Breastfeeding in Late Preterm and Early Term Infants. Update
Abstract Late preterm infants are those born between 34 0/7 and 366/7 weeks of gestation and early term infants are those born between 37 0/7 and 38 6/7 weeks of gestation. Both groups are more vulnerable than those born at term and have more morbidity associated with their immaturity. Their most frequent problems are difficulties in feeding and establishing lactation. In order to provide adequate help and follow-up to these babies and their families, it is necessary to know and identify the difficulties that they may present and carry out a practical approach to achieve a happy breastfeeding. The elaboration of a specific protocol, the training of professionals and the education of parents are the main tools.
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1. Raju TNK, Higgins RD, Stark AR, Leveno KJ. Optimizing Care and Outcome for Late-Preterm (Near-Term) Infants: A Summary of the Workshop Sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2006 sep. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];118(3):1207-14. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/118/3/1207/69327/Optimizing-Care-and-Outcome-for-Late-Preterm-Near
2. Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Lackritz EM. Epidemiology of late and moderate preterm birth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med [Internet]. 2012 jun. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];17(3):120-5. Disponible en: http://www.sfnmjournal.com/article/S1744165X1200008X/fulltext
3. Engle WA. A Recommendation for the Definition of «Late Preterm» (Near-Term) and the Birth Weight-Gestational Age Classification System. Semin Perinatol. 2006 feb. 1;30(1):2-7.
4. Wang ML, Dorer DJ, Fleming MP, Catlin EA. Clinical Outcomes of Near-Term Infants. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2004 ag. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];114(2):372-6. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/114/2/372/64615/Clinical-Outcomes-of-Near-Term-Infants
5. Engle WA, Tomashek KM, Wallman C, Stark AR, Adamkin DH, Batton DG et al. «Late-Preterm» Infants: A Population at Risk. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2007 dic. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];120(6):1390-401. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/120/6/1390/70578/Late-Preterm-Infants-A-Population-at-Risk
6. Leone A, Ersfeld P, Adams M, Meyer Schiffer P, Bucher HU, Arlettaz R. Neonatal morbidity in singleton late preterm infants compared with full-term infants. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2012 en. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];101(1):e6-10. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02459.x
7. Meier PP, Furman LM, Degenhardt M. Increased Lactation Risk for Late Preterm Infants and Mothers: Evidence and Management Strategies to Protect Breastfeeding. J Midwifery Women’s Health [Internet]. 2007 nov. 1 [citado el 1 de febrero de 2019];52(6):579-87. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526952307003467
8. Young PC, Korgenski K, Buchi KF. Early Readmission of Newborns in a Large Health Care System. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2013 may. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];131(5):e1538-44. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/131/5/e1538/31262/Early-Readmission-of-Newborns-in-a-Large-Health
9. Sharma D, Padmavathi IV, Tabatabaii SA, Farahbakhsh N. Late preterm: a new high risk group in neonatology. [Internet]. 2019 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];34(16):2717-30. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14767058.2019.1670796
10. Lapillonne A, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Embleton N, Fewtrell M, Fidler Mis N et al. Feeding the Late and Moderately Preterm Infant: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr [Internet]. 2019 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];69(2):259-70. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/08000/Feeding_the_Late_and_Moderately_Preterm_Infant__A.25.aspx
11. World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund ( UNICEF) . (2003). Estrategia Mundial para la Alimentación del Lactante y del Niño Pequeño. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Estrategia Mundial para la Alimentación del Lactante y del Niño Pequeño - OPS/OMS | Organización Panamericana de la Salud [Internet]. 2003 [citado el 3 de febrero de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/estrategia-mundial-para-alimentacion-lactante-nino-pequeno-1
12. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant. World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2022;1-123. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/363697
13. Eidelman AI. The challenge of breastfeeding the late preterm and the early-term infant. Vol. 11, Breastfeeding Medicine. 2016. p. 99.
14. Boies EG, Vaucher YE. ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34-36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37-38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation), Second Revision 2016. Breastfeed Med [Internet]. 2016;11(10):494-500. Disponible en: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2016.29031.egb
15. Walker M. Walker 2010 Breastfeeding Managment for the Late Preterm Infant Practical Interventions for the Littel Imposters. 2010;1.
16. Meier P, Patel AL, Wright K, Engstrom JL. Management of Breastfeeding During and After the Maternity Hospitalization for Late Preterm Infants. Clin Perinatol [Internet]. 2013 dic. [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];40(4):689. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0095510813001000?via%3Dihub
17. Hackman NM, Alligood-Percoco N, Martin A, Zhu J, Kjerulff KH. Reduced Breastfeeding Rates in Firstborn Late Preterm and Early Term Infants. https://home.liebertpub.com/bfm [Internet]. 2016 abr. 6 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];11(3):119-25. Disponible en: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2015.0122
18. Whyte RK, Hilliard RI, Jefferies AL, Peliowski-Davidovich A, Sorokan ST, Whyte HEA. Safe discharge of the late preterm infant. Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2010 dic. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];15(10):655-60. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/15/10/655/2639347
19. Gómez Papí A, Sosa Solís AM, Lázaro García M MSC. Eficacia del protocolo de lactancia materna para prematuros tardíos. En: IX Congreso Español de Lactancia Materna Zaragoza. 2017.
20. Raju TNK. Moderately Preterm, Late Preterm and Early Term Infants: Research Needs. Clin Perinatol. 2013 dic. 1;40(4):791-7.
21. Estalella I, San Millán J, Trincado MJ, Maquibar A, Martínez-Indart L, San Sebastián M. Evaluation of an intervention supporting breastfeeding among late-preterm infants during in-hospital stay. Women and Birth [Internet]. 2018;7-12. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.11.003
22. Walker M. Breastfeeding the late preterm infant. JOGNN - J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs [Internet]. 2008 nov. 1 [citado el 1 de febrero de 2019];37(6):692-701.
Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0884217515301404
23. OMS, UNICEF. The baby-friendly hospital initiative for small, sick and preterm newborns [Internet]. Report reflects the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2020. p. 1-56. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005648
24. Hurtado Suazo JA, García Reymundo M, Calvo Aguilar MJ, Ginovart Galiana G, Jiménez Moya A, Trincado Aguinagalde MJ et al. Recomendaciones para el manejo perinatal y seguimiento del recién nacido prematuro tardío. An Pediatría [Internet]. 2014;81(5):327.e1-327.e7. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1695403314003191
25. García Reymundo M, Hurtado Suazo JA, Calvo Aguilar MJ, Soriano Faura FJ, Ginovart Galiana G, Martín Peinador Y et al. Follow-up recommendations for the late preterm infant. An Pediatr [Internet]. 2019;90(5):318.e1-318.e8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2019.01.007
26. Villar J, Giuliani F, Bhutta ZA, Bertino E, Ohuma EO, Ismail LC et al. Postnatal growth standards for preterm infants: the Preterm Postnatal Follow-up Study of the INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2015 nov. 1 [citado el 19 de noviembre de 2022];3(11):e681-91. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26475015/
27. Westerfield KL, Koenig K, Oh R. Breastfeeding: Common Questions and Answers [Internet]. Vol. 98. 2018. Disponible en: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0915/p368-s1.html
28. Brodribb W. ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018. Breastfeed Med [Internet]. 2018 jun. [citado el 23 de septiembre de 2020];13(5):307-14. Disponible en: http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2018.29092.wjb
29. Flaherman VJ, Maisels MJ. ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation – Revised 2017. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12(5):250-7.
30. Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Lactancia Materna. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre lactancia materna. 2017.
2. Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Lackritz EM. Epidemiology of late and moderate preterm birth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med [Internet]. 2012 jun. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];17(3):120-5. Disponible en: http://www.sfnmjournal.com/article/S1744165X1200008X/fulltext
3. Engle WA. A Recommendation for the Definition of «Late Preterm» (Near-Term) and the Birth Weight-Gestational Age Classification System. Semin Perinatol. 2006 feb. 1;30(1):2-7.
4. Wang ML, Dorer DJ, Fleming MP, Catlin EA. Clinical Outcomes of Near-Term Infants. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2004 ag. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];114(2):372-6. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/114/2/372/64615/Clinical-Outcomes-of-Near-Term-Infants
5. Engle WA, Tomashek KM, Wallman C, Stark AR, Adamkin DH, Batton DG et al. «Late-Preterm» Infants: A Population at Risk. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2007 dic. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];120(6):1390-401. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/120/6/1390/70578/Late-Preterm-Infants-A-Population-at-Risk
6. Leone A, Ersfeld P, Adams M, Meyer Schiffer P, Bucher HU, Arlettaz R. Neonatal morbidity in singleton late preterm infants compared with full-term infants. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2012 en. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];101(1):e6-10. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02459.x
7. Meier PP, Furman LM, Degenhardt M. Increased Lactation Risk for Late Preterm Infants and Mothers: Evidence and Management Strategies to Protect Breastfeeding. J Midwifery Women’s Health [Internet]. 2007 nov. 1 [citado el 1 de febrero de 2019];52(6):579-87. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526952307003467
8. Young PC, Korgenski K, Buchi KF. Early Readmission of Newborns in a Large Health Care System. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2013 may. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];131(5):e1538-44. Disponible en: /pediatrics/article/131/5/e1538/31262/Early-Readmission-of-Newborns-in-a-Large-Health
9. Sharma D, Padmavathi IV, Tabatabaii SA, Farahbakhsh N. Late preterm: a new high risk group in neonatology. [Internet]. 2019 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];34(16):2717-30. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14767058.2019.1670796
10. Lapillonne A, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Embleton N, Fewtrell M, Fidler Mis N et al. Feeding the Late and Moderately Preterm Infant: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr [Internet]. 2019 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];69(2):259-70. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/08000/Feeding_the_Late_and_Moderately_Preterm_Infant__A.25.aspx
11. World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund ( UNICEF) . (2003). Estrategia Mundial para la Alimentación del Lactante y del Niño Pequeño. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Estrategia Mundial para la Alimentación del Lactante y del Niño Pequeño - OPS/OMS | Organización Panamericana de la Salud [Internet]. 2003 [citado el 3 de febrero de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/estrategia-mundial-para-alimentacion-lactante-nino-pequeno-1
12. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant. World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2022;1-123. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/363697
13. Eidelman AI. The challenge of breastfeeding the late preterm and the early-term infant. Vol. 11, Breastfeeding Medicine. 2016. p. 99.
14. Boies EG, Vaucher YE. ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34-36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37-38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation), Second Revision 2016. Breastfeed Med [Internet]. 2016;11(10):494-500. Disponible en: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2016.29031.egb
15. Walker M. Walker 2010 Breastfeeding Managment for the Late Preterm Infant Practical Interventions for the Littel Imposters. 2010;1.
16. Meier P, Patel AL, Wright K, Engstrom JL. Management of Breastfeeding During and After the Maternity Hospitalization for Late Preterm Infants. Clin Perinatol [Internet]. 2013 dic. [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];40(4):689. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0095510813001000?via%3Dihub
17. Hackman NM, Alligood-Percoco N, Martin A, Zhu J, Kjerulff KH. Reduced Breastfeeding Rates in Firstborn Late Preterm and Early Term Infants. https://home.liebertpub.com/bfm [Internet]. 2016 abr. 6 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];11(3):119-25. Disponible en: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2015.0122
18. Whyte RK, Hilliard RI, Jefferies AL, Peliowski-Davidovich A, Sorokan ST, Whyte HEA. Safe discharge of the late preterm infant. Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2010 dic. 1 [citado el 30 de enero de 2023];15(10):655-60. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/15/10/655/2639347
19. Gómez Papí A, Sosa Solís AM, Lázaro García M MSC. Eficacia del protocolo de lactancia materna para prematuros tardíos. En: IX Congreso Español de Lactancia Materna Zaragoza. 2017.
20. Raju TNK. Moderately Preterm, Late Preterm and Early Term Infants: Research Needs. Clin Perinatol. 2013 dic. 1;40(4):791-7.
21. Estalella I, San Millán J, Trincado MJ, Maquibar A, Martínez-Indart L, San Sebastián M. Evaluation of an intervention supporting breastfeeding among late-preterm infants during in-hospital stay. Women and Birth [Internet]. 2018;7-12. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.11.003
22. Walker M. Breastfeeding the late preterm infant. JOGNN - J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs [Internet]. 2008 nov. 1 [citado el 1 de febrero de 2019];37(6):692-701.
Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0884217515301404
23. OMS, UNICEF. The baby-friendly hospital initiative for small, sick and preterm newborns [Internet]. Report reflects the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2020. p. 1-56. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005648
24. Hurtado Suazo JA, García Reymundo M, Calvo Aguilar MJ, Ginovart Galiana G, Jiménez Moya A, Trincado Aguinagalde MJ et al. Recomendaciones para el manejo perinatal y seguimiento del recién nacido prematuro tardío. An Pediatría [Internet]. 2014;81(5):327.e1-327.e7. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1695403314003191
25. García Reymundo M, Hurtado Suazo JA, Calvo Aguilar MJ, Soriano Faura FJ, Ginovart Galiana G, Martín Peinador Y et al. Follow-up recommendations for the late preterm infant. An Pediatr [Internet]. 2019;90(5):318.e1-318.e8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2019.01.007
26. Villar J, Giuliani F, Bhutta ZA, Bertino E, Ohuma EO, Ismail LC et al. Postnatal growth standards for preterm infants: the Preterm Postnatal Follow-up Study of the INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2015 nov. 1 [citado el 19 de noviembre de 2022];3(11):e681-91. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26475015/
27. Westerfield KL, Koenig K, Oh R. Breastfeeding: Common Questions and Answers [Internet]. Vol. 98. 2018. Disponible en: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0915/p368-s1.html
28. Brodribb W. ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018. Breastfeed Med [Internet]. 2018 jun. [citado el 23 de septiembre de 2020];13(5):307-14. Disponible en: http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2018.29092.wjb
29. Flaherman VJ, Maisels MJ. ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation – Revised 2017. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12(5):250-7.
30. Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Lactancia Materna. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre lactancia materna. 2017.
Lalaguna Mallada, P., San Feliciano Martín, L., & Gómez Papí, A. (2023). Breastfeeding in Late Preterm and Early Term Infants. Update. Revista De Lactancia Materna, 1(1), e31140. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlm.31140
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