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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmc</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Medicine and Movies</journal-title>
<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
<trans-title>Revista de Medicina y Cine</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J. Med. Mov. / Rev. Med. Cine</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1585-5210</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rmc.27412</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/rmc.27412</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title><italic>PROYECTO L&#x00C1;ZARO (2016):</italic> DE LA CRIOPRESERVACI&#x00D3;N CELULAR A HUMANA. MITO Y REALIDAD PARA LA FORMACI&#x00D3;N DOCENTE EN EL &#x00C1;REA DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Realive</italic> (2016): <italic>from cellular to human cryopreservation. Myth and reality for teacher training in the area of health sciences</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4133-0092</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>SULEIMAN-MARTOS</surname>
<given-names>Nora</given-names>
</name>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
    <bio>
        <fig id="fig-7-27412">
            <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-7-27412.jpg"/>
        </fig>
        <p>Nora Suleiman-Martos. Doctora en Psicolog&#x00ED;a por la Universidad de Granada. Grado en Fisioterapia por la Universidad de Murcia. M&#x00E1;ster en investigaci&#x00F3;n en atenci&#x00F3;n primaria por la Universidad Miguel Hern&#x00E1;ndez, M&#x00E1;ster Universitario en Bio&#x00E9;tica por la Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica San Antonio de Murcia, y M&#x00E1;ster Universitario en Neuro-rehabilitaci&#x00F3;n por la Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica San Antonio de Murcia. Actualmente es profesora ayudante doctor en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Granada, donde imparte docencia asociada al mismo departamento utilizando una metodolog&#x00ED;a de gamificaci&#x00F3;n y recursos de innovaci&#x00F3;n docente entre ellos el uso del Cine como recurso educativo docente. Su l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n se centra en el &#x00E1;mbito de la salud p&#x00FA;blica y problemas psicosociales en el &#x00E1;mbito sanitario.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>GARC&#x00CD;A-LARA</surname>
<given-names>Rub&#x00E9;n Antonio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
    <bio>
        <p>Rub&#x00E9;n Garc&#x00ED;a-Lara. Estudiante de doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud por la Universidad de Murcia. Grado en enfermer&#x00ED;a por la Universidad de Granada. Grado en Fisioterapia por la Universidad de Murcia. M&#x00E1;ster en investigaci&#x00F3;n en atenci&#x00F3;n primaria por la Universidad Miguel Hern&#x00E1;ndez, M&#x00E1;ster Universitario en Bio&#x00E9;tica por la Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica San Antonio de Murcia, y M&#x00E1;ster en Osteopat&#x00ED;a por la Universidad de Murcia. Actualmente es enfermero en Servicio Andaluz de Salud.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1696-267X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>NARBONA-S&#x00C1;NCHEZ</surname>
<given-names>Isaac</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
    <bio>
        <p>Isaac Narbona-S&#x00E1;nchez. Doctor en el programa de doctorado Biomol&#x00E9;culas de la Universidad de C&#x00E1;diz. M&#x00E1;ster Oficial en el programa Biomol&#x00E9;culas de la Universidad de C&#x00E1;diz. Licenciado en Ciencias Qu&#x00ED;micas por la Universidad Nacional de Educaci&#x00F3;n a Distancia. Postdoctoral del Instituto de Investigaci&#x00F3;n e Innovaci&#x00F3;n en Ciencias Biom&#x00E9;dicas (INiBICA). Su linea de investigaci&#x00F3;n se centra en la activaci&#x00F3;n y transducci&#x00F3;n de se&#241;ales en los linfocitos T a trav&#x00E9;s del adaptador LAT, y en la aparici&#x00F3;n y evoluci&#x00F3;n de enfermedades de car&#x00E1;cter autoinmune, entre ellas la Artritis Reumatoide.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9546-9148</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>DOM&#x00CD;NGUEZ-V&#x00CD;AS</surname>
<given-names>Germ&#x00E1;n</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
    <bio>
        <fig id="fig-6-27412">
            <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-6-27412.jpg"/>
        </fig>
        <p>Germ&#x00E1;n Dom&#x00ED;nguez-V&#x00ED;as. Doctor en Ciencias de la Salud por la Universidad de C&#x00E1;diz y Doctor en Seguridad de los Alimentos por la Universidad de Ja&#x00E9;n. Master Universitario en Avances en Seguridad de los Alimentos y Licenciado en Biolog&#x00ED;a por la Universidad de Ja&#x00E9;n. Actualmente es profesor contratado doctor en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (Campus de Ceuta) de la Universidad de Granada, donde imparte docencia asociada al departamento de fisiolog&#x00ED;a en el grado de enfermer&#x00ED;a, e implementa el Cine como recurso educativo dentro del curr&#x00ED;culo. Su l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n se centra en la neurodegeneraci&#x00F3;n y la regulaci&#x00F3;n de la presi&#x00F3;n arterial.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label><sup>1</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermer&#x00ED;a, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Ceuta. Universidad de Granada (Espa&#x00F1;a).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Enfermer&#x00ED;a, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Ceuta</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad de Granada</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label><sup>2</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Servicio Andaluz de Salud. Distrito Granada Nordeste (Espa&#x00F1;a).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Servicio Andaluz de Salud</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Distrito Granada Nordeste</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label><sup>3</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">INIBiCA, Universidad de C&#x00E1;diz (Espa&#x00F1;a).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">INIBiCA</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad de C&#x00E1;diz</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label><sup>4</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiolog&#x00ED;a, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Ceuta. Universidad de Granada (Espa&#x00F1;a).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Fisiolog&#x00ED;a, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Ceuta</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad de Granada</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes> 
    <corresp id="c1">Autor para la correspondencia: Germ&#x00E1;n Dom&#x00ED;nguez-V&#x00ED;as. Correo electr&#x00F3;nico: <email>germandv@ugr.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>193</fpage>
<lpage>204</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>16</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Licencia CC BY-NC-ND. Licencia de Creative Commons Atribuci&#x00F3;n-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional Universidad de Salamanca. Su comercializaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; sujeta al permiso del editor</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title><bold>Resumen</bold></title>
<p>Existe un creciente pensamiento de postergar el avance de una enfermedad terminal mediante la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n de los cuerpos de los pacientes. Ante el miedo a morir de enfermedades se conf&#x00ED;an que en el futuro podr&#x00E1;n ser reanimados y tratados con novedosas terapias que le supondr&#x00E1;n la cura y eliminaci&#x00F3;n de la patolog&#x00ED;a. Aunque parezca ciencia ficci&#x00F3;n la realidad es que ya se est&#x00E1; realizando con organismos celulares para la conservaci&#x00F3;n de especies y ante enfermedades que alteran la reproducci&#x00F3;n. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de embriones los comit&#x00E9;s &#x00E9;ticos no tienen todav&#x00ED;a una estrategia definida. Por esa raz&#x00F3;n, este trabajo intenta enfocar una interrelaci&#x00F3;n entre profesorado y alumnado para la discusi&#x00F3;n y reflexi&#x00F3;n de la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n de pacientes, mostrando los &#x00FA;ltimos avances e informes sobre este aspecto.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title><bold>Abstract</bold></title>
<p>There is a growing thought of delaying the progression of a terminal illness by cryopreservation of the bodies of patients. Faced with the fear of dying from diseases, they are confident that in the future they will be able to be revived and treated with novel therapies that will lead to the cure and elimination of the pathology. Although it seems science fiction, the reality is that it is already being carried out with cellular organisms for the conservation of species and against diseases that alter reproduction. However, when it comes to embryos, the ethical committees do not yet have a defined strategy. For this reason, this work tries to focus on an interrelation between teachers and students for the discussion and reflection of the cryopreservation of patients, showing the latest advances and reports on this aspect.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><bold>Palabras clave:</bold></title>
<kwd>criopreservaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>criogenia</kwd>
<kwd>cri&#x00F3;nica</kwd>
<kwd>reanimaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><bold>Keywords:</bold></title>
<kwd>cryopreservation</kwd>
<kwd>cryogenics</kwd>
<kwd>cryonics</kwd>
<kwd>revival</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27412-Esp">
<title><bold>Ficha t&#x00E9;cnica</bold></title>
<p><bold>T&#x00ED;tulo original:</bold> <italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro.</italic></p>
<p><bold>Pa&#x00ED;s:</bold> Espa&#x00F1;a.</p>
<p><bold>A&#x00F1;o:</bold> 2016.</p>
<p><bold>Director:</bold> Mateo Gil.</p>
<p><bold>M&#x00FA;sica:</bold> Lucas Vidal.</p>
<p><bold>Fotograf&#x00ED;a:</bold> Pau Esteve Birba.</p>
<p><bold>Montaje:</bold> Guillermo de la Cal.</p>
<p><bold>Guion:</bold> Mateo Gil.</p>
<p><bold>Int&#x00E9;rpretes:</bold> Tom Hughes, Charlotte Le Bon, Oona Chaplin, Barry Ward, Julio Perill&#x00E1;n, Rafael Cebri&#x00E1;n, Bruno Sevilla, Daniel Horvath, Alex Hafner, Godeliv Van den Brandt, Efrain Angl&#x00E8;s, Sebastian R. Bugge, Tony Corvillo, Jordi Cots, Oscar Dorta, Mark Schardan.</p>
<p><bold>Color:</bold> Color.</p>
<p><bold>Duraci&#x00F3;n:</bold> 112 minutos.</p>
<p><bold>G&#x00E9;nero:</bold> Ciencia ficci&#x00F3;n, drama.</p>
<p><bold>Idioma original:</bold> Ingl&#x00E9;s.</p>
<p><bold>Productora:</bold> Arcadia Motion Pictures, Canal+ Espa&#x00F1;a, Noodles Production.</p>
<p><bold>Sinopsis:</bold> &#x00AB;A sus 32 a&#x00F1;os, Marc Jarvis (Tom Hughes) padece una enfermedad terminal. Le queda un a&#x00F1;o de vida. Justo ahora que &#x00E9;l y Naomi (Oona Chaplin) han empezado a construir una vida juntos. Por eso, incapaz de aceptar su final, Marc decide criogenizar su cuerpo con la esperanza puesta en el futuro. M&#x00E1;s de sesenta a&#x00F1;os despu&#x00E9;s, en 2084, se convierte en el primer hombre resucitado de la Historia, pero su resurrecci&#x00F3;n no se producir&#x00E1; de la forma id&#x00ED;lica que Marc hab&#x00ED;a imaginado antes de morir&#x00BB; (FILMAFFINITY).</p>
<p><bold>Premios:</bold> 2016, Festival de Sitges (Secci&#x00F3;n oficial largometrajes); 2017, Fantasporto (Premio a pel&#x00ED;cula Fantas&#x00ED;a Internacional); 2018, Premios Gaud&#x00ED; (Nominada a Mejores efectos visuales); 2018, Premios D&#x00ED;as de Cine (Nominada a mejor pel&#x00ED;cula espa&#x00F1;ola); 2018, Premios Golden Trailer (Premio al mejor p&#x00F3;ster drama).</p>
<p><bold>Disponibilidad:</bold> Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro (Blu-Ray). Divisa HV; 2017.</p>
<p><bold>Enlaces:</bold></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film612775.html">https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film612775.html</ext-link></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074928/?ref_=ttawd_awd_tt">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074928/?ref_=ttawd_awd_tt</ext-link></p>
<p><bold>Tr&#x00E1;iler en espa&#x00F1;ol</bold></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/evideos.php?movie_id=612775">https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/evideos.php?movie_id=612775</ext-link></p>
<p><bold>Tr&#x00E1;iler Internacional (VO)</bold></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1411299609?playlistId=tt4074928&#x0026;ref_=tt_pr_ov_vi">https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1411299609?playlistId=tt4074928&#x0026;ref_=tt_pr_ov_vi</ext-link></p>
<fig id="fig-01-27412-es">
<caption><title>Cartel de la versi&#x00F3;n espa&#x00F1;ola <italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro</italic> (2016)</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-5-27412-es.jpg"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27412-es" sec-type="intro">
<title><bold>Introducci&#x00F3;n</bold></title>
<p>El t&#x00E9;rmino criogenia se acu&#x00F1;&#x00F3; en el a&#x00F1;o 1899 y se define como el estudio cient&#x00ED;fico de los materiales y su comportamiento a temperaturas extremadamente bajas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>. La criogenia es una t&#x00E9;cnica permitida en Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) y se encuentra en una emergente expansi&#x00F3;n en otros pa&#x00ED;ses, consider&#x00E1;ndose dentro de la ley funeraria como una condici&#x00F3;n previa para una futura resucitaci&#x00F3;n que permita curar enfermedades que actualmente son incurables. Sin embargo, a pesar del gran debate en las leyes europeas no todos los pa&#x00ED;ses las aceptan por las grandes cuestiones &#x00E9;ticas, morales y legales<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27412-es">2</xref></sup>. Un principal problema radica en la falta de estudios previos que garanticen el retorno a la vida y, adem&#x00E1;s, sin manifestar efectos secundarios negativos.</p>
<p>No muy lejos de la ficci&#x00F3;n, la ley de bio&#x00E9;tica francesa publicada en 2004 no autorizaba la transferencia de embriones sometidos a un programa de investigaci&#x00F3;n, ni siquiera procedente de gametos afectados por una experimentaci&#x00F3;n. En aquel entonces todav&#x00ED;a se consideraba el proceso de vitrificaci&#x00F3;n de ovocitos una t&#x00E9;cnica experimental, sin posibilidad de vitrificar ovocitos o embriones. Diferentes estudios internacionales permitieron que la legislaci&#x00F3;n cambiase en julio de 2011, autorizando el uso de la vitrificaci&#x00F3;n de ovocitos para donantes de ovocitos sin hijos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27412-es">3</xref></sup>. En la sociedad actual se hace evidente que muchas mujeres est&#x00E1;n retrasando la edad id&#x00F3;nea para el embarazo, permitiendo la congelaci&#x00F3;n de &#x00F3;vulos por razones no m&#x00E9;dicas, siendo legal en bastantes pa&#x00ED;ses con la generaci&#x00F3;n de nuevos debates y discusiones<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27412-es">4</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>La cri&#x00F3;nica o criopreservaci&#x00F3;n es una t&#x00E9;cnica basada en el proceso de preservaci&#x00F3;n de c&#x00E9;lulas, tejidos, &#x00F3;rganos o cualquier material biol&#x00F3;gico a -196 &#x00B0;C en nitr&#x00F3;geno l&#x00ED;quido para mantener su viabilidad. La conservaci&#x00F3;n de las c&#x00E9;lulas a una temperatura tan baja detiene todas las actividades biol&#x00F3;gicas, incluidas las reacciones bioqu&#x00ED;micas que conducen a la muerte celular y la degradaci&#x00F3;n del ADN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>. A trav&#x00E9;s de la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n las c&#x00E9;lulas se pueden conservar durante siglos y revivir m&#x00E1;s tarde al descongelarse<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>La criogenia de cuerpos enteros (o solo partes funcionales) alcanza la anapirexia a temperaturas extremadamente bajas, pero manteniendo tambi&#x00E9;n las constantes vitales bajo el uso de crioprotectores, tambi&#x00E9;n denominados criopreservantes, que son sustancias hidrosolubles y de baja toxicidad con el fin de disminuir el punto eut&#x00E9;ctico de una soluci&#x00F3;n dada y evitar el congelamiento de todas las estructuras corporales. La anapirexia se define como la ca&#x00ED;da regulada de la temperatura central, siendo esta beneficiosa para los animales y los seres humanos cuando el suministro de ox&#x00ED;geno en diferentes condiciones (como hipoxia e isquemia) es limitado, como una estrategia para reducir el consumo de ox&#x00ED;geno. Adem&#x00E1;s de la hipoxia, la anapirexia puede ser inducida por diversas sustancias ex&#x00F3;genas y end&#x00F3;genas capaces de producir hipotermia, denominadas cri&#x00F3;genos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27412-es">5</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27412-es">6</xref></sup>. El conocimiento para la sobreexpresi&#x00F3;n de estas prote&#x00ED;nas cri&#x00F3;genicas end&#x00F3;gena se podr&#x00ED;an considerar de gran utilidad en diferentes actividades humanas como la estasis espacial y en terapias de hipotermia cerebral.</p>
<p><italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro / Realive</italic> (2016) de Mateo Gil es una interesante propuesta de reflexi&#x00F3;n para el profesional sanitario e investigador, planteando cuestiones m&#x00E9;dicas de las &#x00E1;reas farmacol&#x00F3;gica, gen&#x00E9;tica, anat&#x00F3;mica y fisiol&#x00F3;gica durante el tratamiento y la reconstrucci&#x00F3;n de un individuo durante su estasis. Adem&#x00E1;s, plantea un interesante dilema moral y &#x00E9;tico sobre: a) los pacientes y la experimentaci&#x00F3;n en humanos, junto con la falta de transparencia en los procedimientos experimentales, evadiendo todos los comit&#x00E9;s bio&#x00E9;ticos; y b) aborda planteamientos sobre la conciencia filos&#x00F3;fica, para diferenciarlo del alma y la consciencia que es el eterno reto de la ciencia neurobiol&#x00F3;gica.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-27412-es" sec-type="results|discussion">
<title><bold>Resultados y discusi&#x00F3;n</bold></title>
<p><italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro</italic> (2016) transcurre por cinco cap&#x00ED;tulos que describen situaciones previas y posteriores a la congelaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<sec id="sec-4-27412-es">
<label><italic>Cap&#x00ED;tulo 1:</italic></label>
<title><italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro</italic></title>
<p>Marc Jarvis, protagonista principal, manifiesta c&#x00E1;ncer de orofaringe y le pronostican un a&#x00F1;o de vida. El protagonista medita su suicidio asistido bajo un contrato de crionizaci&#x00F3;n que permite, justo despu&#x00E9;s de su muerte, ser crionizado r&#x00E1;pidamente y evitar da&#x00F1;os celulares durante el proceso de velado del cad&#x00E1;ver. La idea de la crionizaci&#x00F3;n surge de la lectura de art&#x00ED;culos cient&#x00ED;ficos que extraen c&#x00E9;lulas de la matriz del coraz&#x00F3;n y su inyecci&#x00F3;n en el coraz&#x00F3;n de una rata muerta permite la g&#x00E9;nesis de nuevo ritmo cardiaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-27412-es">Foto 1</xref>). Marc Jarvis explica los fundamentos de la cri&#x00F3;nica como una t&#x00E9;cnica que permite la preservaci&#x00F3;n a baja temperatura de personas que ya no pueden ser sostenidas por la medicina contempor&#x00E1;nea, con la esperanza de que la medicina del futuro permita revivirlas y restaurar su salud. Las peque&#x00F1;as posibilidades de &#x00E9;xito pueden ser suficientes para pensar que la opci&#x00F3;n por la cri&#x00F3;nica sea una elecci&#x00F3;n racional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27412-es">7</xref></sup>.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-27412-es">
<label><bold>Foto 1.</bold></label>
<caption><title>Fuente de informaci&#x00F3;n utilizada por Marc Jarvis para meditar sobre la criogenia</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-27412-es.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>Esta es la premisa que plantea como objetivo del protagonista reemplazar su faringe por una nueva y satisfacer la necesidad m&#x00E9;dica como paciente. El protagonista justifica que han reanimado insectos y animales peque&#x00F1;os que han estado en criogenia largos tiempos, as&#x00ED; como la fertilizaci&#x00F3;n de &#x00F3;vulos y espermatozoides despu&#x00E9;s de tanto tiempo congelado. Los espermatozoides de animales pueden sobrevivir al almacenamiento a temperaturas de congelaci&#x00F3;n. La literatura actual recoge el t&#x00E9;rmino criopreservaci&#x00F3;n como la conservaci&#x00F3;n a largo plazo para el almacenamiento de espermatozoides a muy bajas temperaturas durante un per&#x00ED;odo indefinido. Desde 1939 se empez&#x00F3; a trabajar en protocolos para la recolecci&#x00F3;n, evaluaci&#x00F3;n y preservaci&#x00F3;n de semen de animales dom&#x00E9;sticos (incluido de mam&#x00ED;feros)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27412-es">8</xref></sup>. Sin embargo, exist&#x00ED;a una relaci&#x00F3;n inversa entre la preservaci&#x00F3;n y la recuperaci&#x00F3;n de estas c&#x00E9;lulas, es decir, se decidi&#x00F3; no informar de los intentos exitosos de crioconservaci&#x00F3;n para muchas c&#x00E9;lulas a causa de los malos resultados obtenidos al reanimar las c&#x00E9;lulas viables<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>. Este detalle de ocultaci&#x00F3;n de informaci&#x00F3;n y falta de transparencia tambi&#x00E9;n se muestra en <italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro</italic> (2016), con el inconveniente de utilizar a pacientes congelados como sujetos experimentales asociados a una de cadena de resultados nefastos con da&#x00F1;os muy severos en las reanimaciones. En la realidad, el enfriamiento lento y el descubrimiento de los crioprotectores permiti&#x00F3; un avance enorme en la criobiolog&#x00ED;a moderna para la optimizaci&#x00F3;n de la t&#x00E9;cnica de criopreservaci&#x00F3;n y la recuperaci&#x00F3;n del ejemplar. Los crioprotectores se agregan para protecci&#x00F3;n y se almacenan en un cri&#x00F3;geno que puede producir una temperatura muy baja debido a su estado variado existente (por ejemplo, nitr&#x00F3;geno l&#x00ED;quido a -196 &#x00B0;C). Por tanto, la crioconservaci&#x00F3;n implica el enfriamiento de una c&#x00E9;lula y el almacenamiento a una temperatura en la que se detienen todos los procesos metab&#x00F3;licos. Muestra de ellos fue la introducci&#x00F3;n del glicerol como primer crioprotector que permiti&#x00F3; la recuperaci&#x00F3;n de espermatozoides y su capacidad funcional de fecundar un &#x00F3;vulo con un desarrollo normal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27412-es">9</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>En <italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro</italic> (2016) se explica que hay que criogenizar inmediatamente despu&#x00E9;s de declarar muerto al paciente para evitar el deterioro celular, ya que de otro modo durante la declaraci&#x00F3;n legal de la muerte de una persona pueden pasar un proceso de entre 24 - 48 horas y el da&#x00F1;o por autolisis ser&#x00ED;a bastante grande. Tambi&#x00E9;n se considera el suicidio antes de esperar al a&#x00F1;o de muerte por enfermedad dado que el deterioro por el c&#x00E1;ncer y el tratamiento farmacol&#x00F3;gico ocasionar&#x00ED;an un da&#x00F1;o anat&#x00F3;mico y fisiol&#x00F3;gico menos curable o tratable. Marc Jarvis idea un plan para que puedan recoger su cuerpo entre la muerte y la crionizaci&#x00F3;n, ayudado por otra persona para que siga bombeando sangre justo en el momento exacto de su muerte y reducir mayores estragos.</p>
<p>Los m&#x00E9;dicos proponen la reconstrucci&#x00F3;n completa del cuerpo humano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-27412-es">Foto 2</xref>), a excepci&#x00F3;n de &#x00F3;rganos vitales como el sistema nervioso, mientras los pacientes hibernan en dep&#x00F3;sitos de criogenia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-27412-es">Foto 3</xref>). Se explica que para cumplir con el sue&#x00F1;o de una resurrecci&#x00F3;n y no reducir el coste para evitar un descongelamiento, el paciente debe depositar una fianza (40.000 &#x2013; 50.000 $). En la actualidad, aunque los protocolos de congelaci&#x00F3;n de personas con anticongelantes sean los correctos y resulten exitosos, no queda constancia de saber todav&#x00ED;a si esa persona realmente sigue viva. Aun si fuese cierto que sobreviven, esto conllevar&#x00ED;a a un gran dilema social y empresarial. Existe un debate de desconectar y dejar morir a una persona ante impagos del paciente, recursos insuficiente estructurales o la propia ruina de la empresa de criogenia.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-27412-es">
<label><bold>Foto 2.</bold></label>
<caption><title>(A) <italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro</italic> consistente en la reconstrucci&#x00F3;n completa de Marc Jarvis. (B) Se reconstruyen cada uno de los m&#x00FA;sculos con sus secciones tendinosas como unidades separadas de manera personalizada para el paciente, someti&#x00E9;ndolos a ejercicios para la tonificaci&#x00F3;n muscular dentro de ba&#x00F1;os de &#x00F3;rganos</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-27412-es.jpg"/>
</fig>
<fig id="fig-3-27412-es">
<label><bold>Foto 3.</bold></label>
<caption><title>(A) Anuncio empresarial para la captaci&#x00F3;n de clientes en compa&#x00F1;&#x00ED;as de criogenia antes de la muerte de Marc Jarvis. (B) Actuales c&#x00E1;maras de preservaci&#x00F3;n de pacientes congelados una vez es reanimado el protagonista</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-27412-es.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>La criopreservaci&#x00F3;n s&#x00ED; es posible en algunos pa&#x00ED;ses, pero no en Espa&#x00F1;a, estableciendo grupos cri&#x00F3;nicos de autoayuda cuya misi&#x00F3;n es criopreservar los cuerpos o cerebros humanos despu&#x00E9;s de una muerte legal y enviarlos a organizaciones cri&#x00F3;nicas. En Espa&#x00F1;a todav&#x00ED;a no hay conocimiento de estar regulada la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n, dando a entender que no est&#x00E1; permitida para evitar posibles situaciones de fraude. Esta t&#x00E9;cnica todav&#x00ED;a tiene un alto componente de pr&#x00E1;ctica experimental y, de momento, sigue sin estar todav&#x00ED;a validada cient&#x00ED;ficamente en cuerpos. Cuando una persona fallece en Espa&#x00F1;a, la Ley solo permite enterrar o cremar. En caso de querer guardar de otra manera, cuerpo y &#x00F3;rganos pasan a ser de titularidad p&#x00FA;blica. Para criopreservarse en Espa&#x00F1;a se debe contar con los servicios de un centro de cri&#x00F3;nica y un buen soporte legal que dispute por los derechos de la voluntad del paciente. Actualmente el procedimiento para la cri&#x00F3;nica comienza a los pocos minutos de la muerte, cuando est&#x00E1;n legalmente muertos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>. Para prevenir la formaci&#x00F3;n de hielo durante la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n utilizan crioprotectores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27412-es">10</xref></sup>, pero se discute todav&#x00ED;a la poca probabilidad que tiene un cad&#x00E1;ver a ser reanimado despu&#x00E9;s de someterse a una vitrificaci&#x00F3;n, como consecuencia directa de da&#x00F1;os en el cerebro y en sus redes neuronales<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>. Sin embargo, un nuevo estudio contradice esa posibilidad de da&#x00F1;o cerebral. Hasta el momento existe un primer informe que evidencia la correlaci&#x00F3;n de procedimientos de crioprotecci&#x00F3;n humana con los resultados de experimentos complementarios en ratas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27412-es">11</xref></sup>. En este caso, la cabeza de una persona muerta legalmente fue sometida a perfusi&#x00F3;n intracarot&#x00ED;dea con soluci&#x00F3;n salina fisiol&#x00F3;gica fr&#x00ED;a que contiene los crioprotectores dimetilsulf&#x00F3;xido (13%) y glicerol (13%). El cerebro se extrajo, se congel&#x00F3; temporalmente a -80 &#x00B0;C y se envi&#x00F3; a una instalaci&#x00F3;n de criostasis en EE.UU. En paralelo, se compararon con los cerebros de ratas (control y criopreservados), revelando que la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n no afecta a la red sin&#x00E1;ptica en el hipocampo, mantienen intacta las neuronas maduras de la corteza cerebral pero s&#x00ED; existen cambios en las neuronas inmaduras<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27412-es">11</xref></sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-27412-es">
<label><italic>Cap&#x00ED;tulo 2:</italic></label>
<title><italic>La resurrecci&#x00F3;n de la carne</italic></title>
<p>Durante el inicio de la historia se explica que mientras el paciente est&#x00E9; crionizado, se le realiza un estudio profundo de toda su anatom&#x00ED;a y fisiolog&#x00ED;a para conocer qu&#x00E9; partes del cuerpo pueden reanimarse y qu&#x00E9; otras partes deben ser reemplazadas por implantes bi&#x00F3;nicos y nuevos &#x00F3;rganos. Esto suena todav&#x00ED;a a ficci&#x00F3;n, sin embargo, la brecha entre el mundo real y el mundo de la fantas&#x00ED;a se est&#x00E1; acercando. Existe en la actualidad una teor&#x00ED;a computacional del hombre y de los seres vivos que identifican a los ciborgs con el hombre de la nueva era<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27412-es">12</xref></sup>. Enti&#x00E9;ndase este nexo entre sistemas biol&#x00F3;gicos y biomateriales inteligentes con la capacidad de trabajar juntos para sustituir o mejorar funciones perdidas y contribuir en el bienestar del paciente. Este concepto futurista est&#x00E1; creando un cambio de paradigma en el manejo de enfermedades y en el sector de la salud en su totalidad<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27412-es">13</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27412-es">14</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>Cuando Marc Jarvis es resucitado con &#x00E9;xito inmediatamente manifiesta s&#x00ED;ntomas como la presencia de dolor e insensibilidad en todo el cuerpo, pero tiene la capacidad de recordar toda su vida pasada al mantener intacta las conexiones sin&#x00E1;pticas. Ese dato coincide con los resultados obtenidos en el primer informe real que manifiesta la preservaci&#x00F3;n de los circuitos de la memoria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27412-es">11</xref></sup>. A su vez, el personaje manifiesta ansiedad y miedo al morir al despertar.</p>
<p>Marc Jarvis es considerado el primer resucitado en el futuro, con un 20% de &#x00F3;rganos y tejidos vitales recuperados del antiguo cuerpo (cerebro y resto del sistema nervioso central); 65% de &#x00F3;rganos clonados (huesos, m&#x00FA;sculos, piel, terminaciones nerviosas y resto de &#x00F3;rganos); 10% de implantes bi&#x00F3;nicos para reforzar el aparato locomotor (sistema musculoesquel&#x00E9;tico), y los &#x00F3;rganos sensoriales; 5% de tecnolog&#x00ED;a interna dise&#x00F1;ada para regular y controlar el correcto funcionamiento del organismo. Adem&#x00E1;s, hay que a&#x00F1;adir un sistema de conexi&#x00F3;n exterior (un cord&#x00F3;n umbilical que conecta desde la regi&#x00F3;n umbilical o mesogastrio con un soporte vital computarizado), dando lugar a un organismo fr&#x00E1;gil al borde del colapso tras la reanimaci&#x00F3;n con soluciones insufribles a pesar del deseo de vivir de nuevo, junto con p&#x00E9;rdida de memoria a consecuencia de apoplej&#x00ED;a cerebral y deterioro de c&#x00E9;lulas aun manteniendo los circuitos neuronales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-4-27412-es">Foto 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-4-27412-es">
<label><bold>Foto 4.</bold></label>
<caption><title>Indicaci&#x00F3;n con Realidad Aumentada (RA) de las zonas cerebrales donde es localizado apoplej&#x00ED;a cerebral y p&#x00E9;rdida de memoria</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-4-27412-es.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>En el proceso de cri&#x00F3;nica ya se ha comentado que la meta original es criopreservar a los animales y los seres humanos para que puedan ser revividos en el futuro. Aunque todav&#x00ED;a no se ha conseguido reanimar ning&#x00FA;n cad&#x00E1;ver congelado s&#x00ED; es conocido el caso del Dr. James Bedford, que cursa como el primer cad&#x00E1;ver en ser crionizado en 1967<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27412-es">15</xref></sup>. Los informes destacan que aproximadamente 250 cuerpos fueron criopreservados en EE.UU. en 2014, y 1500 personas hab&#x00ED;an hecho arreglos para la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n despu&#x00E9;s de su muerte legal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27412-es">7</xref></sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27412-es">
<label><italic>Cap&#x00ED;tulo 3:</italic></label>
<title><italic>Los amantes sin momento</italic></title>
<p>Marc Jarvis empieza a cuestionar su existencia sin su pareja, familiares y amigos en un mundo que no es el suyo. Aparece el dilema moral de nacer en un tiempo diferente al tuyo y no encajar ni amoldarse a la nueva era, amar a distintas personas, buscar armon&#x00ED;a en la vida fuera de tu tiempo. Se estima que someter a la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n a una persona en proceso de muerte es un acto que puede llegar a ser incompatible con la dignidad humana del paciente.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-27412-es">
<label><italic>Cap&#x00ED;tulo 4:</italic></label>
<title><italic>Perduraremos</italic></title>
<p>La inmortalidad es solo cuesti&#x00F3;n de tiempo, pero Marc Jarvis cuestiona el haber sacrificado un amor por un sue&#x00F1;o insuperable y no haber vivido hasta la etapa final de su vida con la enfermedad rodeado de los suyos. Ser la primera persona resucitada en la historia es el resultado de una cadena de fracasos con los pacientes previos al protagonista, mostrando el ocultamiento de pruebas y la falta de transparencia en las investigaciones para vender la resucitaci&#x00F3;n como un producto comercial de &#x00E9;xito directo. Por tanto, se plantea la reflexi&#x00F3;n de si existe falta de moralidad ante el dolor producido. Distintos estudios actuales tambi&#x00E9;n piden la necesidad de una mayor profundidad y diversidad en los an&#x00E1;lisis de las consideraciones &#x00E9;ticas relacionadas con esta tecnolog&#x00ED;a en distintos tejidos, como aquellos donde trastornos gen&#x00E9;ticos o la terapia contra el c&#x00E1;ncer prepuberal provocan riesgos de infertilidad<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27412-es">16</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27412-es">19</xref></sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27412-es">
<label><italic>Cap&#x00ED;tulo 5:</italic></label>
<title><italic>Prohibidos los regalos</italic></title>
<p>Marc Jarvis decide no reanimar a su prometida en un cuerpo que no puede ser el suyo, ante un deterioro tan grande de su organismo durante el proceso de criogenizaci&#x00F3;n, rehusando a una posible experimentaci&#x00F3;n con ella. Marc al considerar que estar&#x00E1; solo en una &#x00E9;poca que no es la suya realiza una serie de cuestiones y reflexiones:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>&#x00BF;Podr&#x00ED;a yo vivir en el pasado, repasando una y otra vez en la mente hacia atr&#x00E1;s, complet&#x00E1;ndolo, puli&#x00E9;ndolo, hasta que alcance la perfecci&#x00F3;n? No lo s&#x00E9;, ahora solo hay una cosa que veo con claridad.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La vida no es m&#x00E1;s que un estado de la materia, como el gaseoso o el l&#x00ED;quido, una forma de organizaci&#x00F3;n molecular sin mayor transcendencia ni prop&#x00F3;sito divino. Su &#x00FA;nico objetivo es perpetuarse a s&#x00ED; misma a trav&#x00E9;s del movimiento, el cambio, la adaptaci&#x00F3;n. A la vida no le preocupa las especies, y mucho menos los individuos, nosotros solo somos los trozos de barro que utiliza como veh&#x00ED;culo. Es la vida lo que da miedo, no la muerte, que est&#x00E1; siempre al borde de la extinci&#x00F3;n. Que exista donde no deber&#x00ED;a. &#x00BF;Y el alma? Os preguntar&#x00E9;is, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; pasa con el alma? El alma quiz&#x00E1;s sea lo que pierde el filete al ser congelado y vuelta a descongelar.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Aqu&#x00ED; ya se introduce un nuevo concepto, el alma para la religi&#x00F3;n, consciencia para la neurociencia. Se piensa que una vez congelado un cuerpo despu&#x00E9;s de morir el cuerpo se separa del alma, pudiendo existir un problema de gran calado y teol&#x00F3;gicamente no resuelto en el momento que se consiguiera resucitar al paciente. Sin ir m&#x00E1;s lejos, la &#x00E9;tica cient&#x00ED;fica trata a la mente como un proceso de materia-energ&#x00ED;a, muy diferentes del alma, los huevos y embriones de cualquier especie como individuos plenos de esa especie, con un genoma definido que les da autonom&#x00ED;a<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27412-es">20</xref></sup>. El debate no resuelto sobre los embriones congelados sigue sin dejar claro qu&#x00E9; hacer con ellos: 1) dejarlos congelados indefinidamente; 2) descongelarlos y desecharlos y 3) utilizarlos para investigaci&#x00F3;n. Sean embriones o pacientes congelados, el fundamento es el mismo, la individualidad de un ser como persona, tanto metaf&#x00ED;sica como moralmente, es por ello que el reconocimiento de este dato f&#x00E1;ctico permitir&#x00ED;a a los defensores de todas las creencias religiosas e ideol&#x00F3;gicas defender sus principios y realinear sus posiciones en un entorno dentro de los l&#x00ED;mites del conocimiento cient&#x00ED;fico actual<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27412-es">21</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27412-es">22</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>Ante las cuestiones planteadas por el protagonista, reconsidera de nuevo el suicidio como &#x00FA;nica forma de evitar la agon&#x00ED;a y el dolor del recuerdo del pasado y estar solo en paz. La criopreservaci&#x00F3;n solo supone al protagonista una falsa esperanza y un control sobre la vida, donde acaba aceptando la muerte como un proceso m&#x00E1;s del ciclo biol&#x00F3;gico.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-27412-es" sec-type="conclusions">
<title><bold>Conclusiones</bold></title>
<p>En el pasado se desencaden&#x00F3; el inter&#x00E9;s de los soldados sobre la posibilidad de preservar c&#x00E9;lulas de origen germinal antes de un conflicto b&#x00E9;lico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-es">1</xref></sup>. Ahora las circunstancias son diferentes, se ha convertido en una realidad y la gente reconoce su importancia dentro de una poblaci&#x00F3;n de mayor longevidad donde la muerte ocurre por la aparici&#x00F3;n de enfermedades. La criopreservaci&#x00F3;n de c&#x00E9;lulas germinales para su concepci&#x00F3;n es un hito superado, pero la conservaci&#x00F3;n de organismo m&#x00E1;s complejos como un paciente conlleva un mayor desaf&#x00ED;o. A pesar de ellos, los nuevos estudios de crioprotectores y de conservaci&#x00F3;n de las estructuras sin&#x00E1;pticas cerebrales alientan a una segura conservaci&#x00F3;n de los cuerpos, m&#x00E1;s cerca de la realidad que la ficci&#x00F3;n, pero lamentablemente, aun consiguiendo una recuperaci&#x00F3;n perfecta del paciente, se desconoce si es viable y en qu&#x00E9; condiciones o qu&#x00E9; efectos secundarios se producir&#x00ED;an durante la reanimaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
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<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rmc.27412</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/rmc.27412</article-id>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title>REALIVE (2016): FROM CELLULAR TO HUMAN CRYOPRESERVATION. MYTH AND REALITY FOR TEACHER TRAINING IN THE AREA OF HEALTH SCIENCES</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro <italic>(2016): de la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n celular a humana. Mito y realidad para la formaci&#x00F3;n docente en el &#x00E1;rea de ciencias de la salud</italic></trans-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4133-0092</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>SULEIMAN-MARTOS</surname>
<given-names>Nora</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"><sup>1</sup></xref>
    <bio>
        <fig id="fig-07-27412">
            <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-7-27412.jpg"/>
        </fig>
        <p>Nora Suleiman-Martos. Doctor in Psychology from the University of Granada. Degree in Physiotherapy from the University of Murcia. Master's degree in primary care research from the Miguel Hernández University, Master's degree in Bioethics from the San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, and Master's degree in Neuro-rehabilitation from the San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia. She is currently an associate doctor at Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Granada, where she teaches associated with the same department using a gamification methodology and teaching innovation resources, including the use of Cinema as a teaching educational resource. His line of research focuses on the field of public health and psychosocial problems in the health field.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>GARC&#x00CD;A-LARA</surname>
<given-names>Rub&#x00E9;n Antonio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"><sup>2</sup></xref>
    <bio>
        <p>Rub&#x00E9;n Garc&#x00ED;a-Lara. PhD student in Health Sciences at the University of Murcia. Nursing degree from the University of Granada. Degree in Physiotherapy from the University of Murcia. Master's degree in primary care research from the Miguel Hernández University, Master's degree in Bioethics from the San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, and Master in Osteopathy from the University of Murcia. He is currently a nurse in the Andalusian Health Service.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1696-267X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>NARBONA-S&#x00C1;NCHEZ</surname>
<given-names>Isaac</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"><sup>3</sup></xref>
    <bio>
        <p>Isaac Narbona-S&#x00E1;nchez. Doctor in the Biomolecules doctoral program at University of Cádiz. Official Master in the Biomolecules program at University of Cádiz. Degree in Chemical Sciences at the National University of Distance Education. Postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences (INiBICA). His line of research focuses on the activation and transduction of signals in T lymphocytes through the LAT adapter, and on the appearance and evolution of autoimmune diseases, including Rheumatoid Arthritis.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9546-9148</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>DOM&#x00CD;NGUEZ-V&#x00CD;AS</surname>
<given-names>Germ&#x00E1;n</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"><sup>4</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
    <bio>
        <fig id="fig-06-27412">
            <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-6-27412.jpg"/>
        </fig>
        <p>Germ&#x00E1;n Dom&#x00ED;nguez-V&#x00ED;as. Doctor in Health Sciences from the University of Cádiz and Doctor in Food Safety from the University of Jaén. Master’s Degree in Advances in Food Safety and Bachelor of Biology from the University of Jaén. He is currently an associate professor doctor at Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta Campus) of the University of Granada, where he teaches associated with the department of physiology in the nursing degree, and implements the Cinema as an educational resource within the curriculum. His line of research focuses on neurodegeneration and blood pressure regulation.</p>
    </bio>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff01">
<label><sup>1</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta. University of Granada (Spain).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">University of Granada</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff02">
<label><sup>2</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Andalusian Health Service. Granada Northeast District (Spain).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Andalusian Health Service</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Granada Northeast District</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff03">
<label><sup>3</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">INIBiCA, University of C&#x00E1;diz (Spain).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">INIBiCA</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">University of C&#x00E1;diz</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff04">
<label><sup>4</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta. University of Granada (Spain).</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">University of Granada</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
    <corresp id="c2">Author for correspondence: Germ&#x00E1;n Dom&#x00ED;nguez-V&#x00ED;as. E-mail: <email>germandv@ugr.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>193</fpage>
<lpage>203</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>16</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Licencia CC BY-NC-ND. Licencia de Creative Commons Atribuci&#x00F3;n-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional Universidad de Salamanca. Su comercializaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; sujeta al permiso del editor</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title><bold>Abstract</bold></title>
<p>There is a growing thought of delaying the progression of a terminal illness by cryopreservation of the bodies of patients. Faced with the fear of dying from diseases, they are confident that in the future they will be able to be revived and treated with novel therapies that will lead to the cure and elimination of the pathology. Although it seems science fiction, the reality is that it is already being carried out with cellular organisms for the conservation of species and against diseases that alter reproduction. However, when it comes to embryos, the ethical committees do not yet have a defined strategy. For this reason, this work tries to focus on an interrelation between teachers and students for the discussion and reflection of the cryopreservation of patients, showing the latest advances and reports on this aspect.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title><bold>Resumen</bold></title>
<p>Existe un creciente pensamiento de postergar el avance de una enfermedad terminal mediante la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n de los cuerpos de los pacientes. Ante el miedo a morir de enfermedades se conf&#x00ED;an que en el futuro podr&#x00E1;n ser reanimados y tratados con novedosas terapias que le supondr&#x00E1;n la cura y eliminaci&#x00F3;n de la patolog&#x00ED;a. Aunque parezca ciencia ficci&#x00F3;n la realidad es que ya se est&#x00E1; realizando con organismos celulares para la conservaci&#x00F3;n de especies y ante enfermedades que alteran la reproducci&#x00F3;n. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de embriones los comit&#x00E9;s &#x00E9;ticos no tienen todav&#x00ED;a una estrategia definida. Por esa raz&#x00F3;n, este trabajo intenta enfocar una interrelaci&#x00F3;n entre profesorado y alumnado para la discusi&#x00F3;n y reflexi&#x00F3;n de la criopreservaci&#x00F3;n de pacientes, mostrando los &#x00FA;ltimos avances e informes sobre este aspecto.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><bold>Keywords:</bold></title>
<kwd>cryopreservation</kwd>
<kwd>cryogenics</kwd>
<kwd>cryonics</kwd>
<kwd>revival</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><bold>Palabras clave:</bold></title>
<kwd>criopreservaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>criogenia</kwd>
<kwd>cri&#x00F3;nica</kwd>
<kwd>reanimaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27412-Eng">
<title><bold>Technical details</bold></title>
<p><bold>Original title:</bold> <italic>Proyecto L&#x00E1;zaro.</italic></p>
<p><bold>Country:</bold> Espa&#x00F1;a.</p>
<p><bold>Year:</bold> 2016.</p>
<p><bold>Director:</bold> Mateo Gil.</p>
<p><bold>Music:</bold> Lucas Vidal.</p>
<p><bold>Photography:</bold> Pau Esteve Birba.</p>
<p><bold>Film editor:</bold> Guillermo de la Cal.</p>
<p><bold>Screenwriter:</bold> Mateo Gil.</p>
<p><bold>Cast:</bold> Tom Hughes, Charlotte Le Bon, Oona Chaplin, Barry Ward, Julio Perill&#x00E1;n, Rafael Cebri&#x00E1;n, Bruno Sevilla, Daniel Horvath, Alex Hafner, Godeliv Van den Brandt, Efrain Angl&#x00E8;s, Sebastian R. Bugge, Tony Corvillo, Jordi Cots, Oscar Dorta, Mark Schardan.</p>
<p><bold>Colour:</bold> Colour.</p>
<p><bold>Runtime:</bold> 112 min.</p>
<p><bold>Genre:</bold> Science fiction, drama.</p>
<p><bold>Original language:</bold> English.</p>
<p><bold>Production Company:</bold> Arcadia Motion Pictures, Canal+ Espa&#x00F1;a, Noodles Production.</p>
<p><bold>Synopsis:</bold> At 32 years old, Marc Jarvis (Tom Hughes) is terminally ill. He has one year left to live. Right now that he and Naomi (Oona Chaplin) have started building a life together. Therefore, unable to accept the end of him, Marc decides to cryogenize his body with the hope of the future. More than sixty years later, in 2084, he becomes the first resurrected man in history, but his resurrection will not occur in the idyllic way that Marc had imagined before dying (FILMAFFINITY).</p>
<p><bold>Awards:</bold> 2016, Sitges Festival (Feature films official section); 2017, Fantasporto (International Fantasy Film Award); 2018, Gaud&#x00ED; Awards (Nominee to Best Visual Effects: D&#x00ED;as de Cine Award (Nominee to Best Spanish Film); 2018, Golden Trailer Awards (Best Drama Poster Award).</p>
<p><bold>Availability:</bold> Realive (Blu-Ray). Condor Entertainment.</p>
<p><bold>Links:</bold></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film612775.html">https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film612775.html</ext-link></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074928/?ref_=ttawd_awd_tt">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074928/?ref_=ttawd_awd_tt</ext-link></p>
<p><bold>Original trailer versions:</bold></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074928/videogallery/?ref_=tt_vi_sm">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074928/videogallery/?ref_=tt_vi_sm</ext-link></p>
<fig id="fig-01-27412-en">
<caption><title>English version poster: <italic>Realive</italic> (2016)</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-5-27412-en.jpg"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27412-en" sec-type="intro">
<title><bold>Introduction</bold></title>
<p>The term cryogenics was coined in 1899 and is defined as the scientific study of materials and their behaviour at extremely low temperatures<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>. Cryogenics is a technique allowed in the United States (USA) and is in an emerging expansion in other countries, being considered within the funeral law as a precondition for a future resuscitation that allows to cure diseases that are currently incurable. However, despite the great debate on European laws, not all countries accept them due to the great ethical, moral and legal issues<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27412-en">2</xref></sup>. A main problem lies in the lack of previous studies that guarantee the return to life and, in addition, without manifesting negative side effects.</p>
<p>Not far from fiction, the French bioethics law published in 2004 did not authorize the transfer of embryos subjected to a research program, not even from gametes affected by experimentation. At that time, the oocyte vitrification process was still considered an experimental technique, without the possibility of vitrifying oocytes or embryos. Different international studies allowed the legislation to be changed in July 2011, authorizing the use of oocyte vitrification for oocyte donors without children<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27412-en">3</xref></sup>. In today&#x0027;s society, it is evident that many women are delaying the ideal age for pregnancy, allowing the freezing of eggs for non-medical reasons, being legal in many countries with the generation of new debates and discussions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27412-en">4</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>Cryonics or cryopreservation is a technique based on the process of preserving cells, tissues, organs or any biological material at -196 &#x00B0;C in liquid nitrogen to maintain their viability. Keeping cells at such a low temperature stops all biological activities, including biochemical reactions that lead to cell death and DNA degradation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>. Through cryopreservation, cells can be preserved for centuries and later revived by thawing<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>The cryogenics of whole bodies (or only functional parts) achieves anapirexia at extremely low temperatures, but also maintaining vital signs under the use of cryoprotectants, also called cryopreservatives, which are water-soluble substances with low toxicity in order to reduce the point eutectic of a given solution and prevent freezing of all body structures. Anapyrexia is defined as the regulated drop in core temperature, this being beneficial for animals and humans when oxygen supply under different conditions (such as hypoxia and ischemia) is limited, as a strategy to reduce oxygen consumption. In addition to hypoxia, anapirexia can be induced by various exogenous and endogenous substances capable of producing hypothermia, called cryogens<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27412-en">5</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27412-en">6</xref></sup>. Knowledge for the overexpression of these endogenous cryogenic proteins could be considered very useful in different human activities such as space stasis and in brain hypothermia therapies.</p>
<p><italic>Realive</italic> (2016) by Mateo Gil is an interesting proposal for reflection for the healthcare professional and researcher, raising medical questions in the pharmacological, genetic, anatomical and physiological areas during the treatment and reconstruction of an individual during stasis. In addition, it raises an interesting moral and ethical dilemma about: a) patients and human experimentation, together with the lack of transparency in experimental procedures, avoiding all bioethical committees; and b) addresses approaches to philosophical consciousness, to differentiate it from the soul and consciousness, which is the eternal challenge of neurobiological science.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-27412-en" sec-type="results|discussion">
<title><bold>Results and Discussion</bold></title>
<p><italic>Realive</italic> (2016) runs through five chapters describing pre- and post-freeze situations.</p>
<sec id="sec-4-27412-en">
<label><italic>Chapter 1:</italic></label>
<title><italic>Lazarus Project</italic></title>
<p>Marc Jarvis, the main protagonist, manifests oropharyngeal cancer and is predicted one year of life. The protagonist meditates on his suicide assisted under a cryonics contract that allows, just after his death, to be quickly cryonized and avoid cell damage during the process of veiling the corpse. The idea of cryonization arises from the reading of scientific articles that extract cells from the heart matrix and their injection into the heart of a dead rat allows the genesis of a new heart rhythm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-27412-en">Photo 1</xref>). Marc Jarvis explains the fundamentals of cryonics as a technique that allows low-temperature preservation of people who can no longer be sustained by contemporary medicine, in the hope that the medicine of the future will allow them to be revived and restore their health. The small chances of success may be enough to think that the option for cryonics is a rational choice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27412-en">7</xref></sup>.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-27412-en">
<label><bold>Photo 1.</bold></label>
<caption><title>Source of information used by Marc Jarvis to meditate on cryogenics</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-27412-en.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>This is the premise that the protagonist sets as the objective of replacing his pharynx with a new one and satisfying the medical need as a patient. The protagonist justifies that have revived insects and small animals that have been in cryogenics for long periods of time, as well as the fertilization of eggs and sperm after being frozen for so long. Animal sperm can survive storage at freezing temperatures. Current literature collects the term cryopreservation as long-term preservation for the storage of sperm at very low temperatures for an indefinite period. Since 1939 work began on protocols for the collection, evaluation and preservation of semen from domestic animals (including mammals)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27412-en">8</xref></sup>. However, there was an inverse relationship between preservation and recovery of these cells, that is, it was decided not to report successful cryopreservation attempts for many cells due to poor results obtained when resuscitating viable cells<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>. This detail of information concealment and lack of transparency is also shown in <italic>Realive</italic> (2016), with the drawback of using frozen patients as experimental subjects associated with a chain of disastrous results with very severe damage in resuscitation. In reality, slow cooling and the discovery of cryoprotectants allowed an enormous advance in modern cryobiology for the optimization of the cryopreservation technique and the recovery of the specimen. Cryoprotectants are added for protection and stored in a cryogen that can produce a very low temperature due to its existing varied state (eg liquid nitrogen at -196 &#x00B0;C). Cryopreservation therefore involves cooling a cell and storing it at a temperature where all metabolic processes stop. An example of them was the introduction of glycerol as the first cryoprotectant that allowed the recovery of sperm and its functional capacity to fertilize an ovum with normal development<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27412-en">9</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>In <italic>Realive</italic> (2016) it is explained that it is necessary to cryogenize immediately after declaring the patient dead to avoid cellular deterioration, since otherwise during the legal declaration of the death of a person a process of between 24 - 48 hours and the damage from autolysis would be quite large. Suicide is also considered before waiting a year of death due to illness since deterioration from cancer and drug treatment would cause less curable or treatable anatomical and physiological damage. Marc Jarvis devises a plan so that they can collect their body between death and cryonization, helped by another person to continue pumping blood at the exact moment of their death and reduce further damage.</p>
<p>Doctors propose the complete reconstruction of the human body (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-27412-en">Photo 2</xref>), with the exception of vital organs such as the nervous system, while patients hibernate in cryogenics deposits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-27412-en">Photo 3</xref>). It is explained that to fulfil the dream of a resurrection and not reduce the cost to avoid a thaw, the patient must deposit a bond (40,000 - 50,000 $). At present, although the protocols for freezing people with antifreeze are correct and successful, there is no record of knowing yet whether that person is really still alive. Even if it were true that they survive, this would lead to a great social and business dilemma. There is a debate about disconnecting and letting a person die in the face of patient defaults, insufficient structural resources or the very ruin of the cryogenics company.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-27412-en">
<label><bold>Photo 2.</bold></label>
<caption><title>(A) <italic>Lazarus Project</italic> consisting of the complete reconstruction of Marc Jarvis. (B) Each of the muscles with their tendon sections are reconstructed as separate units in a personalized way for the patient, subjecting them to exercises for muscle toning within organ baths</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-27412-en.jpg"/>
</fig>
<fig id="fig-3-27412-en">
<label><bold>Photo 3.</bold></label>
<caption><title>(A) Business announcement for the acquisition of clients in cryogenics companies before the death of Marc Jarvis. (B) Current preservation chambers of frozen patients once the protagonist is revived</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-27412-en.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>Cryopreservation is possible in some countries, but not in Spain, establishing cryonic self-help groups whose mission is to cryopreserve human bodies or brains after a legal death and send them to cryonic organizations. In Spain there is still no knowledge of cryopreservation being regulated, implying that it is not allowed to avoid possible fraud situations. This technique still has a high component of experimental practice and, at the moment, it has not yet been scientifically validated in bodies. When a person dies in Spain, the Law only allows burial or cremation. In case of wanting to save in another way, body and organs become public property. To be cryopreserved in Spain you must have the services of a cryonics center and good legal support that disputes the rights of the patient&#x0027;s will. Currently the procedure for cryonics begins within minutes of death, when they are legally dead<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>. To prevent ice formation during cryopreservation they use cryoprotectants<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27412-en">10</xref></sup>, but the low probability that a corpse has to be resuscitated after undergoing vitrification, as a direct consequence of damage to the brain and its neural networks, is still debated<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>. However, a new study contradicts that possibility of brain damage. So far there is a first report that shows the correlation of human cryoprotection procedures with the results of complementary experiments in rats<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27412-en">11</xref></sup>. In this case, the head of a legally dead person was subjected to intracarotid perfusion with cold physiological saline solution containing the cryoprotectants dimethylsulfoxide (13%) and glycerol (13%). The brain was harvested, temporarily frozen at -80 &#x00B0;C, and sent to a cryostasis facility in the US in parallel, they were compared to the brains of rats (control and cryopreserved), revealing that cryopreservation does not affect the synaptic network in the hippocampus, they keep the mature neurons of the cerebral cortex intact but there are changes in the immature neurons<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27412-en">11</xref></sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-27412-en">
<label><italic>Chapter 2:</italic></label>
<title><italic>The Resurrection of the Flesh</italic></title>
<p>During the beginning of the story, it is explained that while the patient is cryonized, a deep study of all their anatomy and physiology is carried out to know which parts of the body can be revived and which other parts must be replaced by bionic implants and new organs. This still sounds like fiction, however the gap between the real world and the fantasy world is getting closer. There is currently a computational theory of man and living beings that identifies cyborgs with the man of the new age<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27412-en">12</xref></sup>. Understand this nexus between biological systems and intelligent biomaterials with the ability to work together to replace or improve lost functions and contribute to the well-being of the patient. This futuristic concept is creating a paradigm shift in disease management and the healthcare sector as a whole<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27412-en">13</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27412-en">14</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>When Marc Jarvis is successfully resuscitated he immediately manifests symptoms such as pain and numbness throughout his body, but he has the ability to remember his entire past life by keeping the synaptic connections intact. This data coincides with the results obtained in the first real report that shows the preservation of memory circuits<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27412-en">11</xref></sup>. In turn, the character manifests anxiety and fear when dying upon awakening.</p>
<p>Marc Jarvis is considered the first resurrected in the future, with 20% of vital organs and tissues recovered from the old body (brain and rest of the central nervous system); 65% of cloned organs (bones, muscles, skin, nerve endings and other organs); 10% of bionic implants to reinforce the locomotor system (musculoskeletal system), and the sensory organs; 5% internal technology designed to regulate and control the proper functioning of the body. In addition, an external connection system must be added (an umbilical cord that connects from the umbilical or mesogastric region with a computerized life support), resulting in a fragile organism on the verge of collapse after resuscitation with insufferable solutions despite the desire to living again, along with memory loss as a result of cerebral apoplexy and deterioration of cells while maintaining neural circuits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-4-27412-en">Photo 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-4-27412-en">
<label><bold>Photo 4.</bold></label>
<caption><title>Augmented Reality (AR) indication of the brain areas where cerebral apoplexy and memory loss are located</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-4-27412-en.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>In the cryonics process, it has already been commented that the original goal is to cryopreserve animals and humans so that they can be revived in the future. Although no frozen corpse has yet been revived, the case of Dr. James Bedford is known, who is the first corpse to be cryonized in 1967<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27412-en">15</xref></sup>. Reports note that approximately 250 bodies were cryopreserved in the U.S. in 2014, and 1,500 people had arranged for cryopreservation after their legal death<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27412-en">7</xref></sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27412-en">
<label><italic>Chapter 3:</italic></label>
<title><italic>The Momentless Lovers</italic></title>
<p>Marc Jarvis begins to question his existence without his partner, family and friends in a world that is not his. The moral dilemma of being born in a different time than yours appears and not fitting in or conforming to the new era, loving different people, seeking harmony in life outside of your time. It is considered that subjecting a dying person to cryopreservation is an act that may become incompatible with the human dignity of the patient.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-27412-en">
<label><italic>Chapter 4:</italic></label>
<title><italic>We Will Last</italic></title>
<p>Immortality is only a matter of time, but Marc Jarvis questions having sacrificed a love for an insurmountable dream and not having lived until the final stage of his life with the disease surrounded by his loved ones. Being the first person to be resurrected in history is the result of a chain of failures with patients prior to the protagonist, showing the concealment of evidence and the lack of transparency in the investigations to sell resuscitation as a commercial product of direct success. Therefore, the reflection of whether there is a lack of morality in the face of the pain produced is raised. Different current studies also call for the need for greater depth and diversity in the analysis of ethical considerations related to this technology in different tissues, such as those where genetic disorders or prepubertal cancer therapy cause risks of infertility<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27412-en">16</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27412-en">19</xref></sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27412-en">
<label><italic>Chapter 5:</italic></label>
<title><italic>No Gifts</italic></title>
<p>Marc Jarvis decides not to revive his fianc&#x00E9;e in a body that cannot be his, in the face of such a great deterioration of her body during the cryogenization process, refusing a possible experimentation with her. Marc, considering that he will be alone in a time that is not his, makes a series of questions and reflections:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Could I live in the past, going back over and over again in the mind, completing it, polishing it, until it reaches perfection? I don&#x0027;t know, now there is only one thing that I see clearly.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Life is nothing more than a state of matter, like gas or liquid, a form of molecular organization without greater transcendence or divine purpose. Its only goal is to perpetuate itself through movement, change, adaptation. Life does not care about species, much less individuals, we are only the pieces of mud that it uses as a vehicle. It is life that is scary, not death, which is always on the brink of extinction. That it exists where it shouldn&#x0027;t. And the soul? You ask yourself, what happens to the soul? The soul may be what the steak loses when it is frozen and defrosted again.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Here a new concept is already introduced, the soul for religion, consciousness for neuroscience. It is thought that once a body is frozen after death, the body separates from the soul, and there may be a problem of great depth and theologically unresolved at the time the patient is resuscitated. Without going any further, scientific ethics treats the mind as a matter-energy process, very different from the soul, the eggs and embryos of any species as full individuals of that species, with a defined genome that gives them autonomy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27412-en">20</xref></sup>. The unresolved debate about frozen embryos remains unclear what to do with them: 1) leave them frozen indefinitely; 2) thaw and discard and 3) use for research. Whether embryos or frozen patients, the foundation is the same, the individuality of a being as a person, both metaphysically and morally, that is why the recognition of this factual fact would allow the defenders of all religious and ideological beliefs to defend their principles and realign their positions in an environment within the limits of current scientific knowledge<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27412-en">21</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27412-en">22</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>Faced with the questions raised by the protagonist, he reconsiders suicide as the only way to avoid the agony and pain of the memory of the past and be alone in peace. Cryopreservation only supposes the protagonist a false hope and control over life, where he ends up accepting death as one more process of the biological cycle.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-27412-en" sec-type="conclusions">
<title><bold>Conclusions</bold></title>
<p>In the past, the interest of soldiers was triggered on the possibility of preserving cells of germ origin before a warlike conflict<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27412-en">1</xref></sup>. Now the circumstances are different, it has become a reality and people recognize its importance within a population of greater longevity where death occurs due to the appearance of diseases. Cryopreservation of germ cells for conception is a milestone passed, but preserving more complex organism as a patient carries a greater challenge. Despite these, the new studies of cryoprotectors and the conservation of brain synaptic structures encourage a safe conservation of bodies, closer to reality than fiction, but unfortunately, even achieving a perfect recovery of the patient, it is unknown if is viable and under what conditions or what side effects would occur during resuscitation.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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