, M. Jones, & G. MacLeod (Orgs.), State/Space (1º ed, p. 53-64). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470755686.ch3
Mann, M. (2008). Infrastructural Power Revisited. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9027-7
Mauricio Cárdenas. (2010). State Capacity in Latin America. Economía, 10(2), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2010.0003
Mazzuca, S. (2021). Latecomer State Formation: Political Geography and Capacity Failure in Latin America. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmcz2
Mazzucato, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public Vs. Private Sector Myths. Perseus Book LLC (Ingram). https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Wro1DgAAQBAJ
Migdal, J. S. (1988). Strong societies and weak states: State-society relations and state capabilities in the Third World. Princeton Univ. Press.
O’Donnell, G. (1993). Estado, democratización y ciudadanía. Nueva Sociedad, 128:, 62-87.
OECD. (2024). The OECD classification of taxes and interpretative guide Health Taxes in OECD Countries.
OECD, Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, & Inter-American Development Bank. (2022). Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/58a2dc35-en-es
Palotti, P. (with Lício, E. C., Gomes, S., Segatto, C. I., & Silva, A. L. N. da). (2023). E os Estados?: Federalismo, relações intergovernamentais e políticas públicas no Brasil contemporâneo. Ipea.
Peters, B. G. (1999). Institutional theory in political science: The new institutionalism. Pinter.
Poulantzas, N. A. (1978). State, power, socialism. NLB.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2010). Medición de la capacidad. PNUD.
Przeworski, A. (1970). Estado E Economia No Capitalismo. Relume-Dumará.
Schneider, B. R. (2014). O Estado desenvolvimentista no Brasil: Perspectivas históricas e comparadas. IPEA: Textos para Discussão, 1871.
Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. Em P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol (Orgs.), Bringing the State Back In (1º ed, p. 3-38). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628283.002
Snyder, R. (2001). Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method. Studies in Comparative International Development, 36(1), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02687586
Soifer, H. (2008). State Infrastructural Power: Approaches to Conceptualization and Measurement. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9028-6
Soifer, H., & Vom Hau, M. (2008). Unpacking the Strength of the State: The Utility of State Infrastructural Power. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9030-z
Souza, C. (2016). Capacidade burocrática no Brasil e na Argentina: Quando a política faz a diferencia. Textos para Discussão: IPEA, 2035.
Souza, C. (2017). Modernização do Estado e construção de capacidade burocrática para a implementação de políticas federalizadas. Revista de Administração Pública, 51(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612150933
Tilly, C. (2015). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990-1992. Blackwell.
Vaccaro, A., & Panaro, A. V. (2025). It’s the state, indeed! How state capacity facilitates social equality in authoritarian regimes. Contemporary Politics, 31(1), 24-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2024.2310745
Vampa, D. (2024). Subnational Policymaking in an Era of Political Instability: Developing a New Typology for Comparative Analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2024.2359687
Weir, M. (2005). States, Race, and the Decline of New Deal Liberalism. Studies in American Political Development, 19(2), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X05000106
Woo-Cumings, M. (Org.). (1999). The Developmental State. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501720383
Ziblatt, D. (2008). Why Some Cities Provide More Public Goods than Others: A Subnational Comparison of the Provision of Public Goods in German Cities in 1912. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9031-y
Alston, L., Melo M. A., Mueller, B., Pereira, C. (2016). Brazil in transition: Beliefs, leadership, and institutional change. New York: Princeton University Press.
Arretche, M. (2009). Continuidades e descontinuidades da Federação Brasileira: De como 1988 facilitou 1995. Dados, 52(2), 377-423. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582009000200004
Banco Mundial. (1997). The state in a changing world. Oxford University Press.
Brieba, D. (2014). Disaggregating state capacity: Explaining policy effectiveness in Latin America, 1996-2006 [PhD Thesis]. University of Oxford.
Brieba, D. (2018). State Capacity and Health Outcomes: Comparing Argentina’s and Chile’s Reduction of Infant and Maternal Mortality, 1960-2013. World Development, 101, 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.08.011
Cárdenas, M. State capacity in Latin America. Economía, 2010, 10(2): 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2010.0003
Centeno, M. A. (2002). Blood and debt: War and the nation-state in Latin America. Pennsylvania State Univ. Press.
Cingolani, L. (2013). The state of state capacity: A review of concepts, evidence and measures. UNU-Merit Working Paper, nº 13. https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/wppdf/2013/wp2013-053.pdf.
Cingolani, L., Thomsson, K., & De Crombrugghe, D. (2015). Minding Weber More Than Ever? The Impacts of State Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy on Development Goals. World Development, 72, 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.016
Cortázar Velarde, J. C., Lafuente, M., Sanginés, M., Schuster, C., Echebarría, K., Longo, F., Strazza, L., & Iacoviello, M. (2014). Serving Citizens: A Decade of Civil Service Reforms in Latin America (2004-13). Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0012567
Elazar, D. J. (1987). Exploring Federalism. University of Alabama Press. https://books.google.com.br/books?id=0CQBBAAAQBAJ
Evans, P. (1997). The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization. World Politics, 50(1), 62-87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100014726
Evans, P., & Rauch, J. E. (1999). Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of «Weberian» State Structures on Economic Growth. American Sociological Review, 64(5), 748-765. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400508
Fukuyama, F. (2015). Political order and political decay: From the industrial revolution to the globalization of democracy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Garritzmann, J. L., Röth, L., & Kleider, H. (2021). Policy-Making in Multi-Level Systems: Ideology, Authority, and Education. Comparative Political Studies, 54(12), 2155-2190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414021997499
Geddes, B. (1994). Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. University of California Press. https://books.google.com.br/books?id=B-zjoVG-ZOMC
Gomide, A., Pires, R., & Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Orgs.). (2014). Capacidades estatais e democracia: Arranjos institucionais de políticas públicas. Ipea.
Grin, E. J., & Abrucio, F. L. (2018). Las capacidades estatales de los municipios brasileños en un contexto… de descentralización de políticas. Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia, 70, 93-126. https://doi.org/10.69733/clad.ryd.n70.a151
Grindle, M. S. (2012). Jobs for the boys: Patronage and the state in comparative perspective. Harvard University Press.
Hameiri, S. (2007). Failed states or a failed paradigm? State capacity and the limits of institutionalism. Journal of International Relations and Development, 10(2), 122-149. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800120
Hendrix, C. S. (2010). Measuring state capacity: Theoretical and empirical implications for the study of civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 47(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310361838
Jaguaribe, A. (2016). Capacidades estatais comparadas: A China e a reforma do Sistema Nacional de Innovação. IPEA: Textos para Discussão, 2085.
Keller, M. R., Block, F., & Negoita, M. (2022). What makes a developmental network state durable? Sociology Compass, 16(1), e12948. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12948
Kocher, M. (2010). State capacity as a conceptual variable. Yale Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), 137-145.
Kohli, A. (2004). State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery (1º ed). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754371
Mann, M. (2003). The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results. Em N. Brenner, B. Jessop, M. Jones, & G. MacLeod (Orgs.), State/Space (1º ed, p. 53-64). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470755686.ch3
Mann, M. (2008). Infrastructural Power Revisited. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9027-7
Mauricio Cárdenas. (2010). State Capacity in Latin America. Economía, 10(2), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2010.0003
Mazzuca, S. (2021). Latecomer State Formation: Political Geography and Capacity Failure in Latin America. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmcz2
Mazzucato, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public Vs. Private Sector Myths. Perseus Book LLC (Ingram). https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Wro1DgAAQBAJ
Migdal, J. S. (1988). Strong societies and weak states: State-society relations and state capabilities in the Third World. Princeton Univ. Press.
O’Donnell, G. (1993). Estado, democratización y ciudadanía. Nueva Sociedad, 128:, 62-87.
OECD. (2024). The OECD classification of taxes and interpretative guide Health Taxes in OECD Countries.
OECD, Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, & Inter-American Development Bank. (2022). Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/58a2dc35-en-es
Palotti, P. (with Lício, E. C., Gomes, S., Segatto, C. I., & Silva, A. L. N. da). (2023). E os Estados?: Federalismo, relações intergovernamentais e políticas públicas no Brasil contemporâneo. Ipea.
Peters, B. G. (1999). Institutional theory in political science: The new institutionalism. Pinter.
Poulantzas, N. A. (1978). State, power, socialism. NLB.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2010). Medición de la capacidad. PNUD.
Przeworski, A. (1970). Estado E Economia No Capitalismo. Relume-Dumará.
Schneider, B. R. (2014). O Estado desenvolvimentista no Brasil: Perspectivas históricas e comparadas. IPEA: Textos para Discussão, 1871.
Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. Em P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol (Orgs.), Bringing the State Back In (1º ed, p. 3-38). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628283.002
Snyder, R. (2001). Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method. Studies in Comparative International Development, 36(1), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02687586
Soifer, H. (2008). State Infrastructural Power: Approaches to Conceptualization and Measurement. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9028-6
Soifer, H., & Vom Hau, M. (2008). Unpacking the Strength of the State: The Utility of State Infrastructural Power. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9030-z
Souza, C. (2016). Capacidade burocrática no Brasil e na Argentina: Quando a política faz a diferencia. Textos para Discussão: IPEA, 2035.
Souza, C. (2017). Modernização do Estado e construção de capacidade burocrática para a implementação de políticas federalizadas. Revista de Administração Pública, 51(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612150933
Tilly, C. (2015). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990-1992. Blackwell.
Vaccaro, A., & Panaro, A. V. (2025). It’s the state, indeed! How state capacity facilitates social equality in authoritarian regimes. Contemporary Politics, 31(1), 24-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2024.2310745
Vampa, D. (2024). Subnational Policymaking in an Era of Political Instability: Developing a New Typology for Comparative Analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2024.2359687
Weir, M. (2005). States, Race, and the Decline of New Deal Liberalism. Studies in American Political Development, 19(2), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X05000106
Woo-Cumings, M. (Org.). (1999). The Developmental State. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501720383
Ziblatt, D. (2008). Why Some Cities Provide More Public Goods than Others: A Subnational Comparison of the Provision of Public Goods in German Cities in 1912. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3-4), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9031-y
Bachiller Cabria, J. V. (2025). Las capacidades estatales de los gobiernos subnacionales en Brasil. América Latina Hoy , 95, e32171. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.32171
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