Effect of ozone exposure on a rat model of maternal deprivation
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is one of the biggest social and economic problems worldwide. Among people affected by Childhood maltreatment there is a high prevalence, inter alia, of violence, drugs abuse and psychiatric disorders. At the physiological level, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis and the stress response are key to this prevalence. Moreover, in recent years, pollution has become an important issue because it affects directly human health. The objective of this experiment is to elucidate the effect of a chronic exposure to pollution, in particular ozone, on some biomarkers in a maternal deprivation animal model. We will measure how ozone exposure affects cognitive ability as well as anxiety state. Besides, the plasma variation of corticosterone and ACTH after an acute stressor will be analysed. We will also see if hippocampus and hippocampal subareas volume is altered in the animal model after the exposure to ozone. Finally, we will evaluate the methylation state of the exon promotor of glucocorticoid – receptor 1F and the exon promotor of vasopressin. This study is thought to start looking for the answer to how pollution affects the cognitive development of children who have suffered from Childhood maltreatment.
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Europaress.es [Internet]. Internacional: Europapress; 2014 [actualizado el 02 jul. 2015; citado 27 feb. 2019]. Disponible en : https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-unicef-afirma-nino-muere-cada-cinco-minutos-mundo-causa-violencia-20141021062723.html.
Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009; 373:68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7
Hertzman C. Putting the concept of biological embedding in historical perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109 Suppl 2:17160-17167. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202203109
Kaufman J, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB, Charney DS. Effects of early adverse experiences on brain structure and function: clinical implications. Biological psychiatry. 2000; 48:778-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00998-7
Kodavanti UP. Stretching the stress boundary: Linking air pollution health effects to a neurohormonal stress response. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2016; 1860:2880-2890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.010
Lutz PE, Turecki G. DNA methylation and childhood maltreatment: from animal models to human studies. Neuroscience. 2014; 264:142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.069
Miller DB, Ghio AJ, Karoly ED, Bell LN, Snow SJ, Madden MC et al., Ozone Exposure Increases Circulating Stress Hormones and Lipid Metabolites in Humans. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2016; 193:1382-1391. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1599OC
Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2002; 51:5-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2002.33184
Nemeroff CB. Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Neuron. 2016; 89:892-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019
Sapolsky RM. Stress and the brain: individual variability and the inverted-U. Nature neuroscience. 2015; 18:1344-1346. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4109
Van der Kolk B. Commentary: The devastating effects of ignoring child maltreatment in psychiatry a commentary on Teicher and Samson 2016. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines. 2016; 57:267-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12540
Who.int [internet]. Ginebra: Who; 2016 [actualizado 27 sep. 2016; citado 27 feb. 2019]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/detail/27-09-2016-who-releases-country-estimates-on-air-pollution-exposure-and-health-impact.
Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM, Wadhwa PD. The Role of Stress in Brain Development: The Gestational Environment's Long-Term Effects on the Brain. Cerebrum: The Dana forum on brain. Science. 2012: 4.
Dobbing J, Sands J. Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of disease in childhood. 1973; 48:757-767. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.48.10.757
Europaress.es [Internet]. Internacional: Europapress; 2014 [actualizado el 02 jul. 2015; citado 27 feb. 2019]. Disponible en : https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-unicef-afirma-nino-muere-cada-cinco-minutos-mundo-causa-violencia-20141021062723.html.
Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009; 373:68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7
Hertzman C. Putting the concept of biological embedding in historical perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109 Suppl 2:17160-17167. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202203109
Kaufman J, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB, Charney DS. Effects of early adverse experiences on brain structure and function: clinical implications. Biological psychiatry. 2000; 48:778-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00998-7
Kodavanti UP. Stretching the stress boundary: Linking air pollution health effects to a neurohormonal stress response. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2016; 1860:2880-2890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.010
Lutz PE, Turecki G. DNA methylation and childhood maltreatment: from animal models to human studies. Neuroscience. 2014; 264:142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.069
Miller DB, Ghio AJ, Karoly ED, Bell LN, Snow SJ, Madden MC et al., Ozone Exposure Increases Circulating Stress Hormones and Lipid Metabolites in Humans. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2016; 193:1382-1391. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1599OC
Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2002; 51:5-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2002.33184
Nemeroff CB. Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Neuron. 2016; 89:892-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019
Sapolsky RM. Stress and the brain: individual variability and the inverted-U. Nature neuroscience. 2015; 18:1344-1346. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4109
Van der Kolk B. Commentary: The devastating effects of ignoring child maltreatment in psychiatry a commentary on Teicher and Samson 2016. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines. 2016; 57:267-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12540
Who.int [internet]. Ginebra: Who; 2016 [actualizado 27 sep. 2016; citado 27 feb. 2019]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/detail/27-09-2016-who-releases-country-estimates-on-air-pollution-exposure-and-health-impact.
Moya, C., & González, J. (2020). Effect of ozone exposure on a rat model of maternal deprivation. FarmaJournal, 5(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.14201/fj2020516573
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