La incidencia de las pandillas en los barrios salvadoreños y su efecto en la legitimidad política
Resumen Este artículo explora cómo la incidencia de las pandillas en los barrios salvadoreños erosiona la confianza en el gobierno nacional. Los resultados muestran que los niveles de confianza en el gobierno nacional varían de un barrio a otro, dependiendo de la vulnerabilidad de sus habitantes a la inseguridad generada por las pandillas. Se demuestra que, en barrios asediados por las pandillas, víctimas y no víctimas del crimen muestran niveles similares y bajos de confianza en el gobierno nacional.
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Rodgers, Dennis y Muggah, Robert. Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case. Contemporary Security Policy, 2009, vol. 30 (2): 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260903059948
Rodríguez, José A. y Sanabria, Jorge. Maras y Pandillas, Comunidad y Policía en Centroamérica. San José: Demoscopía, 2007.
Savenije, Wim y Van der Borgh, Chris. Violence and Resilience in Gangland: Coping with the Code of the Street. En Kruijt, Dirk y Koonings, Kees (eds.). Violence and Resilience in Latin-American Cities. London: Zed Press, 2015: 90-107.
Skogan, Wesley. Disorder and Decline: The State of Research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2015, vol. 52 (4): 464-485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427815577836
Snijders, Tom A. B. y Bosker, Roel. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. Los Angeles: Sage Press, 2012.
Wolf, Sonja. Mano Dura: The Politics of Gang Control in El Salvador. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.
Zetino, Mario; Brioso, Larissa y Montoya, Margarita. Dinámicas de violencia en los territorios salvadore-os. En Pérez Sáinz, Juan Pablo (ed.). Exclusión social y violencias en territorios urbanos centroamericanos. San José: flacso, 2015: 99-139.
Carranza, Marlon. Políticas juveniles y rehabilitación de mareros en El Salvador. En idies, eric, iudop, nitlapan-dirinpro (eds.). Maras y pandillas en Centroamérica: políticas juveniles y rehabilitación. Volumen iii. Managua: uca Publicaciones, 2004: 15-86.
Ceobanu, Alin; Wood, Charles y Ribeiro, Ludmila. Crime Victimization and Public Support for Democracy: Evidence from Latin America. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2011, vol. 23 (1): 56-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq040
Corbacho, Ana; Philipp, Julia y Ruiz-Vega, Mauricio. Crime and Erosion of Trust: Evidence for Latin America. World Development, 2015, vol. 70 (June): 400-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.04.013
Córdova, Abby. How Gang Activity in Neighborhoods Undermines Democracy: Impacts on Electoral and Non-Electoral Participation in El Salvador (documento de trabajo en preparación para publicación), 2017.
Córdova, Abby y Layton, Matthew. When Is Delivering the Goods Not Good Enough? How Economic Disparities in Latin American Neighborhoods Shape Citizen Trust in Local Government. World Politics, 2016, vol. 68 (1): 74-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000441
Cruz, Miguel. Pandillas y capital social en Centroamérica. En eric, idies, iudop, nitlapan-dirinpro (eds.). Maras y pandillas en Centroamérica: pandillas y capital social. Volumen ii. Managua: uca Publicaciones, 2004: 277-327.
Cruz, Miguel. La transformación de las maras centroamericanas. Cuestiones de Sociología, 2014 (10): 1-7.
Easton, David. A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science, 1975 (4): 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400008309
El Faro (2016, 20 de noviembre). La mafia de pobres que desangra a El Salvador. En línea: https://elfaro.net/es/201611/salanegra/19580/La-mafia-de-pobres-que-desangra-El-Salvador.htm.
Espinal, Rosario; Hartlyn, Jonathan y Morgan Kelly, Jana. Performance Still Matters. Explaining Trust in Government in the Dominican Republic. Comparative Political Studies, 2006, vol. 39 (2): 200-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414005281933
Hetherington, Marc. Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Hiskey, Jonathan y Bowler, Shaun. Local Context and Democratization in Mexico. American Journal of Political Science, 2005, vol. 49 (1): 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00110.x
Huckfeldt, Robert. Politics in Context: Assimilation and Conflict in Urban Neighborhoods. New York: Agathon Press, 1986.
Huckfeldt, Robert y Sprague, John D. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664113
Lipset, Seymour Martin. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 1959, vol. 53 (1): 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
Malone, Mary Fran T. The Rule of Law in Central America: Citizens' Reactions to Crime and Punishment. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
Méndez, Floribel y Trejos, Juan Diego. Costa Rica: Un mapa de carencias críticas para el a-o 2000. En Rosero Bixby, Luis (ed.). Costa Rica a la luz del censo del 2000. San José: Centro Centroaméricano de Población de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 2004.
Mishler, William y Rose, Richard. What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Comparative Political Studies, 2001, vol. 34 (1): 30-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034001002
Miraglia, Paula; Ochoa, Rolando y Briscoe, Ivan. Transnational Organized Crime and Fragile States. oced Working Papers, 2012.
Norris, Pippa. Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.001.0001
Palomo Contreras, Areli. Friendly Mistrust: Coping with the Rule of Gangs in a Salvadoran Community. Dissertation Manuscript. University of California, San Diego, 2016.
Pedraza Fari-a, Laura; Miller, Spring y Cavallaro, James L. No Place to Hide: Gang, State, and Clandestine Violence in El Salvador. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Pérez Sáinz, Juan Pablo. Exclusión social y violencias en territorios urbanos centroamericanos. San José: flacso, 2015.
Perkins, Douglas D. y Taylor, Ralph B. Ecological Assessments of Community Disorder: Their Relationship to Fear of Crime and Theoretical Implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1996, vol. 24 (1): 63-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511883
Rodgers, Dennis. Youth Gangs and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Survey. Latin America and Caribbean Region Sustainable Development Urban Peace Program. Working Paper n.º 4. Washington, d.c.: World Bank, 1999.
Rodgers, Dennis y Baird, Adam. Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America. En Decker, Scott H. y Pyrooz, David C. (eds.). Handbook of Gangs and Gang Responses. New York: Wiley, 2015: 478-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118726822.ch26
Rodgers, Dennis y Muggah, Robert. Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case. Contemporary Security Policy, 2009, vol. 30 (2): 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260903059948
Rodríguez, José A. y Sanabria, Jorge. Maras y Pandillas, Comunidad y Policía en Centroamérica. San José: Demoscopía, 2007.
Savenije, Wim y Van der Borgh, Chris. Violence and Resilience in Gangland: Coping with the Code of the Street. En Kruijt, Dirk y Koonings, Kees (eds.). Violence and Resilience in Latin-American Cities. London: Zed Press, 2015: 90-107.
Skogan, Wesley. Disorder and Decline: The State of Research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2015, vol. 52 (4): 464-485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427815577836
Snijders, Tom A. B. y Bosker, Roel. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. Los Angeles: Sage Press, 2012.
Wolf, Sonja. Mano Dura: The Politics of Gang Control in El Salvador. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.
Zetino, Mario; Brioso, Larissa y Montoya, Margarita. Dinámicas de violencia en los territorios salvadore-os. En Pérez Sáinz, Juan Pablo (ed.). Exclusión social y violencias en territorios urbanos centroamericanos. San José: flacso, 2015: 99-139.
Cordova, A. (2017). La incidencia de las pandillas en los barrios salvadoreños y su efecto en la legitimidad política. América Latina Hoy, 77, 47–66. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh017774766
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