NorMAS-ML: Supporting the Modeling of Normative Multi-agent Systems
Abstract Context: A normative multi-agent system (NMAS) is composed of agents that their behavior is regulated by norms. The modeling of those elements (agents and norms) together at design time can be a good way for a complete understanding of their structure and behavior. Multi-agent system modeling language (MAS-ML) supports the representation of NMAS entities, but the support for concepts related to norms is somewhat limited. MAS-ML is founded in taming agents and objects (TAO) framework and has a support tool called the MAS-ML tool. Goal: The present work aims to present a UML-based modeling language called normative multi-agent system (NorMAS-ML) able to model the MAS main entities along with the static normative elements. Method: We extend the TAO adding normative concepts and spread out those concepts in two syntaxes of MAS-ML. Either abstract, adding or updating metaclasses and stereotypes or concrete, defining new graphic elements for representing the elements defined in the abstract syntax. Besides, we evolve the MAS-ML tool, considering the extension of MAS-ML by the model-driven approach. Results: NorMAS-ML, the new version of MAS-ML, allows a complete view of NMAS entities and has a support tool called NorMAS-ML tool. Beyond the definition of NorMAS-ML and its tool, we generate a new static diagram called “norm diagram” supported by the NorMAS-ML tool. In order to illustrate the syntax of NorMAS-ML, the entities of a conference management system and its norms are modeled jointly. Conclusion: NorMAS-ML can help software designers (i) to understand the properties and behavior of NMAS entities and (ii) to provide a software modeling following the stakeholders’ need and less complex for the development phase.
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Gonçalves, E. J. T., Cortés, M. I., Campos, G. A. L., Lopes, Y. S., Freire, E. S., da Silva, V. T., de Oliveira, K. S. F., and de Oliveira, M. A., 2015. MAS-ML 2.0: Supporting the modelling of multi-agent systems with different agent architectures. Journal of Systems and Software, 108:77 – 109. ISSN 0164-1212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.008.
Hannoun, M., 2002. MOISE: un modèle organisationnel pour les systèmes multi-agents. Ph.D. thesis, Ècole Nacionale Supèrieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne. Thèse (Doctorat).
Harmon, S. J., DeLoach, S. A., and Robby, 2008. Trace-Based Specification of Law and Guidance Policies for Multi-Agent Systems, pages 333–349. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-87654-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87654-0_19.
Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O., 2002. A Model for the Structural, Functional, and Deontic Specification of Organizations in Multiagent Systems, pages 118–128. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-36127-5. doi:10.1007/3-540-36127-8_12.
Jennings, N. R., 1996. Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. chapter Coordination Techniques for Distributed Artificial Intelligence, pages 187–210. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-471-006750.
Jennings, N. R. andWooldridge, M., 2000. Agent-Oriented Software Engineering. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 117:277–296.
Lopes, Y., Cortés, M., Gonçalves, E. T., and Oliveira, R., 2018. JAMDER: JADE to MULTI-Agent Systems Development Resource. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 7(3). ISSN 2255-2863.
López y López, F., 2003. Social Power and Norms: Impact on agent behavior. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Electronics and Computer Science.
Luck, M. and D’Inverno, M., 1995. Structuring a Z specification to provide a formal framework for autonomous agent systems, pages 46–62. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-44782-5. doi:10.1007/3-540-60271-2_112.
Meyer, J.-J. C. and Wieringa, R. J., editors, 1993. Deontic Logic in Computer Science: Normative System Specification. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. ISBN 0-471-93743-6.
Odell, J., Parunak, H., and Bauer, B., 2000. Extending UML for Agents. In Proceedings of the Agent-Oriented Information Systems Workshop at the 17th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
OMG, 2018. Unified modeling language.
Russell, S. J. and Norvig, P., 2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson Education, 2nd edition. ISBN 0137903952.
Silva, V., Garcia, A., Brandão, A., Chavez, C., Lucena, C., and Alencar, P., 2003. Taming Agents and Objects in Software Engineering, pages 1–26. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-35828-2. doi:10.1007/3-540-35828-5_1.
da Silva, V. T. and de Lucena, C. J. P., 2003. MAS-ML: A Multi-agent System Modeling Language. In Companion of the 18th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications, OOPSLA ’03, pages 126–127. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 1-58113-751-6. doi:10.1145/949344.949383.
da Silva, V. T., Noya, R. C., and de Lucena, C. J. P., 2005. Using the UML 2.0 Activity Diagram to Model Agent Plans and Actions. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS ’05, pages 594–600. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 1-59593-093-0. doi:10.1145/1082473.1082563.
Silva, V. T. D., Choren, R., and Lucena, C. J. P. D., 2008. MAS-ML: a Multiagent System Modelling Language. Int. J. Agent-Oriented Softw. Eng., 2(4):382–421. ISSN 1746-1375. doi:10.1504/IJAOSE.2008.020138.
da Silva Figueiredo, K., da Silva, V. T., and de Oliveira Braga, C., 2011. Modeling Norms in Multi-agent Systems with NormML. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems, COIN@AAMAS’10, pages 39–57. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-21267-3.
Sommerville, I., 2006. Software Engineering. Addison Wesley; 8th edition. ISBN 9780321313799.
Vasconcelos, W., Kollingbaum, M. J., and Norman, T. J., 2007. Resolving Conflict and Inconsistency in Norm regulated Virtual Organizations. In Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS ’07, pages 91:1–91:8. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 978-81-904262-7-5. doi:10.1145/1329125.1329236.
van der Vecht, B., Dignum, F., MEYER, J.-J., and DIGNUM, M., 2009. Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems: Semantics and Dynamics of Organizational Models, chapter Autonomous Agents Adopting Organizational Rules. IGI Global. Pp. 314-333.
de Vries, W., Meyer, J. C., de Boer, F. S., and van der Hoek, W., 2009. A coordination language for agents interacting in distributed plan-execute cycles. IJRIS, 1(1/2):4–17. doi:10.1504/IJRIS.2009.026713.
Wagner, G., 2003. The Agent-object-relationship Metamodel: Towards a Unified View of State and Behavior. Inf. Syst., 28(5):475–504. ISSN 0306-4379. doi:10.1016/S0306-4379(02)00027-3.
Wilber, K., 1997. An Integral Theory of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4(1):71–92.
Zambonelli, F., Jennings, N. R., and Wooldridge, M., 2001. Organisational Abstractions for the Analysis and Design of Multi-agent Systems, pages 235–251. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-44564-7. doi:10.1007/3-540-44564-1_16.
Bellifemine, F. L., Caire, G., and Greenwood, D., 2007. Developing Multi-Agent Systems with JADE (Wiley Series in Agent Technology). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470057475.
Boella, G., van der Torre, L., and Verhagen, H., 2006. Introduction to normative multiagent systems. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory, 12(2):71–79. ISSN 1572-9346. doi:10.1007/s10588-006-9537-7.
Bordini, R. H., Hübner, J. F., and Wooldridge, M., 2007. Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak Using Jason (Wiley Series in Agent Technology). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470029005.
Braubach, L., Lamersdorf, W., and Pokahr, A., 2003. Jadex: Implementing a BDI-Infrastructure for JADE Agents.
Choren, R. and Lucena, C., 2005. The ANote Modeling Language for Agent-Oriented Specification, pages 198–212. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-31846-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-31846-0_12.
Czarnecki, K. and Eisenecker, U. W., 2000. Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-201-30977-7.
Danc, J., 2008. Formal Specification of AML. Master’s thesis, Department of Computer Science Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics of Comenius University.
Dennis, L., Tinnemeier, N., and Meyer, J.-J., 2010. Model Checking Normative Agent Organisations, pages 64–82. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-16867-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16867-3_4.
Dignum, V., 2004. A model for organizational interaction: based on agents, founded in logic. Ph.D. thesis, Universiteit Utrecht.
Eclipse, 2018. Eclipse Platform.
Farias, K., Nunes, I., Silva, V., and Lucena, C., 2009. MAS-ML Tool: Um Ambiente de Modelagem de Sistemas Multi-Agentes. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Software Engineering for Agent-oriented Systems.
Ferber, J., Gutknecht, O., and Michel, F., 2004. From Agents to Organizations: An Organizational View of Multiagent Systems, pages 214–230. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-24620-6. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24620-6_15.
Ferber, J., Stratulat, T., and Tranier, J., 2009. Towards an Integral Approach of Organizations in Multi-Agent Systems. In Dignum, V., editor, Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems: Semantics and Dynamics of Organizational Models, pages 51–75. IGI Global.
Figueiredo, K., 2011. Modeling and Validation Norms in Multi-Agents Systems. Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Computação, Niterói, Brazil.
Figueiredo, K. and da Silva, V. T., 2011. Norm-ML - A Modeling Language to Model Norms. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence - Volume 2: ICAART, pages 232–237. ISBN 978-989-8425-41-6. doi:10.5220/0003179502320237.
Freire, E. S. S., Cortés, M. I., Gonçalves, E. J. T., and Lopes, Y. S., 2012. NorMAS-ML - A Modeling Language to Model Normative Multi-agent Systems. In Maciaszek, L. A., Cuzzocrea, A., and Cordeiro, J., editors, ICEIS 2012 - Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Volume 2, Wroclaw, Poland, 28 June - 1 July, 2012, pages 113–119. SciTePress.
Freire, E. S. S., Gonçalves, E. J. T., Cortés, M. I., Lopes, Y. S., and Brandão, M. G., 2013. TAO+: Extending the Conceptual Framework TAO to Support Internal Agent Architectures in Normative Multi-Agent Systems. Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci., 292:57-69. ISSN 1571-0661. doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2013.02.005.
García-Camino, A., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J.-A., Sierra, C., and Vasconcelos, W., 2006. Norm-oriented Programming of Electronic Institutions. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS ’06, pages 670–672. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 1-59593-303-4. doi:10.1145/1160633.1160750.
Gonçalves, E. J. T., Farias, K., Cortés, M. I., Feijó, A. R., Oliveira, F. R., and da Silva, V. T., 2011. MAS-ML Tool - A Modeling Environment for Multi-agent Systems. In Zhang, R., Cordeiro, J., Li, X., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, J., editors, ICEIS 2011 - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Volume 2, Beijing, China, 8-11 June, 2011, pages 192–197. SciTePress.
Gonçalves, E. J. T., Cortés, M. I., Campos, G. A. L., Lopes, Y. S., Freire, E. S., da Silva, V. T., de Oliveira, K. S. F., and de Oliveira, M. A., 2015. MAS-ML 2.0: Supporting the modelling of multi-agent systems with different agent architectures. Journal of Systems and Software, 108:77 – 109. ISSN 0164-1212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.008.
Hannoun, M., 2002. MOISE: un modèle organisationnel pour les systèmes multi-agents. Ph.D. thesis, Ècole Nacionale Supèrieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne. Thèse (Doctorat).
Harmon, S. J., DeLoach, S. A., and Robby, 2008. Trace-Based Specification of Law and Guidance Policies for Multi-Agent Systems, pages 333–349. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-87654-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87654-0_19.
Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O., 2002. A Model for the Structural, Functional, and Deontic Specification of Organizations in Multiagent Systems, pages 118–128. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-36127-5. doi:10.1007/3-540-36127-8_12.
Jennings, N. R., 1996. Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. chapter Coordination Techniques for Distributed Artificial Intelligence, pages 187–210. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-471-006750.
Jennings, N. R. andWooldridge, M., 2000. Agent-Oriented Software Engineering. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 117:277–296.
Lopes, Y., Cortés, M., Gonçalves, E. T., and Oliveira, R., 2018. JAMDER: JADE to MULTI-Agent Systems Development Resource. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 7(3). ISSN 2255-2863.
López y López, F., 2003. Social Power and Norms: Impact on agent behavior. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Electronics and Computer Science.
Luck, M. and D’Inverno, M., 1995. Structuring a Z specification to provide a formal framework for autonomous agent systems, pages 46–62. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-44782-5. doi:10.1007/3-540-60271-2_112.
Meyer, J.-J. C. and Wieringa, R. J., editors, 1993. Deontic Logic in Computer Science: Normative System Specification. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. ISBN 0-471-93743-6.
Odell, J., Parunak, H., and Bauer, B., 2000. Extending UML for Agents. In Proceedings of the Agent-Oriented Information Systems Workshop at the 17th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
OMG, 2018. Unified modeling language.
Russell, S. J. and Norvig, P., 2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson Education, 2nd edition. ISBN 0137903952.
Silva, V., Garcia, A., Brandão, A., Chavez, C., Lucena, C., and Alencar, P., 2003. Taming Agents and Objects in Software Engineering, pages 1–26. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-35828-2. doi:10.1007/3-540-35828-5_1.
da Silva, V. T. and de Lucena, C. J. P., 2003. MAS-ML: A Multi-agent System Modeling Language. In Companion of the 18th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications, OOPSLA ’03, pages 126–127. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 1-58113-751-6. doi:10.1145/949344.949383.
da Silva, V. T., Noya, R. C., and de Lucena, C. J. P., 2005. Using the UML 2.0 Activity Diagram to Model Agent Plans and Actions. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS ’05, pages 594–600. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 1-59593-093-0. doi:10.1145/1082473.1082563.
Silva, V. T. D., Choren, R., and Lucena, C. J. P. D., 2008. MAS-ML: a Multiagent System Modelling Language. Int. J. Agent-Oriented Softw. Eng., 2(4):382–421. ISSN 1746-1375. doi:10.1504/IJAOSE.2008.020138.
da Silva Figueiredo, K., da Silva, V. T., and de Oliveira Braga, C., 2011. Modeling Norms in Multi-agent Systems with NormML. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems, COIN@AAMAS’10, pages 39–57. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-21267-3.
Sommerville, I., 2006. Software Engineering. Addison Wesley; 8th edition. ISBN 9780321313799.
Vasconcelos, W., Kollingbaum, M. J., and Norman, T. J., 2007. Resolving Conflict and Inconsistency in Norm regulated Virtual Organizations. In Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS ’07, pages 91:1–91:8. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 978-81-904262-7-5. doi:10.1145/1329125.1329236.
van der Vecht, B., Dignum, F., MEYER, J.-J., and DIGNUM, M., 2009. Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems: Semantics and Dynamics of Organizational Models, chapter Autonomous Agents Adopting Organizational Rules. IGI Global. Pp. 314-333.
de Vries, W., Meyer, J. C., de Boer, F. S., and van der Hoek, W., 2009. A coordination language for agents interacting in distributed plan-execute cycles. IJRIS, 1(1/2):4–17. doi:10.1504/IJRIS.2009.026713.
Wagner, G., 2003. The Agent-object-relationship Metamodel: Towards a Unified View of State and Behavior. Inf. Syst., 28(5):475–504. ISSN 0306-4379. doi:10.1016/S0306-4379(02)00027-3.
Wilber, K., 1997. An Integral Theory of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4(1):71–92.
Zambonelli, F., Jennings, N. R., and Wooldridge, M., 2001. Organisational Abstractions for the Analysis and Design of Multi-agent Systems, pages 235–251. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-44564-7. doi:10.1007/3-540-44564-1_16.
Freire, E. S. S., Cortés, M. I., Da Rocha Júnior, R. M., Gonçalves, Ênyo J. T., & De Lima, G. A. C. (2019). NorMAS-ML: Supporting the Modeling of Normative Multi-agent Systems. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 8(4), 49–81. https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ2019844981
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