Access Control in Cloud-Based Computing Environments Using a Novel Quantum Digital Signature Scheme
Abstract
Access control in cloud-based computing environments is in essence a security mechanism enabling decisions as to which subjects may access which protected resources and under what operations. The rapid emergence of quantum computing threatens the hardness assumptions underlying classical digital signatures and public‑key infrastructures. The authors of this work recently proposed a novel quantum ice-cream model to demonstrate the basic concepts of quantum cryptography in a simple and intuitive manner. In this work we present a novel quantum ice-cream digital signature scheme by using our proposed quantum ice-cream model. Our quantum ice-cream digital signature scheme maps two non-commuting measurement bases to the ‘flavor’ and ‘shape’ attributes of the quantum ice-cream model. It achieves information-theoretic security against forgery and repudiation via threshold tests and natively supports signer–verifier–arbiter workflow that is suitable for cloud access control. Although our scheme is presented theoretically, a rigorous mathematical analysis has been carried out using Hoeffding-type inequalities. We also discuss the implementation of our proposed scheme by using weak-coherent BB84-like optics with decoy states. This article demonstrates that our proposed quantum ice-cream digital signature scheme preserves the practicality of memoryless quantum digital signature schemes while aligning with cloud authorization requirements. Furthermore, we draw analogies between the design of our proposed QIDS and robust control theory to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on system stability and security.
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Bian, J. W., Li, B. H., Xie, Y. M., Yin, H. L., & Chen, Z. B. (2024). Asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum digital signatures. Physical Review A, 110(1), 012609. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.012609
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Boulkroune, A., Boubellouta, A., Bouzeriba, A., Zouari, F. (2025). Practical finite-time fuzzy synchronization of chaotic systems with non-integer orders: Two chattering-free approaches. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 34, 334–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-024-5635-7
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Du, Y., Li, B. H., Hua, X., Cao, X. Y., Zhao, Z., Xie, F., Zhang, Z., Yin, H. -L., Xiao, X., & Wei, K. (2025). Chip-integrated quantum signature network over 200 km. Light: Science & Applications, 14(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01775-4
Dunjko, V., Wallden, P., & Andersson, E. (2014). Quantum digital signatures without quantum memory. Physical Review Letters, 112(4), 040502. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.040502
El Sibai, R., Gemayel, N., Bou Abdo, J., & Demerjian, J. (2020). A survey on access control mechanisms for cloud computing. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3720
Li, L., Qiu, D., Mateus, P., & Paunković, N. (2021). Quantum digital signatures in a multi-user network. Quantum Information Processing, 20, 200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-021-03117-5
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Lo, H. K., Ma, X., & Chen, K. (2005). Decoy state quantum key distribution. Physical Review Letters, 94, 230504. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.230504
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Qiu, L., Sun, X., & Xu, J. (2018). Categorical quantum cryptography for access control in cloud computing. Soft Computing, 22(19), 6363–6370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-3087-4
Rigatos, G., Siano, P., Zouari, F., Ademi, S. (2020). Nonlinear optimal control of autonomous submarines’ diving. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, 15, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40868-019-00070-3
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Wallden, P., Dunjko, V., Kent, A., & Andersson, E. (2015). Quantum digital signatures with quantum-key-distribution components. Physical Review A, 91(4), 042304. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.042304
Xu, Y., Wang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025). Adaptive fuzzy control for practical fixed-time synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems. Journal of Vibration and Control, 31(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775463251320258
Yang, X., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Nonlinear optimal control for a gas compressor driven by an induction motor. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 17(6), 1350–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-018-0365-2
Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2021). Output-feedback controller-based projective lag synchronization of uncertain chaotic systems in the presence of input nonlinearities. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127421500897
Zhang, S., Zhou, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Continuous-variable quantum digital signatures that can withstand coherent attacks. Physical Review A, 110(5), 052613. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.052613
Zhu, J., Guo, Y., & Wang, X. (2025). A simplified arbitrated quantum signature protocol without perfect quantum channels. Optics Communications, 554, 130691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2025.130691
Zirkohi, M. M., Khalilvand, M., & Baleanu, D. (2022). Fractional adaptive backstepping control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 27(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15388/namc.2022.27.25339
Zouari, F., & Chen, C. (2023). Robust neural adaptive control for a class of uncertain nonlinear complex dynamical multivariable systems. Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8487326
Zouari, F., Saad, K. B., & Benrejeb, M. (2013). Adaptive backstepping control for a single-link flexible robot manipulator driven DC motor. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) (pp. 864–871). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CoDIT.2013.6689686
Bell, D. E., & La Padula, L. J. (1976). Secure computer system: Unified exposition and multics interpretation (Technical Report). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA023588
Bennett, C. H., & Brassard, G. (1984). Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing (pp. 175–179).
Bian, J. W., Li, B. H., Xie, Y. M., Yin, H. L., & Chen, Z. B. (2024). Asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum digital signatures. Physical Review A, 110(1), 012609. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.012609
Bos, J., Costello, C., Naehrig, M., & Stebila, D. (2015). Post-quantum key exchange for the TLS protocol from the ring learning with errors problem. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (pp. 553–570). https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2015.28
Boulkroune, A., Boubellouta, A., Bouzeriba, A., Zouari, F. (2025). Practical finite-time fuzzy synchronization of chaotic systems with non-integer orders: Two chattering-free approaches. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 34, 334–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-024-5635-7
Cai, F., Zhu, N., He, J., Mu, P., Li, W., & Yu, Y. (2019). Survey of access control models and technologies for cloud computing. Cluster Computing, 22, 6111–6122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-1850-7
Chapman, J. C., Joshi, S. K., Brougham, T., Wadsworth, W. J., Rarity, J. G., & Wallden, P. (2023). Entanglement-based quantum digital signatures over a deployed campus network. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.19457
Du, Y., Li, B. H., Hua, X., Cao, X. Y., Zhao, Z., Xie, F., Zhang, Z., Yin, H. -L., Xiao, X., & Wei, K. (2025). Chip-integrated quantum signature network over 200 km. Light: Science & Applications, 14(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01775-4
Dunjko, V., Wallden, P., & Andersson, E. (2014). Quantum digital signatures without quantum memory. Physical Review Letters, 112(4), 040502. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.040502
El Sibai, R., Gemayel, N., Bou Abdo, J., & Demerjian, J. (2020). A survey on access control mechanisms for cloud computing. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3720
Li, L., Qiu, D., Mateus, P., & Paunković, N. (2021). Quantum digital signatures in a multi-user network. Quantum Information Processing, 20, 200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-021-03117-5
Liao, S. K., Cai, W. Q., Handsteiner, J., Liu, B., Yin, J., Zhang, L., Rauch, D., Fink, M., Ren, J. -G., Liu, W. -Y., Li, Y., Shen, Q., Cao, Y., Li, F. -Z., Wang, J. -F., Huang, Y. -M., Deng, L., Xi, T., Ma, L., … Pan, J. -W. (2018). Satellite-relayed intercontinental quantum network. Physical Review Letters, 120, 030501. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.030501
Lo, H. K., Ma, X., & Chen, K. (2005). Decoy state quantum key distribution. Physical Review Letters, 94, 230504. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.230504
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Post-quantum cryptography standardization: Final standards and selected algorithms. https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography
Osborn, S., Sandhu, R., & Munawer, Q. (2000). Configuring role-based access control to enforce mandatory and discretionary access control policies. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 3(2), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1145/354876.354878
Qiu, D., Li, L., Mateus, P., & Paunković, N. (2019). Quantum digital signatures for classical messages against collective attacks. Quantum Information Processing, 18, 255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-019-2340-8
Qiu, L., Sun, X., & Xu, J. (2018). Categorical quantum cryptography for access control in cloud computing. Soft Computing, 22(19), 6363–6370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-3087-4
Rigatos, G., Siano, P., Zouari, F., Ademi, S. (2020). Nonlinear optimal control of autonomous submarines’ diving. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, 15, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40868-019-00070-3
Srivastava, M. K., Singh, P. K., & Singh, S. K. (2025). Design of a novel quantum computing primitive to demonstrate quantum cryptography. Journal of Optics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-025-02878-2
Wallden, P., Dunjko, V., Kent, A., & Andersson, E. (2015). Quantum digital signatures with quantum-key-distribution components. Physical Review A, 91(4), 042304. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.042304
Xu, Y., Wang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025). Adaptive fuzzy control for practical fixed-time synchronization of fractional-order chaotic systems. Journal of Vibration and Control, 31(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775463251320258
Yang, X., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Nonlinear optimal control for a gas compressor driven by an induction motor. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 17(6), 1350–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-018-0365-2
Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2021). Output-feedback controller-based projective lag synchronization of uncertain chaotic systems in the presence of input nonlinearities. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127421500897
Zhang, S., Zhou, F., Sun, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Continuous-variable quantum digital signatures that can withstand coherent attacks. Physical Review A, 110(5), 052613. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.052613
Zhu, J., Guo, Y., & Wang, X. (2025). A simplified arbitrated quantum signature protocol without perfect quantum channels. Optics Communications, 554, 130691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2025.130691
Zirkohi, M. M., Khalilvand, M., & Baleanu, D. (2022). Fractional adaptive backstepping control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 27(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15388/namc.2022.27.25339
Zouari, F., & Chen, C. (2023). Robust neural adaptive control for a class of uncertain nonlinear complex dynamical multivariable systems. Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8487326
Zouari, F., Saad, K. B., & Benrejeb, M. (2013). Adaptive backstepping control for a single-link flexible robot manipulator driven DC motor. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) (pp. 864–871). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CoDIT.2013.6689686
Srivastava, M. K., Singh, P. K., & Singh, S. K. (2026). Access Control in Cloud-Based Computing Environments Using a Novel Quantum Digital Signature Scheme. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 15, e32785. https://doi.org/10.14201/adcaij.32785
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